Classification of major human infectious diseases table. Abstract: Infectious diseases
Open urOK on this topic:
"Prevention of infectious diseases."
Prepared
teacher life safety
MBOU secondary school No. 47
Solomatina I.V.
Target: continue to introduce students to infectious diseases
diseases, sources of infection, transmission mechanisms
infections. Continue to develop responsibility for contamination
infectious diseases, for life and health.
Equipment: tables “Bacteria”, “Intestinal infections”,
"Respiratory tract infections"; dynamic
table "Classification of infectious diseases"
diseases"; diagram “Factors influencing
on human health."
Basic Concepts: infectious diseases, source
infections, transmission mechanism, incubation
period, carrier of infection, prevention,
disinfection.
during the classes
1. organizational point:
Hello guys! Today in the lesson we will try to remember everything we know about infectious diseases, repeat the classification of infectious diseases, the pathogens that cause these diseases, get acquainted in more detail with some diseases, and find out who or what is responsible for infection with these diseases. Please open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson: “Responsibility for contracting infectious diseases.”
2. review: questions
1. What are infectious diseases?
(Infectious diseases are a special group of diseases that are caused by a specific, living pathogen, are transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one and are capable of mass distribution).
2.What is the causative agent of infectious diseases?
(The causative agents of infectious diseases are microbes: bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa).
3.What do you know about these pathogens?
(Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that have the shape of rods (causative agents of typhoid fever), balls (streptococci, staphylococci), twisted threads (spirilla), curved rods (vibrio cholerae);
Viruses are the smallest microorganisms visible under an electron microscope (causative agents of influenza, smallpox, measles, HIV infection);
Fungi – causative agents of mycosis, scab, etc.)
4. From the individual parts, assemble the table “Classification of infectious diseases.
| groups of diseases | name of the disease | localization of the pathogen | transmission routes |
| respiratory tract infections | flu, acute respiratory infections, sore throat, tuberculosis | upper respiratory tract | airborne droplet |
| intestinal infections | dysentery, cholera, infectious hepatitis | intestines | food, water, soil, dirty hands, flies |
| blood infections | plague, malaria, HIV infection | circulatory system | insect bites - mosquitoes, fleas, lice; blood |
| infections of the outer integument | scabies, tetanus, syphilis | skin, mucous membranes | predominantly contact path |
3.learning new material:
Guys, let's take a closer look at some infectious diseases (5 messages prepared by students).
Guys, you have become acquainted with some diseases. What do they have in common?
That's right, for all diseases to spread, three conditions must be present: a source of infection, a transmission mechanism and a susceptible person.
Write these conditions down in your notebook.
Let's look at these conditions using the example of respiratory tract infections and intestinal infections.
1. Who or what could be the source of infection?
(the source of infection can be a sick person, soil, water).
2.Who is responsible for the existence of these sources?
(man himself is primarily responsible for the existence of these sources, since he is either one of the sources of the disease or pollutes the environment by pouring production waste into water and soil, disturbing the structure of the soil, and emitting gaseous production waste).
That's right guys. It is the person who most often is either the direct source of infection or creates the conditions for the existence of these sources. Therefore, at this time, there are various forms of administrative liability for environmental pollution, and for intentionally infecting a person with HIV infection, criminal liability is provided for under Article 122 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with imprisonment from 5 to 8 years.
3.What are the ways of transmission of infection?
(Airborne droplets, through food, water, soil, dirty hands, bites of blood-sucking insects, contact).
Who is responsible for the existence of the mechanism of transmission of infection?
(The person himself is responsible for the existence of the infection transmission mechanism).
Can we disrupt transmission routes?
(Yes, this requires killing flies, washing your hands, wearing a gauze bandage, etc.)
The third condition is a receptive person
How do you understand this condition? Which person can be infected faster, active or passive, couch potato or athlete, nervous, unbalanced or calm, balanced? (guys' answers)
Who in this case will be responsible for the spread of the disease?
(The man himself).
What are some ways to make a person immune or more resistant to the effects of infectious diseases? (Sports, hardening, healthy lifestyle, etc.)
