Acute respiratory failure in dogs and cats. Bleeding from the vagina

RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS

COUGH

Definition. Coughing is a sharp reflex exhalation aimed at removing mucus and foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. There are wet and dry, superficial and deep, acute and chronic coughs. Sometimes a cough turns from a defensive reaction into a pathological one.
Causes. Respiratory tract diseases: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, foreign body, bronchiectasis, helminths, tumor, compression of the trachea and bronchi.
Lung diseases: pneumonia, abscess, tumor, edema, pulmonary hypertension, pleurisy. Heart disease: left ventricular failure.
Most often, cough is observed with tracheobronchitis and pneumonia.
Dog owners may mistake coughing and expectoration movements for vomiting.
Symptomatic therapy. Antitussives (libexin, codeine), bronchospasmolytics (ephedrine, aminophylline), mucolytics (mucaltin, terpinhydrate, bromhexine) are used. For allergic origin - antihistamines (diprazine, suprastin, diphenhydramine) and glucocorticoids (prednisolone, triamcinolone).

Nosebleeding

HEMOPTYSIS

INTENSE BREATHING (SHORTHENE)

SNEEZING AND RUNNY NOSE

Definition. Sneezing is a sharp reflex exhalation through the nose, aimed at removing mucus and foreign particles from the nasal cavities. Runny nose - discharge of serous, mucopurulent or mucohemorrhagic exudate from the nostrils. It usually happens bilaterally.
Causes. Sneezing occurs when the nasal mucosa is irritated by external factors (microorganisms, viruses, irritants, foreign particles) and internal (immune complexes).
The main causes of a runny nose: viral infections, bacterial infections, mycoses, foreign body, tumor, trauma, pneumonia.
Most often, a runny nose occurs with viral infections (canine distemper, adenovirus).
Sometimes liquid food is expelled through the nostrils. This pathology occurs with non-closure of the hard palate, cricopharyngeal achalasia (in puppies), achalasia cardia, esophageal diverticulum.
Symptomatic therapy. For serous exudate, no treatment is required. If the exudate is mucopurulent, drops of dexamethasone with neomycin, Sofradex, 2% boric acid solution, 0.1% etonium solution, 0.5% zinc sulfate solution, 2% collargol solution are instilled into the nose. protargola; carefully lubricate the nasal mucosa from the inside with 5% syntomycin liniment, 1% erythromycin, polymyxin ointments.

DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS

SWALLOWING DISORDER (DYSPHAGIA)

Definition. Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder due to morphological, mechanical or functional disorders in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, brain, cranial nerves.
Causes: cleft palate, foreign body in the oral cavity or pharynx, cricopharyngeal achalasia, esophageal obstruction due to foreign body entry, narrowing, tumor; esophageal diverticulum, esophageal rupture, achalasia cardia, esophageal reflux, myasthenia gravis, rabies.
Most often, dysphagia occurs due to foreign body entry.
Symptomatic therapy. Until the cause of the swallowing disorder is eliminated, parenteral nutrition is prescribed: intravenously or subcutaneously 5% glucose solution in a daily dose of up to 40 ml/kg (preferably add 1 unit of insulin per 100 ml of solution), hydrolysine solution; intravenously - alvezin, lipofundin.

CONSTIPATION

Definition. Constipation (constipation, obstipation) is a long delay in emptying the large intestine.
Causes. The immediate causes of constipation are: intestinal atony, foreign body in the intestine, narrowing of the intestinal lumen and anus, reflex delay in defecation. Constipation occurs in the following conditions and diseases: injury and tumor of the spinal cord, intussusception, poisoning with heavy metals, anticholinergics, adrenergic agonists, anesthetics; foreign body in the intestine, coprolites, intestinal and prostate tumors, proctitis, paraanal sinusitis, gluing of fur around the anus with feces.
Most often, constipation occurs due to dogs eating a large number of bones, especially bird bones, as well as due to painful defecation due to stagnation of the secretion of the paraanal glands and paraanal sinusitis.
Symptomatic therapy. First of all, if there are no contraindications, the dog is given an enema. If there is no effect, laxatives are used: herbal (buckthorn bark), salt (sodium and magnesium sulfate), oil (castor oil, sunflower, olive, vaseline), synthetic (purgen, bisacodyl). If constipation is caused by coprolite located in the rectum, then the oil is injected into the rectum, and the coprolite is removed through the anus. To relieve spasms of smooth muscles, no-shpa, baralgin, and perinephric novocaine blockade are used. When the lumen of the excretory ducts of the paraanal glands is blocked, their contents are squeezed out by hand. After defecation, the dog is given rectal suppositories Anestezol, Anuzol, Proctosedyl, with glycerin, into the rectum 3 times a day.

HICCUP

Definition. Hiccups are involuntary, frequently repeated inhalations associated with contraction of the diaphragm.
Causes: overeating, dry food, helminthic infestation, pancreatitis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, damage to the central nervous system.
Most often, hiccups occur in puppies due to overeating and helminthic infestation.
Symptomatic tera pia is usually not required.
An attack of hiccups can be stopped by administering metoclopramide (cerucal), as well as tranquilizers (tazepam, seduxen) and neuroleptics (aminazine, etaprazine).

BLOOD IN STOOL

Definition. Blood in stool is an admixture of blood in stool. Blood may be discharged from the anus regardless of bowel movements. The further the source of bleeding is from the rectum and closer to the stomach, the darker the color of the stool. With diarrhea, the stool turns red, regardless of the location of the bleeding.
Causes: nonspecific gastritis, enteritis, colitis, proctitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, infectious diseases (parvoviral enteritis, adenoviral infections, leptospirosis), helminthiasis, cystoisosporosis, allergies, poisoning, tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, K- and C-avitaminosis, hemorrhagic diathesis , hemorrhoids, coprolites.
The most common causes of blood in the stool are parvovirus enteritis and an allergic reaction.
Symptomatic therapy. Calcium chloride is administered intravenously, calcium gluconate, Vicasol, vitamin C, mesaton are administered intramuscularly (can be rectally). Astringents are prescribed internally. For allergies, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (intramuscular prednisolone or dexamethasone), and adrenergic agonists (adrenaline, ephedrine, mezaton) are prescribed.

INCREASED APPETITE

Definition. Increased appetite (bulimia) - the desire to eat large amounts of food. Not always accompanied by obesity.
Causes: preliminary fasting, diabetes mellitus, condition after an epileptic seizure, encephalitis, helminthiases.
Symptomatic therapy not developed.

EATING INEDIBLE OBJECTS

Definition. Eating inedible objects (allotriophagy) - the desire to lick or swallow inedible objects.
It can be physiological in puppies, especially during teething, and sometimes in adult dogs.
Causes: deficiency of microelements, especially calcium and phosphorus; hypo- and avitaminosis, rickets, gastritis, enteritis, liver disease, onset of parvovirus enteritis and adenoviral infections, helminthiases, rabies.
Most often it occurs with rickets and helminthic infestation.
Symptomatic therapy: in the absence of contraindications, tranquilizers and antipsychotics are sometimes used.

