Symptoms and treatment of bromine poisoning. Antipsychotics and sedatives

Bromine poisoning is acute and chronic, it is considered dangerous, as it can lead to tragedy. In most cases, industrial intoxication is diagnosed with caustic gray-yellow vapors or a liquid that has a sharp aroma and a dark purple color.

Causes of poisoning

Bromine is widely used in medicine, the chemical and leather industries, in the creation of products for the photo and film industries. The main factors of poisoning:

Failure to comply with safety regulations. Neglect of personal protective equipment may well lead to damage to the body by an element.
Illiterate use of poisons containing a substance and intended for the treatment of horticultural crops. At the same time, both the person performing agricultural procedures and consumers of products are subject to the risks of intoxication.
Self-treatment with drugs that contain a chemical. An overdose of sodium bromide, Corvalol or Valocordin is dangerous to health, leads to serious consequences, sometimes causes death.

Inhalation of vapors or exposure to liquids provokes damage to almost all systems, since chemical compounds are quickly absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body.

Symptoms of intoxication

The clinical picture is largely determined by the concentration of the substance, the condition and age of the patient. In chronic poisoning with bromine, the symptoms increase gradually, in acute they appear rapidly.

The chemical is extremely toxic. It is dangerous even if the components get on the surface of the skin, especially if mechanical damage is present.

chronic poisoning

With such intoxication, bromism is diagnosed. The disease is accompanied by the following symptoms:

The patient is anemic.
The weight decreases sharply, and the characteristic causes, for example, lack of appetite, are not diagnosed.
A person becomes apathetic, indifferent to external manifestations.
The functionality of the reproductive system is impaired, the victim does not experience sexual desire.
Intellectual abilities and memory are seriously reduced.
There is a tremor of the upper extremities.
In some areas of the skin, small seals with tubercles appear.
There is poor coordination.
Lymph nodes are prone to inflammation.
Blood streaks are likely in the feces.

The chronic form is no less dangerous than unexpected poisoning, therefore, at the first signs, it is necessary to urgently undergo an examination and begin treatment.

Acute intoxication

Typical symptoms:

There is dizziness.
There are asthma attacks, shortness of breath, cough.
When the skin is damaged by bromine, a chemical burn with ulcerative formations develops.
In case of vapor poisoning, a severe runny nose is present, probably nosebleed.
Abundant secretion of lacrimal fluid is noted.
The tongue turns brown.
Swollen lymph nodes.
Nausea and indigestion appear. At the same time, the feces are mucous, coffee-colored.

Acute bromism is diagnosed already at a concentration of 0.001%. If the content of the element exceeds 0.002%, the respiratory center is blocked, which causes suffocation, can lead to death as a result of rapid swelling of the lung tissues.

First aid

If it is suspected that a person could have been poisoned by bromine, the following procedures should be resorted to:

In case of intoxication with vapors, the victim is taken out of the affected area, an influx of clean air is provided, and clothes that interfere with free breathing are unbuttoned.
If the substance gets on the skin, the areas are washed with a 2% soda solution, then wiped with ethyl alcohol.
In case of oral poisoning, the stomach is cleansed, artificially provoking vomiting, and often given in small portions to drink.
It is shown to take milk with the addition of soda to neutralize chemical toxins.
Sorbents help to reduce the absorption of compounds.
It is allowed to clean the intestines with an enema.
In the absence of lung function and heart rate, they resort to indirect massage, mouth-to-mouth breathing.

In case of poisoning, an ambulance is necessarily called, therapy is performed in stationary conditions.

Antidote

Ambulance doctors or hospitals use an antidote - bemegrid, which is administered intravenously.

Diagnostics

It is possible to determine that bromine is the culprit of poisoning by the clinical picture. The lesion leads to swelling and hardening of the lymph nodes. In this case, the glands located on the left side of the body are subject to changes.

In the clinic, laboratory tests are performed to determine the concentration of the substance and the degree of intoxication. If the patient is delivered with acute symptoms, diagnosis is carried out simultaneously with therapy.

Treatment Methods

Directions depend on the clinical picture, the degree of poisoning:

With difficulty breathing, artificial ventilation of the lungs is indicated.
In case of violation of the functionality of the heart muscle, work is restored with special preparations.
They resort to injections of calcium chloride, carry out inhalations with sodium thiosulfate, pour in a drop of 40% glucose solution.
For a chemical burn, a compress is applied using an ointment with sodium bicarbonate.
Assign Pipolfen and Diphenhydramine.

During the recovery period, vitamin therapy is carried out. It is also advisable to consume 10-30 g of table salt daily.