Let's try one of the ways to improve health. You're tired, let's get some rest. Stand up please.
1. Starting position: legs together, arms down. On the count of 1, 2, 3, raise your arms up into the lock and stretch. Imagine that you are hanging on a horizontal bar. On the count of 4, lower your arms and relax. Repeat 4 times.
2. Imagine that you are a large spreading tree. Raise your hands up, reach for the sun, bend after the breeze to the right, left, lower your hands, shake them. Repeat 4 times.
3. Starting position – main stance. Draw a semicircle with your chin from your left shoulder to your right and back. Repeat 4 times.
Thank you, let's go back to our seats.
4. Fastening:
1.What 3 conditions are necessary for the spread of infectious diseases?
2.Who is responsible for the presence of a source of infectious diseases?
3.Who creates the conditions for the presence of a mechanism for transmitting an infectious disease?
4.What or who determines a person’s susceptibility to infectious diseases?
5. What conclusion can be drawn?
Conclusion: People themselves are responsible for the spread of infectious diseases. Lifestyle has a great influence on human health.
Long-term research by specialists in different countries of the world confirms our conclusion. These studies showed that human health is influenced by many factors, but 4 of them are main:
1. heredity – 18-22%,
2. healthcare – 8-10%,
3. external environment – 17-20%,
4. lifestyle – 49-53%
What recommendations can be given to those who want to be healthy? (Keep hygiene, wear a gauze bandage, a scarf, destroy flies, cockroaches, observe a work and rest schedule. And all together this means lead a healthy lifestyle).
5.Grading, summing up.
6. Homework. Study the notes and prepare a report on an infectious disease.
In the middle of the last century, humanity achieved certain successes in the fight against certain infections. But, as it turned out, it is too early to celebrate the final victory over such a scourge as infectious diseases. Their list contains more than 1,200 items, and is constantly updated with newly discovered diseases.
How infectious diseases were studied
Mass diseases have been known to man since ancient times. There is evidence that back in the 5th century BC. philosophers and doctors suspected the existence of certain tiny, invisible living organisms that could cause diseases characterized by rapid spread and high mortality. During the Middle Ages, however, these materialistic views were forgotten, and outbreaks of mass diseases were explained solely by God's punishment. But they knew already then that the sick had to be isolated, as well as the destruction of contaminated things, buildings and corpses.
Knowledge accumulated gradually, and the mid-19th century was marked by the emergence of such a science as microbiology. Then the causative agents of many diseases were discovered: cholera, plague, tuberculosis and others. since then they have been classified as a separate group.
Terminology
The word “infection” translated from Latin means “pollution”, “infection”. As a biological concept, this term denotes the penetration of a microscopic pathogen into a more highly organized organism. It can be a person or an animal, or a plant. Next, the interaction between the micro- and macroorganism systems begins, which, of course, does not occur in isolation, but under specific environmental conditions. This is a very complex biological process, and it is called infectious. As a result of such interaction, the macroorganism is either completely freed from the pathogen or dies. The form in which the infectious process manifests itself is a specific infectious disease.
Common characteristics of infectious diseases
We can talk about the onset of an infectious disease if, after the meeting of the pathogen and the macroorganism, in particular a person, the latter’s vital functions are disrupted, symptoms of the disease appear, and the antibody titer increases in the blood. There are also other forms of infectious processes: healthy carriage of the virus in the presence of immunity or natural immunity to the disease, chronic infections, slow infections.
In addition to the fact that all infectious diseases begin with pathogenic microorganisms, there are other characteristics common to them. Such diseases are contagious, that is, they can be transmitted from a sick person or animal to a healthy one. Under certain conditions, epidemics and pandemics may occur, that is, the massive spread of a disease, and this is already a very serious threat to society.
In addition, infectious diseases, a list of which can be found in any medical reference book, always occur cyclically. This means that during the course of the disease, certain time periods alternate with each other: the incubation period, the stage of precursors of the disease, the period of the height of the disease, the period of decline and, finally, the period of recovery.
