Is dextrose harmful to children? Dextrose in the food industry
Dextrose is a medicine used for carbohydrate deficiency and for the treatment of intoxication, dehydration and hypoglycemia.
Pharmacological action of Dextrose
5% Dextrose solution (isotonic) has a metabolic and detoxifying effect and is a source of easily digestible valuable nutrients - during the metabolism of glucose in the tissues, a large amount of energy is released, which is necessary for the body’s functioning.
A 10% solution (hypertonic) helps to increase the osmotic pressure of the blood, improve metabolic processes and antitoxic liver function, increase myocardial contractility, dilate blood vessels and increase diuresis.
Dextrose is involved in many metabolic processes in the body, improving the antitoxic function of the liver. The medication helps to partially compensate for water deficiency. Entering the tissues, Dextrose is phosphorylated, converting into glucose-6-phosphate. It is actively involved in many parts of metabolism and enhances redox processes.
Dextrose is completely absorbed by the body and is not excreted by the kidneys (the presence of the drug in the urine is considered a pathological sign).
Composition, release form and analogues
The drug Dextrose is produced in the form of a 5% and 10% solution for infusion in bottles or vials of 100 ml.
Analogs of Dextrose in terms of the active substance are the medications Glucose and Glucosteril. In some cases, one of the drug analogues that has a similar therapeutic effect is prescribed: Infuzolipol, Aminoven, Hymix, Aminosol-Neo, Aminocrovin, Dipeptiven, Hydramin, Infusamine, Kabiven, Aminotrof, Lipofundin, Nephrotect, SMOFlipid, Omegaven, Polyamine, Fibrinosol, Oliclinomel.
Indications for use
Dextrose according to the instructions is prescribed for insufficient carbohydrate nutrition, as well as for the treatment of:
- Toxic infections;
- Hemorrhagic diathesis;
- Hypoglycemia;
- Intoxication due to liver diseases - liver dystrophy and atrophy, hepatitis, liver failure;
- Dehydration – vomiting, diarrhea, and also in the postoperative period;
- Intoxication;
- Collapse and shock.
In addition, Dextrose is used as a component of many anti-shock and blood replacement fluids.
Contraindications
Contraindications to the administration of Dextrose are:
- Diabetes;
- Hyperglycemia;
- Acute left ventricular failure;
- Hyperlactic acidemia;
- Hypersensitivity;
- Postoperative disorders of glucose utilization;
- Overhydration;
- Edema of the brain and lungs;
- Coma.
Caution is required when prescribing Dextrose against the background of:
- Chronic renal failure (oligo-, anuria);
- Decompensated heart failure;
- Hyponatremia.
According to indications, nursing and pregnant women are allowed to prescribe 5% and 10% solutions of the drug.
Directions for use and dosage
A 5% Dextrose solution is administered intravenously. Maximum speed – up to 150 drops per minute. The adult daily dosage should not exceed 2 liters of medication. The 10% solution should be administered at a rate of up to 60 drops per minute. The maximum daily volume is 1 liter. A 10% Dextrose solution in a volume of 10-50 ml is usually administered intravenously.
When using Dextrose as parenteral nutrition for adults with normal metabolism, the daily dosage should not exceed 4-6 g per 1 kg of weight (about 250-450 g), and with a reduced intensity of metabolic processes, the administered amount of medication should be reduced to 200-300 g .
For parenteral nutrition, in addition to fats and amino acids, children must be given 6 g of Dextrose solution per 1 kg of body weight per day on the first day, then up to 15 g. When calculating the dosage, the permissible volume of injected fluid should be taken into account. With weight (ml per 1 kg):
- 2-10 kg – 100-165 ml;
- 10-40 kg - 45-100 ml.
The rate of administration is no more than 0.75 g per 1 kg of body weight per hour.
Against the background of diabetes mellitus, the administration of a medication solution is possible only under the control of its content in the urine and blood.
For more complete absorption of a medicine administered in large doses, insulin is usually prescribed along with it (1 unit of insulin for 4-5 g of Dextrose).
In case of an overdose of the medication, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and water-electrolyte imbalance may develop. If such symptoms occur, you should stop using the medication and administer insulin, after which symptomatic therapy should be carried out.
Side effects
When using Dextrose solution, the following may develop:
- Hyperglycemia;
- Violation of water and electrolyte balance;
- Hypervolemia;
- Fever;
- Acute left ventricular failure.
