Breath control of a child - how and why to do it? Age norms of respiratory rate Normal respiratory rate in an adult.

One of the actions carried out during the examination by a pediatrician is the counting of respiratory movements. This seemingly simple indicator carries important information about the state of health in general and about the functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in particular.

How to correctly calculate the frequency of respiratory movements (RR) per minute? This is not particularly difficult. However, there are some difficulties in interpreting the data. This is more true for young parents, because, having received a result from a child that is several times higher than their own, they panic. Therefore, in this article, we still propose to figure out what is the norm of NPV in children. The table will help us with this.

Features of the child's respiratory system

The first thing that the expectant mother has been waiting for so long is the first cry of the baby. It is with this sound that his first breath occurs. By the time of birth, the organs that ensure the respiration of the child are not yet fully developed, and only with the growth of the organism itself do they mature (both functionally and morphologically).

The nasal passages (which are the upper respiratory tract) in newborns have their own characteristics:
. They are quite narrow.
. Relatively short.
. Their inner surface is tender, with a huge number of vessels (blood, lymph).

Therefore, even with minor nasal mucosa in a child, it quickly swells, and the small lumen decreases, as a result, breathing becomes difficult, shortness of breath develops: young children cannot yet breathe through their mouths. The younger the child, the more dangerous the consequences can be, and the faster it is necessary to eliminate the pathological condition.

Lung tissue in young children also has its own characteristics. They, unlike adults, have poorly developed lung tissue, and the lungs themselves have a small volume with a huge number of blood vessels.

Rules for counting the respiratory rate

Measuring the respiratory rate does not require any special skills or equipment. All you need is a stopwatch (or a clock with a second hand) and following some simple rules.

The person should be in a calm state and in a comfortable position. If we are talking about children, especially at an early age, then the calculation of respiratory movements is best done in a dream. If this is not possible, the subject should be distracted from the manipulation as much as possible. To do this, it is enough to take hold of the wrist (where the pulse is usually determined) and in the meantime count the respiratory rate. It should be noted that the pulse in children under one year old (about 130-125 beats per minute) should not cause concern - this is the norm.

In infants, it is strongly recommended to count the respiratory rate during sleep, since crying can significantly affect the result and give obviously false numbers. By placing your hand on the anterior abdominal wall (or just visually), you can easily conduct this study.

Given that breathing has its own rhythmic cycle, it is necessary to observe the duration of its calculation. Be sure to measure the respiratory rate for a full minute, and not multiply the result obtained in just 15 seconds by four. It is recommended to carry out three counts and calculate the average value.

Norm of respiratory rate in children

The table shows the norms of the frequency of respiratory movements. Data are presented for children of different age groups.

As you can see from the table, the frequency of respiratory movements per minute is higher, the younger the child. Gradually, as they grow older, their number decreases, and by the pubertal period, when the child is 14-15 years old, the respiratory rate becomes equal to this indicator in an adult healthy person. No gender differences are observed.

Breath types

There are three main types of breathing in both adults and children: thoracic, abdominal, and mixed.

The chest type is more characteristic of the female representative. With it, inhalation / exhalation is provided to a greater extent due to the movements of the chest. The disadvantage of this type of respiratory movements is poor ventilation of the lower parts of the lung tissue. Whereas in the abdominal type, when the diaphragm is more involved (and the anterior abdominal wall visually moves during breathing), the upper sections of the lungs experience a lack of ventilation. This type of respiratory movements is more typical for men.

But with a mixed type of breathing, a uniform (equal) expansion of the chest occurs with an increase in the volume of its cavity in all four directions (upper-lower, lateral). This is the most correct one that provides optimal ventilation of the entire lung tissue.

Normally, the respiratory rate in a healthy adult is 16-21 per minute, in newborns - up to 60 per minute. Above, the rate of respiratory rate in children is given in more detail (table with age norms).

Rapid breathing

The first sign of damage to the respiratory system, especially in infectious diseases, is. At the same time, there will certainly be other signs of a cold (cough, runny nose, wheezing, etc.). Quite often, with an increase in body temperature, the respiratory rate increases and the pulse quickens in children.

Holding your breath during sleep

Quite often, in young children (especially infants) in a dream, there are short-term respiratory arrests in duration. This is a physiological feature. But if you notice that such episodes become more frequent, their duration becomes longer, or other symptoms occur, such as blue lips or loss of consciousness, you should immediately call an ambulance to prevent irreversible consequences.

Conclusion

The respiratory organs have a number of features that contribute to their frequent damage and rapid decompensation of the condition. This is primarily due to their immaturity at the time of birth, certain anatomical and physiological features, incomplete differentiation of the structures of the central nervous system and their direct effect on the respiratory center and respiratory organs.
The younger the child, the less lung capacity he has, so, therefore, he will need to make more respiratory movements (inhalation / exhalation) in order to provide the body with the necessary amount of oxygen.

Summing up

It should be remembered that in children of the first months of life, respiratory arrhythmia is quite common. Most often, this is not a pathological condition, but only indicates age-related features.

So, now you know what the rate of NPV in children is. The table of averages should be taken into account, but small deviations should not be panicked. And be sure to check with your doctor before jumping to conclusions!

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Respiratory frequency

Human respiratory rate

In adults

tachypnea

bronchiolitis

bradypnea) can be called:

exposure to the respiratory center of toxic metabolic products accumulated in significant amounts in the blood (uremia, hepatic or diabetic coma, some acute infectious diseases and poisonings).

In children

Respiratory rate in animals

Notes

Propaedeutics of internal diseases / V. Kh. Vasilenko. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Medicine, 1989. - S. 92-93. - 512 p. - (Educational literature for students of medical institutes). - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-225-01540-9.
Mazurin A. V., Vorontsov I. M. Propaedeutics of childhood diseases. - 1st ed. - M.: Medicine, 1986. - S. 118-119. - 432 p. - (Educational literature for students of medical institutes). - 100,000 copies.
Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright. - American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. - P. 353.

Respiratory rate- the number of respiratory movements (inhalation-exhalation cycles) per unit of time (usually a minute). It is one of the main and oldest biomarkers.

The calculation of the number of respiratory movements is carried out according to the number of movements of the chest and anterior abdominal wall. Usually, during an objective study, the pulse is first determined and counted, and then the number of respiratory movements in one minute, the type of breathing (thoracic, abdominal or mixed), depth and its rhythm are determined.

Human respiratory rate

In adults

A healthy adult in a state of physiological rest performs an average of 16 to 20 respiratory movements per minute, a newborn - 40-45 respiratory movements, the frequency of which gradually decreases with age. In sleep, breathing slows down to 12-14 per minute, and during physical exertion, emotional arousal or after a heavy meal, it naturally becomes more frequent.