The incubation period does not yet have any clinical manifestations. It is shorter, the higher the pathogenicity of the pathogen and the greater its dose, and can range from several hours to several months and even years. Precursors of the disease are the most common and fairly vague symptoms, on the basis of which it is difficult to suspect a specific infectious disease. Its typical clinical manifestations are maximum at the height of the disease. Then the disease begins to fade, but some infectious diseases are characterized by relapses.
Another specific characteristic of infectious diseases is the formation of immunity during the disease process.
Causative agents of infectious diseases
The causative agents of infectious diseases are fungi. For the introduction to be successful for a pathogenic microorganism, one meeting of the macro- and microorganism is not enough. Certain conditions must be met. The actual state of the macroorganism and its protective systems is of great importance.
Much depends on the pathogenicity of the pathogen itself. It is determined by the degree of virulence (toxicity) of the microorganism, its toxigenicity (in other words, the ability to produce toxins) and aggressiveness. Environmental conditions also play a big role.
Classification of infectious diseases
First of all, infectious diseases can be systematized depending on the pathogen. In general, viral, bacterial and fungal infections are isolated. Separately, chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsial, and spirochete infections are distinguished, although chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and spirochetes belong to the kingdom of bacteria. Viruses are perhaps the most common pathogens. However, bacteria can also cause many ailments. Among the most famous are tonsillitis, meningitis, cholera, plague, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and tetanus. Fungal infectious diseases, or mycoses, include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, onychomycosis, and lichen.
Most often, infectious diseases are classified according to the location of the pathogens, taking into account the mechanism of their transmission, but this applies to those diseases that spread from person to person. Accordingly, intestinal infectious diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route are distinguished (astrovirus infection, polio, cholera, typhoid fever). There are infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The method of infection by them is called airborne (ARVI, diphtheria, scarlet fever, influenza). Infectious diseases can still be localized in the blood and transmitted through insect bites and medical procedures. We are talking about injections and blood transfusions. These include hepatitis B, plague. There are also external infections that affect the skin and mucous membrane and are transmitted by contact.
In the process of evolution, each type of pathogen of an infectious disease has its own entrance gates of infection. Thus, a number of microorganisms penetrate through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, others through the digestive tract and genital tract. It happens, however, that the same pathogen can enter the human body simultaneously in different ways. For example, hepatitis B is transmitted through blood, from mother to child and by contact.
There are three main habitats for pathogens of infectious diseases. These are the human body, the animal body and the inanimate environment - soil and water bodies.
Symptoms of infectious diseases
Common symptoms of infectious diseases include malaise, headache, pallor, chills, muscle aches, fever, and sometimes nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. In addition to the general ones, there are symptoms that are characteristic of only one disease. For example, the rash associated with meningococcal infection is very specific.
Diagnostics
As for diagnosis, it should be based on a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the patient. The study includes a detailed and thorough survey, examination of organs and systems, and necessarily an analysis of laboratory results. Early diagnosis of infectious diseases presents certain difficulties, but is of great importance both for timely adequate treatment of the patient and for the organization of preventive measures.
Treatment
In the treatment of such ailments as infectious diseases, the list of which is so frighteningly extensive, there are several areas. First of all, these are measures aimed at reducing the activity of the pathogenic microorganism and neutralizing its toxins. For this purpose, antibacterial drugs, bacteriophages, interferons and other agents are used.
Secondly, it is necessary to activate the body’s defenses by using immunomodulatory drugs and vitamins. Treatment must be comprehensive. It is important to normalize the functions of organs and systems impaired by the disease. In any case, the treatment approach must take into account all the individual characteristics of the patient and the course of his disease.
Prevention
In order to protect yourself and your loved ones as much as possible from such a threat as infectious diseases, the list of which includes diseases of a viral, bacterial and fungal nature, you need to remember about quarantine measures, vaccination, and strengthening the immune system. And sometimes, to save yourself from infection, following basic rules of personal hygiene is enough.