Possible consequences

Poisoning is characterized by the danger of severe complications:

It is necessary to perform intoxication therapy under medical supervision, since pulmonary edema often develops, leading to the death of the victim.
Even a slight bromine damage negatively affects the central nervous system, provoking a decrease in intelligence, drowsiness, impaired concentration. Often, the excitation of nerve endings causes a sensation of cobwebs on the face.
In women, the formation of a uterine tumor is likely. The process is often accompanied by the release of gases that leave the body through the vagina. At the same time, in the evening, pulling pains in the pelvic area appear. In addition, the consequence is a violation of the menstrual cycle, the presence of filiform membranes in the discharged blood, severe pain in the region of the left ovary before and after menstruation.

To avoid problems, it is enough to treat poisoning in a timely manner or prevent the development of intoxication.

Prevention

Protective measures include:

The use of gas masks, overalls and gloves when working in production.
Application of dressings soaked in 5% sodium thiosulfate.
The use of medicines with bromine only as directed by a doctor, compliance with the dosage indicated in the instructions.

Chemical poisoning at home is rare, more often workers of industrial complexes where bromine is used for production are at risk. Therefore, it is important not to violate safety rules, and with the slightest symptoms of a lesion, seek professional medical help.

Corvalol is a sedative and sedative drug. Available in drops and tablets. It contains menthol and phenobarbital. Many mistakenly believe that it affects the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Phenobarbital, the main active ingredient of Corvalol, belongs to the group of barbiturates. It is produced under the name Luminal.

This is a very potent component, with the help of which convulsive episodes are removed in patients with epilepsy. It can be highly addictive and addictive.

In Corvalol, phenobarbital is present in a small concentration, due to which it provides a slight sedative effect.

Indications for taking Corvalol:

sleep disturbances, insomnia;
episodes of stressful situations;
panic attacks;
nervous tension.

Barbiturates, menthol and phenobarbital - these active substances, as well as their use, should be under the supervision of a specialist. However, they are part of the drug, which is dispensed without a prescription and is sold in every pharmacy - Corvalol. It is no secret that these substances are addictive and addictive.

There is a whole group of medical drug addicts - butyrate, barbituric. They inject themselves with a pure substance through a vein. It cannot be said that this awaits everyone who takes Corvalol, but it is the uncontrolled use of the drug that can cause addiction, and sometimes even death.

Corvalol - drops with a mild sedative, moderate hypotensive and antispasmodic effect. The drug is based on phenobarbital (1.12%) and ethyl ester of a-bromizovaleric acid (~ 3%).

These substances in the United States and a number of Western European countries are classified not only as sedatives, but also as psychotropic, and are even banned for sale. Phenobarbital can be addictive, forcing a person to increase the dose.

In addition, the composition includes peppermint oil, alcohol and distilled water.

Possible causes of overdose

It is important to note that the cost of Corvalol is budgetary, so the medicine is available to any category of citizens. Many people are accustomed to using these drops, as they help them with insomnia, heart pain, stomach and intestinal cramps, irritability and stress.

Measuring the next portion of the drug every day, few people think that dependence on such a harmless drug is being formed. It is interesting that some call Corvalol a light drug, so do not exceed the dosage and abuse such a medication.

The sedative effect of the familiar Corvalol is explained by its composition: phenobarbital, caustic soda, peppermint oil, distilled water, as well as bromisovaleric acid ester and alcohol (about 47%).

Corvalol is produced not only in drops, but also in tablets. Side effects for both forms of release are the same.

Before knowing what to do if signs of an overdose of Corvalol appear, it is important to familiarize yourself with the toxic dose and the effect of the drug on the body.

The development of intoxication is possible with the systematic use of the drug, which includes a barbiturate with a long-acting effect, namely, phenobarbital.

As medical practice shows, in most cases, Corvalol is used by patients without coordinating the dosage and indications with the attending doctor. Many, unaware of the consequences, take it often and daily. It is especially popular with the elderly, who drink it to "treat heart disease."

The following are the main causes of "overdose" of this drug:

A single dose of a large dose of Corvalol. There are times when people drink a whole vial of the drug. Do not take more than 25 drops of this medicine at a time. Such an overdose of Corvalol often occurs during severe emotional upheavals, during which a person cannot control the amount of medication drunk.
Taking the drug together with alcoholic beverages. Alcohol enhances the effect of phenobarbital.
The combination of Corvalol with other sedative drugs or tranquilizers causes the development side effects of phenobarbital.
Hypersensitivity or intolerance to the components of the drug. In this case, poisoning with Corvalol can occur even from a few drops of the drug.

Medicines are taken to alleviate the condition, not worsen it. But under some circumstances, an overdose of Corvalol is possible:

simultaneous reception with alcohol;
dependence on phenobarbital, which requires a constant increase in the dose of the drug;
a combination of Corvalol with tranquilizers and other sedatives;
severe nervous breakdown when a person does not control the dosage of the drug;
general weakening of the body, in which the normal dosage will be perceived as critical.

