Plasticineography as a means of developing the creative abilities of children with disabilities. Methodological techniques for teaching modeling to younger schoolchildren

Visual activities in kindergarten: basic modeling techniques.

Visual activities in kindergarten: basic modeling techniques. Children's visual activities include activities such as drawing, modeling, and appliqué. Each of these types has its own capabilities in reproducing the child’s ideas about the world around him. The working material for modeling can be clay, plasticine or salt dough. The uniqueness of modeling lies in the fact that with the help of this type of activity the shape of an object is conveyed in three dimensions. Children enjoy sculpting people, animals, dishes, vehicles, vegetables, fruits, and toys. The items they create are used in play activities. During preparation for modeling, the child receives a lot of knowledge about the subject (name, shape, structure, color, purpose). At the same time, his vocabulary and coherent speech are enriched and developed, with the help of which he can describe the image from memory. This contributes to the development of his thinking, attention, imagination and other processes. During the classes, the child receives information about modeling methods and learns how to do it himself. Based on his experience, he tries to independently solve educational problems, and over time, this independence develops into creativity. In the process of sculpting, more than in any other activity, you can achieve maximum activity of both hands, develop and strengthen your fingers, especially the thumbs, index, and middle ones. To master the sculpting technique, a child needs to develop special movements regarding their strength, accuracy, tempo, direction, smoothness, and rhythm. These qualities will help the preschooler master various types of educational and work activities in the future. While familiarizing yourself with an object, the child learns to understand its beauty. He himself begins to convey in the sculpting its individual expressive features, tries to carefully treat the surface of the product, decorates it with ornaments, etc. By introducing children to some examples of sculpture and decorative and applied art, we cultivate in them love and respect for the people who created these wonderful things. Modeling helps to cultivate curiosity in visual arts

Basic sculpting techniques

Before you start modeling from plasticine, you should learn its basic techniques, such as rolling, rolling, flattening, pinching, pulling and smoothing, etc. Mastering them will help you create the necessary shapes and give the figures the appropriate position. Rolling up. Place a piece of plasticine between your palms, press lightly and perform circular movements to form a ball. The ball must be turned periodically to make it round. Rolling out. Allows you to turn a plasticine ball into an egg or cylinder. Roll the ball and use straight-line hand movements to transform it into a cylinder. You can get an egg if you place your hands at an angle relative to each other and roll them out. Flattening. To get a flat cake or disk, first roll it into a ball, then squeeze it tightly between your palms, or press it against the table with your palm. Topping. Gives a certain texture to the surface of the product, which is necessary when making small parts on a large model. To do this, grab a little plasticine with your fingers connected and release it, giving it the desired shape. Pulling back. It is similar to the previous technique, but after gripping the plasticine, it is pulled back and a new element or part is formed. Smoothing. Used to create a smooth transition from one part to another when connecting and for rounding. Performed with fingers or a stack. At the same time, you can remove excess plasticine. Cutting. Dividing a bar with a stack or cutter into separate pieces. Compound. Applying and lightly pressing parts together. In this case, it is necessary to balance the force and prevent deformation of the parts.

Methodological manual for teachers and educators.

Development of fine motor skills in children

Children draw, sculpt, put together figures and buildings from construction sets - they play, we say. In fact, finger training is “fine motor skills of the palms and hands,” which is directly related to the formation of intelligence, the development of speech, memory, attention and thinking.

Scientists have proven that about a third of the area of the cerebral cortex is projected on the hands, and also areas of fine motor movement are very close to the tongue. It is the magnitude of this projection and its proximity to the motor zone that makes it possible to consider the hand as an “organ of speech”, exactly the same as the articular apparatus.

In this regard, scientists have put forward the assumption of a significant interaction between fine movements of the hands and fingers on the formation and development of language function in a child.

Motor skills interact with all the higher properties of consciousness: attention, thinking, optical-spatial perception (coordination of movements), observation, visual memory, etc. The development of fine motor skills is also necessary because throughout the rest of one’s life a person will need to use fine, coordinated movements of the hands and fingers that are needed to write and draw, get dressed, and also perform many different household, industrial and educational activities.

Training and motor skills of the fingers primarily occurs with the help of plasticine modeling, In this way, the child’s creative abilities quickly develop, and plasticine also develops fine motor skills of the hands well.

The main thing in working with plasticine- do not overestimate the child’s strength, give him an interesting and exciting task. Then he will feel maximum pleasure from the modeling process and from the results of his work. And this is the key to future success.

In order for a child to really and seriously become interested in modeling from plasticine, and for creativity to bring joy and satisfaction, he should be selected with the necessary and convenient tools for work.

Modeling from plasticine, as already mentioned, is best done on special modeling boards; you can also use a wooden board or a piece of linoleum. The size of the board depends on the size of the product.

Also, the work will require various devices that will allow you to make some details on plasticine figures.

Some plasticine kits already contain a complete set of tools, which, for example, may include a plastic rolling pin. It is convenient to roll out plasticine into even and thin layers.

Plasticineography. Types of plasticine applique.

Plasticineography- this is a technique whose principle is to create a molded picture with plasticine on a paper, cardboard or other base, thanks to which the images are more or less convex, semi-volume.

Regular work with plasticine allows the child to create more complex compositions using varied and complex techniques.

Plasticine and bright plasticine is perfect for making applications, as it is easy to process and give the desired shape. And the application itself retains its shape for a long time. For a plasticine applique you will need multi-colored plasticine, cardboard (colored or white), in addition, the applique can be done on a glass surface, then covering it with the same piece of glass and inserting it into a frame.

The subject for the applique can be any drawing from a book or magazine that can be transferred to the surface using carbon paper.