Lesson plan on life safety (grade 10)
Subject: MAIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND PREVENTION
Developer: Life Safety Instructor and Organizer A.A. Sinkovskaya
Lesson type: Combined
Target:
Create a viewabout infectious diseases and their development, about the immune system and disease prevention
Lesson objectives:
1. Foster the need to maintain sanitary and hygienic skills,
responsibility for your health and the health of others.
2. Develop the ability to avoid infectious diseases
3. Strengthen existing knowledge on the prevention of infectious diseases
Visual aids: presentation for the lesson and tests.
Lesson plan:
Organizational moment 2 min.
Frontal survey of students from earlier
studied material 5 min.
Learning new material 20 min.
Primary fixation 5 min.
Generalization and systematization of knowledge 1 min.
Fixing the material 4 min.
Summing up the lesson 2 min.
Homework 1 min.
DURING THE CLASSES
Teacher: Hello, please have a seat. Today in class we continue to study the section: “Fundamentals of medical knowledge and a healthy lifestyle.”
Teacher: And in order to understand how you understood the previous topic, I will ask a few questions:
1. What is assigned to young men at the medical commission during initial military registration? (suitability categories)
2. What categories of fitness are subject to conscription? (A and B)
3. Name the main activities carried out in the RF Armed Forces to preserve and strengthen the health of military personnel.
4. What events do you know that are carried out in a military unit to harden military personnel?
Teacher:
Please open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.
Today's lesson topic:MAIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND PREVENTION.
Infectious diseases is a group of diseases that are caused by specific pathogens:
pathogenic bacteria;
viruses;
simple fungi.
Teacher: What do you thinkcause of infectious disease?
Student: The direct cause of an infectious disease is the introduction of pathogenic pathogens into the human body and their interaction with the cells and tissues of the body.
Teacher: Sometimes the occurrence of an infectious disease can be caused by the ingestion of toxins from pathogens into the body, mainly through food.
Let's consider the main routes of transmission of infection and their characteristics (slide 3).
There is also a classification of major infectious diseases(slide 4).
Infectious diseases that only affect humans are transmitted from person to person (anthroposes)Infectious diseases common to animals and humans
Intestinal infections
Typhoid fever, viral hepatitis A, viral hepatitis E, dysentery, polio, cholera, paratyphoid A and B
Botulism, brucellosis, salmonellosis
Respiratory tract infections
Chicken pox, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, smallpox, scarlet fever
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, psittacosis
Blood infections
Relapsing fever epidemic (louse), trench fever, typhus
Endemic flea typhus, tick-borne relapsing fever, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis, mosquito encephalitis, tularemia, plague
Infections of the external integument
Viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C, viral hepatitis D, HIV infection, gonorrhea, erysipelas, syphilis, trachoma
Rabies, glanders, anthrax, tetanus, foot and mouth disease
Teacher: Most infectious diseases are characterized by periodic development. The following are distinguished:periods of disease development: incubation (hidden), initial, period of the main manifestations (height) of the disease and the period of extinction of the symptoms of the disease (recovery) (slide 5).
Incubation period – This is the period of time from the moment of infection until the appearance of the first clinical symptoms of infection.
For each infectious disease, there are certain limits on the duration of the incubation period, which can range from several hours (for food poisoning) to one year (for rabies) and even several years. For example, the incubation period for rabies ranges from 15 to 55 days, but can sometimes last up to a year or more.
Initial period accompanied by general manifestations of an infectious disease: malaise, often chills, fever, headache, sometimes nausea, i.e. signs of the disease that do not have any clear specific features. The initial period is not observed in all diseases and usually lasts several days.
Period of main manifestations of the disease characterized by the occurrence of the most significant and specific symptoms of the disease. During this period, the death of the patient may occur, or, if the body has coped with the action of the pathogen, the disease moves into the next period - recovery.
The period of extinction of symptoms of the disease characterized by the gradual disappearance of the main symptoms. Clinical recovery almost never coincides with the complete restoration of the body’s vital functions.
Recovery may be complete, when all impaired body functions are restored, or incomplete, if residual effects persist.