Clinical picture of Corvalol poisoning

In the event of an acute overdose of Corvalol, the symptoms and consequences are determined by the amount of medication taken. It is important to note that the clinical picture has three main degrees of severity.

Mild form of poisoning. In such a situation, weakness and excessive drowsiness, apathy, lethargy appear. During periods of wakefulness, slurred and vague speech, irritability and absent-mindedness, and a decrease in muscle strength can be noted. Having found such signs, it is important to urgently take the necessary measures to save the victim, which will be discussed below.
The average severity of intoxication is characterized by pathologically prolonged sleep. A poisoned person is very difficult to wake up, but if he wakes up, he goes back to sleep and falls asleep safely. In addition, salivation is observed, weakness in the muscles is expressed, sometimes incomplete paralysis, paresis develops. Blood pressure drops, very little urine is excreted, pupils dilate.
A severe degree of intoxication is a barbituric coma. The victim is unconscious, breathing is disturbed, it is difficult to determine the reflexes. It is not excluded the development of acute cardiovascular failure, which is manifested by the development of hypotension, arthymia, cyanosis of the skin, the presence of wheezing in the lungs. In the absence of intensive care, pulmonary edema develops, which leads to death.

Signs of an overdose

Let's talk about the symptoms of an overdose of Corvalol. Symptoms of intoxication are divided into three degrees of severity.

In its mildest and most harmless form, drug poisoning looks like a general weakness of unknown origin. The following symptoms are observed: lethargy, fluidity of thoughts, slight inhibition of actions and speech, drowsiness. Unpleasant phenomena can go away by themselves, even if you do nothing, but simply reduce the dose, or completely stop the drug.

The picture of average intoxication looks much less attractive. The pathological nature of the condition is already visible to the naked eye, and the symptoms are threatening:

it is impossible to wake a person, sleep lasts unnaturally long;
salivation;
muscle weakness;
blood pressure is reduced;
Not a large number of urine.

Such poisoning requires medical intervention. Necessary measures for intoxication of the body.

Overdose symptoms

When combined with alcohol, Corvalol can cause severe disorders. For compatibility with alcohol, the drug received 3 points out of 5 possible.

That is, such a combination can pose a threat to life. If you immediately drink alcohol and Corvalol, there is an imposition of an inhibitory effect on the nervous system.

This leads to impaired coordination, depressive states and other mental disorders that do not go away for a long time.

Secondly, metabolism is enhanced due to the synthesis of certain enzymes in the liver. This leads to disruption of the body and an increase in the concentration of alcohol in the blood, which causes intoxication. Alcohol and Corvalol enhance each other's action, and this creates a double burden on the body.

Alcohol enhances the effect of phenylbarbital.

In Corvalol poisoning, symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe.

Signs of Corvalol poisoning are divided according to severity. The lungs include hypersomnia (a condition when a person is unreasonably drawn to sleep), impaired concentration, slurred speech and weakness throughout the body.

Corvalol poisoning occurs when the daily dose exceeds 150 drops, for the elderly and debilitated people, children, the toxicity threshold is much lower. The lethal dose ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 g per kilogram of weight, that is, about 20 g of the drug. Overdose can cause mild, moderate and severe symptoms.

With a mild form of poisoning, general weakness and drowsiness are noted. When the patient is awake, he is lethargic, distracted, speech is slow and slurred. This condition can pass without consequences if appropriate measures are taken and the drug is canceled.

The symptoms of this condition are alarming: a pathologically long state of sleep, it is difficult to wake a person. Even when trying to seat the sleeping person, he does not wake up or immediately falls asleep again. Salivation is noted. Muscle weakness is quite pronounced, sometimes to the point of paralysis. Reduced blood pressure. The amount of urine is very small. The pupils are almost always dilated.

Overdose treatment

The doctors of the ambulance brigade, having arrived at the call, will assess the severity of the condition of the victim. It is necessary for them to inform the approximate amount of Corvalol consumed by a person, the concomitant diseases of the poisoned person, and the names of the medicines that he takes on an ongoing basis.

Physicians will provide first aid, which consists of the following:

connecting the patient to oxygen;
gastric lavage through a probe;
an increase in arterial blood pressure if it is below 80/40 mm at the time of their arrival;
the establishment of vinflon (intravenous catheter), and the introduction through it of solutions for dehydration (Trisol, Disol, Rheosorbilact);
in case of clinical death - cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

After stabilization of the patient's condition, he is hospitalized in the intensive care unit, or in toxicology. In the hospital, an antidote of phenobarbital, bemigrid, is introduced.

