All week during the harvest. Features of harvesting different crops

Only the gardeners themselves know how much effort and labor is invested in an ordinary summer cottage. It always becomes a shame if the result of so many labors - a rich harvest - is covered with mold during storage or pests spoil it.

That is why for a long time mankind has been inventing ways to store vegetables and fruits. But in order for the vegetables to retain their freshness all winter, they still need to be harvested and processed for storage.

Vegetables from the site should be harvested when they are ready for this. This moment is called removable ripeness, and it is different for different vegetables.

It is important to harvest just in time, because if you do it too early, the number of vegetables harvested will be less, and if you do it too late, the quality of the product will deteriorate, and part of the crop may die.

Depending on when and how many times you can harvest, these or other vegetable crops are divided into groups: single-harvest, multi-harvest and with 2-4 harvests.

One and the same species, depending on the variety, can be multi- and single-collection, for example, peas. But still, it is possible to conditionally distinguish three groups according to the number of harvests.

Single-harvest crops include garlic, onions, late cabbage, green crops and root vegetables.

In 2-4 stages, the collection of early ripe white cabbage, head lettuce is carried out.

Multi-harvest crops include tomato, pepper, cucumber, eggplant, zucchini, peas, radish, perennial vegetables.

harvest time

Harvest time for all vegetable crops is different.

Root vegetables (beets, carrots, turnips, radishes, radishes, daikon) are removed from the garden when it becomes cold in the storage place. Most often it is mid-October. Root crops are wiped off the ground and transported to storage.

Potatoes are harvested in sunny weather. Seed tubers turn green within 3 days. The usual time for picking potatoes is September. If the harvest is delayed, in rainy weather the tubers begin to rot right in the ground.

Pumpkins, zucchini, squash can be in the garden until the last moment, until frost is noted on their foliage. If the fruits have a hard, hard skin, they can be stored in storage in early September.

White cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi can lie in the garden until the first snow, that is, the whole of October. However, do not wait for severe frosts. A temperature of -10 C can damage the vegetable.

Tomatoes in the open field are harvested until September, and in the greenhouse they can ripen until October.

Corn ripens until October, it is not afraid of small frosts. But if the cobs have reached milky-wax ripeness earlier, they can be used for food.

Features of harvesting different crops

cucumbers

The more often we collect cucumbers, the better they are. They can be harvested every 3 (at the beginning of fruiting), and then every 2 days. You need to remove all the fruits, even if they are overgrown, damaged or simply ugly.

If you leave 2-3 cucumbers on the plant, the formation of female flowers on it will slow down or stop.

This is because all the nutrients on this plant are redistributed to form seeds in large fruits. During harvesting, it is important to try not to damage the lashes and leaves, otherwise diseases appear on the cucumber and its productivity decreases.

It is not at all necessary to grow cucumber seeds in the garden. It is a cross-pollinating plant and, therefore, the pollination of the flowers is due to the bees.

To get good seeds, it is necessary to isolate the plants 500 meters from each other. Usually, several varieties of cucumbers are grown in one area, which means that they are pollinated.

As a result, hybrid seeds are obtained, from which plants with low-quality fruits grow.

Potato

• Snow White,
• Kharkov winter,
• Amager 611,
• Violanta,
• Lika,
• Ukrainian autumn,
• Yaroslavna.

They are resistant to diseases, have dense heads of cabbage that can be stored all winter. If you plan to store cabbage for only 2-3 months, you can plant varieties Stolichnaya, Yelenovskaya.

Cabbage for storage is selected at the end of October. Heads of cabbage should be dense, firm, without areas affected by pests and diseases.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the adjacent green leaves - there should be 4-6 of them and they should fit tightly around the head of cabbage.

Before laying the cabbage for storage, it must be dried, as this helps to increase the resistance of the head of cabbage to diseases.

red cabbage

In summer, red cabbage is harvested in several stages, as it ripens. And for winter storage, heads of cabbage are harvested in one go, in late autumn.

In this case, the mass of a head of cabbage should be more than 0.6 kilograms, and heads of 2-3 kilograms are suitable for long-term storage.

When harvesting, pay attention to the density of heads of cabbage, their formation.

Clean the cabbage from tight-fitting leaves, leaving 2-3 cover sheets. Integumentary leaves should be clean, without signs of disease.

Also leave a stalk up to 2 centimeters long.

