Coccidiosis: sick pigs - poor income. An overview of anticoccidial drugs for animals

Epizootology. The source of invasion is sick animals and coccidiocarriers. Mostly young animals are susceptible to the causative agent of invasion, but adult animals can also become infected, the route of infection is alimentary (with food and water contaminated with oocysts). Transmission factors are contaminated bedding, tools, rodents, insects, birds, as well as caregivers (in case of non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules). The most favorable period for the spread of K. is spring and summer, but in the conditions of industrial animal husbandry (in poultry farms, in livestock complexes; the disease occurs regardless of the season of the year).

Course and symptoms. The course of the disease is acute or subacute. Weak invasion and re-infection can lead to a chronic course of K. The incubation period is 3-15 days. General signs of K. in different types of animals: depression, decrease and then loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness. The act of defecation becomes more frequent, liquid feces mixed with mucus, sometimes blood (in chickens, turkeys, cattle). Often the motor function is disturbed, paralysis, convulsions of individual muscle groups develop. Sometimes collapse and death of animals occur. The duration of the illness is 1-3 weeks. Recovery is slow. Sick and recovered animals within 1-4 weeks are coccidio excretors. As a rule, they are immune to re-infection with coccidia only of the same species.

Pathological and anatomical changes depend on the type of pathogen, its location, intensity of infection. The mucous membrane of the intestines is thickened in places, reddened, with foci of necrosis and hemorrhages, covered with dense gray-white foci. The contents of the intestines are filled with cheesy-bloody masses. In rabbits, the liver is greatly enlarged with numerous yellow nodules; in geese, the kidneys are 1.5-4 times enlarged, red-gray in color with nodules, often riddled with crystals of uric acid salts. There may be signs of catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestines.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of epizootological data, symptoms of the disease, pathoanatomical changes, as well as the results of a laboratory study (microscopy of schizonts or oocysts in smears from affected organs or oocysts in feces; determination of the type of coccidia).

Treatment. The sick are isolated. All sick and suspected animals are prescribed coccidiostatics. When K. birds are effective: coccidine with vitamins A and K and coccidiovit, farmcoccid, chemcoccid, etc. In addition, sulfanilamide preparations, furazolidone, nystatin, osarsol, albargin, tetracycline antibiotics, synthomycin, iodized milk, iodinol and other drugs are used. Rabbits are prescribed sulfadimethoxine, sulfechlorpyrazine (5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight with food for 4 days in a row), norsulfazol and fthalazol (30-50 mg per 1 kg of weight with water, twice a day for 5 days in a row with a five-day interval); 0.1-0.2% solutions of iodine with drinking water. Cattle are treated with sulfadimezin and norsulfazol (30 mg per 1 kg of body weight 3 times a day); amprolium (25-60 mg/kg), methylchlorpindal, chloramphenicol (15-20 mg per 1 kg of body weight twice a day) in combination with chlortetracycline (10 mg per 1 kg of body weight), chemcoccid. Sheep are given 4-5 g of ichthyol in 300 ml of water (two courses of 3 days with a break of 3 days); sulfadimezin or norsulfazol (0.03-0.05 g per 1 kg of weight for 5-6 days in a row); furazolidone with furatsilin (2.0 g each); coccidine (0.05 g per 1 kg of body weight for 4 days in a row).

Prevention and control measures include isolated rearing of young. Chicks are kept on a mesh floor. In farms disadvantaged in K., sick animals are isolated and treated, the rest are regularly used for prophylactic purposes coccidiostatics. Cages, rooms, walking yards are periodically cleaned and disinfected. Litter, manure is neutralized biothermally or in special installations. Litter, floors, walking yards are disinfected with monochlorooxylene, terpineol, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthochlorophenol. Metal cells are fired with a blowtorch, treated with hot steam or water (80 ° C) for 15-20 minutes. Walking is plowed to a depth of 15-20 cm.

Epizootology. Infection of pigs with coccidia can reach 100%. Clinically ill 1-4-month-old piglets. More often outbreaks of coccidiosis are observed in the spring-summer period of the year.

Clinical signs. The disease occurs in acute, chronic and mild forms. The incubation period lasts 10-20 days.