The duration of hospitalization and treatment depends on the severity of the damage to the internal organs. In case of mild to moderate poisoning, the prognosis is favorable.

Corvalol poisoning is a life-threatening condition. This drug, familiar to many, in large doses, leads to cardiac arrest, acute renal failure and coma, and severe consequences on the part of all organs and systems.

Corvalol contains a potent substance - phenobarbital. Properly rendered first aid can help avoid serious complications, and give the poisoned person a chance to live until the arrival of the medical team.

Treatment of an overdose with Corvalol is carried out in the intensive care unit, where an antidote, bemigrid, is administered.

On the way to the hospital, the patient is given an intravenous injection of Bemegrid, the antidote of Corvalol. It is especially effective for mild poisoning.

In the hospital, a person will be monitored around the clock by doctors. If breathing is impaired, you will need to be connected to a ventilator. Oxygen inhalations are carried out. Plasma solutions, glucose, sodium chloride are administered intravenously. Diuretics and Eufillin are prescribed to stimulate urination.

A high concentration of phenobarbital is removed by hemosorption with activated charcoal. For 1 procedure, you can remove up to 70% of the toxin. If the blood pressure level is normal, hemodialysis is done.

Toxic dose of drug

As mentioned earlier, Corvalol can cause a general poisoning of the body. A similar effect provokes a long-acting barbiturate phenobarbital.

Many patients are interested in the question of how many drops are needed to provoke intoxication. The toxic dose of the drug is 150 drops in 24 hours.

In elderly patients, children, as well as people with impaired renal function, it causes poisoning. Most often, patients exceed the dosage during stressful conditions or an anxiety syndrome.

The lethal dose of the drug is from 0.1 to 0.3 g / 1 kg, on average 20 g of the drug. A fatal outcome is caused by a dose of 100 mg of phenobarbital per 1 kg of body weight.

First aid to the victim

In case of acute overdose of Corvalol, it is necessary first of all to perform a gastric lavage. The patient is offered to drink about one liter of pure water, and then, by pressing the fingers of the hand on the root of the tongue, they cause him to vomit. This simple procedure should be performed at least 3-4 times in order to thoroughly cleanse the stomach of the remnants of the taken Corvalol.

After gastric lavage, the patient is allowed to take one of the sorbent preparations. It can be Smecta, Enterogel, Filtrum STI or Activated carbon. They absorb Corvalol contained in the digestive tract and retain it, preventing it from being absorbed and entering the bloodstream.

In case of an overdose of Corvalol, it is necessary to try to maintain contact with the patient, preventing him from falling asleep. If there is no severe vomiting, then it is often necessary to water the poisoned person, as this will increase the amount of urine separated and thereby accelerate the removal of Corvalol from the body.

With a chronic overdose of Corvalol or the development of drug dependence, the first first aid is to stop further use of this drug.

As soon as the first symptoms of an overdose are detected, first aid should be provided. This will help the division into degrees of intoxication. According to them, you can determine how critical the condition of the poisoned person is.

With the first degree of intoxication, it is enough just to limit oneself in the use of the medicine. Active rest, prevention will lead to the fact that after a few days the symptoms will disappear.

The second degree is a little harder, stopping the use and doing morning walks will not work. You need to go to a specialist who will prescribe certain medications. Just don't abuse them.

The third degree is the most important. Here a person often cannot cope on his own. Violation of the heartbeat, severe shortness of breath, a drop in pressure and involuntary muscle twitching, which turns into convulsive seizures. It's hard to believe that Corvalol is to blame.

An overdose, the symptoms of which begin to appear, can pass without a trace if the following procedure is followed:

Immediately you need to call an ambulance. The longer you delay with this, the more the degree of intoxication of the body will increase.
As with most poisonings, you need to induce vomiting. This is the body's natural defense mechanism. If it does not start, you need help. Several glasses of water at room temperature should be poured into a person, even if he does not want it. Then, using the old and effective method of "two fingers in the mouth", empty the stomach.
Repeat procedure. Once again. And further. Yes, it is better to induce vomiting several times in order to maximally cleanse the stomach of Corvalol, which does not want to be excreted. Do not worry, "to overdrink" will not work. In the event that vomiting is not induced or is very weak, the person should continue to drink to increase the frequency of urination.
A sorbent should be taken. Most likely, a person who has Corvalol in the medicine cabinet has smecta or activated charcoal. The trace elements that are contained in the class of this drug will absorb Corvalol and prevent it from being absorbed into the blood.
The victim must maintain contact. Under no circumstances should he be allowed to sleep. You need to try to keep the conversation going, ask questions, pinch and hit on the cheeks.

When the doctors arrive, they will place the poisoned person in a hospital, where they will perform a gastric lavage. The treatment will depend on the degree of damage to the body, but the prevention of the restoration of the cardiovascular system will be accurately applied.