Cauliflower

Cauliflower is harvested in several stages, as it ripens.

Heads are cut with a few adjacent leaves. The upper ends are cut at the level of the inflorescence.

This is done so that the inflorescences are protected from mechanical damage or contamination.

Kohlrabi

Kohlrabi is harvested in several stages, choosing one whose diameter exceeds 5-8 centimeters.

The leaves are cut, but petioles 2 centimeters long can be left. The stump should be cut at the level of the fetus.

You should not wait for the kohlrabi to become even larger, as it can overripe and become tasteless, rough and stringy.

Garlic

After being collected from the garden, it must be dried. This should be done under a canopy or in a shaded place in the fresh air.

It is necessary to ensure that raindrops do not fall on the crop, otherwise the covering scales will crack, the teeth will lose their density and crumble. It usually takes 10-15 days to dry.

After that, the roots are cut off, as well as dry leaves, and the garlic is put away for storage. Garlic of non-shooting varieties can be woven into wreaths and braids and hung on the walls in the kitchen.

Bulb onions

To harvest onions, you need to wait for dry and sunny weather. The leaves of a ripe onion turn yellow and fall down.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the neck and scales - they must dry out. Onions are dug up with a shovel or pitchfork, cleaned of soil and laid out to dry, during which all useful substances pass from the leaves to the bulbs.

After the onion has dried, you can cut off the roots and leaves. Onions can be knitted into braids, in this case 4-5 leaves are left for a bunch.

Zucchini

You can clean as it matures, 1-2 times a week.

The length of mature fruits reaches 15-16 centimeters, and the diameter is 7-10 centimeters. The skin of ripe zucchini is tender, slightly sticky, the seeds are underdeveloped.

If you overexpose the zucchini in the garden, the peel will become hard, and the pulp will be unsuitable for consumption.

Sick and overripe fruits must be plucked, this stimulates the development of female flowers.

During periodic harvesting, it is necessary to carefully handle the leaves and fruits, trying not to damage their delicate skin.

Store zucchini in a cool place in a film. Sometimes the fruits are suitable for consumption until January and even until spring.

Tomatoes (tomatoes)

Harvest as they mature. If the fruits are red, they can be eaten immediately.

But green fruits are also removed from the branches for ripening at room temperature. A green tomato should not be dull - such fruits are considered unripe and are left to develop on a branch.

In the process of ripening, they turn red and become suitable for eating.

Unripe tomatoes are laid out in boxes in well-ventilated areas. They are regularly checked, substandard and rotten are removed.

Before the onset of frost, it is necessary to remove all the fruits from the branches.

In order for the tomatoes to turn red faster, it is necessary to put 2-3 red tomatoes in each box with green fruits. Then the process will go faster.

Bell pepper

Harvest as it ripens selectively. Green, yellow and red fruits are removed along with the stalk, and before frost, all the fruits are harvested.

It is important not to damage the stalk, because without it, the pepper quickly loses its freshness and various diseases affect it.

The fruits after harvesting should not be dried, they are immediately packed in linen bags.

Dried peppers do not store well, so it is important to prevent them from drying out.

Have a great harvest! Write in the comments how you harvest your crops!

The moment of harvesting very much depends on the variety of carrots and the time of planting.

If the carrot is sown in the winter or early spring period, then it is used only for bundle products for immediate consumption or short-term storage (up to two weeks). These root crops cannot be used for harvesting for the winter.

When should carrots be harvested for bunch products? Since the end of May you can go to the beds and check the underground part of the plants. To do this, the seedlings of carrots are pulled out by the tops or dug with a shovel. If there are root crops with a diameter of more than 1 cm in the upper part, then you can make the first sample.

Root crops are bundled and used for sale or further consumption, which is why these carrots are called "beam products". During the month, another 3-4 samples are taken. In the last - all plants are removed and the site is prepared for the next crop.

Signs for harvesting carrots for storage

It is undesirable to use carrots intended for storage for bunch products, thinning out in the summer. If this is done, the soil is strongly compacted and the yield can be reduced by 50%. In addition, a pest - a carrot fly - easily penetrates into the holes formed from thinning. She can lay her eggs on carrot plants, which will lead to severe damage to the root crops and a complete loss of the crop.

When is the best time to harvest carrots sown in late spring? The optimal harvesting time is from August 25 to September 25. At least 80 days must pass from the moment of germination, but the later the harvest, the better it will be preserved.