The acute form is characterized by a rapid course. Body temperature rises to 41-41.5 ° C, general weakness of the body develops, profuse diarrhea, increased thirst, anemic mucous membranes. The number of erythrocytes sharply decreases. The acute form of the disease is observed in piglets 1-4 months of age.

The chronic form of the disease is more common in older animals. The illness lasts for several weeks. The pigs are emaciated, body temperature in the first days of the disease rises to 42 ° C, and then drops to normal. Ap-Ya petite is lowered, thirst develops. The bristles become matte. The disorder of the activity of the gastrointestinal tract is manifested by alternating diarrhea and constipation.

pathological changes. The bodies are exhausted. The skin is pale, the bristles are matte. The mucous membrane of the small intestine is catarrhal, swollen with banded hemorrhages. Hind limbs and tail contaminated with feces. The liver and spleen are blood-filled, juicy on the cut. The kidneys from the side of the capsule are without visible changes, juicy when cut, the boundary between the layers is somewhat smoothed.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of the results of epizootological, clinical, pathoanatomical studies, as well as the results of microscopic examination of scrapings from damaged areas of the intestinal mucosa of animals and fecal samples for the presence of coccidia.

Treatment. Sick animals are isolated and administered orally for 2-5 days furazolidone at a dose of 0.003 g per 1 kg of body weight. Symptomatic treatment is used depending on the severity of the disease and the condition of the animal.

Control measures and prevention. Veterinary and sanitary and zoohygienic requirements must be strictly observed. Floors, feeders and care items should be periodically treated with blowtorch fire. Feeding pigs must be complete.

coccidiosis in pigs

Thus, the source of the pathogen for suckling pigs is sows who have been ill at an early age, as well as sick animals from neighboring machines. It should be noted that up to 10,000 oocysts are excreted from 1 g of the faeces of a sick pig, which are stable in the external environment, which retain their pathogenicity for years (it has been experimentally established that it is enough for an animal to ingest only 100 oocysts from a contaminated environment in order to develop a disease). Often, the causative agent of coccidiosis is introduced into the farm with drinking water taken for drinking by pigs near the manure storage. Another way of transmitting the pathogen is contaminated with pig feces, feed, equipment, and also the shoes of the attendants.

Pigs that have been ill remain carriers of pathogens, which makes them immune to re-infection, but only to those species that caused the disease.
Coccidiosis and other intestinal infections
It is likely that infection with coccidia during the suckling period can lead to an increase in the frequency and severe course of many other intestinal diseases. Especially in the period after weaning, when the piglets go through the process of adaptation and at the same time are deprived of maternal antibodies. Usually among such diseases there are colibacillosis (Escherichia coli), proliferative intestinal adenomatosis, or ileitis (Lawsonia intracellularis), swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae). In particular, epizootic experiments have shown that pigs infected with coccidia during the suckling period show signs of ileitis caused by Lawsonia and dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysente, at an earlier age, with a more severe course of these diseases.

Stephen McAurist found that post-weaning intestinal diseases, including ileitis and dysentery, were more difficult in individuals who did not receive coccidiosis prophylaxis. This is what MacAurist came to in his research: since the target for Lawsonia is immature intestinal cells, their damage by coccidia can contribute to greater penetration of Lawsonia into the intestinal mucosa and fixation of these bacteria in it.

Increasingly, pigs are affected by a connected infection caused by coccidiosis pathogens and Clostridium bacteria. Thus, coccidiosis causes primary damage to the intestinal wall, as a result of which the conditionally pathogenic microflora, which is represented by Clostridium, causes a further deterioration in the animal's condition. This disease is known as necrotizing enteritis, which leads to diarrhea and finally death of the animal.

Bayer researchers infected piglets 6 hours after birth with 1,000 coccidia oocysts to determine the direct effect of the coccidiosis pathogen on Clostridium multiplication in the gastrointestinal tract and its detection rate in feces. During the first three days after the birth of the animals, a large number of Clostridium bacteria were found (on average, from 10,000 to 100,000,000 bacteria per 1 g of excrement). Clostridia produce toxins, which, in the end, can lead to the death of piglets. So, as a result of the study, 37.5% of infected animals died. The investigators concluded that in herds with severe diarrhea and high mortality during the first week of life, co-infection with coccidiosis and Clostridium should be considered.