Pathological rapid breathing ( tachypnea) develops as a result of the presence of certain pathological conditions:

narrowing of the lumen of small bronchi during their spasm, or diffuse inflammation of their mucous membrane ( bronchiolitis), which prevent the normal flow of air into the alveoli;
reduction of the respiratory surface of the lungs (pneumonia - lobar or viral pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung collapse (atelectasis); as a result of lung compression - exudative pleurisy, hydrothorax, pneumothorax, mediastinal tumor; with obstruction or compression of the main bronchus by a tumor; with lung infarction as a result blockage by a thrombus or embolus of a branch of the pulmonary trunk; with pronounced emphysema of the lung and their overflow with blood during edema against the background of the pathology of the cardiovascular system);
insufficient depth of breathing (shallow breathing) with sharp pains in the chest (dry pleurisy, diaphragmatitis, acute myositis, intercostal neuralgia, fracture of the ribs, or the development of malignant tumor metastases in them); with a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure and a high level of diaphragm standing (ascites, flatulence, late pregnancy) and with hysteria.

Pathological slowing of breathing ( bradypnea) can be called:

increased intracranial pressure (brain tumor, meningitis, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema);
the impact on the respiratory center of toxic metabolic products accumulated in significant amounts in the blood (uremia, hepatic or diabetic coma, some acute infectious diseases and poisonings).

In children

In a healthy child, synchronous participation in the act of breathing of both halves of the chest is visually noted. To determine the degree of mobility (excursion) of the chest with a centimeter tape, measure the circumference of the chest at the level of the nipples in front, and behind at the angles of the shoulder blades. On examination, pay attention to the type of breathing. The count of the number of respiratory movements is carried out for a minute when the child is calm or sleeping. In a newborn and young children, a soft stethoscope can be used, the bell of which is held near the nose of the child being examined. This method allows you to count the number of respiratory movements without undressing the child. Sometimes in this way it is possible to listen to wheezing characteristic of bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia.

In newborns, periodic breathing can be noted - alternating regular breathing with irregular breathing. This is considered normal for this age.

What is heart rate and respiratory rate?

Heart rate is a count of the number of beats that the heart makes in a minute. The respiratory rate is the number of breaths and exhalations per minute. These indicators make it possible to determine how deep and rhythmic breathing is, as well as the possibility of analyzing the performance of the chest. Characteristics of the heartbeat in different periods of growth are different.

Monitoring the child's heartbeat will help to notice and prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system in time. 2 indicators are taken into account:

pulse rate;
heart rate (heartbeat).

The pulse and heart rate allow us to draw conclusions about whether the baby's cardiovascular system is functioning correctly. This allows you to identify congenital pathologies or diagnose an early stage of the disease. Violation of the norm of heart rate indicates arrhythmia. To identify the presence of pathology, you need to know how to measure heart rate and respiratory rate, correctly apply them in practice, and also distinguish between norms for babies of different ages from the pathological process.

The rate of heart rate and breathing differs depending on the age of the child Determination of heart rate and respiratory movements

Calculation of respiratory rate and heart rate is a mandatory procedure when examining newborns. It helps to assess the well-being of the baby, because he himself will not be able to report what symptoms bother him. You can take measurements yourself, without waiting for an appointment with a pediatrician. Respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure level are sometimes the only signals of impending danger.

Calculating the respiratory rate and pulse in a child is an elementary procedure that takes only a minute. She has her own subtleties:

Respiratory rate and pulse are measured at rest. Emotional arousal (laughter, anxiety, tears) or physical activity (active games) are instantly reflected in the value of the indicator. The study will not be objective. The best option is to measure the number of breaths while the child is sleeping, and then the result will not be distorted.
You need to count breaths and heart beats for exactly a minute. If you try to calculate how many of them happen in less time, and then use mathematical operations to calculate the minute indicator, the result will be wrong. The breathing and heartbeat of an infant is characterized by arrhythmia, so the number of breaths or beats in equal periods of time may be different.
The results obtained do not mean that you need to immediately sound the alarm. If the baby looks healthy, you just miscalculated. This point is better to find out during the examination of the pediatrician.

It is better to measure the frequency of respiratory movements while the child is sleeping. Tables of norms for heart rate and respiratory rate at different ages

Heart rate is an indicator recorded when the walls of the artery move during the work of the heart muscle. Measurements can be taken not only from the very early age of the baby, but also before his birth. The way the fetal heart beats in the mother's womb can not only indicate the presence of pathologies, but also allow you to determine the sex of the unborn baby. The generally accepted standards of heart rate before birth and heart rate during the first 10 years of his life are presented in the tables below.

Fetal heart rate during pregnancy:

Fetal heart rate is monitored throughout pregnancy

As already mentioned, using the heart rate of the fetus, you can determine the sex of the baby. So, scientists have found that in future boys the heart beats more slowly, and the pulse is close to the minimum reference value. In girls, on the contrary, a rapid heartbeat. More or less reliable results can be obtained after the onset of the 10th week of pregnancy. The method has the right to exist, but is not reliable. It is suitable only for those who want to know the sex of the baby without resorting to ultrasound.

Heart rate norms for different ages:

It is more convenient to calculate the heart rate for 30 seconds by multiplying the result by 2

Respiratory rate norms in children of different ages:

As can be seen from the presented tables, the dynamics of respiration and heart rate in children decreases with age. The presence of an impressive range between the maximum and minimum indicators is explained by the individual characteristics of the baby. So, heart rate and pulse are influenced by height, weight, gender and other characteristics.

If during your calculations you find values \u200b\u200bthat differ greatly from those given in the table, consult your doctor.

Methods of measurement and algorithm for counting heart rate in children

There are 3 methods for measuring the pulse in children:

Independent. Set the stopwatch timer to 1 minute. Put your thumb on the place where the artery is located (wrist, neck, elbow, temple). The part of the body most convenient for monitoring the heartbeat is individual for everyone.
Use of a special bracelet. Such a heart rate monitor can be bought at a pharmacy or any sporting goods store. Compared to the first, this method is less accurate, because quality copies are hard to find.
Medical examination. It is performed by a doctor with a certain frequency. Doctors use a stethoscope to record the pulse of newborns. It will not be superfluous to measure blood pressure with a tonometer.

The optimal moment for self-examination is the time of sleep or the moment immediately after waking up. In sleep, the baby is calm, and his pulse is not strongly distorted. The lying position is more preferable than the rest. Hits should be counted carefully. It is better to check yourself and go through the entire algorithm of actions several times - the heart rate should not fluctuate greatly within one indicator.

What determines the heart rate of a child?

The heart rate in children depends on:

age (the more years, the lower the norm);
body weight;
body position during measurement;
time of day, etc.

Overweight children's heart rate will be higher

For maximum accuracy, take several measurements under the same conditions. For example, try to count the child's pulse at the same time of day, with the same body position, etc. If the child is sick or naughty, it is better to postpone the procedure. Before counting the pulse, measure the body temperature. The norm is 36.5-37.0 ° C.