DIARRHEA ACUTE

Definition. Acute diarrhea (diarrhea) - discharge of liquid feces for up to 2 weeks.
Causes. The immediate causes of diarrhea are increased intestinal motility and dilution of its contents due to decreased absorption of water from the intestine into the blood, or increased secretion of moisture into the intestinal lumen. Acute diarrhea occurs with the following diseases and conditions: acute nonspecific enteritis and pancreatitis, parvovirus, coronavirus, rotavirus, plague enteritis; adenoviral hepatitis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, staphylococcosis, yersiniosis, helminthiasis, cystoisosporosis, poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, heavy metals and other poisons; acute liver failure, hypoadrenocorticism. Short-term diarrhea occurs when feeding low-quality feed, sometimes milk and fat.
Symptomatic therapy. Skip 1-2 feedings. Water is given ad libitum. You can give slightly sweetened weak tea instead of water.
Astringents are prescribed: decoctions and infusions of St. John's wort, sage, burnet rhizomes, bloodroot, serpentine, blueberry fruits, alder fruits, pomegranate peels. Rice and oatmeal broth and activated charcoal are given. The use of antimicrobial agents is indicated: biseptol, phthalazole, chloramphenicol, polymyxin M sulfate. For dehydration, isotonic sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution, "Rehydron" are prescribed orally, intravenously, subcutaneously. If blood appears in the stool, drugs that increase blood clotting are prescribed (see "Blood in the stool").

CHRONIC DIARRHEA

Definition. Chronic diarrhea (diarrhea) - frequent discharge of liquid feces for more than 2 weeks.
Causes: chronic gastritis, chronic enteritis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, uremia, Salmonella, Proteus, staphylococcal infections; helminthiasis, cystoisosporosis, intestinal dysbiosis, chronic intoxication, neoplasm, obstructive jaundice, intestinal dyskinesia, digestive enzyme deficiency, autoimmune diseases, A- and PP-vitaminosis.
Symptomatic therapy. Astringents are prescribed (see.
"Acute diarrhea"), dermatol, chalk, activated charcoal, probiotics (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin, bificol), enzyme preparations (festal, panzinorm, solizym, digestal), biseptol, chloramphenicol, salazopyridazine, salazodimethoxin, trichopolum, nystatin, multivitamins, carsil, sirepar, essentiale

VOMIT

Definition. Vomiting is a reflex act of expelling the contents of the stomach (sometimes the duodenum) through the esophagus and mouth to the outside. Vomiting is usually preceded by nausea and drooling. In dogs it occurs easily even with minor vomiting stimuli.
Vomiting occurs with direct stimulation of the vomiting center, as well as with irritation of the sensitive nerve endings of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Prolonged vomiting causes the dog's body to lose water and electrolytes.
Causes. Infectious diseases: parvovirus enteritis, coronavirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, canine distemper (rare), salmonellosis. Helminth infections, cystoisosporosis, nonspecific enteritis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, gastritis, lesions of the central nervous system, allergic conditions, foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract, coprolites, intestinal obstruction, poisoning, acetonemia, pyometra, tumors, diaphragmatic hernia, strangulated umbilical hernia , uremia, hypoadrenocorticism, overeating, motion sickness.
Short-term vomiting, not associated with other symptoms, occurs when overeating, motion sickness, or eating inedible objects.
Constant and periodically recurring vomiting more often occurs with parvovirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis, and helminthiasis.
Symptomatic therapy. In case of poisoning, antiemetics are not prescribed. In other cases, metoclopramide, atropine sulfate, platyphylline hydrotartrate, diazepam, etaprazine, diprazine, aminazine, analgin, diphenhydramine are used. In case of dehydration, solutions of glucose, Ringer, sodium chloride, etc. are administered orally, rectally, intravenously, subcutaneously.

VOMITING BLOODY

Definition. Vomiting bloody - vomiting with blood mixed in the vomit.
Causes. Parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, infectious hepatitis, helminthiasis, foreign body, allergies, poisoning (heavy metals, rodent control agents, analgesics: aspirin, indomethacin, brufen, butadione), gastric ulcer, hypoadrenocorticism, tumors, autoimmune thrombocytopenia.
Most often, bloody vomiting occurs with parvovirus enteritis, poisoning and immediate hypersensitivity.
Symptomatic therapy. In addition to antiemetics (see "Vomiting"), hemostatic agents are prescribed: calcium preparations, vikasol, adrenaline, mezaton, ephedrine, orally - astringents (tannin, alum, decoctions and infusions of sage, St. John's wort, bloodroot, burnet, etc.) . For allergic origin - antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), glucose.

SKIN SYMPTOMS

HYPERKERATOSIS

Definition. Hyperkeratosis is excessive local keratinization and thickening of the skin and nasal planum.
Causes: carnivore distemper, demodicosis, epitheliotropic viruses, autoimmune conditions, delayed-type hypersensitivity, A- and H-hypovitaminosis, micronutrient deficiency (including zinc), mechanical irritation of the skin on the elbow and hock joints, idiopathies.
Symptomatic therapy. Prescribe multivitamins and microelements. Ointments containing glucocorticoids (not used for demodicosis) and propolis are used locally. Inside, glucocorticoids (prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone), raw chicken egg yolks, multivitamins containing biotin.

ITCHY

Baldness (ALOPECIA)

Definition. Baldness (alopecia) is local or widespread hair loss. Baldness does not include seasonal and childbirth-related shedding, as well as congenital, hereditary hairlessness. Very often, baldness is accompanied by itchy skin.
Causes. The immediate causes of pathological hair loss are inflammatory and dystrophic processes in the hair follicles. Baldness occurs with the following diseases and conditions: ringworm, scabies, demodicosis, allergic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, autoimmune conditions, contact dermatitis, toxic dermatitis, pyoderma, hyperadrenocorticism, H-hypovitaminosis, stress.
Most often, baldness occurs due to the development of allergic (atopic) dermatitis caused by fleas and lice, and is localized along the spine, especially on the sacrum.
Symptomatic therapy: see "Skin symptoms. Itching."
Additionally, multivitamin preparations containing biotin and raw chicken egg yolks are prescribed.

Cyanosis (CYANOSIS)

Definition. Cyanosis (cyanosis) is the coloring of non-pigmented skin and mucous membranes in a pale or bluish color due to a decrease in the concentration of oxidized hemoglobin in the blood and, accordingly, an increase in the concentration of reduced hemoglobin, less often methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. The cyanosis is best seen on the conjunctiva of the eye and gums.
Causes: decreased pulmonary ventilation (obstructive bronchitis, bronchial asthma, atelectasis), decreased diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the wall of the alveoli (pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumosclerosis), deterioration of blood supply to the lungs (heart failure, pulmonary embolism), impaired venous outflow, poisoning, having an affinity for hemoglobin (nitrites, nitrates, aniline, phenacetin).
Symptomatic therapy: oxygen therapy, cordiamine, sulfocamphocaine, camphor, adrenergic agonists (mesaton, ephedrine).

RASH

Definition. Rash (exanthema) is the appearance on the skin of areas that have changed color or shape. Rashes include: spot (macula) - a limited, imperceptible change in skin color during palpation, associated mainly with dilation of capillaries or hemorrhage; blister (urtica) - a cavityless protrusion of the skin resulting from swelling of the dermis; bubble (bulla) - a protrusion of skin with a cavity, larger than a pea; vesicle (vesicle) - a protrusion of skin with a cavity, the size of a pinhead to a pea; abscess (pustule) - having a cavity filled with pus, a protrusion of the skin, up to the size of a pea; nodule (papule) - a cavityless protrusion of the skin resulting from inflammatory infiltration, hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis, etc.; node (nodus) - a large, the size of a chicken egg, cavity-free formation in the subcutaneous tissue.
Causes. Various types of rashes occur in dogs with the following diseases: canine distemper, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, dermatomycosis, helminthiasis, arachno-entomosis, autoimmune and allergic conditions, papillomatosis, tumors, dermatitis, eczema.
Symptomatic therapy. Antiseptics are used (diamond green, gentian violet, potassium permanganate, chlorhexidine bigluconate), antibiotics, salicylic acid, zinc oxide, anti-inflammatory drugs.