Teacher: Epidemic - massive spread of infectious diseases, significantly exceeding the normal incidence rate. (slide 6)
Pandemic - an epidemic covering several countries or continents. (slide 7)
Prevention of infectious diseases
Prevention of infectious diseases – a set of measures aimed at preventing diseases or eliminating risk factors. These measures are general (increasing the material well-being of people, improving medical care and services, eliminating the causes of diseases, improving working, living and recreational conditions of the population, environmental protection, etc.) and special (medical, sanitary, hygienic and anti-epidemic).(slide 8)
Special measures – anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures aimed at preventing, reducing the size and consequences of epidemics. (slide 9)
Prevention involves carrying out preventive measures aimed at increasing the immunity of the human body to maintain or develop its immunity to infectious diseases.
For the timely prevention of infectious diseases, their occurrence is recorded. In our country, all infectious diseases are subject to mandatory registration, including tuberculosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, salmonellosis, brucellosis, dysentery, viral hepatitis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza, measles, chickenpox, typhus, malaria, encephalitis, tularemia, rabies, anthrax, cholera, HIV infection, etc.
Immunity – This is the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents.(slide 10)
Such agents can be bacteria, viruses, some toxic substances of plant and animal origin and other products foreign to the body.
Immunity is ensured by a complex of protective reactions of the body, thanks to which the constancy of the internal environment of the body is maintained.
There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired.(slide 11)
Innate immunity is inherited, like other genetic traits. (For example, there are people who are immune to rinderpest.)
Acquired immunity occurs as a result of an infectious disease or after vaccination 1 .
Acquired immunity is not inherited. It is produced only to a specific microorganism that has entered or been introduced into the body. There are active and passively acquired immunity.
Actively acquired immunity occurs as a result of a previous illness or after vaccination. It is established 1-2 weeks after the onset of the disease and persists for a relatively long time - years or tens of years. So, after measles, lifelong immunity remains. With other infections, for example, with influenza, actively acquired immunity lasts for a relatively short time - for 1-2 years.
Passively acquired immunity can be created artificially - by introducing antibodies into the body 2 (immunoglobulins) obtained from people or animals who have recovered from any infectious disease or have been vaccinated. Passively acquired immunity is established quickly (a few hours after the administration of immunoglobulin) and persists for a short time - within 3-4 weeks.
General concepts about the immune system
The immune system – This is a set of organs, tissues and cells that ensure the development of the immune response and protection of the body from agents that have foreign properties and violate the constancy of the composition and properties of the internal environment of the body.(slide 12)
TOcentral authorities The immune system includes the bone marrow and thymus gland, and the peripheral ones include the spleen, lymph nodes and other accumulations of lymphoid tissue.(slide 13)
The immune system mobilizes the body to fightpathogenic microbe , or a virus. In the human body, the pathogenic microbe multiplies and secretes poisons -toxins . When the concentration of toxins reaches a critical value, the body reacts. It is expressed in dysfunction of certain organs and in the mobilization of defense. The disease most often manifests itself in an increase in temperature, an increase in heart rate and a general deterioration in well-being.
The immune system mobilizes a specific weapon against infectious agents - leukocytes, which produce active chemical complexes - antibodies.
Teacher: To consolidate the knowledge gained, I suggest you answer 10 simple questions. (test)
Teacher:
So, at the end of the lesson, I am wondering, what did we learn today?(The students' answer follows.)
– What new have you learned?(Students' answer.)
- Amazing. What haven’t we done with you yet?(Follow
answers: didn’t write down homework; did not grade the lesson.)
- Right! So, grades for the lesson:(grades are given for the lesson).
- And now we are recording
Homework:
Fill out the table: 1st row - influenza, anthrax, foot and mouth disease, 2nd row - scarlet fever, plague, salmonellosis, 3rd row - dysentery, rubella, gonorrhea. Review the notes and learn the definitions.
- Our lesson is over. Thanks to all. Goodbye.