What does a fast or slow pulse indicate?

A high pulse can appear for a number of reasons, among which pathological and non-pathological ones stand out. Non-pathological include:

physical activity;
overheating of the body;
emotional arousal;
overwork.

These factors are not pathological in nature and are normal. In this case, you do not need to see a doctor. Another thing is if there are no visible reasons for increasing heart rate. Then a deviation from the norm can occur due to:

dysfunction of the nervous system;
increased acidity;
low levels of oxygen in the body;
infectious diseases;
pathologies of the cardiovascular system: myocarditis, endocarditis, congenital malformations.

Deviations from the norms of heart rate may indicate the development of serious diseases, so the child must be shown to an experienced specialist

Ignoring this signal of the body is dangerous for the health of the child. The development of pathologies in the absence of adequate therapy will lead to a deficiency of nutrients in the coronary capillaries. The younger the baby is, the weaker his heart muscle is, so it cannot cope with such a load. The most terrible consequence is fibrillation of the ventricles of the heart.

Why does a child have a slow heartbeat? Bradycardia may indicate:

hypotension - insufficient blood pressure;
endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart muscle;
myocarditis - damage to the heart;
thyroid dysfunction;
fasting;
hypothermia.

If the heart rate drops to 40 beats, call an ambulance immediately. A neglected state will lead to coma. In addition to a slow pulse, bradycardia is characterized by the presence of symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, drowsiness, and a decrease in blood pressure. If one or more symptoms are found, medical attention should be sought promptly.

Pulse rate with the right rhythm is determined by counting number of pulse beats for half a minute and multiplying the result by two; with arrhythmia number of pulse beats counted for a whole minute.

Normal pulse rate at rest in an adult is 60-80 beats per minute; with prolonged standing, as well as with emotional excitement, it can reach 100 beats per minute.

At children pulse faster: newborns it is normally equal to approximately 140 beats per minute; by the end of the first year of life pulse rate decreases to 110-130 beats per minute, by the age of 6 - to about 100 beats per minute, and by the age of 16-18, the pulse rate approaches normal for an adult.

Raise pulse rate called tachycardia, lowering - bradycardia.

Respiratory rate best reflects lung function in young children, but is highly dependent on the child's activity during wakefulness. The most reliable and reproducible results are obtained when determining respiratory rate during sleep.

Physiological age norms in children (at rest)

Age	Body weight, kg.
newborns

Average age-related BP for children aged 1 to 10 years:

Systolic 90 + (age in years) x2

Diastolic 60+ (age in years)

Upper border:

Systolic 105 + (age in years) x 2

Diastolic 75+ (age in years)

Lower border:

Systolic 75 + (age in years) x 2

Diastolic 45+ (age in years)

What is heart rate and respiratory rate?

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Table by age in children: norms

Pulse studies have shown that in newborns it is 140 beats per minute. The pulse rate in children in the first 12 months of life decreases to 110-130, and over 12 years old - the pulse rate reaches approximately the normal adult. The rate of respiratory rate in children is important for assessing the condition of the respiratory tract, heart, circulatory system and overall health. The ratio of respiratory rate to heart rate - the respiratory-pulse ratio in infants is 1:2.5, in children under 12 months - 1:3, older - 1:4. The following table presents the norms of respiratory rate and heart rate in children by age.

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Measurement of heart rate and respiratory rate

How to measure the pulse:

Grab your wrist in the pulse area.
Turn on the stopwatch.
Count the number of heartbeats per minute.

Technique for counting breath in children (inhale-exhale):

Distract the child.
Put your hand on your stomach or take your hand.
Count the number of cycles in 1 minute.
Rate the result.

To calculate the heart rate, the baby must take a stationary position. It is impossible to measure after various physical or emotional loads, because the pulse quickens. After that, it is worth determining the correspondence of the results with the norm indicators. Normally, the pulsation is rhythmic and clear. The counting technique is used for different ages. The respiratory rate is measured for a minute. In babies, counting respiratory movements is best done in a dream.

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Deviations from the norm

In case of violation of the cardiovascular system in a child, it is necessary to contact a pediatrician.

Do not worry if the baby's heart rate and respiratory rate differ somewhat from the indications of an adult. And only when receiving data that differ significantly from the norm indicated in the table, it is worth being examined by a doctor to find out the main cause of the deviations. Rapid shallow breathing is called tachypnea. An excess of the pulse rate is called tachycardia, a decrease is called bradycardia.

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Rapid breathing

Frequent breathing is an increase in the frequency of breathing movements, in which its rhythm does not change, and may develop due to gas exchange disorders with the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in the amount of oxygen. As a result, the range of motion during breathing becomes smaller. At times, rapid breathing is aggravated, which is mistaken for shortness of breath, in which the respiratory rate in children should be more than 60 breaths and exhalations per minute.

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Rapid pulse

It is important to monitor the heart rate of the baby both at rest and during physical exertion.

The causes of irregularities in the heart rate can be different. This is mainly high air temperature, muscle load and stress. In these cases, the heart rate becomes larger, which is not a pathology. If the baby has an increase in the pulse rate in a calm state, then you need to pay attention to this. The main reasons for this state of affairs are:

overwork;
heart disease;
respiratory diseases.

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slow pulse

If a slow pulse is associated with pathologies and is accompanied by unpleasant symptoms, i.e. dizziness, weakness, loss of strength, high or low blood pressure, then bradycardia is highly likely to be diagnosed. In the absence of pathologies and good health, this indicates a good fitness of the body, since athletes have a lower heart rate than other people. The pulse mode for rational physical activity can be calculated for different ages, namely: heart rate (maximum) = 220 - age (number of full years).

Heart rates

As mentioned above, the pulse rate directly depends on the age of the child. The smaller the baby, the faster his heart beats. Also, the state of health of the child, the temperature of his body and the environment, emotional swings, sports loads, overwork, etc. affect the heart rate.
Under certain conditions, children may experience significant deviations from the average heart rate. In most cases, they are quite natural and act as a way of adapting the body to changes in the external or internal environment. One way or another, adults need to exercise control over the cardiac activity of their child. You can do this yourself using the heart rate table for children:

When a teenager reaches the age of 15, his pulse is equal to the pulse of an adult. As can be seen from the table, the rate of heart rate in children is located in the middle column. Whereas the last column shows the permissible deviations that occur during relaxation or tension of the body. For example, if the pulse of a five-year-old child is normally 106 beats per minute, then after active games it can increase to 126, and at night it can decrease to 86 beats.