Application from plasticine can be done in different ways. To work you will need a sheet of cardboard, a selected plot and colored plasticine. The advantages of plasticine appliqué over sculpting three-dimensional figures are that you can create a very beautiful and bright plot on a plane, and much less material will be needed.

First you need to transfer the drawing you like onto a sheet of cardboard or with a marker onto glass, fill each section of the picture with plasticine of the appropriate color, which can be done with small balls, flagella or whole parts, giving the edges the desired shape with a stack.

Application on glass

The piece of glass must first be thoroughly washed with soap or glass detergent and dried with a napkin. It is best to seal the edges of the glass with tape or tape to avoid injury during operation. Transfer the drawing to the glass using a marker, fill the elements of the drawing with plasticine, for which you select a piece of plasticine of the required size and knead it well in your hands and smear it on the glass. You can smear it with your fingers or a glass, carefully pressing it onto the surface to form a thin layer. The new color must be applied sequentially and separately. After the application is completed, you need to remove the tape from the edges and place a background of colored paper on the plasticine surface, and another glass of the same size tightly on top, then thick cardboard. Cover the contour of the resulting work with strips of colored paper to create a neat frame. The application can also be done on a sheet of thick cardboard, but in this case, greasy stains from plasticine will remain on the base.

Types of plasticine applications

Application from whole parts. Plasticine paintings

The painting is a more complex version of the plasticine appliqué. This will require some skill in working with this material, the ability to mix colors and accuracy. It is best to start mastering the technology of plasticine paintings with simple small-sized images. In the process of making a painting using the plasticine technique, everyone develops their own style and manner, gains confidence in working with the material, their own recipes for obtaining tones and shades, as well as little tricks and secrets. By completing several simple and small paintings. It will be possible to proceed to a more complex work.

So, to create a plasticine picture you will need a plot (your own or from a book (magazine), a base, a set of stacks and a little initial knowledge about the technique of making a plasticine picture.

Thick cardboard, a plexiglass plate or plywood are suitable as a basis for a plasticine painting. A painting made of plasticine can be either flat or convex, depending on its constituent parts.

A painting made of plasticine has a flat surface and resembles an oil painting, and in bas-relief design the component figures may protrude slightly above its surface.

The picture can be square, round, oval, etc. Plasticine is applied to the base using a stack or with your fingers. It is best to spread plasticine on cardboard by hand, since the material under pressure lays in an even layer on the surface, thus achieving the effect of a brush stroke with oil paints.

The picture can be made in relief in different ways - by forming elements using a stack, sculpting individual parts, by cutting with scissors and lifting the cuts, rubbing plasticine through a sieve or squeezing it through a garlic press, etc.

Work on the painting begins from the upper edge of the base to prevent hands from touching the surface areas covered with plasticine. Round and oval elements are made from rolled plasticine balls, which are flattened when attached to the base.

Thin stripes in the painting are made using rollers rolled on a plane. The rollers should not be too long, otherwise they will be difficult to transfer to the base. Long lines and elements are made up of several short rollers. Before applying the rollers to the surface, they must first be cooled. When rolling out thin rollers, you need to take into account that when flattened they increase in cross section.

To complete such details of the picture as petals, flower stems, curls, strands of hair, you will need smooth rollers, which can be obtained by squeezing heated plasticine through a disposable syringe or through a garlic press. If you rub plasticine through a fine metal strainer, you can get loose and fluffy elements of the picture, such as corals, grass, animal fur, etc.

Using a comb, the tips of scissors, an awl or a stack, by pressing through thin grooves, you can achieve the effect of relief of some details of the picture (for example, sea waves or ripples can be created by scratching the surface with a comb).

To depict leaves or crowns of trees, a carved edge is created on the plasticine part. This can be done by cutting the plasticine cake with scissors, a stack or a scalpel, pressing it at an angle to the design line.

Some details of the plasticine painting may have a complex outline. In this case, you need to apply a plasticine cake and remove excess plasticine using a stack.

If the painting contains elements that are difficult to sculpt, then they are repeated with a thin layer of plasticine on paper, cut out with scissors and stuck to the base using thin plasticine rollers.

To obtain the effect of volume or transparency of some elements of the picture, plasticine is applied in a thin layer and rubbed with fingers. To achieve the desired effect, the excess layer of plasticine is scraped off with a stack.

How to arrange and store plasticine paintings. Flat plasticine paintings are best placed under glass in a frame, mat, or stored under transparent film. A painting with a relief image can also be placed in a frame under glass, but along the frame, place a spacer that matches the convexity of the image. Plasticine paintings should not be deformed, exposed to direct sunlight or heat.

So, to summarize, what is needed to create a plasticine picture?

Base: cardboard, plexiglass, plywood, oilcloth.

Tools: a set of stacks, scissors (for cutting out parts), a stationery knife or scalpel, an awl or toothpicks, a rolling pin, a comb, a metal strainer, a garlic press or a special press for plasticine, a regular medical syringe, special sets of molds and syringes for plasticine.

Black graphite pencil for sketching. Triangular black graphite pencils are very convenient for little ones.

Modeling board. You can take a piece of regular linoleum.

A glass of water (to wet your hands so that the plasticine doesn’t stick)

Hand wipes. It is very convenient to use a regular kitchen damp microfiber cloth. Good plasticine. This is the plasticine that is brightly colored, rolls out thinly and does not stick to your hands.

Come up with a sketch. Select image color and background. Select the desired picture format. Decide what size and shape it will be. Prepare the base according to these dimensions.

Frame with glass or cling film.

Basic techniques for modeling with plasticine

Rolling up. Place a piece of plasticine between your palms, press lightly and perform circular movements to form a ball. The ball must be turned periodically to make it round.