Drug interactions
The instructions indicate that when using Dextrose simultaneously with other medications, their drug compatibility should be visually monitored.
Storage conditions for Dextrose
Dextrose is a parenteral prescription drug with a shelf life of 36 months. Recommended storage temperature is not higher than 25 °C.
Glucose (dextrose) is a fruit sugar that is found in most fruit juices. It is a very important chemical compound that takes part in many vital processes of the body. Under normal conditions, the substance is colorless crystals. Dextrose has a sweet taste and is highly soluble in water and concentrated sulfuric acid. The density of the substance is 1.54 grams per cubic centimeter.
Properties of matter
In nature, glucose is formed as a result of photosynthesis, and in industry it is obtained through the hydrolysis of starch. The compound exhibits high chemical activity. Reacts well with oxygen, forming gluconic acid. With further oxidation, glucuronic and then glucaric acid can be obtained. In reactions with metal-containing salts and metal oxides, it exhibits the properties of a strong reducing agent. In particular, it is used to isolate pure silver from its oxide.
The compound plays a critical role in producing energy to support metabolic processes in the body's cells. It can be oxidized in an aerobic environment, releasing large amounts of biological energy. In living organisms, glucose accumulates in the form of glycogen, in plants - in the form of starch. Also, its derivative, cellulose, consists of the cell membranes of all higher plants common on planet Earth.
Dextrose monohydrate refers to monosaccharide carbons that are used in the food industry. In appearance it is a white sweet powder. It is used as a flavoring additive in the production of chocolate, candies, cookies, cakes and other confectionery products. It is used in the alcohol industry, and is also included in sweet drinks and canned fruits.
In medicine, the substance is used to obtain vitamin C, antibiotics and drugs to support the body during serious illnesses. In this case, dissolved glucose is administered to patients intravenously. The compound is well absorbed by any cells of the body, so it can be delivered internally in any way. Food dextrose is obtained by treating starch with hydrolysis.
How to get glucose?
Glucose is quite easy to obtain at home. To do this, you need to take starch paste and mix it with ten percent sulfuric acid. For a glass of paste you will need no more than two teaspoons of acid. The resulting solution should be placed on low heat and stirred constantly. About 15 minutes after the start of heating, you need to take a couple of drops of the solution for testing and drop diluted iodine on them. If blue or red coloration occurs, heating must be continued.
If the color has not changed, then the first stage is over. You need to add 10-15 grams of powdered chalk to the solution to neutralize the acidic environment. The resulting liquid must be put on fire so that about two-thirds of the water evaporates from it. The remaining solution must be filtered through several layers of gauze, and then continue evaporation until a caramel-like mass is formed.
The resulting substance will be glucose. Buying dextrose on an industrial scale is also not difficult. On the Internet you can find a large number of offers from manufacturing companies or their official representatives. The average price is 70 thousand rubles per ton, but with large wholesale purchases you can find a better offer.
Use of glucose in medicine
Dextrose solution can be used as a biological medium for the cultivation of microorganisms. This is used in medicine to find cures for various serious diseases. This approach is also used in the food industry to create colonies of bacteria beneficial to the human body, which are part of fermented milk products.
The compound is widely used in medicine to obtain various drugs. Potassium dextrose, sodium chloride, sodium chloride citrate is used for dehydration of the body to restore water and electrolyte balance. The drug is used internally by dissolving the powder in a glass of water. Prescribed for significant loss of moisture during the day as a result of physical activity or poisoning of the body.
The solution also helps to cope well with the consequences of heat strokes and overheating of the body. The concentration of the drug in water is selected depending on the patient’s condition. The worse it is, the correspondingly higher should be the mass fraction of powder in the solution. You need to drink the resulting liquid 50 milliliters over 4-6 hours at intervals of 5-10 minutes.
Dextrose citrate is used during transfusion to prevent donor blood from clotting. However, under no circumstances should it be injected directly into a vein. The drug is intended for use in a plasmacytopheresis apparatus. Also, the substance cannot be mixed with any other medications, since the method of their interaction has not been established in the laboratory.
Citrate should not be used if the patient has liver problems or certain blood diseases. This substance cannot be found on the open market, since it is intended exclusively for specialized medical equipment and has no practical use for other purposes.
Formula: C6H12O6, chemical name: D-glucose.
Pharmacological group: Metabolics/rehydration and detoxification agents; means for parenteral and enteral nutrition;
hematotropic agents/substitute for plasma and other blood components.
Pharmachologic effect: metabolic, hydrating, plasma replacement, detoxification.