It is hard to imagine that the same drops that my grandmother took to feel better can kill. This is a medicine and should be taken exactly as directed.

If intoxication occurred at work, then the first thing to do is to isolate the victim from the poisoned zone. The person needs to be taken out to fresh air, clothes removed from him, wipe the damaged areas with alcohol.

As a treatment, inhalations with a 2% solution of sodium thiosulfate are prescribed. It is also recommended to drink warm milk with soda.

After poisoning, for some time it will be necessary to observe bed rest, during which the patient's condition must be monitored, since after recovery, pulmonary edema is possible.

If Corvalol has become the cause of poisoning, it is necessary to do a gastric lavage, often drink water in slow sips, and also take some kind of sorbent (activated charcoal, smectite). Another recommendation would be the use of cleansing enemas.

Before their arrival, the patient must be placed in a horizontal position, loosen the buttons on his clothes, turn his head to one side. It is also recommended to check the pulse and heartbeat of the victim.

The doctor will intravenously inject a person with bemegrid, an antidote for this type of poisoning, and decide on hospitalization. It is there that some necessary procedures can be carried out, for example, artificial ventilation of the lungs.

Real help can be provided only at the first stage of poisoning. It consists in gastric lavage. This procedure should be carried out until the washing liquid is clean.

The next step is the use of drugs from the group of sorbents. But first you need to make sure that it is not allergic. The dose for the poisoned is calculated using the maximum possible rate of the sorbent. One third of this amount will be the required dose.

If the poisoning is mild, it is enough to wash the stomach. Flushing should be done until clean water comes out. After that, you should drink a sorbent: activated carbon, enterosgel, smecta, etc.

If an overdose of Corvalol has led to moderate or severe poisoning, an ambulance should be called without delay. While waiting for the doctors, the patient must be laid on the floor and the belts loosened, buttons and all details of clothing that restrict movement should be unbuttoned. The victim's head should be turned to the side.

In the process of providing assistance, it is necessary to determine whether the patient has a pulse. For diagnosis without a phonendoscope, you can check the pulsation in the carotid artery and listen to the heartbeat in the chest. If there is no heartbeat, it is necessary to do a heart massage and artificial respiration until the ambulance arrives.

Your doctor will give you intravenous antidote Bemegrid. Depending on the severity of the condition, a decision on hospitalization will be made. In case of moderate and severe poisoning, inpatient treatment is indicated, since only in the hospital can artificial ventilation of the lungs and other necessary procedures be carried out.

An overdose of Corvalol involves the introduction of solutions of glucose, sodium chloride and plasma substitutes, as well as diuretics. If an overdose has led to a high concentration of phenobarbital in the blood, hemodialysis and hemosorption can be carried out - these measures are very effective, provided that the victim has normal pressure.

The consequences of an overdose can be both simply unpleasant (dermatitis) and very serious (acute heart and kidney failure). Taking Corvalol for years and constantly increasing its doses, one must remember that most drug poisonings, which result in death, come from phenobarbital preparations.

Possible Complications

If you have Corvalol in your home medicine cabinet, you should be aware of the dangers of this drug. An overdose of Corvalol can lead to severe disturbances in the functioning of the body and death. In large doses, it causes intoxication, affects the internal organs and the nervous system.

The list shows what will happen to the body if you drink a lot of this medicine:

Acute renal failure. Phenobarbital and others barbiturates are excreted from the body kidneys, and at high concentrations, they may not be able to cope.
Heart failure. A large dose of Corvalol slows down the rate of contractions of the heart, slows down the pulse, and can lead to its stop.
Depression of the nervous system, which can be manifested by paralysis, the development of a coma.
Death. Death develops due to kidney failure, or cardiac arrest.

Severe degrees of overdose with Corvalol are quite dangerous. They can be fatal, even if timely medical attention is provided.

An overdose of Corvalol is often complicated by pneumonia, impaired renal function. In the long term, neurological disorders (depression, staggering gait) can be observed, which are caused by toxic and hypoxic encephalopathy.

In the elderly, chronic overdose can cause:

reducing the reaction rate;
memory impairment;
difficult thinking;
impaired coordination of movements.

All of the above often leads to falls in older people, which can lead to fractures.

An overdose of the drug can lead to serious complications in the body. They are mainly determined by the dosage of the medication taken and the timeliness of first aid.

Consequences of poisoning:

dermatitis of varying degrees;
disruption of the central nervous system;
headache;
heart or kidney failure;
heart attack or stroke;
paralysis;
respiratory failure;
death.

Corvalol is a drug, the use of which must be treated with extreme caution. The barbiturates included in its composition are addictive.

This threatens with serious consequences. Therefore, in a number of countries, drugs with these substances are generally prohibited for import.