Rolling out. Allows you to turn a plasticine ball into an egg or cylinder. Roll the ball and use straight-line hand movements to transform it into a cylinder. You can get an egg if you place your hands at an angle relative to each other and roll them out.

Flattening. To get a flat cake or disk, first roll it into a ball, then squeeze it tightly between your palms, or press it against the table with your palm.

Topping. Gives a certain texture to the surface of the product, which is necessary when making small parts on a large model. To do this, grab a little plasticine with your fingers connected and release it, giving it the desired shape.

Pulling back. It is similar to the previous technique, but after gripping the plasticine, it is pulled back and a new element or part is formed.

Smoothing. Used to create a smooth transition from one part to another when connecting and for rounding. Performed with fingers or a stack. At the same time, you can remove excess plasticine.

Cutting. Dividing a bar with a stack or cutter into separate pieces.

Compound. Applying and lightly pressing parts together. In this case, it is necessary to balance the force and prevent deformation of the parts.

Essential elements

A plasticine figurine can be molded in two ways: from a whole piece of plasticine or by combining several parts into one. A figurine made from one piece of plasticine is more stable than a figurine made from several parts and it is faster to mold than the same one, but made up of several simple elements. However, the use and connection of various parts when sculpting allows you to make the figures more complex and detailed.

When choosing one or another modeling method, of course, you should pay attention to the age and individual abilities of the child. The worse the motor skills, the more advisable it is to sculpt crafts using as few unnecessary parts as possible. In this case, it is better to concentrate on the properties of plasticine: color, shape, plasticity. After all, a child only learns to understand the world through a complex process of creativity. With age, you can increase the number of parts. Mentally breaking down the proposed craft into parts will teach the child to analyze and plan.

In order to start sculpting any figure from plasticine, you first need to master several simple techniques for sculpting simple elements such as a ball, roller, cone, cake, etc.

Useful tips

Remains of plasticine, small pieces, can be sorted into small plastic bags or plastic containers by color.

In order to obtain identical elements of the figure, especially when sculpting details such as ears, arms, legs, flower petals, leaves, etc., it is necessary to separate identical blanks from a piece of plasticine. If the bar is new and of standard size, then it can be easily divided into equal parts. If a piece of plasticine has already been used, then you need to roll it into an even roller and then divide it into even parts.

Mixing plasticine

Mixing plasticine is practically no different from mixing oil paints. In both cases, it is undesirable to use more than three colors, since otherwise a lump of indeterminate color will form. If you mix plasticine with a small amount of black, you achieve a darker tone of the same color, and vice versa, mixing colored plasticine with white, you get pastel colors. In practice this happens as follows. Take 2 pieces of plasticine of different colors, first warm them up well in your hands and roll them into one roller. The resulting roller is bent in half, obtaining a thicker and shorter roller, it is again carefully rolled out and folded in half, etc. Rolling and bending continues until the piece of plasticine becomes uniform in color, without spots or streaks. It is not advisable to mix 3 colors at once; it is best to first mix 2 colors until homogeneous, then add a third color to the result.

Color Mixing Chart:

Pink (for sculpting arms, legs, face) = 1/5 red + 4/5 white

Dark gray (for sculpting a wolf) = 3/5 black + 2/5 white

Light gray (for sculpting a bunny) = 7/8 white + 1/8 black

Light green (herbaceous) = 1/2 green + 1/2 yellow

Light green (for leaves) = 1/3 yellow

Light green (for leaves) = 1/3 yellow + 2/3 green. If you add 1/5 white, you can use it to make young leaves.

Purple = 1/3 red + 3/3 blue.

Ocher = 1/ yellow + 1/2 brown

Marble: rolls of plasticine of different colors are twisted into a rope and lightly mixed, preventing the colors from being completely absorbed

Plasticine stuck to the surface is best removed using a glass or a dry cloth. In order for the finished plasticine figurine to shine and its surface to be smooth, it must be held at some distance from the candle flame. In this case, care and caution should be observed, and the procedure must be carried out in the presence of adults.

Adding strength to plasticine crafts

In order to preserve a figurine made from ordinary plasticine for a long time, you can cover it with 2-3 layers of water-based paint, the main thing is that there are no smudges left. The paint will adhere well to the plasticine surface if it is degreased first. To do this, use talc, starch or flour, which are applied to the product with a dry brush. After the paint has dried, the figure is painted with gouache and varnished. A figurine treated in this way will be stored for a long time and will look like a real figurine. The only thing you need is to protect the figurine from falling so that it does not become deformed. To obtain a durable surface for a plasticine craft, you can use another method: apply a thin layer of glue to the product and sprinkle it with semolina. After the surface has dried, it is covered with white water-based paint, and after drying it is painted with acrylic paints. This method will take some time, since each applied layer will need to be thoroughly dried.

Example. Making a picture from plasticine

Take plasticine and roll it out

We make (sculpt) flowers and flower petals from plasticine

We will make leaves from green plasticine and make veins on them.

The rose painting is ready

Bibliography

1. Vasilyeva - Gangnus L. Lessons of entertaining work. Publishing house "Pedagogy" 1997

2. Gavrina S. E., Kutyavina N. L. Developing our hands - to learn, and write, and draw beautifully. - Yaroslavl: Development Academy 1997.

3. Magazine “Primary School” No. 8 1999; No. 9 1988.

4. Inshakova O. B. Development and correction of grapho-motor skills in children. M.: Vlados 2003.

5. Kalyabin V. A. Physiological foundations for assessing the degree of readiness of children for learning at school. - Vladimir: VSPU 1999.

7. A series of books for the development of students' creative abilities.

8. Sirotyup A. L. Correction of the development of intelligence of preschoolers. - M.: Sphere 2003.

9. Tsvintarny V. Playing with fingers and developing speech. Lan 1999.

10. Tsirulik N. A., Prosnyakova T. N. Lessons in creativity. Publishing house "Fedorov" 2000.

The teaching method, according to the definition accepted in pedagogy, is characterized by a unified approach to solving a given task and determines the nature of all activities of the child and the teacher in a given lesson.