The Animal Health Service in Osnabrück (Germany) examined 281 stool samples from piglets as part of routine animal control, of which 89% contained oocysts, and 81% of the samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens type A.
Recognize and neutralize
Fluke piglets with the highest birth weight are susceptible to isospore and eimeriama infection.

The body temperature of 1-2-month-old piglets suddenly rises to 41 ... 41.5 ° C, they are constantly thirsty, the animals are quickly exhausted (in particular, through severe diarrhea and a sharp drop in the level of blood supply, they become pale and inactive).

In 3-4 month old piglets, coccidiosis almost always manifests itself in a chronic form, it is a consequence of their infection at an early age. They develop periodic diarrhea alternating with constipation for several weeks: sick pigs gradually become emaciated, weight gain decreases, general weakness and dehydration occur. The digestibility of feed by such piglets is quite low: the appetite remains or even increases, and the growth rate slows down very much. This makes the manufacturing process very unprofitable. Therefore, it is difficult for an owner who bought such piglets at a much older age to determine why his piglets get sick so often and grow slowly.
Comprehensive diagnosis of coccidiosis
When establishing a diagnosis, clinical signs of the disease, epizootological data, and pathoanatomical changes are taken into account, however, the detection of oocysts in faecal samples of sick animals, which are examined using the Fülleborn, Kotelnikov or Darling methods, is crucial in its confirmation. For coproscopic studies of piglets for coccidiosis, fresh stool samples are taken from animals with signs of diarrhea lasting for three to four days. Piglets are considered sick if more than 100 thousand oocysts are found in a sample (1 g) of feces. The detection of single oocysts indicates that diarrhea is not a consequence of the influence of the isospore.

During postmortem autopsy, scrapings are made from the mucous membrane, which are examined by the compressor method for the presence of oocysts.
Preventive and curative measures

3 for the prevention of coccidiosis, they create appropriate sanitary and hygienic conditions and provide a complete balanced diet for pigs of all age groups (especially during gestation).

The room and walking areas are cleaned of pus and disinfected with hot 3-4% sodium hydroxide solution, 5% desonol emulsion, 3% glutaraldehyde solution (the concentration is increased several times, applied under pressure).

The replacement young animals brought to the farm are kept in quarantine, the necessary laboratory tests and preventive treatments are carried out.

To reduce the incidence of coccidiosis on the farm, the sow is given amprolium (1 kg/t) or monensin (100 g/t) with feed every 14 days ten days before her transfer to the farrowing shop.

In disadvantaged farms, chemoprophylaxis is carried out with one of the chemotherapeutic drugs. During the gestation period, two 5-day courses with a 3-4 week interval are prescribed to sows Brovaseptol, brovitacoccid, trimerazine, tribrisen, ditrevit-480. These drugs are used in sows also in the first 10 days after farrowing.
To reduce the likelihood of infection of piglets from a sow, compliance with the principle of keeping “empty - busy”, as well as establishing a comfortable microclimate in the premises (it is impossible to allow an increase in temperature and humidity - they are the main catalysts for the transition of the pathogen oocyst into a spore) will help.
In the period from the third to the fifth day of the animal's life, it is recommended to use anticoccidic drugs with the active ingredient toltrazuril. Eimeriocide Baycox®, 5% has proved to be quite effective.

In the early stages of the disease, piglets should be fed a solution of furazolidone at a dose of 0.003 g/kg of body weight for two to five days.

Symptomatic therapy will help protect piglets from death due to concomitant adverse factors. For example, with severe dehydration of pigs and to normalize electrolyte metabolism, they are prescribed a mixture of electrolytes and subcutaneous injections of polyglucone or rheopolyglucone (up to 300 ml / day), Ringer-Locke solution, 5% glucose solution (up to 500 ml / day).

conclusions

• Coccidiosis is a global problem in pig production Research suggests that 75% of all pig farms are affected by coccidiosis.
• It is impossible to completely get rid of coccidiosis on a farm - you need to learn to coexist with it.
• Coccidiosis affects pigs of all ages, but it has the most negative effect on the body on young animals. Pigs flukes with the highest body weight at birth are susceptible to infection with isospores and eimeria.
• Co-infection with coccidiosis pathogens and Clostridium bacteria is increasingly common in pigs.
• When establishing a diagnosis of coccidiosis, the identification of oocysts in faecal samples of sick animals is crucial for its confirmation.