Infectious diseases
are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that, due to suboptimal functionality of the immune system, enter the body. These microorganisms have a certain degree of virulence (toxicity), which manifests itself in different ways:
- in the process of their life activity in the body;
- upon its own destruction.
Infectious diseases are characterized by the incubation period of pathogens - this is the time before the first signs of a particular pathology appear, and the duration of this period depends on the type of pathogen and the method of infection. The incubation period of an infectious disease can last from a few hours to several years.
Classification of infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are distinguished according to many “parameters”.
A. Depending on the location of the infection, these diseases are:
- intestinal (typhoid fever, salmonellosis, escherichiosis, dysentery, cholera, foodborne toxic infections...);
- pulmonary (infectious diseases of the respiratory tract: influenza, ARVI, chicken pox, respiratory infections, measles...);
- vector-borne (infectious blood diseases: HIV, typhoid, plague, malaria...);
- diseases of the external integument (anthrax, tetanus).
B. According to the type of pathogen, human infectious diseases are:
- viral (cytomegalovirus infection, viral hepatitis, HIV, influenza, measles, meningitis...);
- prion (caused by protein infectious agents: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru...);
- protozoans (caused by simple infectious agents: amoebiosis, balantidiasis, malaria, isosporiasis...);
- bacterial (meningitis, dysentery, salmonellosis, plague, cholera...);
- mycoses (caused by fungal infectious agents: chromomycosis, candidiasis, athlete's foot, cryptococcosis...).
D. Particularly dangerous diseases, which are called quarantine diseases, are included in a separate group of infectious diseases.
This group is characterized by a short incubation period, a high rate of spread, a severe course and a high percentage of deaths. The World Health Organization classified this group of infectious diseases as: cholera, Ebola, plague, smallpox, some types of influenza, and yellow fever.
Causes of infectious diseases
The cause of all infectious diseases is a pathogenic microorganism, which, when entering the body, initiates infectious processes. As usual, every disease of this nature has “its own” pathogen, although there are exceptions, for example, sepsis occurs as a result of exposure to several pathogens on the body, and streptococcus can cause several diseases (scarlet fever, tonsillitis, erysipelas).
The organisms of different people react differently to the invasion of foreign agents: some are practically immune to them, others, on the contrary, immediately begin to react sharply to this, showing various symptoms of an infectious disease.
This happens because the body’s defenses differ among people. Defense forces characterize the state of the immune system. And therefore we can say that the main cause of infectious diseases is suboptimal functionality of the immune system.
If the immune system is weak, then the body does not have enough strength to fight pathogenic microorganisms - this human condition is called immunodeficiency.
It happens that the immune system is inappropriately active and begins to perceive the tissues of its own body as foreign and attacks them - this condition is called autoimmune.
Causative agents of infectious diseases
Viruses.
Translated from Latin it means "poison". They are able to reproduce only inside living cells, where they strive to penetrate.
Bacteria.
The vast majority are unicellular microorganisms.
Protozoa.
Single-celled microorganisms that can perform some functions characteristic of individual tissues and organs of more highly developed forms.
Mycoplasmas (fungi).
They differ from other single-celled organisms in that they do not have a membrane and can initiate infectious processes while outside the cells.
Spirochetes.
At their core, they are bacteria that have a characteristic spiral shape.
Chlamydia, rickettsia.
Intracellularly functioning microorganisms, inherently occupying an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria.
The degree of possibility of an infectious disease occurring in a person depends on the ability of his immune system to give an adequate response to the invasion of any of these foreign elements, recognize it and neutralize it.
Infectious diseases: symptoms
The symptoms of these diseases are so diverse that, despite their pronounced severity, it is often very difficult to determine its type, and this is connected with the choice of treatment method.
Modern medicine knows more than 5,000 infectious diseases and about 1,500 of their symptoms. This suggests that the same symptoms appear in many diseases - such symptoms are called general or nonspecific. Here they are:
- increased body temperature;
- general weakness of the body;
- loss of appetite;
- chills;
- sleep disturbance ;
- muscle pain;
- aches in the joints;
- nausea and vomiting;
- increased sweating;
- dizziness;
- severe headaches;
- apathy...