Anastasia, mother of six-year-old Zhanna: “I decided to somehow measure the pulse of my daughter. I counted over 120 hits. Terribly scared, because it's a lot. I went to the Internet, read the information. I learned that in children the heart beats faster, but for a six-year-old child, 120 beats is a clear overkill. On the advice of mothers on the forum, she began to measure the pulse of her daughter every day at the same time. Before that, I tried to occupy the child with calm games in order to get more accurate indicators. Weekly results pleased me: there are no serious deviations. I remembered that before the first measurement, my daughter was just showing me a new “acrobatic sketch”. Apparently, hence the high pulse.

How to check your pulse at home

It is necessary to measure the heart rate in those moments when the child is in a calm state. It is best to do this in the morning, after breakfast.
To carry out the procedure, you should feel for an artery in a child: on the temple or neck in an infant up to a year old and on the wrist in older children. After that, you need to take a stopwatch and count the number of beats in 1 minute, or in 15 seconds. In the latter case, the resulting value should be multiplied by 4.
However, in the presence of arrhythmia in a child, it is still worth counting for a minute. To get a more complete picture, it is recommended to take measurements over several days.

Deviations from the norm

If the pulse of a child in a calm state differs significantly from age norms, this may indicate the presence of certain ailments. Excess of the indicators given in the table by more than 20% is a symptom of tachycardia. The causes of rapid heart rate in children can be:

anemia (low hemoglobin in the blood);
emotional stress;
overwork;
temperature increase;
endocrine disorders;
diseases of the heart and respiratory organs.

A slow heart rate compared to normal is called bradycardia. Usually it is not any deviation. On the contrary, a slow pulse indicates a good physical preparation of the child. It is inherent in athletes whose body, as well as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, are well trained. If a rare pulse in a child is accompanied by weakness, dizziness, pallor, low blood pressure, it is necessary to show it to a doctor.

Babaikina Marina Anatolyevna, cardiologist at the Scientific Center for Children's Health: “Bradycardia is a decrease in heart rate below the age norm. This condition occurs in children of any age. Newborns are diagnosed when their heart rate falls below 100 beats per minute. Children from 1 to 6 years old - below 70-80 beats per minute. Adolescents - below 60 beats per minute. The causes of bradycardia can be congenital heart disease, diseases of the endocrine and nervous systems, hypothermia, nicotine or lead poisoning, anorexia, etc. In newborns, most often the disease is caused by impaired cerebral circulation or hypoxia of the brain. Whereas the reasons for the decrease in heart rate in adolescents are the rapid growth of internal organs (including the heart), neuroses and metabolic disorders.

Thus, the pulse of the child depends on a number of factors. It constantly changes during the day, which is a completely natural reaction of the body to internal and external influences. Heart rate should be measured in a calm environment, preferably in the morning. Finding deviations from the norm is not always a cause for concern. To get a more complete picture will allow systematic checks of the pulse for several days.

The heart is considered to be one of the most important human organs. Of course, this is a convention, because every organ is vital. But in this article we will talk specifically about the heart, or rather, about its contractions.

Heart contractions caused by the work of this organ cause vibrations in the walls of the arteries. These shocks, which occur at regular intervals, are called pulses. And the pulse is characterized by the heart rate. The norm of heart rate (HR) in children is a conditional concept. It depends mainly on age. Heart rate decreases with age, that is, the younger the baby, the faster his heart beats, and, consequently, the pulse is more frequent. For example, heart rate in children under one year old ranges from 130-140 beats, and in fifteen-year-old teenagers - no higher than 75-80.

Heart rate also depends on such indicators as health status, air and body temperature, degree of activity, time of day and other aspects. This feature is associated with the need to adapt the child to his environment. So, in a dream in children, the heart rate is slightly lower than during the day when they are awake. In addition to heart rate, an important indicator in children is the respiratory rate (respiratory frequency). It is these indicators that allow doctors to control the state of the body. As for the rate of respiratory rate, it is 60 times per minute in newborns, and about 25 times per minute in adults.

Pulse count

The skill of counting the pulse is useful for parents, because at home it allows you to assess the state of the child's cardiovascular system. All you need to have is a watch that has a second hand (ideally a stopwatch). So, let's start measuring. If the child is thoracic, then the heart rate should be measured on the temporal or carotid artery. It is convenient to measure the pulse on the radial artery in older children. Record the time by pressing your finger tightly against the artery, and count the number of shocks. There is no need to wait until exactly one minute has elapsed. Fifteen seconds is enough. Then multiply by four the number of hits, and compare the result with the figures given in the table above. But there is one caveat. If you know that your baby has an arrhythmia, then measurements are best taken within a minute.

Accelerated heart rate

If the heart rate in children exceeds the table value by more than 20%, then we can talk about such a phenomenon as tachycardia. Such a condition may be the result of anemia, that is, low hemoglobin in the blood, excessive physical exertion, emotional stress, overwork and high body temperature. But a baby's heart palpitations can also be indicative of more serious problems. Thus, an increased heart rate is a signal of endocrine disruption, diseases of the respiratory system and the heart.

slow heart rate

Unlike a fast heartbeat, a slow heartbeat in a child does not indicate that he is sick. This condition is called bradycardia. This condition is often seen in children who are actively involved in any sport. If a slow pulse accompanies excellent health and the absence of health problems, then this indicates a good physical preparation of the child. His cardiovascular and respiratory systems are working as they should. But with rapid fatigue, frequent dizziness, weakness, pale skin and low blood pressure, slowing the pulse cannot be considered safe. This manifestation of bradycardia is the reason for going to the doctor. It is likely that the child will have to undergo a course of drug treatment.

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Normal heart rate in children by age

Heart rate is formed when the walls of the artery vibrate during cardiac activity.

The heart rate in childhood does not have constant indicators, as in adults, and changes as the child grows up. For each age, starting from the moment the child is formed in the womb, there are generally accepted norms for heart rate.

Heart rate norms in children, indicators by age:

in newborns, under the age of 1 month, the norm is from 110 to 170 heartbeats per minute;
from 1 month to 1 year - 102-162;
from 1 year to 2 years - 94-154;
from 2 to 4 years - 90-140;
from 4 to 6 years -86-126;
from 6 to 8 years - 78-118;
from 8 to 10 years - 68-108;
from 10 to 12 years - 60-100;
from 12 to 15 years old - 55-95;

The dynamics of heart rate in children tends to decrease during the growth and maturation of the child. The data have differences due to different parameters of children. So, heart rate is affected not only by the age of the child, but also by weight, height and other parameters.

In addition, it is important to undergo diagnostics during pregnancy and measure the fetal heart rate by weeks. The fetal heartbeat begins to be heard from the 5th week of pregnancy.

The normal data is:

Causes of deviations from the norm

Deviation from the table of heart rate norms can be in many cases:

hot weather;
performing physical exercises;
emotional upheavals - fear, stress;
menstrual cycle in adolescent girls;

These factors do not belong to the category of potentially dangerous, since the heart rate levels off at rest.