JAUNDICE

Definition. Jaundice is a yellow coloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to a sharp increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood.
Causes. The immediate causes of jaundice are impaired uptake, conjugation and excretion of bilirubin by the liver, as well as its excessive formation due to hemolysis.
Jaundice occurs in the following diseases and conditions: piroplasmosis, leptospirosis, infectious hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, allergic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, opisthorchiasis and other helminthiasis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, tumors, poisoning.
Symptomatic therapy: diuretics, glucocorticoids, antihistamines, vitohepat, sirepar, LIV-52, vikasol, lipamide, glucose, essentiale, ascorbic acid. For vomiting - metoclopramide, atropine sulfate.

URINARY SYMPTOMS

BLOOD IN URINE (HEMATURIA AND HEMOGLOBINURIA)

URINATION IS FREQUENT OR DIFFICULT (DYSURIA)

Definition. Dysuria- frequent, difficult or painful urination. At the same time, urine is released in small portions.
Causes: urocystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, vaginitis, stones in the ureter and bladder, tumors of the prostate, bladder, urethra, penis, vagina.
Symptomatic therapy. Heat is applied locally to the bladder area in the absence of blood in the urine. The administration of antispasmodics (atropine, papaverine, no-spa), analgesics (analgin, aspirin, paracetamol) is indicated. It is better to use drugs that combine antispasmodic and analgesic effects: baralgin, trigan, maxigan, spasmalgin.

URINARY INCONTINENCE

Definition. Urinary incontinence(urinary incontinence) - involuntary urination.
Causes.Urine incontinence in dogs can occur due to nervous excitement, for example, in males in the presence of a female in heat, as well as when the bladder is full, and is physiological. Pathological urinary incontinence occurs in the following diseases and conditions: diseases of the brain and spinal cord, damage to the spinal nerves, urethral stones and tumors, cystitis.
Symptomatic therapy. For urinary incontinence associated with emotional arousal, sedatives (valerian preparations, tranquilizers) are sometimes used. In other cases, etiotropic therapy is indicated. You should not limit the amount of water your dog consumes.

INCREASED THIRSTY AND URINATION (POLYDIPSIA AND POLYURIA)

Definition. Increased thirst andurination (polydipsia and polyuria)- increased water consumption and increased urine output. These two symptoms are usually related, and either the first or the second may be primary. The density of urine and the intensity of its color are usually reduced.
Causes: glomerulonephritis, nephrosclerosis, renal amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenocorticism, pyometra, reaction to drugs (diuretics, glucocorticoids), poisoning.
In older dogs, polyuria + polydipsia syndrome is most often associated with diabetes, in bitches - with pyometra.
Symptomatic therapy. Animals are provided with free access to water. In case of prolonged polyuria-polydipsia, instead of water, in order to prevent disturbances in the water-salt balance, dogs are given physiological solutions or isotonic sodium chloride solution. Due to increased energy expenditure, animals are provided with a high-calorie diet.

DECREASE OR ABSENCE OF URINARY OUTLET (OLIGURIA AND ANURIA)

Definition.
Oliguria- long-term decrease in the volume of urine excreted. There are renal (renal) oliguria and extrarenal (extrarenal).
Anuria- cessation of urine output. Anuria can be secretory (cessation of urine formation) and excretory (cessation of urine flow into the bladder). Both symptoms, characteristic of acute renal failure, due to the possible development of uremia, require urgent veterinary intervention.
Causes: leptospirosis, parvovirus enteritis, dehydration, poisoning with heavy metals, acids, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, carbon tetrachloride and other exo- and endotoxins, heart failure, thrombosis and embolism of the renal vessels, massive blood loss, collapse, shock, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, autoimmune diseases, ureteral obstruction.
Symptomatic therapy. Caffeine, aminophylline, diuretics (furosemide), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), intravenous 40% and subcutaneous 5% glucose solution are used. Peritoneal dialysis is indicated.

NERVE SYMPTOMS

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (FAINTING, COMA)

CONVASIONS

Definition. Convulsions- involuntary muscle contractions.
There are convulsions- generalized jerky contractions of body muscles; tonic spasms - slow, prolonged muscle contractions; clonic spasms - frequently repeated contractions and relaxations of muscles; epileptic seizure - an attack of generalized clonic-tonic convulsions accompanied by loss of consciousness.
Causes. Infectious diseases: canine distemper, rabies, tetanus; invasive diseases: toxoplasmosis, helminthiases; hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, cerebral hypoxia, hyperthermia, cerebral edema, cerebral hemorrhages, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, encephalitis, poisoning, uremia.
In dogs, convulsions without loss of consciousness most often occur with hypocalcemia, hypoxia and helminthiasis, and convulsions with loss of consciousness occur with epilepsy.
Symptomatic therapy. During an attack, magnesium sulfate, ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine, diazepam, chlorpromazine, diprazine (and other antihistamines), sodium thiopental, and hexenal are used intramuscularly. During the interictal period, diphenin, carbamazepine, hexamidine, and clonazepam are prescribed. For hypoxia, oxygen therapy is used. For intoxication, hydrocephalus, uremia, cerebral edema - diuretics (furosemide). If hypocalcemic tetany is suspected (nursing bitch) - magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride (slow intravenously) and calcium gluconate, vitamin D.

OTHER SYMPTOMS

BLEEDING FROM THE VAGINA

Definition. Bleeding fromvagina- discharge from the vagina of uncoagulated blood, blood clots or an admixture of blood in the vaginal discharge. Blood is present in physiological quantities in vaginal discharge during estrus and after childbirth. In the vast majority of cases, the source of bleeding is in the uterus.
Causes: endometritis, tumors, follicular cysts, persistence of follicles, spontaneous abortion, postpartum uterine hypotension, trauma.
Symptomatic therapy. Uterotonic agents are used: oxytocin, pituitrin, cotarnine chloride, methylergometrine, ergotal, ergotamine hydrotartrate, pachycarpine hydroiodide, spherophysin benzoate. Drugs that contract the uterus are contraindicated during pregnancy. To increase blood clotting, Vikasol and calcium supplements are prescribed. Adrenergic agonists (mesaton, adrenaline, ephedrine), ascorbic acid and ascorutin narrow and strengthen blood vessels. For prolonged bleeding, herbal preparations are prescribed internally: infusions and extracts of shepherd's purse, water pepper.