A teaching method is a more private, auxiliary means that does not determine all the specifics of activity in a lesson, but has only a narrow educational significance.

Sometimes individual methods can act as only a technique and not determine the direction of work in the lesson as a whole.

In modern pedagogy, a variety of teaching methods are used.

Visual methods and teaching techniques.

The observation method underlies the entire system of teaching fine arts, since art is a means of cognition and reflection of the surrounding reality. The success of the development of their creative abilities depends on how well mentally retarded children develop the ability to observe, establish connections between the phenomena of life around them, and identify the general and the individual.

Visual methods and techniques include: the use of nature, reproductions of paintings, samples and other visual aids, examination of individual objects, demonstration by the teacher of modeling techniques, display of children's works at the end of the lesson, when evaluating them.

It is necessary to note some features of the use of nature in working with mentally retarded children.

Nature, first of all, facilitates the work of memory, since the process of image is combined with perception; helps a mentally retarded child to correctly understand and convey the shape and structure of an object, its color.

Nature needs to be examined in detail with children. As nature, you can use leaves, branches, flowers, fruits (natural or dummies), as well as toys depicting people, animals, vehicles, etc.

At the beginning of the lesson, individual items are shown. For example, before sculpting the “Three Bears” fairy tale, they suggest looking at a toy bear, highlighting the features of the shape and proportions of individual parts, and tracing the change in their location depending on the rotation of the object.

Pictures are used mainly to clarify children’s ideas about the surrounding reality and to explain the means and methods of depiction. A painting, like a work of art, conveys an image vividly and emotionally.

Observations of the surrounding reality are often short-term (for example, observing animals in a city). Therefore, the use of a picture will not only ensure repeated perception, but also highlight the main thing characteristic of the subsequent image.

The teacher's demonstration of modeling methods is a visually effective technique that teaches mentally retarded children to consciously create the desired shape based on their specific experience. Demonstration can be of two types: demonstration by gesture and demonstration of sculpting techniques. In all cases, the demonstration is accompanied by verbal explanations.

Mentally retarded children of primary school age have poor control of their movements and therefore do not know what movement will be required to “sculpt” one form or another.

There is a well-known technique when the teacher makes certain movements together with the child, leading his hand. This technique should be used when the child’s movements are not developed, he does not know how to control them. It is necessary to give the child the opportunity to feel this movement.

A teacher's demonstration is always necessary when explaining new techniques.

When assessing finished works, display and analysis of children's work is used as a technique to help children understand achievements and mistakes in modeling. Analysis can be both collective and individual. In some cases, it depends on the nature of the mentally retarded child.

Verbal methods and teaching techniques.

Verbal teaching methods and techniques include the teacher’s instructions during the lesson and the use of a verbal artistic image.

Modeling classes usually begin with a conversation. Its goal is to evoke previously perceived images in children’s memory and arouse interest in the activity.

The role of conversation is especially important in those classes where children will do work based on a presentation (according to their own ideas or on a topic given by the teacher), without using visual aids.

The story should be very colorful, emotional and meaningful.

If the children’s impressions were rich and they have the necessary skills to convey them, such a story is often enough to complete the task without additional techniques.

To clarify children’s ideas on the topic, you can also use visual aids.

An artistic image embodied in a word (poem, story, riddle, etc.) has a unique clarity. It contains that characteristic, typical thing that is characteristic of this phenomenon and distinguishes it from others.

At the beginning of a modeling lesson on literary themes, it is not advisable to use other teaching methods, as they can interfere with the work of the imagination. For mentally retarded children, the most appropriate way is to combine visual and verbal methods and teaching techniques.

Practical methods.

In the process of learning to model, children master the skills of using the material. Modeling requires the use of a variety of teaching methods and techniques, including practical ones, which are necessary to develop skills and abilities.

One of the main practical methods is exercises in mastering technical skills. Thus, while mastering round-shaped images (the rolling technique), mentally retarded children sculpt balls, oranges and other objects of the same shape.

When making dishes (plate, bowl), technical techniques such as rolling, flattening, attention, and finishing with your fingers are required to obtain a more accurate shape.

To make a bagel or bagel, the following techniques are used:

rolling, bending with joining ends, bending with weaving.

Material and equipment.

The properties of the plastic material itself determine the characteristics of this type of labor. The program provides for the use of clay and children's plasticine for modeling classes. While working with plasticine is quite well known to teachers, the same cannot be said for clay. This material is used relatively rarely in special correctional schools. Meanwhile, clay, in many of its qualities, compares favorably with plasticine, and children are more willing to work with it.

During the sculpting process you need to use stacks. They can be wooden or metal. The simplest types of stack are a stick, pointed on one side and rounded on the other, a stack in the form of a spatula, and a loop stack.

The stack is used to work out details in cases where it is difficult to do by hand; excess clay is removed from the mold using a stack and cuts are made.

The quality of a child’s work largely depends on how his workplace is organized. To do this, you need to have small boards that are placed on the table.

Modeling techniques.

Getting acquainted with sculpting techniques, in the first lessons children should learn the basic movements, which are the elementary sculpting operations, and their exact names: rolling, rolling, flattening, stretching, pulling, bending, joining, pinching.

When sculpting one or another shape of an object, you have to use several sculpting techniques simultaneously, as, for example, when sculpting oval shapes (face, cucumber, potato). The following techniques are used here: rolling, then rolling out a little, finishing with your fingers to obtain a more accurate shape.