There are also dangerous conditions that require medical attention. These include cardiological, endocrine and other diseases that provoke heart rate deviations from normal parameters.

These can be diseases such as:

bradycardia in children - slowing of the pulse;
tachycardia - rapid pulse;
thyroid disease;
imbalance of potassium and magnesium in the body;
respiratory arrhythmia;
obesity;
heart failure;
congenital heart defects;
pathology of the adrenal glands;
idiopathic arrhythmias;

To maintain health, you need to carefully monitor any changes in heart rate, especially in young children under 8 years of age. If deviations are detected, it is necessary to contact specialists to identify the problem and timely treatment.

Symptoms

Symptoms of changes in heart rate directly depend on the nature of the origin.

Most common:

Detection of symptoms of disturbed heart rate in infants is problematic, as they cannot complain and describe in detail the sensations and nature of the pain. To do this, it is necessary to regularly undergo preventive examinations with a pediatrician who examines the child and measures the heart rate with a stethoscope.

Older children may complain of problems, pain and unusual sensations, which greatly facilitates the diagnosis of the disease.

Diagnosis, how to measure the pulse correctly

If you suspect an increased heart rate, it is necessary to contact a pediatrician in a timely manner, who will conduct an examination, prescribe tests and refer you to narrow specialists.

Specialists perform the following actions:

by a pediatric cardiologist is mandatory electrocardiogram, which gives visual indicators of the work of the heart. Based on its results, it is possible to detect rhythm changes characteristic of a particular disease;
in severe cases may be 24-hour heart rate measurement, which is prescribed for non-permanent violations;
echocardiogram removed to detect the exact cause of the arrhythmia;
heart rate measurement during exercise in children are carried out to detect changes in physical activity;
body MRI it is carried out if the problem is not detected by previous analyzes, perhaps the reason lies in the disruption of the work of other organs that put a strain on the heart;
appointed general analysis of urine, blood;
determined hormone levels thyroid gland;

Timely access to specialists makes it possible to determine the source of the problem in time and start treatment.

To measure the pulse in children, 3 methods are most often used:

A minute is counted on the stopwatch, during which it is necessary to carefully count the beats of the pulse. It can be felt on the wrist, on the neck, under the knees.
Using an electronic bracelet, which is worn on the wrist and independently counts pulse pulses. They are often used by athletes to monitor their heart rate during exercise.
For babies, the previous methods are not suitable., as measurements may not be accurate. The pulse in newborns is measured by a doctor using a stethoscope. To do this, you need to attach the diaphragm (the wide round part of the stethoscope) to the site of the pulsation and count the heartbeat for a minute.

Modern medicine allows you to determine the sex of the child by heart rate, starting from the 11th week of pregnancy, when the child is almost fully formed.

So, doctors have revealed a pattern that in girls in the womb, the heart rate is higher than in boys and ranges from 140 to 150 beats per minute, boys have such an indicator - 120-130 heartbeats. However, this method is considered unreliable, since the data may not match the actual sex of the child.

What does a fast, slow heartbeat mean?

An accelerated pulse can manifest itself as a result of such factors:

physical activity;
overheating of the body;
emotional arousal;

These factors are normal and do not require medical attention, since the heart rate is quickly restored at rest. If an increased heart rate occurs for no apparent reason, it is necessary to provide assistance to the child.

It can manifest itself as a result of such factors:

overwork - a decrease in activity and rest is required;
diseases of the nervous system;
acidosis;
hypoxia;
infection with fever;
heart failure;
myocarditis;
endocarditis;
congenital pathologies of the heart;

The danger is that pathological conditions can lead to a nutritional deficiency in the coronary capillaries, which is formed when the heart is overloaded. These factors without medical attention can lead to ventricular fibrillation and the need for resuscitation.

Decreased heart rate is called bradycardia and indicates the presence of such problems:

hypotension - insufficient blood pressure;
endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart muscle;
myocarditis - damage to the heart;
insufficient production of thyroid hormones;
starvation;
hypothermia;

The danger is that when the heart rate drops to 40 beats and below, emergency medical attention is required. With a reduced heart rate, the child feels general fatigue of the body, dizziness, desire to sleep, weakness.

What is the danger when to see a doctor?

In any case, detection of a deviation from the norm of heart rate in children requires urgent medical attention. If problems are ignored, complex medical treatment or even surgery may be needed in the future.

The main danger lies in the development of small problems of complex diseases:

Advanced forms of any disease can be violators of the normal functioning of the body, and some lead to death.

In order to prevent the development of the disease, it is necessary to prevent changes in heart rate in children; for this, the following recommendations should be followed:

you need to teach children to lead an active lifestyle - to engage in morning physical education, running and other physical exercises;
often walk in the fresh air;
establish a normal daily routine;
eat right, maintaining a normal balance of nutrients in the body;
prevent obesity in children;
to protect adolescent children from smoking and drinking alcohol;

Prevention of heart rate pathologies must be dealt with even in newborn children, since their body is just being formed and any changes can be especially dangerous.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle allows you to avoid many health problems, strengthen the body as a whole and even prolong life. Parents should pay sufficient attention to the health of their child in order to raise a healthy and cheerful person who does not have any special problems.

When caring for patients with respiratory diseases, it is necessary to monitor the frequency, depth and rhythm of breathing. Normally, a person's breathing is silent and imperceptible to others. A person usually breathes through the nose with the mouth closed. In an adult at rest, the frequency of respiratory movements is 16-20 per minute, and inhalation is 2 times shorter than exhalation. Breathing is characterized by frequency, rhythm, depth and periodicity.

Breathing rate. Determination of the number of respiratory movements (RR) is carried out by counting the movements of the chest or abdominal wall for 1 minute. The counting is carried out imperceptibly for the patient, holding his hands, as for counting the pulse. The results obtained are recorded daily in the temperature sheet with a blue pencil in the form of a graph of the respiratory rate. Respiratory rate depends on age, gender, position. In an adult at rest, it is 16-20 respiratory movements per minute. Women have a slightly higher NPV than men. In infants, the number of respiratory movements reaches 40-45 per minute, with age it decreases and by the age of 20 reaches the frequency of an adult. In the standing position, the respiratory rate is greater (18-20) than in the prone position (12-14). In athletes, breathing is 8-10 breaths per minute. Change in breathing frequency: rapid - tachypnea and rare - bradypnea.

Tachypnea- rapid breathing due to dysfunction of the respiratory center. Under physiological conditions (excitement, exercise, eating), tachypnea is short-term and quickly disappears after the cessation of the provoking factor.