But of particular value in diagnosing infectious diseases are pathognomonic symptoms - signs that are characteristic only of one form of infectious pathology. Here are some examples of such symptoms:
- Volsky-Filatov-Koplik spots on the oral mucosa are characteristic only of measles;
- whooping cough is characterized by a special cough - convulsive with reprises;
- opisthotonus (arching of the back) is a characteristic symptom of tetanus;
- hydrophobia is a hallmark of rabies;
- meningococcal infection can be diagnosed with 100% certainty by the presence of a visculous rash along the nerve trunks...
Pathognomonic symptoms are known for most infectious diseases, and every infectious disease doctor must know the most common of them.
Among other things, there is a group of symptoms that occupies an intermediate position between general and pathognomonic symptoms. These symptoms can occur not only in infectious diseases, but also in others. For example, an increased size of the liver is characteristic of both viral hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, heart failure, malaria, typhoid fever..., an increased size of the spleen is found in typhoid fever, sepsis, malaria, viral hepatitis...
That's why any infectious diseases people are diagnosed by combining many signs with the use of many methods of analysis and instrumental diagnostics, because, we repeat, the choice of treatment for the disease depends on this, and, accordingly, the success of this.
Diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans
After interviewing the patient and preliminary conclusions, the material is taken for analysis, which is determined by the doctor. This material can be: blood (most often), urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, smears from mucous membranes, vomit, biopsies and organ punctures...
Recently, enzyme immunoassay has become widespread for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Most diagnostic methods are aimed at determining the type of pathogen, or the presence and belonging of antibodies to certain classes of immune components, which makes it possible to differentiate various infectious diseases.
Also, to diagnose these diseases, skin tests with allergens introduced into them are often used to provoke appropriate reactions.
Treatment of infectious diseases in humans
Currently, there is a huge number of different medications that are intended to treat various infectious diseases of people, and it is impossible to list them all... and there is no need for this. Many famous scientists currently have a very ambiguous attitude, for example, towards antibiotics, while others - towards other drugs.
Firstly, any drug has certain contraindications and causes some side effects, and this is their main drawback.
Secondly, drugs whose action is aimed at neutralizing foreign agents, in fact, do a “disservice” to the immune system, which develops and strengthens only in encounters with infections, and therefore excessive use of drugs actually weakens the body . It turns out to be a paradox: we treat one thing and immediately “catch” another disease, or even a whole “bouquet” of them.
Thirdly, taking medications (especially antibiotics) gradually destroys the microflora of the stomach - the most important part of the human immune system, and this has very unpredictable consequences. That is why treatment of infectious diseases must be carried out simultaneously with taking probiotics and prebiotics, which are 100% natural.
Treatment of infectious diseases in humans involves the use of the following drugs:
- antibacterial (chemo- and antibiotic therapy);
- gamma or immunoglobulins (serotherapy);
- interferons;
- bacteriophages (phage therapy);
- vaccines (vaccine therapy);
- blood products (hemotherapy)...
Today, a new paradigm in the treatment of infectious diseases has matured: scientists have come to the conclusion that it is more important to support the immune system (IS) in its fight against foreign agents, and not to directly influence these agents, although in severe cases, of course, there is no time for restoration of optimal functionality of the IS.
It is for this reason that complex therapy for these pathologies is necessary, in which, along with traditional medications, it is necessary to use immunomodulators and immunostimulants. Many of these drugs:
- neutralize side effects caused by drugs;
- strengthens the body's immunity;
- enhances the therapeutic effect of the medications used;
- quickly restores the body.
Infectious diseases: prevention
Preventive measures to prevent infectious diseases have been known for a long time and in the Soviet period they were called: “Healthy lifestyle”. Since then, they have not lost their relevance, and we will remind you of them here.
1. First of all, infectious diseases depend on the normal functionality of the immune system, the state of which, in turn, depends on normal nutrition. Therefore, rule No. 1 - eat right: do not overeat, eat less animal fats, include more fresh fruits and vegetables in your diet, eat fried foods as little as possible, eat more often, but in smaller quantities...