To combat coccidiosis, one should strictly adhere to the recommendations of the developed comprehensive anti-coccidial veterinary programs.

Antibiotic therapy does not give the expected result

The use of anticoccidiosis drugs with the active substance
toltrazuril is an indispensable component of successful pig production.

COCCIDIASE EIMERIOE AND ISOSPOROSIS OF PIGS

Eimeriosis and isosporosis of pigs are diseases that occur acutely, subacutely or chronically, characterized by damage to the intestinal mucosa, diarrhea, emaciation and death of animals. Piglets are sick from 10-14 days to 2-3 months of age.
More than 10 species of eimeria and 3 species of porcine isospores have been registered in Russia and the CIS countries. They belong to the type Ar contraxa, the class Brogoroa, the order Coacna, the family Elmernae, the subfamilies Ameripae and Lovrogmae, the genera Esenbi and Lovroga.
Pathogens. The most common are the following species (Fig. 129).

Rice. 129. Oocysts of coccidia of the Eimeriidae family of pigs:
1 - Eimeria guevarai; 2 - E. scabra; 3 - E. polita; 4 - E. perminuta; 5 - E. neodebliecki; 6 - E. debliecki; 7 - E. porci; 8 - E. residualis; 9 - E. betice; 10 - E. spinosa; 11 - Isospora suis

E. suis - oval-shaped oocysts, sizes (14.5.. .19.2) x (11.3--15.3) microns. The wall of oocysts is double-contour, smooth, colorless. Most oocysts contain light-refracting granules. Sporulation time is 11-12 days. The pre-patent period is 10 days, the patent period is 6 days.
E. debliecki - oocysts are oval or ovoid in shape, with a colorless smooth double-walled shell, with one or more refractive granules. Sizes of oocysts are (20...30)X(14...19) µm. Merogony takes place in the small intestine. Sporulation time is 4-7 days.
E. scabra - oocysts of ovoid or ellipsoidal shape, size (24...42)x(20...24) µm, double-circuited shell, rough, at the narrow end of the micropyle. The oocyst contains one or more light-refracting granules. Merogony occurs in the jejunum or ileum. The duration of sporulation is 9-12 days, the pre-patent period is 7-11 days, the patent period is 4-5 days.
E. perminuta - oocysts are ovoid or rounded in size (12...20)X(9...17) microns, brown in color, there is a light-refracting granule. The shell of oocysts is two-layered. The outer layer is rough, yellow, the inner layer is smooth, yellow-brown. The duration of sporulation is 9-11 days, the pre-patent period is 7, the patent period is 10 days.
E. spinosa - oocysts are ellipsoid or ovoid in size (16...22)x(13...16) µm. There is a light-refracting granule, the shell is brown, covered with spines
1. µm. Merogony takes place in the small intestine. The duration of sporulation is 10-12 days, the pre-patent period is 17, the patent period is 12 days.

E. polita - oocysts of ellipsoid or wide ovoid shape, dimensions (22.. .39) x (17.. .26) µm. The wall of oocysts is smooth or rough, double-contour, yellowish-brown or pink in color, there are light-refracting granules and poorly visible micropyle. Merogony and gametogony occur in the jejunum and ileum. The duration of sporulation is 8-10 days, the pre-patent period is 8-9 days, the patent period is 9 days.
I. suis - oocysts are oval or rounded, 22 µm long, 17...19 µm wide. The shell of oocysts is smooth and single-layered, colorless or yellow. The endogenous stage develops in the jejunum or ileum. The duration of sporulation is 3-5 days, the pre-patent period is 6-8 days, the patent period is 9-10 days.