Pharmacological properties
Dextrose maintains circulating plasma volumes and provides substrate-energy metabolism. An isotonic dextrose solution replaces the volume of lost fluid, the increased osmotic activity of hypertonic solutions increases the release of tissue fluid into the vascular bed and keeps it there, diuresis and the elimination of various toxic substances increase. Dextrose is utilized in energy supply processes.
Indications
Hypoglycemic coma; hypoglycemia; hypovolemia; shock; dehydration; collapse; intoxication; preparation of medicinal solutions.
Method of administration of dextrose and dose
Dextrose is used intravenously, drip and stream. Dosages depend on body weight, age and condition of the patient. The following is administered intravenously: up to 30 drops/min (1.5 ml/kg/h) – 40% solution; up to 30–40 drops/min (150 ml/h) – 20% solution; up to 60 drops/min (3 ml/kg/h) – 10% solution; up to 500 ml/h (150 drops/min) – 5% solution.
If you miss the next use of dextrose, you must do it as you remember, the next time after the set time from the last use.
Dextrose should be used with caution in cases of uncompensated heart failure, hyponatremia, and chronic renal failure. To increase osmolarity, dextrose solutions (5%) can be combined with sodium chloride solution (isotonic). Dextrose is absorbed more quickly and completely when using insulin (for 1 gram of dry dextrose 3 units of insulin).
Contraindications for use
Hyperglycemia, hyperhydration, acute left ventricular failure, hyperlactic acidemia, impaired glucose utilization, diabetes mellitus; circulatory disorders that threaten pulmonary and cerebral edema; cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, hyperosmolar coma.
Restrictions on use
Chronic renal and heart failure.
Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding
It is possible to use dextrose during lactation and pregnancy, but only according to indications.
Side effects of dextrose
Fever, acute left ventricular failure, thrombosis and/or thrombophlebitis, inflammation in the injection area, hypervolemia, hyperglycemia, ion exchange disorders.
100 ml of 10% solution for infusion contains 10 g dextrose .
Release form
infusion solution 5 or 10%, available in 100 ml bottles or vials;
solution for intravenous administration 400 mg/ml in ampoules (10 pieces);
pills.
pharmachologic effect
Dextrose has a metabolic and detoxifying effect, and is also used as a means carbohydrate nutrition .
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Dextrose is monosaccharide , which is a dextrorotatory optical isomer of the glucose molecule. Dextrose is listed on Wikipedia as d-glucose , which takes part in various metabolic processes, the most important of which are: strengthening redox reactions , improvement antitoxic liver functions .
Dextrose solution is partially capable of replenishing water deficiency. 10%, 20% and 40% hypertonic solutions increase osmotic pressure , improve metabolism and increase contractility of the heart muscle – myocardium , increase and exert vasodilating effect .
Dextrose begins to be absorbed already in the oral cavity and is sent directly to blood (glycemic index - 100). Entering the tissues, it is phosphorylated and converted into glucose-6-phosphate .
Dextrose is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of energy. If you ask the question: “What is Dextrose for the human body?”, then we can say that it is a super-fast and easily digestible carbohydrate. Distribution occurs throughout the body and is excreted by the kidneys. The calorie content of 1 liter of 5/10% solutions is 840 and 1680 kJ, respectively.
Indications for use
- hypoglycemia , including hypoglycemic coma ;
- deficiency in carbohydrate nutrition;
- toxic infection ;
- hypovolemia (decrease in V-circulating blood);
- (dehydration);
- hemorrhagic diathesis ;
- collapse ;
- shock ;
- (including for liver diseases: atrophy And liver dystrophy , and liver failure );
- for the preparation of solutions (blood replacement and anti-shock fluids).
Contraindications
The drug should not be prescribed in case of diseases or conditions such as:
- hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;
- hyperglycemia ;
- overhydration ;
- impaired glucose utilization in the postoperative period;
- cerebral edema or lungs ;
- or lactic acid coma .
Dextrose should be used with caution if decompensated heart failure , chronic , hyponatremia .
Side effects
Manifest in the form:
- tissue inflammation at the injection site;
- and/or, most often caused by disturbances during the preparation of the solution or during injection - subcutaneous administration of a large amount of liquid;
- hypervolemia (increase in V-circulating blood);
- hyperglycemia ;
- acute failure of the left ventricle of the heart.