2. Infectious diseases can be prevented by the systematic use of immune drugs: immunomodulators and immunostimulants (this is the second most important rule).
3. Strengthen your immune system by systematically consuming herbal products such as onions, garlic, honey, lemon juice (not in pure form), raspberries, sea buckthorn, ginger...
4. Lead an active lifestyle: do exercises in the morning, go to the gym or pool, run in the evenings...
5. Infectious diseases are not scary for a hardened body, so do some hardening (a bath and a contrast shower are the best means for these purposes).
6. Give up bad habits: quit smoking and drinking alcohol.
7. Avoid stressful situations and do not succumb to depression, nothing suppresses the immune system more than our nervous breakdowns, so become an optimist and understand that there is nothing more important in this life than your health.
8. Learn to rest properly. Constantly watching television and “relaxing” on the couch is not relaxation. Real rest should be active and necessarily include alternation of physical and mental stress.
These are simple rules that should become a way of life for every person, and then we guarantee you: no infectious diseases will pose absolutely any danger to you.
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Slide captions:
Main infectious diseases and their prevention
Study questions Concept of infectious diseases Mechanism of transmission Prevention of infectious diseases
The difference between infectious diseases and ordinary diseases They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Visible only with the help of a microscope Transmitted from an infected organism to a healthy one Each infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe - the pathogen
Types of microorganisms that affect the human body Saprophytes are microorganisms that are harmless to humans. Once they enter the human body, they never cause diseases. Opportunistic microbes. Once they enter the human body, they do not cause serious changes for the time being. But if the human body is weakened, then these microbes quickly turn into pathogenic microorganisms that are dangerous to health. Entering the human body and overcoming its protective barriers, they cause the development of an infectious disease
Group of infectious diseases Brief description Infections included in the group Intestinal infections The pathogen is excreted in feces or urine. Transmission factors include food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, and household items. Infection occurs through the mouth. Typhoid fever, paratyphoid A and B, dysentery, cholera, food poisoning, etc. Respiratory tract infections, or airborne infections Transmission is carried out by airborne droplets or airborne dust. Influenza, measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, smallpox, etc. Blood infections The pathogen is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, lice, mosquitoes, etc.) Typhus and relapsing fever, malaria, plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, etc. Zoonotic infections Diseases transmitted through animal bites Rabies Contact and household Diseases are transmitted through direct contact of a healthy person with a sick person, in which the infectious agent passes to a healthy organ. There is no transmission factor Infectious skin and venereal diseases, sexually transmitted (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.)
Fecal-oral All intestinal infections are transmitted this way. The microbe gets into the patient's feces and vomit onto food, water, dishes, and then through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract of a healthy person. Liquid Characteristic of blood infections. The carriers of this group of diseases are blood-sucking insects: fleas, lice, ticks, mosquitoes, etc. Contact or contact-household Infection with most sexually transmitted diseases occurs through this route through close contact between a healthy person and a sick person. Zoonotic Wild and domestic animals serve as carriers of zoonotic infections. Infection occurs through bites or close contact with sick animals. Airborne This is how all viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract spread. When sneezing or talking, the virus enters the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of a healthy person with mucus. Main routes of transmission of infection and their characteristics
Respiratory tract infections are transmitted by airborne droplets. The spread of droplets of mucus and saliva containing pathogens of infectious diseases when a patient coughs and sneezes.
Intestinal infections spread through food, water
Blood infections - through the bites of blood-sucking insects
Infection of the outer integument is a contact route.
Maintaining personal hygiene reduces the risk of disease
Preventive vaccinations are carried out
Isolate patients in a timely manner
Disinfection is carried out. Disinfection of the apartment and objects in it.
Answer the questions What are infectious diseases characterized by? What is the mechanism of transmission of respiratory tract infection? What is the importance of personal hygiene? Prevention of infectious diseases.
Homework Create instructions for behavior during the spread of infectious diseases (epidemics)