E. almataensis - oocysts are oval or round, (25...32)X(23...29) µm, the shell is smooth, gray. Some oocysts have a polar granule. Duration of sporulation
5. day

Biology of development. Occurs according to the eimeroid type.
epidemiological data. The disease is ubiquitous. The degree of its distribution and manifestation depends on the conditions of keeping and feeding, as well as on the age of the animals. Weaned piglets are most susceptible to infection when there is a sharp transition from one type of feeding to another, often unbalanced in nutritional value, minerals and vitamins. The emergence of the disease is facilitated by the crowded keeping of pigs, the unsanitary condition of pigsties and farm areas.
The source of invasion are sick or ill pigs. The reservoir of pathogens can be non-disinfected sites, pastures, feed, bedding. Pathogens can be introduced by replacement young animals from other disadvantaged farms.
pathogenesis and immunity. Pathogenesis and immunity in eimeriosis and isosporosis of pigs are not well understood. In sick piglets, a decrease in the content of lysozyme and bacterial activity of blood serum is recorded, which complicates the course of the disease and contributes to their defeat by pathogens of infectious diseases. Anemia develops, reserve alkalinity and blood sugar levels decrease, and eosinophilia is pronounced.
Mass reproduction of endogenous stages of eimeria and isospores in the intestine leads to hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the thin and thick sections of the gastrointestinal canal. The body temperature rises.
All breeds of pigs are susceptible to the disease. Piglets from 10 days to 2 months of age are more likely to become infected and more severely ill. Animals of older age groups get sick in a mild form. Pigs that have recovered from illness remain carriers of pathogens, which makes them immune to re-infection.
Disease symptoms. The incubation period lasts 6-12 days. In an acute course in the first 4-5 days, the piglets notice a decrease in appetite, depression, patients lie more. However, body temperature is slightly increased or close to normal. Feces are liquid, containing a large amount of mucus, and sometimes blood. The act of defecation is accelerated. Severe diarrhea causes exhaustion and death of sick animals.
The subacute and chronic course of the disease is noted in young animals of older age groups and adult pigs - emaciation appears, there are no gains, diarrhea may occur if feeding deteriorates.
pathological changes. The corpses of the dead piglets are depleted. The main changes are noted in the intestines. The mucous membrane of the thin, and in severe cases of the disease and the thick sections, is catarrhally and hemorrhagically inflamed. Small whitish nodules are found on it, which contain various stages of endogenous development of eimeria and isospores.
Diagnostics. The diagnosis is made in a complex manner, taking into account epizootological, clinical and pathological data. The diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory studies of the faeces of sick animals using the Darling or Fülleborn method. If a huge number of oocysts are found in the field of view, eimeriosis or isosporosis is ascertained. The presence in the preparation of only individual oocysts indicates a subclinical course of the disease.
Eimeriosis and isosporosis are differentiated from balantidiasis, amoebiasis, borreliosis, strongyloidiasis, viral intestinal infections, etc.
Treatment. In the event of a disease, first of all, they organize the correct maintenance and proper feeding of animals. For treatment, amprolium and its premix forms are prescribed at a dose of 0.005% of the feed mass in terms of the active ingredient for 1-2 months; osarsol 0.02-0.03 g/kg in 1% soda solution 2 times a day for 3-4 days; nifulin at a dose of 5 g/10 kg of feed for 5-7 days; furazolidone - 10 mg/kg 2 times a day for 4 days; chlortetracycline hydrochloride 10 mg/kg 3-5 days; sulfadimezin 5.0 g per animal in combination with zoalene (0.03 g/kg) or biovetin (0.06-0.08 g/kg) 2 times a day for 4-5 days; chemcoccid - 20 mg/kg 4g-5 days; chemcoccid-7 - 420 mg/kg; pharmacocide - 25 mg/kg; quiniofon - 40 mg/kg; Trichopolum - 15 mg/kg; rigedazole 25% granulate - 1 g / 10 kg of feed; biofusol - 125 mg/kg; salinofarm 60-30 mg/kg 2-3 times a day until the clinical condition improves and the release of oocysts stops.
Prevention and control measures. For the prevention of eimeriosis and isosporosis of pigs, it is necessary to organize the correct maintenance and proper feeding of animals of all age groups.
When replacement livestock are brought in, they are quarantined. Of great importance is the camp content in the summer.
The vacated rooms are cleaned of faeces and disinfected with hot 3-4% sodium hydroxide solution, 5% desonol emulsion, 3% glutaraldehyde solution, 12% iodine monochloride solution.
In disadvantaged farms, chemoprophylaxis is of great importance: they are used with feed once a day for 6-7 days, chemcoccid-7 at a dose of 210 mg / kg, trichopolum - 10 mg / kg, pharmacocide - 15 mg / kg, quiniofon - 40 mg / kg. If necessary, the course of giving the drug is repeated after a week.