MULTIPLE BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS)

Definition. Multiple bleeding (hemorrhagic diathesis)- tendency to bleeding and hemorrhage.
Causes.
1.Reduced blood clotting: hereditary deficiency of blood coagulation factors - II (hypoprothrombinemia), VII (hypoproconvertinemia), VIII (hemophilia A), IX (hemophilia B), X, XI; liver diseases leading to a deficiency of blood clotting factors; poisoning with anticoagulants - zoocides (zoocoumarin, etc.); overdose of drugs - anticoagulants (heparin, neodicoumarin); autoimmune deficiencies of blood coagulation factors; vitamin deficiency K, hypocoagulative phase of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.
2. Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy: hereditary thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, splenomegalic thrombocytopenia, thrombasthenia, disaggregation thrombocytopathies, drug thrombocytopathies (aspirin, indomethacin, phenothiazine, etc.).
3.Increased capillary permeability: hemorrhagic vasculitis, infectious-allergic and toxigenic angiopathy.
Symptomatic therapy. Glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), Vicasol, calcium supplements, ascorbic acid, ascorutin are prescribed. Transfusion of fresh donor blood is indicated. In case of poisoning with anticoagulants - forced diuresis.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (ATAXIA, ADINAMIA)

Definition. Ataxia- impaired coordination of movements, manifested, for example, by movement in a circle, unsteadiness of gait, falls. Adynamia- muscle weakness, manifested by stagnation.
Causes. Ataxia: internal otitis, neuritis of the VIII cranial nerve, head injury, tumor, hereditary pathology, poisoning, infectious and invasive diseases.
Adynamia: any diseases and conditions leading to exhaustion or loss of strength.
Symptomatic therapy. Ataxia: antibiotics, diuretics, anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone, piroxicam), vitamins B1, B6, B12, PP.
Adynamia: complete high-calorie feeding, glucose, Eleutherococcus and Leuzea extracts, multivitamins, riboxin, retabolil, proserine, strychnine nitrate.

PERIPHERAL EDEMA

Definition. Peripheral edema- excessive accumulation of fluid in soft tissues, mainly in the subcutaneous tissue of the chest, abdomen and limbs.
Causes.Asymmetrical local edema: trauma, infection, allergy, inflammation, compression of the limb, injection of large amounts of fluid, as well as irritating and necrotizing drugs, bites of poisonous animals.
Symmetrical swelling: increased hydrostatic venous pressure and deterioration of venous outflow due to heart failure; decrease in oncotic blood pressure due to loss of proteins in kidney diseases (amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome), enteropathy, prolonged bleeding, as well as decrease in protein formation in liver diseases (cirrhosis) and fasting; increasing capillary permeability during infections, intoxications, allergies; myxedema due to hypothyroidism.
Symptomatic therapy depends on the nature of the edema. For edema of inflammatory origin, antimicrobial agents and hypertonic solutions are used, allergic and toxic-allergic (bites of poisonous animals) - antihistamines (diphenhydramine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), vitamin C, rutin (ascorutin), intravenous calcium chloride. For heart failure, cardiac glycosides (digitoxin), diuretics (furosemide) and potassium supplements are indicated.
For renal edema, diuretics (furosemide, aminophylline), glucocorticoids, and a salt-free diet are prescribed.

INCREASED BODY TEMPERATURE

Definition. Increased body temperature(fever) - a momentary, periodic or constant increase in normal rectal body temperature (in dogs - 39 degrees Celsius).
Causes. A short-term increase in body temperature can occur in puppies due to imperfect thermoregulation mechanisms, and in adult dogs - during intense muscular work in the hot season. As a reaction of the body, fever occurs in infectious diseases, invasive (less often), inflammatory processes in various organs, in neoplasms (not always), poisoning with certain substances (ivomec, nitrofurans, vitamins D2 and D3, iodine, carbon tetrachloride, organochlorine pesticides, ethylene glycol ), hypocalcemic tetany, meningoencephalitis.
Symptomatic therapy. Since fever is a protective-adaptive reaction of the body, measures should not be taken to reduce body temperature if it does not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Otherwise, antipyretics are used: amidopyrine, analgin, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), phenacetin, paracetamol, as well as combination drugs. Sometimes suppositories containing antipyretic substances (Cefekon), antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine) and antipsychotics (aminazine) are used. When the body temperature rises to 42 degrees Celsius and a coma develops as a result, they resort to dousing or immersing the body in cold water.

DECREASED BODY TEMPERATURE

Definition. Decreased body temperature - a decrease in rectal body temperature to less than 37.5 degrees Celsius.
Causes: hypothermia, loss of strength due to severe pathological conditions, poisoning, enteritis (in most cases), dehydration, intense blood loss.
Symptomatic therapy. The dog is warmed by wrapping it, blowing it with warm air, irradiating it with infrared and visible light lamps, and immersing it in warm water. Analeptics (cordiamin, sulphocamphocaine) are used among medications.

ENLARGATION OF LYMPH NODES

Definition.Enlarged lymph nodes- local or widespread enlargement of lymph nodes. At the same time, their consistency may change.
Causes: local inflammatory processes, lymphadenitis, sepsis, systemic mycoses, chronic bacterial infections, lymphosarcoma, leukemia, metastases, reactive hyperplasia of the lymph nodes.
Symptomatic therapy. For inflammatory lymphadenopathy, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, and, if necessary, surgical intervention are indicated. For tumor diseases, cytostatics and glucocorticoids are used.

ENLARGEMENT OF LIMB JOINTS

Definition. Joint enlargement- an increase in the volume of one or more joints observed or detected by palpation.
Causes. Symmetrical enlargement of joints: increased growth of puppies, rickets, hip dysplasia (hereditary), infectious polyarthritis, infectious-allergic polyarthritis, autoimmune polyarthritis, polyhemarthrosis.
Asymmetrical enlargement of joints: arthritis, periarthritis, hemarthrosis, bone fracture, articular ligament rupture, joint dislocation, osteochondrosis, osteoarthrosis, epiphyseal osteomyelitis, tumors.
Symptomatic therapy. For arthritis (synovitis) of infectious and infectious-allergic origin, osteomyelitis, antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents are used. For aseptic inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joints, especially of an allergic and autoimmune nature, glucocorticoids (prednisolone), non-narcotic analgesics (metindole), and rumalon are used. For rickets - vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus supplements. For hemarthrosis due to decreased blood clotting and fragility of blood vessels - vitamins C, P, ascorutin, vikasol, calcium preparations. For injuries, first apply local cold, then heat. In any case, peace is shown.

BELLY ENLARGEMENT

Definition. Abdominal enlargement- increase in abdominal volume.
Causes: pregnancy, eating a large amount of food, helminthiases, an increase in the volume of individual organs of the abdominal or pelvic cavity, including constipation and tumors; peritonitis, ascites.
In dogs, increased abdominal volume due to fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) is usually associated with liver disease and heart failure. Accumulation of gas occurs with peritonitis. In females, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of pregnancy, mixometra, pyometra.
Symptomatic therapy. For ascites, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, and multivitamins are used. Puncture of the abdominal wall and evacuation of fluid are indicated. In other cases, symptomatic therapy depends on the nature of the disease.