During this period, it is necessary to monitor the weather and its forecasts: the temperature at night and possible precipitation are important. At temperatures up to + 7 ... + 8 degrees, there is an intensive accumulation of nutrients and their outflow into root crops. Due to this, up to 50% of the crop can be added in the last three weeks before harvesting. Therefore, when the temperature drops below +5 ... +6, you must be ready to start cleaning. Carrot root crops can tolerate frosts down to -3 degrees, but it is better to collect them before the onset of frost.

During the harvesting of carrots, most of the diseases are transmitted to root crops through the tops, which then manifest themselves during storage. It is recommended to immediately treat the tops with a 3% solution of copper sulphate. This will increase the outflow of nutrients into the root crops and destroy possible diseases on the tops. The tops will gradually turn yellow. 5 days after processing, you must immediately start harvesting carrots.

One month before determining when to harvest, pesticides and agrochemicals must be stopped. This will give time to decompose most of the harmful substances that have been used to fight diseases and pests, and the roots will be suitable for use as food.

Features of harvesting carrots

After it has been established when to harvest the carrots, they proceed directly to digging it up. It is recommended to dig beds in the garden plot only with a shovel. Damage from it on carrots is flat, so they can be easily cut with a knife and further used for food. When piercing the root crops with a pitchfork, the holes have to be either cut off with most of the carrots, which leads to significant yield losses, or thrown away completely as unusable due to severe damage.

We hope that the above tips on when it is better to harvest carrots and store them properly will help you enjoy this wonderful vegetable both in winter and summer. We are waiting for comments.

Since the beginning of the harvest, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has been closely monitoring the order in the farms. And now he is reporting on the results: dozens of drunken workers, stolen tons of grain and hundreds of liters of fuel. The press service of the department gives examples from each area.

in the Brest region during the raids, about 70 facts of unauthorized absence of watchmen at work were revealed, and more than 40 were brought to justice for being on duty while intoxicated.

In the agro-town of Lyubishchitsy (Ivatsevichy district), a warehouse guard was detained for stealing 480 kg of grain; he's already fired.

In the house of a driver from the agricultural town of Luka, they found 470 liters of dyed diesel fuel (a special dye is added to make it easier to "calculate" stolen goods), 280 liters of gasoline, 55 liters of engine oil and 70 kg of oats.

A watchman from Vysokoe (Kamenetsky district) was transporting 250 liters of colored diesel fuel in a car. Another 120 liters of stolen goods were confiscated from a machine operator from the Slonim village.

In the Gomel region only for a week - 9 facts of theft of fuel and 6 cases of theft of grain. The total weight of the stolen goods amounted to more than one and a half tons. Eight more attempted thefts of straw were foiled.

“Near the village of Dobrogoshcha, Zhlobin district, the head of the local farm in a Mercedes transported 1,350 kg of grain without accompanying documents. The owner said that the harvest was harvested on his lands and was planned for sale. However, the farmer could not explain the lack of invoices,” writes the Ministry of Internal Affairs. As a result, the grain was seized, and the tax authorities started an administrative process.

An employee of a vegetable factory was transporting 200 kg of grain and 10 liters of fuel on the Niva, his car was stopped in the village of Ivakovschina, Mozyr district. There were no documents for the goods.

“But a real boom in theft happened in the Kormyansky district. The militiamen received information that local residents were slowly pulling straw from the field of the Bogdanovichi CUE. Moreover, the management of the agricultural enterprise did not give anyone an extract for receiving rolls. The raid police group carried out a door-to-door detour. The result is six carriers and 31 rolls of stolen state property," the ministry said.

In the Chechersk region, 6.5 tons of spoiled grain was found by the police not far from Rovkovichi-Agro. It turned out that before that, wheat and oats were left without shelter from the rain - and the grain partially became unusable. According to the warehouse manager, she gave such an instruction at her own discretion in order to avoid, among other things, liability.

A resident of the village of Maleiki was suspected of stealing and reselling fuel - he worked as a driver for the export of grain to Braginsky OJSC. Barrels and canisters with 625 liters of diesel (including 505 liters of painted diesel) were found in the villager's garage and shed.