Causative agents of coccidiosis

Each species of animal is characterized by its own species composition of pathogens, and the disease can be provoked by several eimeria at once.

Duck coccidiosis causesTyzzeria perniciosa; in geese - eimeriaE. truncatathat affects the intestines and kidneys.

Cattle are susceptible to coccidiaE. bovis, E. zurnii, E. auburnensis. Sick mostly young animals up to 2 years, including heifers, rarely adult animals. Common carrier.

In the epithelial cells of the intestine, coccidia undergo three phases of development. The excretion of oocysts occurs in the faeces. Due to the double shell, coccidia oocysts are able to persist in the external environment for a long time and infect new hosts.The duration of sporogony depends on the presence of certain conditions, namely moisture, heat and oxygen.Thanks to a complex cycle of reproduction (gametogony, schizogony and sporogony), coccidia can quickly increase their numbers millions of times.

Coccidiosis occurs acutely, subacutely and chronically. In the absence of timely treatment in young animals, a case is observed.

Economic damage

The damage from coccidiosis on a global scale is estimated at billions of dollars. The loss of profit consists of a decrease in meat and egg productivity, the death of young animals, additional costs for the disinfection of premises and equipment, as well as labor costs.

The loss of meat productivity in chickens is 270 g per broiler, while the yield of chickens of the first category is reduced to 20%. As a result of coccidiosis disease, feed costs increase by 15–20%, in the absence of treatment, the death of young animals is observed in 80–90% of cases. Economic losses in broiler poultry farming from subclinical coccidiosis can reach 70%, which is 3-8 rubles. per broiler. In egg farming, where floor keeping of young is practiced, coccidiosis also causes significant damage, and this is not only high mortality of chickens. According to experts, in laying hens who have been ill with eimeriosis, egg production is not only reduced by 10–80%, but egg laying is also delayed, and yolk pigmentation is disturbed.

In pig breeding, due to coccidiosis, pigs receive less from 10 to 30% of the weight gain of young animals, the death of piglets in some cases can reach 100%. The loss of weight gain per piglet with eimeriosis reaches 2.8 kg.

In one-year-old calves who have recovered from coccidiosis, there is a decrease in weight by an average of 27 kg, in the future they have lower milk production.

The frequency of occurrence of coccidiosis

Eimeriosis among farm animals is widespread in foreign countries (all European countries, Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil, China, Australia). In these countries, about 85% of pig farms are declared unfavorable for coccidiosis, while the incidence ranges from 33 to 36%.

In large livestock and poultry complexes, coccidiosis is all-season, while in small farms outbreaks are often observed in spring and summer.

Infection of pigs with coccidia in some farms can reach 100%; according to research by GNU VIGIS, the average for Russia is 32.4%.

In industrial poultry farms, infection with eimeria is calculated, depending on the age of the bird, 45–80% or more. The greatest invasiveness of chickens is observed at the age of 28 days, then it decreases. At the same time, the probability of infection with coccidia of young eggs is higher than that of broilers. Floor growing of egg breeds lasts 100-110 days, while broilers - 36-38 days. It is believed that chickens become infected with sporulated Eimeria oocysts in the first 10 days after they are placed in poultry houses.

Both large and small farms suffer from coccidia. Monitoring of poultry farms in the Moscow region in 2015 showed thatthat out of the total, eimeriasis accounts for 11.4% of epizooticoutbreaks and 25.8% of diseased birds.