Corvalol is commercially available today, so it continues to be used in the old fashioned way for heart pain and strong feelings. Before buying a remedy, you need to consult a doctor.

Perhaps it is not at all what you need in your case.

Corvalol is a mild sedative, moderately antispasmodic and hypotensive agent. The correct dose is 15-30 drops three times a day. Drink with water, drip on sugar. What happens if this dose is exceeded? Can an overdose of Corvalol kill? And after what dose come unpleasant consequences?

Phenobarbital is the basis of the drug. Bromisovaleric acid in the form of ethyl ester is an excipient. Caustic sodium. Peppermint oil. Distilled water.

Phenobarbital is a chemical compound with a sedative effect. There is very little in the preparation. It is addictive, which means that the dose has to be increased all the time. Bromisovaleric acid and peppermint oil increase the effects of phenobarbital.

Ethyl bromisovallerianate is also not a completely harmless substance. It contains bromine, which, if taken for a long time, causes poisoning. With a significant excess of the dose, the consequences can be severe:

lung diseases;
unmotivated depression;
allergies of unknown etiology;
the clarity of consciousness disappears;
apathy.

In case of Corvalol poisoning, the consequences can be very serious. Starting from severe dermatitis, ending with acute respiratory, cardiac and renal failure.

The greatest number of deaths among drug poisonings is observed precisely from drugs containing Phenobarbital and other long-acting barbituric acid derivatives.

The consequences are largely determined by the dose of the substance taken, the severity of intoxication, and the timeliness of therapeutic measures.

If a person accidentally or purposefully got drunk with these drops, then he can get drunk. Poisoned by Corvalol, the patient endangers his heart, kidneys, liver and lungs. Possible death.

The effectiveness of therapeutic measures depends on the phase of poisoning and on the timeliness of medical care. The consequences of poisoning are also skin lesions (dermatitis) and bedsores.

The benefits and harms of Corvalol

This popular remedy can provide certain benefits to the body. When it is taken, the blood vessels expand, affect the ugly muscles.

It has a relaxing effect on the nervous system and helps relieve pain. Corvalol is appropriate to use as a quick measure for severe anxiety and nervous strain, pain in the heart in connection with the experience.

The drug can be used as a temporary measure in violation of the heart rhythm and hypertension.

Although Corvalol is positioned by many as a heart remedy, in most cases it is completely ineffective as a therapeutic drug. With significant and prolonged pain in the heart, complex treatment is necessary as prescribed by a cardiologist.

Corvalol should not be used at every opportunity. The barbiturates contained in it can be harmful to health. Phenobalbital can be addictive, as a result of which the usual dosage of taking the drug becomes insufficient to relieve unpleasant symptoms. The use of high doses causes intoxication.

Ethyl bromisovalerianate is a derivative of alcohol waste (fusel oils). It is able to accumulate in the body, which over time can provoke poisoning of the kidneys, liver, etc.

Most often, Corvalol is used to calm the nervous system in various neuroses (increased irritability, stress, hypochondria, etc.). The medicine perfectly relaxes, facilitates falling asleep. Drops are effective in violation of the functionality of the heart and blood vessels against the background of stressful conditions. In addition, the drug helps to eliminate stomach and intestinal spasms.

Ethyl bromisovalerianate together with menthol oil enhances the effect of phenobarbital. A complex medication calms the heart during tachycardia, reduces pressure (the initial stages of hypertension), and helps fight neurocirculatory dystonia.

Phenobarbital is one of the main components of the drug, it is banned in many European countries and the USA, as it is a narcotic. Its amount in the preparation is small, however, with a systematic intake, the patient develops dependence. For this reason, a person constantly increases the dosage, as the previous dose becomes ineffective.

With the combination of phenobarbital with ethanol, psychomotor reactions are inhibited, and coordination of movements is impaired. If the dose is too high, the person may die. Therefore, you need to think in advance about the consequences of an overdose and find out from your doctor what dose is optimal in your case.

It is strongly not recommended to combine Corvalol with tranquilizers and sedatives, as the effect of the latter is enhanced. This restriction applies to the combination of Corvalol with alcoholic beverages and medicines with caproic acid in the composition.

The ethyl ester of α-bromoisovaleric acid is able to accumulate in the body with regular use of the drug. In this case, the likelihood of bromism (general bromine poisoning) increases. This condition is manifested by diseases of the respiratory organs, confusion, stress, apathy, sexual disorders, etc.

If the patient takes the drug rarely and observes the dosage, then it has a beneficial effect, does not cause adverse reactions. With an increase in the portion of the medicine, one feels dizzy, the person becomes distracted, and drowsiness increases. In this case, it is worth reducing the daily dose or stopping the drug, then the symptoms will disappear on their own.