SHOCK

See also "Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Vascular insufficiency, fainting, shock."
Definition. Shock- a syndrome that includes a decrease in blood pressure, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, a decrease in body temperature (less often, an increase), shortness of breath, tachycardia, adynamia.
In the pathogenesis of shock, the leading role is played by a decrease in blood pressure and impaired blood supply to organs, as well as severe pain from injuries.
Causes. The immediate causes of shock are a decrease in the volume of circulating blood due to blood loss, vomiting, and diarrhea; expansion of the vascular bed during anaphylaxis, intoxication; disseminated intravascular coagulation in septicemia, hemolytic anemia, intoxication; severe pain from injuries. A state of shock can occur with the following diseases: parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, septicemia, piroplasmosis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, intoxication, anaphylaxis and other types of immediate hypersensitivity, trauma, burns, bleeding, diarrhea, acute heart failure.
Symptomatic therapy.
Anaphylactic shock: parenteral adrenomimetics (adrenaline), glucocorticoids (prednisolone), antihistamines (diphenhydramine), aminophylline; infusion therapy. See also "Diseases of the immune system. Allergic reactions and diseases."
Hemolytic shock: parenteral antihistamines (diphenhydramine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone), 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, 5% glucose solution, Ringer's solution, furosemide, perinephric novocaine blockade. See also "Diseases of the blood system. Anemia."
Hemorrhagic shock: jet infusion of blood-substituting fluids (polyglucin, rheopolyglucin, Ringer's solution), 5% glucose solution; Analeptics (cordiamin, sulfocamphocaine), adrenergic agonists (adrenaline) are administered parenterally. In the future - multivitamins and iron supplements.
Hypovolemic shock: see Hemorrhagic shock.
Infectious-toxic shock: infusion therapy, always with glucose solutions, glucocorticoids, contrical, gordox, analeptics (cordiamin). For the use of antimicrobial agents, see the sections “Manipulations. Antimicrobial chemotherapy”, as well as “Pathology of the postpartum period. Sepsis”.
Traumatic shock: infusion therapy (polyglucin, hemodez, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution), on the second day - heparin. Local anesthesia is indicated.
In all cases of shock, treatment must be started immediately and intensively. Doses of drugs used to combat shock are usually 1.5-2 times higher than the average therapeutic dose. Glucocorticoids are used in the following daily doses: prednisolone 10-30 mg/kg, triamcinolone 8-25 mg/kg, dexamethasone 6-15 mg/kg. After 1-2 days, the dose of glucocorticoids is reduced by 10 times or after a sharp improvement in the dog’s health, it is completely canceled.

Kuzmin A.A. "Diseases of dogs. A practitioner's reference book"

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a pathological condition in which full oxygen saturation of the blood is disrupted, which, in turn, is accompanied by a disturbance in the gas composition of the blood and maximum tension of all compensatory mechanisms. Clinically, ARF is manifested by depression, refusal to eat, shortness of breath and cyanosis (cyanosis) of the mucous membranes. ARF requires immediate resuscitation measures.

Depending on the reasons that caused difficulty breathing, primary and secondary acute respiratory failure are distinguished.

Primary ARF is caused by pathologies in the respiratory system itself and a violation of its regulatory mechanisms. The main causes of primary ARF:

Obstruction of the upper respiratory tract

Foreign bodies

Neoplasms

Edema of the larynx

Aspiration pneumonia

Brachycephalic syndrome

Violations of the integrity of the respiratory tract

Tracheal injuries

Lung injuries

Pathological conditions of the lungs

Atelectasis

Bronchopneumonia

Pulmonary edema

Bronchial asthma

Pathologies in the chest cavity

Pneumothorax, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pyothorax, chylothorax

Neoplasms in the chest cavity

Pleurisy

Violation of the innervation of the respiratory organs

Traumatic brain injury

Neoplasms and brain hematomas

Overdose of narcotic analgesics and muscle relaxants

Electrical injury

Secondary ARF occurs with pathologies that initially arise in other organs and tissues. These include:

Heart failure

Acute blood loss

Pain syndrome

Thromboembolism

Acute renal failure

Intestinal obstruction

Some viral infections

Diaphragmatic hernia, etc.

According to the mechanism of occurrence of ARF, there are obstructive and restrictive. Obstructive ARF is characterized by impaired bronchial obstruction due to narrowing of the bronchial lumen. Such a narrowing is observed with pulmonary edema, bronchospasm, blockage of the bronchi with phlegm, etc. With restrictive ARF, the ability of lung tissue to expand and collapse normally is impaired. This is observed with atelectasis, pleurisy, pneumosclerosis, etc.

Development mechanism

The general mechanism for the development of ARF is that due to the presence of pathology, little oxygen enters the body, as a result of which hypoxia develops (lack of oxygen in organs and tissues). Due to hypoventilation of the lungs, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, which leads to a decrease in oxygen pressure in the alveoli and arterial blood. This makes it difficult for gases to diffuse through the alveoli. The blood in the bronchial capillaries is not saturated with oxygen in sufficient quantities, hence hypoxemia (lack of oxygen in the blood) occurs and the gas and acid-base composition of the blood is disturbed. Hypercapnia is very often observed - an increased content of carbon dioxide in organs and tissues. In response to hypoxia and hypoxemia, compensatory protective reactions develop in the body. The number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood increases, blood viscosity increases, the heart rate increases and the minute volume of blood flow increases. Excess carbon dioxide stimulates shortness of breath, thereby the body tries to increase the supply of oxygen to organs and tissues. However, with ARF, all these mechanisms are not able to compensate for the lack of oxygen for a long time. The body's reserves are quickly depleted, decompensation occurs, which can lead to cardiac and respiratory arrest.

Clinical signs

The main clinical manifestations of ARF are shortness of breath and cyanosis (cyanosis) of the mucous membranes. With the progression of ARF and untimely assistance, neurological disorders associated with cerebral hypoxia occur. First, the stage of excitement occurs, the animal rushes from side to side and may show aggression. It is likely that due to lack of oxygen the animal feels as if it is being drowned. Next, the stage of excitation is replaced by the stage of depression. The animal is in a lateral position, reflexes are reduced, and a comatose state is possible.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture, as well as the results of additional studies. A survey x-ray of the chest is required, preferably in two projections.

Therapeutic measures

ARF requires immediate resuscitation measures. Treatment of ARF depends on the pathology that provoked it. In case of pneumothorax, hydrothorax and similar phenomena, it is necessary to pump out the contents from the chest cavity to reduce compression of the lungs. For penetrating injuries, emergency surgery is necessary; for pulmonary edema, diuretics, glucocorticosteroids, etc. are prescribed. In some cases, prolonged artificial ventilation is indicated. In the absence of respiratory movements, the animal is immediately intubated, followed by artificial ventilation.

If you notice signs of respiratory distress in your animal, contact your veterinarian immediately. It is almost impossible for even the most experienced doctor to treat this condition at home, since a resuscitation team and special equipment are required to provide assistance. And under no circumstances expect everything to go away on its own; this could result in the death of your animal.

Veterinary center "DobroVet"

When a person adopts a dog, he takes full responsibility for its future. This is not only about proper nutrition and regular walks, it also means assistance in the treatment and prevention of diseases. It should be noted that dog diseases, the symptoms of which are varied and numerous, have become a common cause of premature death in dogs in recent years. The problem with dog diseases is that a pet, unlike a person, cannot tell others what hurts and where it hurts, so the owner is called upon to treat the pet with trepidation and increased attention.

General information about dog diseases

Main groups of diseases:

• endocrine diseases;
• infectious diseases;
• diseases of the circulatory system;
• diseases of the mouth, ear, nose and throat;
• eye diseases;
• skin diseases;
• diseases of the digestive system;
• diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Endocrine diseases arise from various disruptions in the functioning of endocrine glands that do not have excretory ducts, releasing hormones directly into the blood. These glands include the thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, adrenal glands, gonads and secretory parts of the pancreas. Endocrine diseases in dogs can occur in two forms: with an increase in the amount of hormones released into the blood and with a decrease. Such diseases are difficult to diagnose; pets are often diagnosed in the final stages, when there is very little chance of curing the dog.