It should be noted that the issue of modeling technique is greatly simplified due to the formation in children of generalized techniques for examining an object, since they allow children to independently, consciously find and apply image techniques in any task.

“Modeling from plasticine” - Before starting the lesson, prepare the basics for creating pictures. Basic sculpting techniques. Repeat the names of the colors. The action can be repeated several times. Why do you think? Show the children a box of plasticine. Kneading. Modeling with young children. Lesson "Drying". And the sun is shining in the sky.

“Macrame” - In Rus', tying knots - “nauzit” meant “to cast a spell, cast a spell, cast a spell” (according to V.I. Dahl). In the 14th century, macrame spread to Spain, India, China, and Italy. In the East there was a knotted letter - a quipu. Taboo on knots - in Lapland, East Indies, Indonesia. Used in the center of the product and to decorate brushes.

“Crafts from salt dough” - Necessary tools. Colored dough. Coloring. Salt dough products are made from individual simple elements. Such a gift will bring great pleasure to anyone. You can also use egg yolk. Crafts made from salt dough. You can make the dough colored. Drying at room temperature takes a long time.

“Wire Flowers” - 3. Roll up the stretched wire and shape it into a leaf. WORK LESSON IN 3rd GRADE “Making flowers from wire.” Materials for the lesson: Wire, rod, floss threads of different colors, beads. 4. Wrap a thread of floss around each turn of wire, securing it at the base. At the very top of the sheet, turn the thread vertically and, securing it at the base, make the middle of the sheet.

“Autumn Bouquet” - 1. 11. Technological map for making flowers. Make a photo gallery of flowers. 13. 5. 6. 7. 10. The background must be made more contrasting. 8. Photo gallery.

“Floral collage” - Basic artistic and compositional techniques: Involves the refusal to depict real objects. European symmetrical composition scheme. Plants should grow with hard leaves. The work is framed. The principle of trinity as an expression of ideal harmony. Materials: paints, water, paper. A method of decorating using cut out paper motifs.

1. Origin of plasticine…………………………….

2. Qualities of plasticine……………………………………

3. Types of plasticine……………………………………….

4. Plasticine crow…………………………………

II. Practical part of the study

1. Rules of conduct and precautions when working with plasticine………………………………………

2. Tools for sculpting

3. Basic techniques for modeling from plasticine………………

4. Making plasticine at home

5. Mixing plasticine………………………………..

III. The influence of modeling on the development of a child

Conclusion………………………………………………………..

Bibliography…………………………………………………….

Application……………………………………………………….

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

Plasticine is a material familiar to everyone since childhood, in itself a storehouse for fantasy and imagination. And if you combine it with sleight of hand, then everything can be revived, giving plasticine a second life.

I chose this topic for my work because I wanted to know what plasticine consists of, what secrets it contains, what can be made from it, and what benefits can be obtained from working with this material.

The object of my research is ordinary plasticine. The hypothesis I put forward: “Working with plasticine benefits children. This is the best way to express and express yourself!

Tasks:

1. Find and study literature, Internet resources and illustrations that are related to the topic of the research work.

2. Outline the definition of plasticine, its history, characteristics, properties and applications.

3. Make plasticine at home.

4. Make your own crafts from plasticine.

Methods and techniques for working with plasticine - studying literature and Internet resources related to the topic of research work, independent production of plasticine and crafts.

The significance of my work lies in the fact that the collected material as a result of the research can be used in technology and art lessons.

Theoretical part of the study

1. Origin of plasticine

Word plasticine originates from the Italian word plastilina, and from the Greek plastos, meaning stucco. Where is the birthplace of plasticine and who is its inventor? Plasticine has been around for over half a century, and was first called “play dough.” Its original composition included purified and crushed clay powder with the addition of natural or mineral wax - ozokerite, lard and other substances that prevent drying.

There are two versions of the origin of the plasticine we use now. First version. Plasticine became known to the world in the 19th century, when Franz Kolba and William Harbut ( Annex 1) received patents in Germany (for the model mass “Plastilin” in 1880) and in Great Britain (for the non-drying clay “Plasticine” in 1899)

William Harbut was a teacher at the art school. In 1897, he developed a material that would not dry out when students created sculptures.

Initially, plasticine was used for educational purposes, but after Kharbut’s six children filled the house with plasticine crafts, the right solution was born. In 1900, Kharbut opened his own factory, where industrial production of plasticine, still gray in color, began. Later they began to produce it in four colors, adding vegetable dyes to the composition. The factory operated until the fire in 1968, after which production was moved to Thailand.

Plasticine by Franz Kolb can still be found on the shelves as “Munich art plasticine”.

Second version. We have Joe McVicker of Cincinnati to thank for the clay. While working in a chemical factory, he patented a non-toxic wallpaper cleaner. He sent a sample of this substance to his relative, who worked as a kindergarten teacher. During her classes, the woman replaced ordinary modeling clay with a new material that was more flexible and did not stain her hands.

2. Quality of plasticine

Plasticine is a material with rich artistic possibilities. Modeling, modeling, and appliqué develop imagination, observation and artistic taste. Once in your hands, plasticine can come to life and take on various forms, and images and stories that can be sculpted from it begin to appear in your head. There is a creative quest in this, an opportunity to achieve more perfect results.

Plasticine is actively used by children in creativity. The material owes its popularity to the following qualities:

Wide range of creative possibilities. Thanks to plasticine’s plasticity, you can sculpt anything from cute little animals to complex professional works. At the same time, the color variety of the material allows you to fully realize any idea.

Possibility of adjustment. If, in order to correct a drawn picture, you need to take a new sheet of paper and draw again, with plasticine the correction issues are simpler. The “failed” part can simply be sculpted again, without the need to correct the rest of the creation. This is very important for children.