Instructions for use of Dextrose (Method and dosage)
For intravenous drip use a 5 percent solution should be administered, the maximum permissible speed is 7 ml, respectively 150 drops per minute, that is, 400 milliliters per hour. Max. The daily dose for an adult is 2 liters. If the solution is 10 percent, then it must be administered at a rate of 3 ml = 60 drops per 1 minute, max. The daily dose for an adult is 1 liter.
For intravenous jet application prepare a 10% solution in a volume of 10-50 ml.
For parenteral administration to adults with normal metabolism, the permissible daily dose should not exceed 4-6 g per kilogram, on average it is 250-450 g per day. With a slow metabolism, the dose is reduced to 200-300 g, and the volume of the administered solution should be 30-40 ml per kg. Recommended rate of administration for adults: normal metabolism - 0.25-0.5 grams per 1 kg per 1 hour, metabolism with reduced intensity - no more than 0.125-0.25 grams per 1 kg per 1 hour.
Parenteral nutrition for children , together with amino acids and fats, on the first day involves the use of Dextrose at a dose of 6 g per 1 kg, in subsequent days - up to 15 g per 1 kg. Calculation of the dose for the administration of 5% or 10% solutions should be made taking into account the permissible volume of injected liquid:
- if the child’s weight is from 2 to 10 kg, then a volume of 100-165 ml per 1 kg per day is administered;
- child weight from 10 to 40 kg: 45-100 ml per 1 kg per day with an administration rate of no more than 0.75 g per 1 kg per hour.
Overdose
Appears as hyperglycemia , glucosuria , violations water-electrolyte balance . For treatment, administration is prescribed
Dextrose is a simple sugar often called glucose. In order for the body to use carbohydrates as a source of energy, most of them are converted into glucose or other similar sugars. Dextrose is an essential nutrient for the body because the central nervous system runs exclusively on it. Dextrose is quickly absorbed, serves as a valuable source of energy and accelerates the body's recovery after physical activity.
Where does dextrose come from?
Dextrose is widely distributed in nature. Plants produce it during photosynthesis, and in animals it is formed by breaking down more complex carbohydrates. Synthetic glucose is also relatively easy to obtain from starches in grains such as wheat, corn and rice.Benefits of Dextrose
The main benefit of dextrose is that it is absorbed very quickly and stimulates the release of insulin. Fast absorption provides a quick supply of energy, which is important for bodybuilders and athletes.Effect of Dextrose on Endurance
Taking dextrose or other similar sugars before and during exercise keeps muscle glycogen levels high. This increases the amount of energy available and delays fatigue. A scientific study found that subjects who received a glucose solution had higher blood sugar levels and significantly increased endurance compared to individuals who received only water ( Campbelletal, 2008). Experimental comparisons of different sugars have shown that glucose is superior to some other sugars, such as ribose ( Dunneetal, 2006).Effect of Dextrose on Recovery
Prolonged periods of intense exercise deplete muscle glycogen stores. If you take simple sugars such as dextrose after exercise, Glycogen loss is restored 237% faster, than without the intake of sugars. This effect is enhanced when sugars are combined with proteins ( Zawadzkietal, 1992). This means that protein shakes containing simple sugars are great for promoting recovery.Effect of Dextrose on Creatine Absorption
Creatine has been proven to effectively increase muscle mass and strength. Dextrose improves the uptake of creatine into muscle cells and increases its effectiveness by stimulating insulin release ( Greenwoodtal, 2003). Simply put, creatine works best when taken along with dextrose.Safety and side effects of dextrose
Dextrose itself has no side effects. It is completely non-toxic and is an important component of nutrition, it is necessary for the body and is suitable for all people. However, overuse can cause some problems. Taking too much dextrose increases your risk of obesity, diabetes and heart disease, and can cause digestive problems in some athletes. However, as discussed above, strategically planned intake of dextrose and other sugars has a beneficial effect on performance. The main rule here is moderation.One of the disadvantages of dextrose is that it cannot provide the body with energy for a long time due to too rapid absorption. To overcome this deficiency, a constant supply of dextrose to the body is necessary. Alternatively, more complex carbohydrate sources, such as waxy corn starch, may serve.
For most people, the recommended carbohydrate intake is 50-60% of the total calories. Dextrose should be included in the diet, but it should not be the main source of carbohydrates. Before sports activities it is recommended to take 1 g carbohydrates per 1 kg body weight, and during training 0.17 g/kg. Again, dextrose may be part of this amount. 18 g dextrose effectively increases the absorption of creatine ( Greenwoodtal, 2003).