Infectious diseases are associated with the direct entry of a pathogenic microbe into the pet’s body. Let us note that infection and development of the infectious process is possible only if the dog’s body is susceptible to the microbe. Otherwise, nothing will happen.

Therefore, dogs with weakened immune systems, puppies and old dogs get sick. Sometimes an infectious process is layered on top of another, which aggravates the course of each disease. In the vast majority of cases, diseases occur quickly and threaten the dog with death. Spread through the air or through direct contact. There are frequent cases of epidemics among dogs.

Diseases of the circulatory system are divided into heart diseases and blood vessel diseases. Typically observed in adult dogs.

Diseases of the ear, throat, nose and mouth are divided into traumatic, infectious and inflammatory diseases. Similar diseases occur in dogs more often than others; these organs are the first to come into direct contact with various agents. The complexity of such diseases lies in their secrecy: in the initial stages, identifying the disease is problematic, the dog does not show signs of the disease.

Eye diseases are not uncommon among dogs, but are observed in adult pets. The main eye diseases include cataracts (clouding of the lens), iridocyclitis (inflammation of the iris and ciliary body), keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva).

Skin diseases differ according to the causes of occurrence and the location of the pathological focus (on the skin, in the hair, on visible mucous membranes).

Diseases of the digestive system are the result of improper and irrational feeding of the dog, although sometimes the cause of such diseases is banal poisoning with bad water or food.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are considered especially dangerous after the age of 8 years and during puppyhood. With such diseases, the body suffers: the dog’s bones, internal organs.

It should be noted that kidney diseases, in particular urolithiasis and liver diseases, are considered common pathologies among dogs. It is important to know the symptoms of distemper, which is sometimes called canine distemper.

Dog diseases: distemper - symptoms

It is a viral disease, characterized by damage to the skin, digestive and respiratory organs; in rare cases, the development of meningitis and encephalitis is noted. The virus affects dogs of all ages, although dogs between one month and two years of age are predominantly affected. Even marine animals are susceptible to the disease. Terriers are considered relatively resistant to canine distemper and humans do not get sick.

Clinical signs of plague are varied:

Asymptomatic virus carriage or a lightning-fast, violent course occurs. The duration of the disease can range from several days or weeks to several months. When the clinical picture of the disease is dominated by symptoms of damage to the respiratory system, they speak of a pulmonary form of the disease, when the nervous system is extensively affected, they speak of a nervous form. This division is arbitrary; symptoms of damage to the digestive organs often prevail in the clinical picture. Sometimes there is a combination of damage to the respiratory system and skin, the nervous system becomes the final stage of the development of the disease.

Canine distemper begins to manifest itself with the appearance of a pustular or macular rash on the inner surfaces of the thighs, with a runny nose, diarrhea, depression of consciousness, temporary refusal to feed, and redness of the conjunctiva. As a rule, there is an increase in body temperature, although, for example, in dwarf poodles or some other breeds of dogs, the plague occurs against a background of normal temperature. At the same time, the animal hides in dark places and refuses to walk. The dog's skin becomes dry.

It is possible to develop hyperkeratosis on the elbows and small focal baldness. There are discharges from the nose, which are transparent in the first stages of the development of the disease, but become mucopurulent over time. Sometimes there is clouding of the cornea, sticking or redness of the eyelids, shortness of breath appears, and wheezing is heard. The intestinal form of the disease is characterized by the development of diarrhea and vomiting.

Symptoms of damage to the nervous system include the appearance of tics, which begin in the muscles of the head. At the first stages it is not intense, but later it spreads to the limbs and becomes pronounced, as a result the animals do not sleep at night and often whine. Paralysis, paresis, and hyperkinesis gradually develop. At the last stage, meningoencephalitis develops, which is accompanied by severe intoxication and ends in death.

Treatment is prescribed only by a veterinarian.

Liver disease in dogs: symptoms

Liver diseases in dogs can occur in acute or chronic form. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of diagnosed liver diseases in dogs, which is directly related to violations of the feeding regime of pets and the widespread prevalence of autoimmune diseases. Sometimes the cause of liver disease in dogs is iatrogenic lesions (caused by a veterinarian).

Symptoms of liver disease in dogs are conventionally divided into a number of syndromes, among which are usually distinguished:

• cholestatic syndrome;
• cytolytic syndrome;
• mesenchymal inflammatory syndrome;
• hemorrhagic syndrome;
• dyspeptic syndrome;
• portal hypertension syndrome;
• hepatolienal syndrome;
• hepatodepressive syndrome;
• liver shunt syndrome.

Cholestatic syndrome involves a violation of the secretion and release of bile, which is manifested by skin itching, jaundice, a tendency to eczematous skin lesions, and stool discoloration.

Cholestatic syndrome is a consequence of the destruction of liver cells and leads to fever (increased temperature), enlargement and tenderness of the liver, and an increase in liver enzymes is observed in blood tests.

Mesenchymal-inflammatory syndrome is characterized by damage to the stroma and mesenchyme of the liver, which is manifested by an increase in the level of immunoglobulins.

Hemorrhagic syndrome is manifested by various bleedings and hemorrhages, anemia.

Portal hypertension syndrome is manifested by an increase in the size of the abdomen and dilation of the veins on the skin of the abdomen.

Dyspeptic syndrome is manifested by lethargy, depression, vomiting, defecation disorders and weight loss.

Hepatolienal syndrome is manifested by an enlargement of the liver and spleen.

Hepatodepressive syndrome is manifested by a violation of the protein-synthesizing, antitoxic and excretory functions of the liver; the symptoms are very numerous.

Liver shunt syndrome allows life-threatening substances to enter the dog's general bloodstream, causing damage to the central nervous system.

Symptoms of kidney disease in dogs

Kidney diseases are reported more often in dogs than in other animals, and their frequency increases over the years. According to scientists, in dogs over 8 years of age, in almost fifty percent of cases, pronounced symptoms of kidney damage are revealed during studies. With histological examination, the number increases to eighty percent.

The main syndromes of kidney damage include:

• nephrotic syndrome;
• uremic syndrome;
• pain syndrome;
• osteorenal syndrome;
• renal eclampsia syndrome.

Pain syndrome is manifested by the dog's desire to lie in a cold place, frequent arching of the back, the need for frequent urination, pain when urinating, soreness of the back muscles (can be checked by pressing with fingers), swelling and transient paresis.

Nephrotic syndrome is manifested by edema, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, oliguria and cylindruria, detected during laboratory tests.

Uremic syndrome is manifested by apathy, lack of appetite, vomiting, persistently recurrent diarrhea, urine odor from the mouth, anemia and anuria.

Osteorenal syndrome is characterized by bone deformation and osteoporosis, hypocalcemia and osteodystrophy.

Renal eclampsia syndrome manifests as tonic-clonic seizures, nephrotic syndrome, and episcleral vascular injection (red eyes).

The inability of the heart muscle to pump the required volume of blood leads to the development of heart failure in pets. Pathology is a whole complex of functional disorders in the body. The disease most often affects elderly animals and representatives of large breeds. Treatment involves the use of medications, as well as strict adherence to the instructions of a veterinarian for the care and feeding of a sick dog.