At night, a minibus led by a resident of the village of Kholmech was stopped near the village of Palace (Rechitsa district). The man was traveling without documents and could not explain the purpose of the trip. They found sacks of grain in the car, and later at home another 54 sacks of wheat and 50 sacks of barley. Total weight of 5 tons. As well as 100 liters of diesel, intended for the needs of agricultural organizations.

Only in Postavy region Vitebsk region since the beginning of the harvest, 11 facts of the absence of guards on site and 7 more cases of their being at work in a drunken state have been recorded.

Drunk also detained a machine operator at JSC "Kamaisky-Agro" and a tractor driver at JSC "Yanovitsa-Agro".

In the Lida region Grodno region the guy found 2.5 tons of diesel fuel belonging to the agricultural enterprise, where he worked as a machine operator. “Used for refueling personal tractors and cars. The issue of initiating a criminal case is being resolved, ”the Ministry of Internal Affairs summed up.

Policemen Mogilev region they told how they promptly correct problems in the farms at their direction: from the introduction of a token system for watchmen to the repair of the fence and the installation of video cameras.

“For example, in JSC Novogorodishchenskoe, Shklovsky district, the engine failed in a loader. For more than 80 days, the equipment was out of order and was restored by the manufacturer only after the intervention of police officers, ”law enforcement officers specify.

They say that due to control, the number of violations has significantly decreased.

But for staying at work drunk in the Minsk region about 200 people were punished. The first violator was caught as soon as the inspectors left the Moscow Ring Road - it was an employee of the grain drying complex of Shershuny-Agro OJSC.

In the Stolbtsovsky district, facts were noted when grain was spilled while being transported by trucks to a grain-receiving enterprise. Protocols were drawn up against five violators.

About 120 rolls of hay were found in a field owned by KSUE Podberezye in the Volozhinsky district. They were not removed in time and not sheltered from the rain. Another 30 bales lay there unharvested from last year. Check started.

At the personal farmstead of the machine operator of JSC "Golotsk" in the Pukhovichi district, they found hidden 7 rolls of hay, as well as 40 liters of fuel "saved" at work.

A high and high-quality harvest is the dream of any gardener and gardener who spends time, labor, material and money on growing crops for a whole season. How pleasant is the moment when the harvest meets or exceeds all expectations! Therefore, it is important to know the harvesting time, which is individual for each crop, because any deviation directly affects the quality of the fruit.

When to harvest potatoes?

Everyone's favorite and almost irreplaceable potato ... Timely and proper harvesting of such a garden crop determines the degree of its storage. With premature or late digging of root crops, their quality is noticeably reduced, which leads to significant yield losses. This is due to the presence of thin, characterized by poor development and high susceptibility to mechanical damage. In overripe potato tubers, resistance to diseases decreases and there is a deterioration in commercial and nutritional qualities.

Depend on many factors:

• varietal affiliation (soon, medium and late ripening);
• planting time: spring or summer;
• economic purpose (use in the current period or long-term storage).

Potato harvest time

Signs by which you can determine the ripening of potatoes under the right growing conditions:

• Theoretical knowledge of the characteristics of planted varieties and the timing of their harvesting.
• Yellowing of the tops and its natural death, after which, as a rule, growth stops and It is worth knowing that summer varieties of potatoes can be dug up even if the tops have not yet completely withered. To accelerate the ripening of early planting potatoes, green tops are recommended to be mowed beforehand (2-3 weeks), this will cause the formation of a rough crust on the root crops and the ingress of nutrients from the aerial part to the tubers. Mowed green mass must be burned, buried or removed from the site in order to avoid the development of diseases. It is important that by the beginning of harvesting the tops have a healthy appearance, have not been affected by late blight.
• Test dig. Tubers ready for harvest should exceed 3 cm in diameter and have a tight skin.

Features of preparing potatoes for storage

Harvested potatoes, harvested in a timely manner and with high quality, should be dried - this will cause coarsening of the skin. It has been proven in practice that post-harvest drying of potatoes reduces susceptibility to late blight by 9 times. When harvesting potatoes, the plot is plowed up about 2 hours before the collection of tubers, which are not recommended to be left in the furrow for a long time, otherwise this is fraught with skin burns. Potatoes dug out in wet weather must be dried (under a canopy, in storage or temporary piles using a ventilation system). Dried potatoes need to be sorted out, discarding diseased and damaged root crops that need to be used up first. Bookmarking in the cellar is required not immediately after cleaning, but after 15-20 days.