General provisions

Bromides are used as sedatives and sedatives. Their poisoning can be acute, mostly accidental, and chronic - the result of prolonged use of bromides or the result of their intake with the milk of a mother who has been using bromides for a long time.

Toxicokinetics

Bromides are quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the bromine ion, like the chlorine ion, is distributed in all extracellular fluids of the body, including cerebrospinal fluid, secretions of exocrine glands, including mammary, sweat, sebaceous, lacrimal, bronchial, etc., as well as in urine. In cells other than erythrocytes, bromides penetrate with difficulty, but they are still found in the cytoplasm and nuclei of nerve cells.

In body fluids, bromides can replace chlorides, which are then excreted by the kidneys. The total amount of halides remains constant (about 100 meq/l).

Bromides are excreted by the kidneys very slowly. The half-life can be up to 12 days. Therefore, with repeated administration of bromine preparations, they can accumulate, sometimes their concentration in blood plasma can be 40% of the total halogens.

Pathogenesis and clinical picture of bromide poisoning

Various dysfunctions of the central nervous system and other organs and tissues are the result of the replacement of chlorides with bromides, in addition, they have a local irritating effect.

Taking a large dose of sodium or potassium bromides causes irritation of the gastric mucosa, leading to nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. With vomit, the main amount of bromides is usually removed, so other signs of intoxication may not develop.

Long-term use of even therapeutic doses of bromides (the anion itself, and not the entire molecule of the drug matters) and, due to the accumulation of bromides, causes chronic poisoning - bromism. There are individual differences in sensitivity to bromides, and manifestations of bromism can occur at unequal levels in the blood. Nevertheless, it is noted that at their level above 9 meq/l, signs of bromism already appear, and at a level of 19-25 meq/l, severe poisoning occurs (Slagers 5., 1966). L. uche(b, L. Ripser (1963) described a very severe poisoning at a bromide level in the blood of 32.7 meq/l.

First of all, the function of the cerebral cortex is disturbed, which manifests itself in the deterioration of thinking, memory, the appearance of irritability, and emotional imbalance. Then the patient develops weakness, dizziness. With a high content of bromides in the blood, diffuse slow waves are noted on the EEG, and repolarization disorders are noted on the ECG.

Of the neurological signs of bromism, the following are noted: tremor, difficulty speaking, impaired coordination of movements, inhibition of surface reflexes. There may be an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure, swelling of the optic nerve head.

Dermatitis is very typical in the form of acne-like rashes on the skin of the face, all over the body at the root of the hair. The extremities may have a nodular shape, resembling manifestations of tertiary syphilis.

Irritation of the exocrine glands leads to conjunctivitis, sinusitis, accompanied by headache. The function of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed: the patient develops anorexia, an unpleasant odor

In acute poisoning, despite intense vomiting, a thorough gastric lavage is performed with isotonic sodium chloride solution, a laxative is administered. When bromism is either given to drink, or an unconscious patient is intravenously injected with an isotonic solution of sodium chloride. Chloride is an antagonist of bromides, displacing them from liquids, accelerating excretion in the urine. Adults and older adolescents are given up to 6.0 g of sodium chloride per day, dividing them into several doses. Children older than 5-6 years, if they do not have acidosis, can be prescribed instead of sodium ammonium chloride, which also has diuretic properties.

Osmotic diuretics can be used to accelerate the excretion of bromides. In severe cases resort to hemodialysis.

L. Sh!e1 (1, L. Rivier (1963) noted that bromides disappear from the CSF very slowly, even during hemodialysis. So, before this procedure, one patient had the same bromide content in both blood plasma and CSF - 20.5 meq/l Immediately after 3.5 hours of hemodialysis in the blood, the concentration decreased to 1.7 meq/l, and in the CSF to only 17.7 meq/l.

Therefore, CNS depression in poisoned patients persists for at least several days even after intensive therapy.

Whether it is a dark red liquid, dirty yellow fumes or brown crystals, bromine is poisonous in any form. Fortunately, dangerous concentrations do not occur in nature. You can only find it in production, where safety precautions are carefully monitored. But everywhere there are exceptions. Despite the fact that bromine poisoning is extremely rare, its signs can manifest themselves not only at work, but also at home.

Over time, uncontrolled intake of sedative (sedative) drugs: sodium and potassium bromides can lead to the appearance of signs of bromism. They belong to the pharmacy and are safe in acceptable doses, but this is the case when self-medication does not lead to anything good. The need to take and the amount of medication is calculated individually.

First aid

Immediately after calling an ambulance, it is necessary to take the victim to fresh air, not forgetting to take care of your own safety. When this is not possible, bring the poisoned person to an open window. Regardless of the state of the substance, it is advisable to get rid of working clothes, and wipe the body with any alcohol solution, after washing the affected skin with plenty of water.