Read in this article

Causes of heart failure

Veterinary experts include the following to the list of reasons that provoke the development of heart problems in furry pets:

Congenital defects usually become clinically apparent between 4 and 6 months of age.

• Genetic predisposition. Representatives of such breeds as Doberman Pinschers, German Shepherds, Neapolitan Mastinos, English Bulldogs, St. Bernards, and Schnauzers are more likely than other dogs to suffer from cardiac problems.
• Inflammatory myocardial diseases. , endocarditis, pericarditis - the most common pathologies of the heart muscle, accompanied by edema, thickening of the walls of the organ, and a decrease in the volume of pumped blood.
• Vascular pathologies. Diseases of the vascular system such as hypertension and atherosclerosis lead to an increase in the load on the heart muscle, which is accompanied by the development of cardiac disease.
• Cardiomyopathy of various etiologies. Transferred viral, bacterial, and fungal infections provoke the growth of connective tissue in the wall of the organ. The resulting fibrous fibers are not able to contract normally, which leads to myocardial hypoxia.
• Helminthic infestations. Damage to the heart muscle by heartworms has a mechanical and toxic effect on tissue, which is accompanied by the development of oxygen deficiency and disruption of normal cardiac blood flow. Heartworms enter your pet's body through mosquito bites. Dogs often suffer from angiostrongylosis, the intermediate host of which is slugs and snails.

Dirofilariasis

• Excessive physical activity. Poorly structured strength exercises and long runs over long distances often lead to early wear and tear of the heart muscle in representatives of large breeds. Especially often, the cause of cardiac problems in pets is a discrepancy between physical activity and age and muscle constitution.
• Physical inactivity. Low physical activity and lack of regular exercise lead to myocardial hypoxia.
• Diseases of the endocrine system. Hormonal disruptions due to pathology of the thyroid gland and diabetes mellitus provoke the development of chronic congestion in the heart muscle.

Factors that provoke the disease, according to veterinary experts, are stress, kidney disease, metabolic pathologies, and long-term use of certain medications. Most often, symptoms of heart failure are observed in dogs over 7 years of age.

In representatives of large breeds, if the animal is not properly cared for, a cardiac problem can be detected much earlier. Pets of dwarf breeds (toy terriers, chihuahuas) suffer from heart failure due to emotional overload.

Symptoms

Only careful attention to the behavior and well-being of your four-legged friend will help the owner to promptly suspect the development of heart failure. Veterinarians recommend paying attention to the following clinical signs:

• Forced pose. The animal sits with its front legs spread wide apart. The chest is protruded and tense.
• Fainting. The symptom indicates the development of cerebral hypoxia against the background of heart failure.
• . An increase in abdominal volume, caused by the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum, indicates a severe circulatory disorder and is a life-threatening clinical sign for the pet.

Often a sick animal experiences chills, drowsiness and weakness.

Acute and chronic form

Heart failure can occur in domestic animals in acute and chronic forms. In acute illness, there is a sharp decrease in the volume of pumped blood. The cause of this situation is most often heart disease, myocarditis, hypertension.

In case of acute deficiency, the animal experiences coughing and shortness of breath not only with increased physical activity, but also at rest. A threatening symptom is pink foam from the mouth, indicating pulmonary edema.

Factors leading to chronic cardiac failure in veterinary medicine include cardiomyopathy, hormonal diseases, and excessive physical activity. The disease is characterized by a slow increase in clinical signs. Symptoms such as dry cough and shortness of breath appear when the dog is physically active. The chronic form of the disease is characterized by severe exhaustion of the pet.

If cardiopulmonary failure develops

Pathological phenomena in the heart muscle lead to some of the blood stagnating in the lungs. Plasma penetrates the lungs, causing them to swell. Violation of the contractile function in the myocardium and the gas exchange role of the lung tissue lead to a lack of oxygen not only in the pulmonary circulation, but throughout the entire body.

A symptom of the development of cardiopulmonary failure is cyanosis of the mucous membranes and fainting in pets. A decrease in the pumping function of the myocardium, the development of congestion in the vena cava, and pulmonary edema lead to the accumulation of liquid blood in the abdominal cavity. Diagnostic methods

At a veterinary institution, a cardiologist will first perform auscultation of the heart using a phonendoscope. The method allows you to detect cardiac murmurs and arrhythmia. A chest x-ray is used to assess the size of the heart and detect congestion in the lungs.

During an electrocardiographic study, an abnormal heart rhythm is detected. This is indicated by an increase in the P wave and a change in the RS-T segment on the electrocardiogram. The development of heart failure helps to identify the myocardium. A clinical blood test is necessary to establish concomitant diseases.

Treatment of pathology

The success of heart failure treatment depends on identifying and eliminating the underlying disease that caused the disease. Complex treatment includes cardiac medications - angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, glycosides, beta-blockers, as well as symptomatic agents.

Drugs

Medicines that inhibit ACE are prescribed to eliminate spasm, dilate the heart arteries, and lower blood pressure. Effective and safe drugs for dogs in this group are Captopril, Ramipril, Enalapril. The dosage is adjusted at least once a week. The dose of Enalapril is from 0.25 to 1 mg per kg of pet weight. The drug is given to the animal once a day.

In the treatment of heart failure in animals, a positive inotrope is used - a cardiac glycoside, for example Digoxin. The drug is effective if your pet has atrial fibrillation. Vetmedin is a modern cardiotropic drug in veterinary medicine, the active substance of which is a positive inotrope - pimobendan. Vetmedin dilates coronary vessels, enhances heart contractions, and improves oxygen supply to the myocardium.

Beta-blockers - Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Carvediolol, have a hypotensive and antiarrhythmic effect, improve myocardial perfusion. Adrenergic blockers are prescribed to furry patients in the presence of sinus rhythm.

Diuretics for heart failure can reduce swelling, the severity of arterial hypertension and reduce congestion. The animal was prescribed Furasemide at a dose of 2 mg per kg in the morning on an empty stomach. In some cases, ethacrynic acid is prescribed.

The use of cardiotropic and diuretic drugs should be carried out under the supervision of a veterinary specialist. Taking diuretic medications leads to the removal of potassium from the body, which requires the use of potassium supplements to replenish the element's reserves.

The gold standard of veterinary medicine in the treatment of heart failure is the combined use of an ACE inhibitor, a glycoside, a beta-blocker and a diuretic.

In some cases, a veterinarian will prescribe blood thinners, such as Curantil. In order to improve the general condition of the pet, general strengthening agents are used - multivitamins, immunomodulators.

For information on the causes, symptoms and treatment of heart failure in dogs, watch this video:

Care

In addition to drug treatment, when heart failure is detected in a dog, a cardiologist gives the following recommendations to its owner for caring for his four-legged friend:

• Dosing of physical activity. Under no circumstances should a sick pet be deprived of physical activity. The dog will benefit from leisurely walks in the fresh air with the opportunity to rest. Heavy physical exercise and exhausting training are strictly prohibited.

• Emotional peace. The pet should be protected from communication with small children and strangers. Traveling on public transport, visiting exhibitions, and crowded places is not advisable.
• Medical nutrition. The diet of a sick dog should be enriched with nutrients such as thiamine, magnesium, vitamin E, and selenium. The use of diuretics makes it necessary to monitor potassium concentrations in foods to avoid hypokalemia. A balanced diet with taurine helps the animal better tolerate hypoxia caused by heart problems.