Safety. Due to its texture, plasticine is one of the safest materials for children's creativity. For sculpting, you don’t need sharp scissors that can cut you. When working with it, it is impossible to get a splinter, as when working with wood. You cannot hit it, get burned, etc.

Development of personal qualities. Working with plasticine teaches children attentiveness and accuracy, and contributes to the development of children's imagination. At the same time, this is excellent entertainment, a hobby that you can do not only alone, but also with classmates, friends or parents.

Plasticine develops fine motor skills, spatial thinking, and perseverance.

3. Types of plasticine

Plasticine can be simple, sculptural, floating, jumping, wax, pearlescent, fluorescent, ball, hardening plasticine, in blocks, in sausages, in cells and in buckets.

Ordinary plasticine made from purified and crushed clay powder and substances that prevent it from drying out: wax, animal fat, ozokerite (a mineral similar to beeswax), petroleum jelly, they maintain its plasticity and softness. Regular plasticine comes in a variety of colors, but it should be noted that the more clay it contains, the less vibrant its colors.

Wax . Due to its wax base, it is softer and more flexible than usual and is safe when used for its intended purpose. Pieces of wax plasticine reliably stick to each other, it is excellent for makingplasticine panels .

Ball plasticine. Its mass consists of very light small balls, which are connected to each other with an almost invisible adhesive. Its structure perfectly hides small irregularities in children's crafts. This plasticine does not stick to hands or clothes at all, and has a variety of colors - from rich fluorescent to delicate pastel shades. Ball plasticine comes in different types: drying and non-drying, regular and fine-grained. Crafts made from ball plasticine are durable, as it hardens in air for several hours. As in ordinary plasticine, colors can be mixed with each other, each time getting more and more new shades, which gives enormous scope for your imagination and creative ideas. Bright colors create a festive mood, so it’s convenient to make small souvenirs from ball plasticine for relatives and friends.

Floating plasticine. Products from floating plasticine It’s fun to play in the bathtub - having molded a ship, you can send it on a real voyage, or you can arrange a “storm” for plasticine ships or place ducks and other waterfowl in a basin of water. In order for the figurine to float on the surface of the water, its base must be flat and wide, and the remaining parts must be balanced.

Jumping plasticine It’s very pliable and stretches well; you just need to warm it up a little in your hands and it’s ready to go. But the most interesting thing about this plasticine is that, when it cools down, it bounces off the surface like a ball. You can then actively play with crafts made from such plasticine.

Hardening plasticine, characterized by bright colors, plasticity and lightness. Such material hardens within 24 hours, and a figurine fashioned from it turns into a toy or figurine. This plasticine is great for creating your own collection of cars or jewelry, as well as for decorating various items - photo frames, boxes, etc. Any child can make an amazing gift for family and friends from hardening plasticine with their own hands. When working with hardening plasticine, it should be taken into account that if the individual parts of the figure have already dried, they may not stick well to each other - in this case, they are secured using pieces of wire or matches.

There is plasticine professional– sculptural . It is an unassuming grayish-greenish color and is sold in highly specialized stores in fairly large volumes. This type of plasticine is used in art schools and colleges.

Plasticine has the properties of crumpling, rolling, flattening, tearing, and acquiring varying degrees of softness depending on the temperature.

4. Plasticine crow

To this day, adults remember and enjoy watching the cartoon about the plasticine crow. The film clearly demonstrates what miracles can be achieved when working with plasticine. A crow (or maybe a cow, or maybe a dog...) has always caused great delight. Indeed, the years have not aged this cartoon at all, which not only adults, but even toddlers will understand. The janitor, who later migrated to the completely plasticine cartoon “Last Year’s Snow Was Falling,” became almost a national hero. Just like the crow, which cannot decide not only on its place of residence (spruce or palm tree), time of day, but also, in fact, its biological species. It is worth noting this interesting fact: the creation of this wonderful cartoon took 800 kg of Soviet plasticine, which had to be painted with paints due to its faded colors. And in the northern capital, a monument to the “Plasticine Crow” appeared; it was installed in the Rodina children’s cinema center in memory of the author of the cartoon A. Tatarsky. The plasticine crow looks exactly like in the cartoon: the bird sits on an antique column and holds a “spinner” and a piece of cheese in its hands. The height of the sculpture is about 30 cm.

Practical part of the study

Rules of conduct and precautions when working with plasticine

When working with plasticine, you should make sure that it does not fall on the floor, but it is best to cover the floor with old newspapers, which you can then simply throw away and save yourself from the need to clean stuck plasticine from the carpet and floor.

Modeling should be done only on a special board.

You should not put plasticine in your mouth, and while sculpting you should not touch your face, eyes or clothes with your hands.

An important item is a rag , which, after work, wipes working tools and hands from plasticine. It should be made of soft cotton fabric that easily absorbs plasticine.

After working with plasticine, you should thoroughly wash your hands with soap and dry them with a dry towel. Do not touch notebooks, books and other accessories with hands dirty from plasticine, as greasy stains will remain on the objects.

Modeling tools

The tools used to create crafts are plastic or wooden stacks of different sizes, tubes, wheels with teeth for working out details, as well as pastry syringes for squeezing out soft material.

M
Christmas tree details on plasticine blanks, thin veins on leaves, eyes, patterned lines, etc. are inconvenient to do in stacks, and it is better to use a sharpened pencil or toothpick for this.

Plastic rolling pin - a wonderful tool that is very convenient for rolling out plasticine into thin plates. Such rolling pins can be included with plasticine or sold separately.

H
Often a rolling pin comes with a set of plastic or metal molds . They can be made in the form of figures of various animals, as well as leaves, fruits, vegetables, etc. Ready-made molds are an excellent option for those who like to create pictures from plasticine. In addition, the molds will help you make figures from hardening plasticine, which can then be used to decorate any surfaces.