Pathological tachypnea can be caused by the following reasons:

§ damage to the lungs, accompanied by: a decrease in their respiratory surface; restriction of lung excursion as a result of a decrease in the elasticity of the lung tissue; violation of gas exchange in the alveoli (accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood);

§ damage to the bronchi, accompanied by difficulty in accessing air to the alveoli and partial or complete blockage of their lumen;

§ damage to the respiratory muscles and pleura, accompanied by difficult contraction of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm as a result of sharp pains, paralysis of the diaphragm, increased intra-abdominal pressure, which is one of the reasons for the decrease in respiratory excursion of the lungs;

§ defeat of the central nervous system, due to its intoxication and violation of the respiratory center.

§ pathology of the cardiovascular system and hematopoietic organs, accompanied by the development of hypoxemia.

Most often, increased breathing is due to a combination of several reasons. For example, with lobar pneumonia, the causes of increased breathing are a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs (accumulation of exudate in the alveoli, swelling of the alveolar walls), chest pain when breathing (as a result of the development of concomitant pleurisy), intoxication of the central nervous system (toxins circulating in the blood).

Thus, increased respiration can be caused not only by the pathology of the respiratory organs, but also by disorders of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. For differential diagnosis of tachypnea, the ratio of respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) is used. In healthy individuals, the ratio of NPV / HR is 1: 4, that is, the NPV is ahead of the NPV; in diseases of the respiratory system, the ratio of respiratory rate / heart rate is 4: 2, that is, the respiratory rate is ahead of the heart rate; with a high fever, on the contrary, the heart rate is much ahead of the respiratory rate.

Bradypnea- Decrease in breathing due to a decrease in the excitability of the respiratory center. Physiological bradypnea can be observed during sleep, hypnosis.

Pathologically, respiratory depression occurs when the respiratory center is depressed and its excitability decreases, caused by a number of reasons, primarily by damage to the central nervous system: increased intracranial pressure (brain tumor, adhesions, hernias); violation of hemodynamics and the development of hypoxia (stroke, cerebral edema, agony); exo- and endointoxication (meningitis, uremia, hepatic and diabetic coma); the use of anesthetics and other dosage forms (morphine poisoning).

Severe bradypnea is observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma). These patients have a forced (enhanced) exhalation with the participation of the auxiliary muscles of the neck, shoulder girdle. A type of slow breathing is stridor breathing- rare loud breathing due to a sharp compression of the larynx (tumor, enlarged goiter, laryngeal edema, less often - aortic aneurysm).

Depth of breathing. The depth of breathing is determined by the volume of inhaled and exhaled air at rest. In a healthy person under physiological conditions, the volume of respiratory air is 500 ml. Depending on the change in the depth of respiratory movements, shallow and deep breathing are distinguished.

Shallow breathing (hypopnea) is observed with a pathological increase in breathing due to shortening of both phases of breathing (inhalation and exhalation). Deep breathing (hyperpnea) is more often combined with pathological slowing down of breathing. For example, " big Kussmaul breath" or "air hunger" - a rare, deep, loud breathing due to the development of metabolic acidosis, followed by irritation of the respiratory center with acidic products; observed in patients with diabetic, uremic and hepatic coma.

Breathing rhythm. The breathing of a healthy person is rhythmic, of the same depth, duration and alternation of inhalation and exhalation phases. With damage to the central nervous system, breathing becomes arrhythmic: individual respiratory movements of different depths occur either more often, or less frequently. Sometimes with arrhythmic breathing, after a certain number of respiratory movements, an extended pause or short-term breath holding (apnea) appears. This breathing is called periodic. It includes such pathological types of breathing: Cheyne-Stokes breathing, Grokk's undulating breathing and Biot's breathing.

Cheyne-Stokes breathing- periodic pathological breathing, characterized by a long (from several seconds to 1 minute) respiratory pause (apnea), after which silent shallow breathing quickly increases in depth, becomes loud and reaches a maximum at 5-7 breaths, then decreases in the same breathing sequence and ends with the next short pause (apnea). The patient during the pause is poorly oriented in the environment or may completely lose consciousness, which returns when the respiratory movements are resumed. Cheyne-Stokes respiration is caused by a decrease in the excitability of the respiratory center, acute or chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, cerebral hypoxia, severe intoxication and is a prognostically unfavorable sign. It often manifests itself in sleep in elderly people with severe cerebral atherosclerosis, in patients with chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, chronic renal failure (uremia), and taking drugs (morphine).

"Wavy breathing" Grokka or dissociated respiration, is characterized by a wave-like change in the depth of respiration and differs from Cheyne-Stokes respiration by the absence of periods of apnea. Grokk's breathing is caused by damage to the coordination center of breathing, caused by a chronic violation of cerebral circulation. It is more often observed with a brain abscess, meningitis, brain tumors.

Breath of Biot- periodic pathological breathing, characterized by rhythmic, but deep respiratory movements, which alternate at regular intervals with a long (from several seconds to half a minute) respiratory pause. Biot's breathing is caused by a deep disorder of cerebral circulation and is observed in patients with meningitis and in agony.

Thus, a violation of the frequency, rhythm, depth, or the appearance of pathological forms of breathing (Cheyne-Stokes, Biot, Grock, Kussmaul) detected during a static examination are characteristic symptoms of a respiratory system lesion.

Dyspnea- a feeling of lack of air, accompanied by a violation of breathing in frequency, rhythm and depth, which is based on the development of tissue hypoxia.

There are physiological and pathological dyspnea. Physiological dyspnea- this is a compensatory reaction of the body from the respiratory system in response to a significant physical or emotional load. Physiological shortness of breath manifests itself in the form of short, frequent and deep breathing, passes on its own at rest for 3-5 minutes and is not accompanied by unpleasant sensations.

Pathological dyspnea- a more persistent violation of the frequency, rhythm and depth of breathing, accompanied by unpleasant sensations (compression in the chest, feeling of lack of air) and caused by damage to various organs and systems, primarily the respiratory and cardiovascular.

The main causes of pathological shortness of breath:

I. Violation of the process of oxygenation of blood in the lungs and is due to: a) impaired airway patency; entry of a foreign object into the respiratory tract; chest trauma; congenital pathologies of the respiratory and thoracic organs; b) damage to the lung parenchyma; c) changes in the pleural cavity, with restriction of respiratory excursion and compression of the lung tissue; d) changes in the tissues of the chest, limiting its mobility and ventilation of the lungs.

II. Violation of gas transport due to damage to the cardiovascular system (heart defects, cardiosclerosis, myocarditis, arterial hypertension) and hematopoietic organs (anemia, leukemia).

III. Metabolic disorders, accompanied by an increased need for oxygen in the body: endocrine diseases (thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus, Itsenko-Cushing's disease); malignant neoplasms.

IV. Violation of the regulatory mechanisms of breathing (disease of the central nervous and endocrine systems).

V. Changes in the composition of the inhaled air (humidity, pressure, temperature, pollution, occupational hazards and poisoning with toxic substances and poisons).