The presence of natural antioxidants in the diet - vitamin E, ascorbic acid, coenzymes improves myocardial trophism and the supply of oxygen to heart tissue. The therapeutic diet includes a complete absence of salt.

The cardio diet is selected individually for the animal, taking into account the form and severity of cardiac pathology and the chosen treatment regimen.

Prognosis for the animal

In most cases, heart failure is a lifelong pathology. The prognosis of the disease depends on many factors. For a cardiac problem caused by a congenital defect, cardiomyopathy, the prognosis is usually guarded. In the event of pulmonary failure, veterinary specialists in 80% of cases assume an unfavorable outcome for the pet’s life.

Prevention of cardiopulmonary failure

Veterinarians, taking into account the causes of heart failure, have developed a set of preventive measures:

Heart failure in dogs is usually caused by congenital or acquired defects and the development of inflammatory processes in the myocardium. Representatives of large and dwarf breeds are predisposed to pathology. Treatment is lifelong and is based on the use of cardiotropic drugs and symptomatic drugs. A nutritious diet and proper care for a sick pet can improve the quality of life of a sick dog.

O. G. Bogdanova, L. M. Biryukova, V. I. Melnichenko
Center for Emergency Veterinary Medicine "Chance", Moscow

TrinityPharma LLC, Moscow

Source: materials of the Moscow International Veterinary Congress

Cardioencephalic (cardiocerebral) syndromes include disorders of brain function caused by cardiac pathology.

Normal heart function determines stable hemodynamics, thereby ensuring adequate blood supply to the central nervous system and its normal functioning. Cardiac dysfunction often leads to cerebral circulatory disorders with the development of various neurological symptom complexes. The mechanisms of cardiogenic disorders are: - insufficiency of blood supply to the brain, caused by weakening of myocardial contractility and leading to ischemia (brain hypoxia); - acute insufficiency of blood supply to the brain caused by hemodynamic disturbances associated with severe arrhythmia of various origins; - acute insufficiency of blood supply to the brain caused by reflex effects from myocardial and vascular receptors; -thromboembolism leading to stroke (rare in dogs).

Hemodynamic disturbances, determined by the weakness of myocardial contractility, often occur with dilated cardiomyopathy, with congenital and acquired heart defects, especially those accompanied by regurgitation of blood flow, and less often with age-related diffuse changes in the myocardium. The appearance of cerebral symptoms in this case is due to a decrease in stroke and cardiac output, a decrease in circulating blood volume, and in cases of severe decompensation - a drop in blood pressure. All this leads to ischemia (hypoxia) of the brain; in “critical” areas of the brain, local acidosis develops, the metabolism of neuroglia and neurons is disrupted, which leads to the appearance of focal symptoms. With heart defects leading to cardiac and cardiopulmonary pathology, venous congestion occurs in the brain with symptoms of edema, often accompanied by an increase in ICP. and type. In this case, neurological symptoms develop more sharply, sometimes acquiring a paroxysmal, recurring character. A typical example is the so-called boxer's arrhythmia. With arrhythmias associated with severe conduction disturbances in the myocardium, paroxysms often develop in the form of fainting and generalized epileptic seizures (Morgagni-Adams-Stokes syndrome).

Sometimes acute cerebrovascular accident can develop reflexively as a reaction to irritation of the receptors of the heart and large vessels. Because in this case, first of all, spasm or stasis of the brain stem vessels develops; in such cases, cardiogenic shock often develops, accompanied by paroxysmal, rather severe neurological symptoms.

Thromboembolism of cerebral vessels in humans most often develops as a complication of myocardial infarction. In dogs, the causes of cardiogenic embolism are atrial fibrillation, rheumatic endo- and myocarditis, post-pyroplasmic myocarditis; less often - cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, aortic and mitral stenosis. Cardiogenic embolism, like other strokes, is manifested by the apoplectiform appearance of neurological symptoms, the pattern of which is determined by the localization of occlusion in a particular animal.

It should also be noted that, along with true cardio-encephalic syndromes, syndromes have been described in which cardiac pathology is caused by primary brain damage. They are usually determined by ECG changes, often appearing as sudden rhythm disturbances and changes in the configuration of the QRST complexes.

The clinical picture of cardio-encephalic syndromes in dogs, partially already described above, primarily depends on the area of ​​brain damage and the time of cerebral circulation disturbance. The duration of brain ischemia (hypoxia) primarily determines whether the disorders will be reversible; if the ischemia is prolonged or profound, degeneration and death of neurons and neuroglia occurs, and the damage becomes persistent, if not irreversible. Most often, with the development of cardio-encephalic syndrome, the following are observed: vomiting, lack of coordination, abnormal head position, signs of headache, anxiety, followed by depression; in more severe cases - fainting, meningeal symptoms, paresis, generalized convulsive attacks, sometimes developing into status epilepticus.

When examining dogs, changes are detected on the ECG: atrial fibrillation with the development of predominantly atrial tachyarrhythmia, bi- and trigeminy with ventricular and less often atrial extrasystoles, 2-3 degree AV blockade up to complete atrioventricular dissociation, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, volley polytopic extrasystoles, signs of severe myocardial ischemia (hypoxia). Ultrasound of the heart reveals a decrease in myocardial contractility, dilated (less often hypertrophic) cardiomyopathy, various heart defects, often accompanied by regurgitation, diffuse changes in the myocardium. Biochemical parameters may remain normal; more often, however, there is an increase in AST, ALT, creatinine, LDH and CPK. When studying syndromes with primary cerebral pathology, we noted a sharp decrease in AST, ALT, LDH and CPK, which is considered uninformative, which is determined in the presence of cardiogenic epilepsy and sometimes “predicts” its development.

Treatment is aimed primarily at correcting the underlying cardiac disease and stabilizing hemodynamics. Correction of neurological disorders themselves includes normalization of blood pressure, the use of drugs that improve cerebral circulation and brain metabolism, antihistamines, sedatives and neuroprotective agents. (In some cases, however, it may be necessary to reduce the metabolic demands of the brain. Preference is given to drugs that reduce cerebral metabolism, but do not affect the cardiovascular system.) If necessary, analeptic and cardiotonic drugs are used. The use of antioxidants (antihypoxants) is mandatory; Recently, the most effective and affordable of them is Emicidin. Traditional anticonvulsants are used to relieve epileptic seizures; in some cases, it is possible to use homeopathic remedies.

Separately, attention should be paid to the recently widespread point of view that the use of vasoactive drugs (VP) in the treatment of acute cerebrovascular accidents of ischemic nature worsens the condition of sick animals due to the “stealing” phenomenon. According to the latest literature data and our own experience, such a redistribution of blood flow occurs in no more than 10-15% of cases, and the very fact of the appearance of a steal zone does not mean a deterioration in metabolism in this zone. Only PET can provide reliable information about this. In the first days after stroke, due to a decrease in vascular reactivity, the administration of VP may not be accompanied by a change in the clinical condition and indicators of electrophysiological control. With the exception of cases of deterioration of the sick animal's condition directly with the administration of certain drugs, intensive therapy with VP and other means should continue.

Summary
Bogdanova O.G., Birioukova L.M. The dog cardioencephalic syndromes and it\"s therapy. Emergency Veterinary Medicine Center "Chance", Moscow The dog cardioencephalic syndromes pathogenesis, clinical, cardiographic and biochemical signs and the problems of it\"s therapy are discussed.