To roll out even and long plasticine flagella or rollers, a wooden or plastic board is useful. . To obtain a relief surface, you can use a plastic comb , which is convenient for applying, for example, waves on a plasticine picture or drawing a tree trunk.

Basic techniques for modeling from plasticine

Rolling up. Place a piece of plasticine between your palms, press lightly and perform circular movements to form a ball. The ball must be turned periodically to make it round.

Rolling out. Allows you to turn a plasticine ball into an egg or cylinder. Roll the ball and use straight-line hand movements to transform it into a cylinder. You can get an egg if you place your hands at an angle relative to each other and roll them out.

Flattening. To get a flat cake or disk, first roll it into a ball, then squeeze it tightly between your palms, or press it against the table with your palm.

Topping. Gives a certain texture to the surface of the product, which is necessary when making small parts on a large model. To do this, grab a little plasticine with your fingers connected and release it, giving it the desired shape.

Pulling back. It is similar to the previous technique, but after gripping the plasticine, it is pulled back and a new element or part is formed.

Smoothing. Used to create a smooth transition from one part to another when connecting and for rounding. Performed with fingers or a stack. At the same time, you can remove excess plasticine

Cutting. Dividing a bar with a stack or cutter into separate pieces.

Compound. Applying and lightly pressing parts together. In this case, it is necessary to balance the force and prevent deformation of the parts.

Essential elements

Ball

It is best to roll the ball with your hands. You need to take a piece of plasticine, crush it a little in your hands so that it becomes plastic. Roll the prepared lump into a ball with your palms.

Roller

In order to roll up the roller, you also need to take a piece of plasticine and lightly knead it in your hands. Children usually roll the rollers in their palms, since they are not yet striving to make their crafts an ideal shape. To get a roller of a more even, almost ideal shape, you can roll the plasticine between the boards. Two planks, between which the plasticine lies, must make return movements, i.e. back and forth.

Cone

First you need to roll the ball, then roll it between the boards, pressing on one side. The cone can be made using your hands. Making a cone depends on the size of the piece of plasticine you take. If it is small, then take it between your index finger and thumb. Then, pressing on one end of the workpiece, roll it back and forth. If the piece of plasticine is large, then press one edge of the workpiece with the side of the brush and roll it back and forth. To level the cone, place it with its rounded base on the modeling board and press down.

Cake

First, roll the ball, crush it on the board using another board, evenly pressing it on top. The plasticine may crack slightly along the edges of the cake, then they can be given a more even shape with your hands, a stack or a mold of a suitable size.

Oblong ball

Take a ball and change the nature of your wrist movements. Let one palm remain motionless, and with the other roll the ball back and forth 2-3 times, applying very light pressure. The ball should stretch out a little.

Hemisphere

To make a hemisphere, simply take a stacking knife and cut the right ball in half.

Tourniquet

A harness or flagellum is a necessary part of a large number of toys. In order to perform this element, place a piece of plasticine on one palm. If the piece is large, then roll it back and forth with the other palm. If it's small, roll it out with your fingertips. Remember: the harder you press on the rope when rolling, the thinner it will be. Make sure that the bundle is even in thickness on all sides.

Strip

To make this element, simply flatten the rope. Try to keep the width of the strip the same along its entire length.

Cylinder

To perform this element, take a piece of plasticine between your index and thumb and roll it back and forth to form a thick rope. While still holding the workpiece, use the index finger and thumb of your other hand to press down on both ends of the rope to align. If you want the base to be more even, lightly press the rolled out rope with both ends onto the modeling board.

Cube

A cube can be molded in two ways: simple and complex. If you want a straight, even cube, it's much easier to make one using a stack knife. Take a piece of plasticine and cut off the excess.

Rectangle

A rectangle can be made based on a cube. Simply pull out any two sides by pressing on them with your fingers. You can also use a stacking knife and cut a rectangle from a single piece of plasticine.

Blanks for plasticine crafts

Layered plasticine. To get a puff pastry, you need to lay several colored plasticine cakes in layers on top of each other and cut them. You can alternate layers of regular, wax, mother-of-pearl plasticine, and plasticine with glitter. Layered plasticine can also be obtained in another way: wrap a roller of plasticine of one color with a plate of plasticine of a different color. The two-color roller is rolled out using a board. Then it can be wrapped in plasticine of a different color and rolled out again under the board. This will create a three-layer roller. Blanks obtained in this way are suitable for making flowers, which can then be used to create a composition or in an applique.

Twisted plasticine. To do this, you need to twist two pieces of plasticine of different colors, previously rolled into even rollers. The twisted workpiece can be rolled out with a board and cut into pieces, resulting in a rather interesting pattern.

Cutting out individual elements. To create an applique, make a simple bas-relief or a flat composition, you will need flat plasticine figures, for example leaves, berries, petals, outlines of animals or birds, etc. Such figures can be obtained using molds that are included in the plasticine set or sold separately. To do this, plasticine is rolled out into a thin, even plate and a silhouette is squeezed out of it with a mold. You can make a paper outline and use a stack to cut out a figure along the paper outline. In the fall, you can take a real leaf, roll it into plasticine with a roller, remove the leaf and cut it along the contour. You will get a leaf with veins.

In addition to modeling, plasticine can be used for drawing on paper or cardboard. To do this, the contours of the image are applied to the cardboard, which are then filled with plasticine of different colors. You can make pictures on transparent glass, and then lay out patterns on them from buckwheat, rice, peas, beans, beads, sparkles, pieces of multi-colored paper, etc. You can coat a glass jar with plasticine and mold colorful fish, algae, stones, and then place all this inside a transparent glass jar and fill it with water. This will make a great aquarium.