In industrial vegetable growing, a potato harvester is often used to facilitate harvesting. Modern agricultural technology has taken a big step forward - in the process of harvesting, they not only dig up potatoes, but also clean them, weed out small clods of earth. suitable for harvesting potatoes on light and medium dense soils; Potato harvesting occurs with minimal mechanical damage and simultaneous cleaning of tubers from contamination.

Collection of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers

• Tomatoes. Mass ripening of these vegetables occurs in August - early September, harvesting is carried out gradually, as the fruits ripen. When planning transportation or laying for long-term storage, the vegetable is plucked somewhat unripe. Healthy fruits (preferably of the same size and variety) that have not been exposed to low temperatures are laid for storage. It is required to lay tomatoes in shallow boxes, without stalks, in one or two layers.
• Cucumber. The collection of everyone's favorite vegetable with its massive ripening is required to be done daily (morning and evening), preventing the fruit from overgrowing. During harvesting, the quality of the fruit, the condition of the plant itself should be monitored, removing damaged ovaries and leaves.
• Pepper. For sweet pepper, growth is optimal in the southern regions; in the northern ones, cultivation in greenhouses or certain agricultural practices adapted to these regions are required. Pepper is a continuously fruiting plant, the fruits of which must be harvested as they ripen. Peppers should be cut off carefully, otherwise you can accidentally damage or pull out the stem.

When to harvest onions and squash?

Carrots and beets: harvesting

Harvesting of these root crops is carried out at the very last turn, before the onset of stable frosts. Approximately in the central regions - this is the second half of September, in the south - the second half of October. Be sure to harvest before the start of the rainy season, otherwise it will lead to cracking of the fruit.

If the autumn is too warm, it is also not recommended to keep beets in the garden for a long time, otherwise the fruits can become fibrous and even woody. External signs of beet maturity:

• the size of the root crops has reached the required value, which is indicated on the bag of seeds;
• yellowed and dried lower leaves.

Many gardeners harvest carrots after frost and even after snow falls, it is important to crush the tops of the plant to the ground before that. Carrots dug out from under the snow, according to observations, will have time to cool before being stored, which will significantly extend its time. In warm weather, it is not recommended to harvest carrots - the vegetable will be stored worse.

In order to facilitate the harvesting process, it is recommended to carefully dig up the vegetables, shake them off the ground when pulling them out. The tops need to be broken off or cut off, leaving a 2-centimeter stalk. beets, celery, turnips, radishes are recommended to be produced in small boxes mixed with a 3-centimeter layer of wet sand or peat. Before laying in storage in order to prevent diseases, root crops should be powdered with chalk or ash.

Cabbage: collection and storage

Late varieties of white cabbage should be removed from the beds before the onset of frost, approximately until mid-October. When cutting cabbage, it is recommended to leave long stumps and a few covering green leaves. It is recommended to store vegetables in cellars on wooden decks or in boxes in 2-3 layers, stacked with stumps up. You can also store cabbage in nets and bags that are hung from hooks or poles. This will provide good ventilation and prolong storage.

Grain harvest

Harvesting is carried out in the middle of wax ripeness (with a grain moisture content of 20-35%) by direct combining and separate methods, lasts no more than 10 days, otherwise grain losses from shedding are possible.

Spring wheat (its growing season is about 90 days) is harvested in early July in the southern regions, in August - the second half of September - in the eastern and northern regions. In the phase of wax ripeness, harvesting is carried out in a separate way, at full ripeness - by direct combining.

Harvesting is carried out in the phase of milky ripeness of the grain, the external sign of the onset of which is the formation of a drying edge on the outer layers of the wrapper. The grain is full, has a yellow color, its rows are tightly closed. When pressed with a fingernail, the shell bursts, a white milky liquid flows out of the grain. Corn is harvested gradually, in 2-3 doses, as it ripens.

Harvesting is the final phase of growing any crop. But at the same time, this is the most time-consuming part of the cultivation process. Therefore, the technical equipment of agricultural companies and coherence in work in general are very important. A significant role in this is played by timely preparation for the final phase of cultivation.

How to determine the optimal time?