If a person has lost consciousness, then he must be placed on a hard surface, turned over on his back, lifting his legs and slightly tilting his head. Closely monitor the pulse and breathing - loosen the belt, shirt collar. To bring a person to his senses, it is important to provide him with access to oxygen and bring a little ammonia to his nose.

You can reduce the degree of absorption of bromine into the blood with a mug of milk and a half teaspoon of soda. Even a regular piece of bread sprinkled with salt will do. In case of overdose with preparations containing bromine compounds, cleansing sorbents are also taken:

Activated carbon;
Polysorb;
Entegnin;
Polyvidon.

Food and drug poisoning requires gastric lavage and drinking large amounts of water in small portions.

Methods of treatment

Therapy is carried out complex and does not do without medical help. Mandatory measures are taken to eliminate the consequences of intoxication: the elimination of symptoms, the exclusion of further contact with a toxic substance and the prevention of diseases. As a health measure, a restrictive diet should be followed.

It is highly desirable for women to visit a gynecologist, and for men - a urologist, in order to exclude the possibility of complications.

The main stage of treatment is to remove bromine from the body. To purify the blood, doctors may prescribe an intravenous injection of a weak solution of sodium or calcium chloride. Intensive care for serious poisoning also includes:

the use of an analeptic as an antidote - Bemegrid;
taking vitamin and mineral complexes;
medicines to restore the work of the affected organs and body systems;
artificial ventilation of the lungs;
in case of food poisoning, cleansing enemas.

After the patient's condition improves, if necessary, therapy is supplemented with alkaline inhalations and safe cardiac drugs. They will help the body to quickly restore normal functioning. In addition, antihistamines are used to completely neutralize the negative impact:

Pipolfen;
Suprastin;
Dimedrol.

Under no circumstances should you self-medicate. Bromine is a dangerous toxic substance, and poisoning with it can lead to death, therefore, if symptoms of intoxication appear, you should go to the hospital.

Timely help from a specialist will help avoid serious complications and contribute to a speedy recovery.

Description:

Bromine poisoning is a lesion of organs and organ systems due to exposure to bromine.

Symptoms:

At a concentration of 0.001%, irritation of the mucous membranes, bleeding from the nose are observed. At a concentration of 0.02% - suffocation, spasms, respiratory disease. Contact with the skin of liquid bromine causes itching, with prolonged action slowly healing ulcers are formed.

Bromine irritates the upper respiratory tract: runny nose, lacrimation appear almost simultaneously. Even injected, it in a poisonous dose causes inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.

Bromine has a very profound effect on the lymphatic glands, especially on the parotid gland, ovaries and testicles. It causes a rapid increase in their volume and a special kind of hardening: the affected gland is hard as a stone. An important characteristic: the glands are affected only on the left side.

With the internal use of small doses and very high dilutions, bromine produces a peculiar effect on the brain and spinal cord - it lowers intellectual performance and suppresses reflex excitability, excites drowsiness.

Symptoms of bromine poisoning: swelling with hardening of all glands, sensation of cobwebs on the face, especially when the wings of the nose move.

Possible development of a physiometer (pelvic tumor of the uterus); profuse discharge of gases through the vagina. The pains are deaf, deep, prolonged, rarely sharp, appearing more often with a cold in warm and humid weather; always worse in the evening until midnight and always affect the left side of the body.

The stool is slimy, bloody, the color of coffee grounds, there is also diarrhea on the background of gastric disorders.

Menstruation premature, profuse, with false membranes, which cause convulsive pains. This is accompanied by deep, constant pain in the left ovary, more pronounced before and after menstruation.

Causes of occurrence:

Bromine (Br) is a chemical element of the VIIth group of the Periodic Table of D.I. Mendeleev. Refers to halogens.

Bromine is a heavy liquid with a pungent odor, dark purple, almost black in reflected light, dark red in transmitted light; easily forms yellow-brown pairs. In the solid state - red-brown needle-shaped crystals. Bromine belongs to the class of toxic substances, but is not very dangerous.

When working with bromine, a gas mask, gloves and overalls should be used.

Compounds found in nature and in industry. Acute poisoning with bromine vapor is possible in the chemical, photographic, film and leather industries, in the production of a number of dyes, etc.

Treatment:

First aid. Remove the victim from the poisoned area, remove clothing, wash the affected skin with alcohol, and breathe in oxygen. Do inhalations (alkaline and with a 2% solution of sodium thiosulfate). Drink warm milk with Borjomi or soda. Inside with food 10-30 g per day of sodium chloride (salt). Intravenous 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride. Inside - diphenhydramine, pipolfen 0.025 g each, heart remedies.