Pathological shortness of breath is distinguished: in relation to the patient (subjective, objective, mixed); by the time of appearance (constant, prolonged, paroxysmal or paroxysmal); according to the structure of the respiratory cycle (inspiratory, expiratory, mixed).

Clinically, shortness of breath can be manifested by subjective and objective signs; from here, shortness of breath is distinguished: subjective, objective and mixed. Subjective shortness of breath- respiratory failure, manifested by a subjective feeling of compression in the chest, lack of air, difficulty in inhaling or exhaling; characteristic of hysteria, neurasthenia. Objective dyspnea- respiratory failure, manifested by intermittent speech (the patient catches air with his mouth when talking), tachypnea (respiratory rate more than 30 per minute), respiratory rhythm disturbance, participation in breathing of auxiliary muscles (tension of the cervical and trapezius muscles), the appearance of cyanosis; observed in diseases of the lungs, heart, central nervous system, muscular system.

Depending on the structure of the respiratory cycle and the characteristics of its phases, there are three types of shortness of breath: inspiratory, expiratory and mixed. Inspiratory dyspnea- impaired breathing with difficult (long) inspiration. Types of inspiratory dyspnea include stridor breathing- loud breathing with difficulty inhaling, accompanied by a whistle (with a strong narrowing of the upper respiratory tract and trachea); observed when a foreign object enters the respiratory tract or is compressed from the outside by a tumor, scars, enlarged lymph nodes. expiratory dyspnea- violation of breathing with difficult (prolonged) exhalation, due to a violation of the patency of small bronchi and bronchioles (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchitis, bronchiolitis). The mechanism of expiratory dyspnea is based on the early expiratory closure (collapse) of the small bronchi (bronchial collapse) in response to an increase in the linear velocity of the incoming air and a decrease in its lateral pressure, which leads to bronchial spasm (Bernoulli phenomenon), as well as mucosal edema and accumulation in the enlightenment of the bronchi of a heavy secret, which is difficult to separate, a decrease in the elastic properties of the bronchial wall. Mixed shortness of breath- respiratory failure in the form of simultaneous difficulty in inhalation and exhalation; more often observed with a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs (pneumonia, hydro- and pneumothorax, atelectasis of the lungs, pulmonary infarction), less often with a high standing of the diaphragm, which limits the excursion of the lungs (pregnancy, ascites, flatulence, massive tumors of the abdominal cavity, including the liver and spleen ), as well as with a combination of damage to the heart and lungs.

According to the frequency and time of occurrence, constant, periodic and paroxysmal (paroxysmal) shortness of breath is distinguished. Constant shortness of breath persists at rest and increases with the least physical exertion; observed in severe forms of respiratory and heart failure, emphysema, pneumosclerosis, heart defects . periodic(prolonged) shortness of breath can develop in the midst of severe illness (croupous pneumonia, exudative pleurisy, obstructive bronchitis, pneumo- and hydrothorax, myocarditis, pericarditis) and disappear during recovery. Paroxysmal shortness of breath, which suddenly arose in the form of an attack (asthma), is observed in bronchial and cardiac asthma.

Choking (asthma)- a sudden attack of shortness of breath due to a sharp violation of the respiratory center is an objective sign of acute respiratory failure as a result of a sudden spasm, swelling of the bronchial mucosa or ingestion of a foreign object. The main and characteristic clinical manifestation of suffocation is its sudden onset, intensity; a feeling of lack of air, a rapid increase in objective signs of respiratory failure - diffuse cyanosis, swelling of the jugular veins, tachypnea more than 30 per minute; forced position - orthopnea with the emphasis of the hands (bronchial asthma) and without the emphasis of the hands (cardiac asthma).

Clinical characteristics of an asthma attack: begins suddenly during the day, but more often at night, often the attack is preceded by precursors (nasal congestion, sneezing, watery discharge from the nose, dry cough, drowsiness, yawning, a feeling of tightness in the chest and acute lack of air). The patient is not able to push out the air that overflows the chest and, in order to exhale, he sits on the bed and rests on it with his hands, thus including, in the act of breathing, not only the respiratory, but also the auxiliary muscles of the shoulder girdle and chest. Some patients are excited, run up to the window and open it wide, stand near it, leaning their hands on the table, window sill. Characteristic is rare breathing with an extended noisy exhalation, a lot of dry remote wheezing. The chest seems to freeze in the position of maximum inspiration with raised ribs and “exploding” intercostal spaces. Often an asthma attack is accompanied by a cough with the release of a small amount of viscous, difficult-to-separate vitreous sputum, after which the patient's condition improves.

First aid for suffocation: 1) seat the patient or help him take a half-sitting position; 2) release the chest from tight clothing; 3) ensure the flow of fresh air and oxygen; 4) apply a heating pad to the lower extremities. 5) inform the doctor and follow all his appointments after emergency care.

Cough- a reflex protective act in the form of a jerky forced sonorous exhalation in response to irritation of the receptors of the respiratory tract and pleura, is an important symptom of damage to the respiratory system. In heart failure, the occurrence of cough is due to congestion in the lungs (congestive bronchitis, hypostatic pneumonia). The mechanism of coughing is a deep inhalation and a quick, forced expiration with a closed glottis at the beginning of expiration, comparable in sound effect to an “air shot through a narrowed glottis”.

According to the rhythm, they distinguish: constant, periodic, paroxysmal cough. Persistent cough in the form of separate cough shocks (coughing), observed in chronic laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, the initial form of tuberculosis, circulatory failure, sometimes with neuroses, often in smokers in the morning. Periodic (bronchopulmonary) cough in the form of coughing shocks following one after another, repeating at some intervals; observed in chronic diseases (during an exacerbation): bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis. Paroxysmal cough with rapidly following each other coughing shocks, which are interrupted by a loud exhalation; observed when a foreign object enters the respiratory tract, whooping cough, caverns, damage to bronchial lymph nodes.

Cough is distinguished by timbre: cautious, barking, hoarse, silent. Cautious short cough that accompanied by a painful grimace, observed with dry pleurisy, the onset of croupous pneumonia. barking cough- loud, abrupt, dry, due to edema of predominantly false or both false and true vocal cords; observed with laryngitis, as well as compression of the trachea (tumor, goiter), hysteria. hoarse cough caused by damage to the true vocal cords; observed in laryngitis. Silent cough due to ulcer and destruction of the vocal cords (cancer, tuberculosis, syphilis of the larynx) or paralysis of their muscles, leading to insufficient closure of the glottis. Also, the cough becomes silent with a sharp general weakness in patients with severe debilitating diseases.