To prevent losses during the harvesting process, it is important to choose the right harvesting period. In this matter, it is equally harmful both to hurry and to be late. Mowing early will result in shriveled grains, resulting in the least amount of harvest. Late cleaning is fraught with huge losses. During the overstay, the bread is bowed, the ears are showered from wind and precipitation. If the weather is warm and damp, the grain is depleted due to a decrease in dry matter.

To establish the harvest time, check the ripeness phase of the crops. For this purpose, a large ear is bent, the most voluminous grain from it is cut into two halves. In the absence of internal traces of chlorophyll, the grain is considered to have reached waxy ripeness. The straw at this time has a yellow color. At this time, water does not penetrate into the grain, all internal processes are associated with biochemical reactions and moisture consumption. Wax ripeness lasts 6-10 days, the grain loses moisture, the level of which drops from 40 to 21%. In the phase of full ripeness, the humidity is at the level of 17-15%, the ear has a straw-yellow color.

Harvesting methods

Today, agricultural specialists use:

• direct combining (single-phase method);
• separate (two-phase method);
• three-phase method (used infrequently).

The first two types are used as complementary to each other. For successful harvesting, it is important to skillfully combine all possible types of this activity.

The priority variety depends on weather conditions, the condition of plants, varietal characteristics, and the availability of equipment.

single phase variety

Direct combining involves mowing, threshing plants and separating grain from straw. This method is used when the cereals have reached full maturity, have not fallen, there are no weeds or the stem is characterized by rarity and low growth. Harvesting takes place as quickly as possible so as not to lose grain. Most of the sown areas are harvested in this way.

The main requirement is high quality cleaning. It is achieved by various devices on combines, by setting up and sealing equipment.

Upright plants are harvested so that the reel divides the stems above 2/3 of the height of the ear. At the same time, the reel rotates in accordance with the speed of the combine, while the tine speed is 1.5 times higher than that of the machine. Ears are cut at a height of 15-20 cm. On plants of significant growth, the height can reach 30 cm. Thus, grain losses are insignificant.

Stems short in length are mowed at a low height. At the same time, the speed of the combine is practically equal to the throughput of the thresher. When working in a full capture, it is possible to achieve a minimum loss of grain.

If the bread is heavily lodging, they are removed, heading in the direction of lodging. Twisted and grassy areas are treated in a circular motion or in a two-phase method.

In order to optimize the work of collecting grain, in the morning (from 9 am to 11 am) and in the evening after 5 pm, non-laid ears are collected. The rest of the time, areas with moderate stem lodging are cultivated.

Tuning and adjustment of machines is performed twice a day - in the morning and in the evening.

Two phase view

The separate method is divided into cleaning in a separate way and two-phase. During separate harvesting, the ears are mowed, after 3-4 days the windrows are collected and threshed. The two-phase harvesting method means that the loaves are picked up and threshed on the same day they were cut.

This kind of harvesting is useful in such cases:

• dry weather conditions;
• the end of the grain wax phase has come;
• the stem has a density of 350 plants per sq. meter;
• the height of the ears is above 70 cm;
• the yield level is 15 q/ha.

Mow at the level of 18-25 cm, the thickness of the roll should not exceed 25 cm. The mowing period lasts 3-5 days.

The greatest return can be obtained when mowing in the morning and evening.

Cleaning, consisting of two phases, can be carried out under other conditions. It is used in adverse weather, when the volume of lodged and clogged grain is high. Its main condition is that the windrows must be picked up and threshed on the same day. Mowing is carried out with the help of harvesters for high, raw and laid bread.

Management of work on the collection of grain

Harvesting requires a well-thought-out organization. Agronomists must have information about the process of ripening bread, the level of its yield and the state of readiness for harvest.

Preparatory work includes:

• in improving the quality of access roads to the fields;
• in the division of areas into paddocks;
• in laying cross paths.

Comprehensive Harvesting Squads include:

• specialists who evaluate and control the collection process;
• combine-transport links that collect and transport the crop;
• a service that refines the collected grain - it accepts, stores, cleans, dries and puts it in storage;
• straw removal service;
• technical component involved in the repair of machines;
• service for the delivery of food to workers.

The team is led by the chief agronomist.

The straw collection process starts 3 days after the grain harvest. It is important not to delay this type of work, as the straw will interfere with the next work.

Harvest speed depends on the technical condition of the machines. The latest machines harvest the areas with the highest yields. Every machine needs good sealing. Firefighters on duty are required in the fields, and bayonet shovels, felt mats, fire extinguishers, metalwork tools, a first aid kit, and a thermos are required on harvesters.