The creation of a plasticine masterpiece begins with a sketch, which is drawn with ordinary paints or pencils on a sheet of paper. Then the composition is transferred using crayons or a grid of coordinates onto the film and plasticine begins to be attached to it. At the same time, very often pictures are not “painted” with pure plasticine colors, but the desired shades are obtained by mixing two colors.

As the most common techniques for creating paintings, artists use methods rolling out, rolling, flattening And pinching. To make small parts, such as blades of grass or stems, use a regular medical syringe without a needle. In this case, immediately before squeezing out, the plasticine in the syringe is slightly heated in hot water or on a radiator.

TO In addition to paintings and jewelry, gifted people who are passionate about sculptural modeling create from plasticine individual artistic figures of people, animals, heroes of fairy tales, comics, books, cartoons and films, as well as entire grandiose plasticine compositions from all of these characters. To prevent plasticine sculptures from breaking, toothpicks, matches, metal wire or simply thin wooden sticks are often used as a base or frame for them.

ABOUT Special mention should be made about plasticine soldiers. People who are truly in love with army attributes and try to recreate and capture historical military traditions for many years, make from ordinary plasticine armies of amazing beauty and scope from the times of Napoleon, the Great Patriotic War or the Roman Empire. They also create models of battles, for example, the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Borodino or the Battle of Waterloo. At the same time, very often soldiers are not sculpted entirely, but individual parts are first made: arms, legs, head, torso, elements of clothing, and then they are all assembled like a construction set, placing them on a metal frame. Some enthusiastic people use gray plasticine rather than multi-colored plasticine and then paint the finished soldiers and cover them with a special varnish. In addition to human figures, plasticine artists also create military equipment: guns, tanks and, of course, horses.

Making plasticine at home

Plasticine can be easily made at home

(Annex 1)

For this we need:

400 gr. flour

200 gr. salt

500 ml boiling water

1 tablespoon "alann" (this is a powder similar to gelatin, it is not harmful and is sold in pharmacies)

1 tablespoon sunflower oil.

Mix flour, salt and "alann" in one cup, pour boiling water and stir quickly, avoiding the formation of lumps. It is better to mix with a mixer. After pouring the water, add a tablespoon of oil. You need to add food coloring in large quantities to boiling water so that the color becomes beautiful and rich. When the mass becomes thick and the mixer can no longer turn, you need to knead the mass thoroughly, like dough.

And the plasticine is ready!
Homemade plasticine can be dried in air or in the microwave, varnished and even tasted a little (salty!). Homemade plasticine, wrapped in a bag, can be stored in the refrigerator for about a month.

The most common form of plasticine is multi-colored blocks in a box. However, manufacturers have become more flexible and began to offer not only plasticine in sets, but also packaged in individual bags. This allows you to supplement your plasticine collection with the missing colors.

Mixing plasticine

Color Mixing Chart:

Pink (for sculpting arms, legs, face) = 1/5 red + 4/5 white

Dark gray (for sculpting a wolf) = 3/5 black + 2/5 white

Light gray (for sculpting a bunny) = 7/8 white + 1/8 black

Light green (herbaceous) = 1/2 green + 1/2 yellow

Light green (for leaves) = 1/3 yellow + 2/3 green. If you add 1/5 white, you can use it to make young leaves.

Purple = 1/3 red + 3/3 blue.

Ocher = 1/ yellow + 1/2 brown

Marble: rolls of plasticine of different colors are twisted into a rope and lightly mixed, preventing the colors from being completely absorbed

The influence of modeling on the development of a child

Creating crafts from plasticine , the child learns to analyze shapes and sizes, observes, compares, and identifies similarities and differences between objects by size and location in space.

Spatial and figurative thinking, attention, imagination are processes that contribute to comprehensive development. The child passes every moment of creativity through his consciousness. Therefore, while performing the same task, children's work turns out completely different. After all, in every plasticine craft there is a piece of fantasy and love that is transmitted to us through the warmth of our hands.

D It is well known that the speech center and the center responsible for the movements of the fingers are located nearby in the human brain, and that the development of fine motor skills has a great influence on the development of speech and other abilities of the child. It has been noticed that children with developed fine motor skills have well-developed memory, they are able to concentrate on one activity, have patience and perseverance, abstract thinking and the ability to think logically develop, and coherent speech appears. Their coordination of movements is better developed, and children have a better command of everyday skills. All these skills give each child confidence in their abilities. He already knows a lot, which means he can also cope with new tasks.

Conclusion

My research work has come to an end, as a result of which the hypothesis has been confirmed. Indeed, working with plasticine brings great benefits to children.

From various sources, I learned that any manual labor contributes to the development of sensorimotor skills in children - consistency in the work of eyes and hands, improvement of coordination of movements, flexibility and accuracy in performing actions. All this is important for preparing the hand for writing and learning activities. And working with plasticine is also a creative pursuit and the development of imagination. When a child sculpts, fine motor skills develop, fine finger movements improve, which, in turn, affects the development of speech and thinking. In addition, modeling has a beneficial effect on the nervous system as a whole. And that is why excitable, noisy and active children are often recommended to engage in modeling.

After studying this information, I became interested, and I began to actively engage in modeling. My mother bought me several packs of plasticine at the store, and I sculpted something every day. This work actually turned out to be exciting and creative. Thanks to modeling, after a while I noticed that my handwriting had changed for the better. I will definitely tell my classmates about this amazing discovery.

I now know all the secrets of plasticine, its amazing properties and qualities. This is an absolutely safe material created specifically for children's creativity.

I'm making the whole world out of plasticine!

I can do corn and raspberries,

And a barrel, and a dog, and a kitten,

And even a little kid.

And I’ll make the fish into a peacock...

And where can I get so much plasticine?..

Http://board.doshkolnik.ru

10.