By nature, cough is distinguished: unproductive (dry, without sputum) and productive (wet, with sputum). Dry (unproductive) cough without sputum; occurs, with the so-called dry bronchitis, early stage pneumonia (especially viral), pulmonary infarction, which begins with an attack of bronchial asthma, pleurisy, embolism of small branches of the pulmonary artery. Wet (productive) cough accompanied by sputum; characteristic of the acute stage of a bacterial or viral infection (bronchitis, pneumonia, tracheitis); cavity formations in the lungs (bronchiectasis, abscess, cancer in the stage of decay, cavernous form of tuberculosis). The quantity, nature, color and smell of sputum is of great diagnostic importance in diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.

According to the time of occurrence, cough is distinguished: morning, evening, night. morning cough- "cough when washing" (5-7 in the morning) due to the accumulation of sputum during the night and its difficult discharge; observed in chronic inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract (nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea); in patients with cavity formations in the lungs, in alcoholics and smokers. Evening cough due to vagotonia in the evening hours; observed in bronchitis, pneumonia. Night cough associated with nocturnal vagotonia; observed with an increase in bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, pulmonary tuberculosis.

First aid for coughing: 1) create a comfortable position for the patient (sitting or half-sitting), in which coughing decreases; 2) give a warm drink, preferably milk with sodium bicarbonate or mineral water like Borzhom; 3) cover warmly to prevent hypothermia; 4) ensure the flow of fresh air; 5) if the cough is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of sputum, provide the patient with a drainage position for several hours a day, which contributes to a better discharge of sputum; 6) teach the patient to properly handle sputum, collect sputum only in a spittoon or a jar with a tight lid.

Control questions

How to determine the pulse on the radial artery?
Describe the basic properties of the pulse.
Rules and methods for determining blood pressure.
Normative indicators of arterial pressure.
First aid for high blood pressure.
First aid to the patient with a decrease in blood pressure.
Name the main types of hemorrhage arrest
Rules for applying a hemostatic tourniquet
How to determine the frequency of respiratory movements?
What types of shortness of breath do you know? Their diagnostic value.
Name the pathological types of respiration, their characteristics and diagnostic value.
First aid for suffocation.

THEME 7. MAIN DRUG APPLICATIONS

The use of various drugs is called pharmacotherapy. It studies natural substances (herbs, minerals, etc.), as well as chemically synthesized ones.

Respiratory rate (RR) and VC. Breathing at rest should be rhythmic and deep. Normally, the respiratory rate in an adult is 14-18 times per minute. When loaded, it increases by 2-2.5 times. An important indicator of respiratory function is the vital capacity of the lungs (VLC) - the volume of air obtained during the maximum exhalation made after the maximum inhalation. Normal in women is 2.5-4 liters, in men it is 3.5-5 liters.

Blood pressure (BP). Systolic pressure (max) is the pressure during systole (contraction) of the heart, when it reaches its highest value during the cardiac cycle. Diastolic pressure (min) - is determined by the end of diastole (relaxation) of the heart, when it reaches a minimum value throughout the cardiac cycle.

Ideal pressure formula for each age:

Max. BP = 102+ (0.6 x number of years) min. BP = 63+ (0.5 x number of years)

The World Health Organization suggests that blood pressure for systolic (max.) - 100 - 140 mm Hg be considered normal numbers; for diastolic 80-90 mm Hg.

58. Functional trials and tests

The level of the functional state of the body can be determined using functional tests and tests.

orthostatic test. The pulse is calculated in the supine position after 5-10 minutes of rest, then you need to get up and measure the pulse in the standing position. The functional state of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is judged by the difference in pulse lying and standing. A difference of up to 12 beats / min is a good state of physical fitness, from 13 to 18 beats / min is satisfactory, 19-25 beats / min is unsatisfactory, i.e. lack of physical fitness, more than 25 beats / min - indicates overwork or illness.

Stange's test (holding the breath on inspiration). After 5 minutes of sitting rest, take 2-3 deep breaths and exhale, and then, having taken a full breath, hold your breath, the time is noted from the moment of holding the breath until it stops.

The average indicator is the ability to hold your breath while inhaling for untrained people for 40-55 seconds, for trained people - for 60-90 seconds or more. With an increase in training, the breath holding time increases; in case of illness or overwork, this time decreases to 30-35 seconds.

This test characterizes the resistance of the body to a lack of oxygen.

Single test.

Before performing a one-stage test, they rest while standing, without moving for 3 minutes. Then measure the heart rate for one minute. Then 20 deep squats are performed in 30 seconds from the initial position of the legs shoulder-width apart, arms along the body. When squatting, the arms are brought forward, and when straightened, they return to their original position. After performing squats, the heart rate is calculated for one minute.

When assessing, the magnitude of the increase in heart rate after exercise is determined in percent. A value of 20% means an excellent response of the cardiovascular system to the load, from 21 to 40% - good,

from 41 to 65% - satisfactory,

from 66 to 75% - bad,

from 76 and more - very bad.

Genchi test (breath holding on exhalation). It is performed in the same way as the Stange test, only the breath is held after a full exhalation. Here, the average indicator is the ability to hold your breath on exhalation for untrained people for 25-30 seconds, for trained people for 40-60 seconds. and more.

Ruffier test. To assess the activity of the cardiovascular system, you can use the Ryuffier test. 1 After a 5-minute calm state in a sitting position, count the pulse for 10 seconds (P1), then perform 30 squats within 45 seconds. Immediately after squats, count the pulse for the first 10 s (P2) and one minute (P3) after the load. The results are evaluated by the index, which is determined by the formula:

6 x (P1 + P2 + P3) - 200

Ruffier index =

Assessment of the performance of the heart:

Ruffier index

0 - athletic heart

0, 1 - 5 - "excellent" (very good heart)

5, 1 - 10 - "good" (good heart)

10, 1 - 15 - "satisfactory" (heart failure)

15 1 - 20 - "poor" (severe heart failure)

25 - 50% - good,

from 50 - 75% bad.

Test for checking and evaluating general endurance.

It is carried out with the help of control exercises of 2 types: overcoming an average, long distance or overcoming the largest possible distance in a certain time. Examples of these exercises are:

1) running and cross-country for 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 5000m;

swimming at 200. 400, 500 m,

2) run 12 min.

The most substantiated estimates of general endurance according to the K. Cooper test. This is a 12-minute run with a maximum distance (km).

Breath control of a child - how and why to do it? Age norms of respiratory rate Normal respiratory rate in an adult.

Features of the child's respiratory system

Rules for counting the respiratory rate

Norm of respiratory rate in children

Breath types

Rapid breathing

Holding your breath during sleep

Summing up

Human respiratory rate

In adults

In children

Respiratory rate in animals

see also

Notes

Human respiratory rate

In adults

In children

see also

So the respiratory rate

Respiratory disorders. Hyperventilation

What is heart rate and respiratory rate?

What is heart rate and respiratory rate?

Table by age in children: norms

Measurement of heart rate and respiratory rate

Deviations from the norm

Rapid breathing

Rapid pulse

slow pulse