Measures to combat coccidiosis

As a component of the anti-coccidiosis program in birds, it is possible to use live vaccines (for example, Eimeriavax 4m and Advent from Huvepharma). Eimeriavax 4m is used to prevent coccidiosis in chickens of the parent flock (from 4 types of eimeria.) Advent vaccine is prescribed for broilers of the industrial herd (3 types of eimeria) with outdoor content to restore the sensitivity of coccidia oocysts to the action of coccidiostatics (3 rounds - vaccine, 3 rounds - ionophore antibiotic) . This vaccine is used in the production of halal and organic products, as well as when it is impossible to exclude contamination of feed with coccidiostats. The Evalon vaccine (Hipra, Spain) belongs to a new generation of attenuated vaccines against coccidiosis containing an adjuvant that provides lifelong protection against eimeria.

When prescribing vaccines, it is forbidden to use drugs against coccidiosis, as well as antibiotics with anti-coccidial action (tetracyclines, sulfonamides and nitrofurans) 2 days before vaccination and within 21 days after its completion. It is also forbidden to vaccinate birds 21 days before slaughter. In addition, a heavy vaccination schedule can place an increased burden on the bird's immune system. In this case, symptoms of coccidiosis may occur, requiring immediate treatment.

The human factor plays a key role in the transmission of coccidiosis pathogens. Infection can occur through contaminated equipment, shoes, hands, clothes. Personnel hygiene and the creation of sanitary access zones are the most important part of the biosecurity of the enterprise.

Biological control measures also include keeping chickens and rabbits on mesh floors. It has been noted that susceptibility to coccidiosis provokes a decrease in immunity against the background of past infections, the consumption of feed with a high level of mycotoxins, insufficient ventilation, crowded content. The main source of pathogens is contaminated bedding.

Traditional disinfectant solutions (formalin, creolin, soda ash, bleach, etc.) are not able to destroy oocysts in the external environment. To eliminate oocysts, it is necessary to increase the temperature of the disinfectant solution to 80°C, as well as the exposure time. As promising drugs for deinvasion, it is recommended to use special agents with surfactants directed against spore forms of pathogens (Kenokoks Cleaner, Virocid, Sid 200, Ecocid,Unpredicted, etc.)

Coccidiostatics are prescribed to animals orally with compound feed (calves - with milk replacer). In the case of treatment, symptomatic agents are additionally used. Preventive treatment against coccidia is carried out according to certain schemes with the rotation of active substances.

Classification of coccidiostats

In the Russian Federation, coccidiostatics are classified as drugs.

The action of coccidiostatics is based not only on the suppression of the reproduction of coccidia (true coccidiostatics), but also on their destruction (coccidiocides).

Coccidiostats are divided into 4 groups: chemical, vegetable, ionophore and complex. As adaptogens, organic acids and probiotics may be included in the preparations.

Chemical (synthetic) coccidiostats

Sulfur also has an anticoccidal effect.

Chemical coccidiostats include:

- benzeneacetonitriles (the mechanism of action is not fully known, presumably consists in a violation of the transfer of calcium and sodium cations in the oocyst, which leads to the death of coccidia at the schizogony stage);

– triazinetriones (the mechanism of action is based on the competitive antagonism of para-aminobenzoic acid, which is necessary for coccidia to synthesize folic acid);

- pyridinols or oxypyridines (represent a structural fragment of vitamin B 6 );

- carbanilides (affect energy metabolism through the enzyme transhydrogenase and ATP);

– guanidine derivatives (prevents the formation of mature schizonts);

Some chemical coccidiostats of imported and domestic production

Ionophore coccidiostats

Among the advantages of ionophores is the absence of cross-resistance of coccidia to a number of substances. For example, salinomycin preparations are effectively used after monovalent glycosidic and divalent ionophores. These preparations are also compatible with feed vitamins and may have additional economically beneficial effects: for example, maduramycin preparations stimulate the growth of animals.

The peculiarity of the action of ionophores is that they regulate the number of coccidia. At the same time, some pathogens remain alive and cause an immune response of the animal organism. At the same time, subclinical coccidia invasion of varying degrees of severity is observed.

Some imported and domestic ionophore antibiotics (coccidiostats)

Complex coccidiostats

Some complex coccidiostats

salinomycin + diclazuril