On waterlogged soils, grain bins of combines are loaded by half, tire pressure is reduced by a quarter.

Preparation of vehicles for the transportation of grain

For the transportation of grain, various vehicles are used, having previously prepared the body. Preparatory work includes:

• platform compaction;
• increase in body size;
• equipping the body with a canopy.

Sealing is carried out by sealing the corners of the platforms and sides with belts made of rubberized material and fastening them with bolts.

The body is being built up to improve the carrying capacity and ensure the safety of the crop. Conditions for the transportation of grain require the full safety of the grain during transportation. Losses are unacceptable. Although in practice, even from well-sealed bodies, grain spills out through the top.

For fire safety, vehicles are equipped with fire extinguishers and spark arresters.

The efficient operation of the transport link affects the pace of harvesting, the reliability and quality of work. If possible, combine harvesters should be unloaded while moving. This greatly improves performance. The use of trailers greatly helps in working on vast territories.

Features of grain collection

Harvesting, the photo of which is presented in the article, may be different, depending on the crops. Plants are grown for food, as well as seeds and fodder.

In addition to the cultivation itself, this activity includes the harvesting of straw, chaff and grain waste.

Consider some of the crops, harvesting jobs and timing.

winter rye

It is harvested at the most appropriate time, when the fruits have entered the center of the wax period. Grain moisture in this case is 18-20%.

The single-phase method is used if the grain has reached its highest maturity and a moisture level of 16-20%. When harvesting undecayed bread with long stems 130-150 cm high, a separate method is used. Rolls are harvested after 3-4 days.

In the rainy season, a separate technique is not used. It is used during a period of persistently dry weather in areas with contaminated plantings. At the same time, the mowed crop is placed in windrows and harvested using a pick-up and threshing. Threshing is not postponed until complete drying and ripening, this can lead to large losses and damage to grains when it rains.

Wheat

The culture is harvested in a single-phase method, since it is characterized by simultaneous maturation. First, a seed crop is harvested that has reached full maturity and a moisture content of 16-18%. Then food grains are harvested at a planting moisture content of 20-22%.

The grains are dried under gentle conditions at a temperature level of 40-50 degrees for seed and 60-70 for food species. Above 70 degrees temperature is not applied, it lowers the level of quality of cereals.

When harvesting wheat, special attention is paid to the gap intervals on the threshing machines, and also to reduce the crushing of the grains.

oats

The plant is harvested when it has entered the phase of peak maturity and has reached the moisture content of seed plantings of 18-20%, commercial - 21-23%. Use the single phase method. You can start harvesting if 85-90% of the total grain volume is in full maturity. First, the seeds are collected. Short and non-lodging crops are harvested in the morning or evening, lodged - in the dry period. Crops of low growth and laid down are mowed at a level not higher than 10 cm.

Buckwheat

Buckwheat fruits have different terms of setting and ripening. Usually, harvesting begins if 75-85% of the fruits have turned brown. When harvesting, both direct and separate methods are used.

The single-phase method is suitable for non-weedy and non-lodging crops. If the buckwheat has died, the separate method is used as quickly as possible, without waiting for browning. When mowing, green crops quickly lose moisture, so they can be harvested the next day. The best threshing of windrows and their least damage is possible at a combine speed of no more than 3.5-5 km/h. Threshing takes 2-3 days.

Millet

The grain is harvested upon reaching wax maturity and moisture content of 20-25%. Direct combining is best, but separate combining is also possible. Millet contains a lot of moisture, which increases during threshing by 2-3%. Millet is harvested in the afternoon. Since the grain is very hot, it is immediately dried.

Machine preparation

Preparation for harvesting involves prompt repair and adjustment of grain harvesting equipment. Particular attention is paid to checking the tightness of combines. This is very important, since the safety of the harvested grain will depend on the tightness.

Difficult harvesting conditions require equipping harvesters with crop lifters. They should also have spare parts kits.

To ensure the sealing of equipment, industrial parts and all available improvised methods are used. It is allowed to use tarpaulin, rubber, foam rubber, rubberized tape and similar materials to ensure the sealing of the body. Polyurethane foam sealing is actively used.

High-quality cleaning also depends on the professionalism of combine operators.

So, we have considered the main nuances of harvesting in Russia.