All about mineral salts. mineral salts

The chemical composition of plant and animal cells is very similar, which indicates the unity of their origin. More than 80 chemical elements have been found in cells, but only 27 of them have a known physiological role.

All elements are divided into three groups:

macronutrients, the content of which in the cell is up to 10 - 3%. These are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, sodium and magnesium, which together make up over 99% of the mass of cells;
trace elements, the content of which ranges from 10 - 3% to 10 - 12%. These are manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, iodine, bromine, fluorine; they account for less than 1.0% of the mass of cells;
multimicroelements, making up less than 10 - 12%. These are gold, silver, uranium, selenium and others - in total less than 0.01% of the cell mass. The physiological role of most of these elements has not been established.

All of these elements are part of the inorganic and organic substances of living organisms or are contained in the form of ions.

Inorganic compounds of cells are represented by water and mineral salts.

The most common inorganic compound in the cells of living organisms is water. Its content in different cells ranges from 10% in tooth enamel to 85% in nerve cells and up to 97% in the cells of a developing embryo. The amount of water in cells depends on the nature of metabolic processes: the more intense they are, the higher the water content. On average, the body of multicellular organisms contains about 80% water. Such a high water content indicates an important role due to its chemical nature.

The dipole nature of the water molecule allows it to form an aqueous (solvate) shell around proteins, which prevents them from sticking together. This is bound water, which makes up 4 - 5% of its total content. The rest of the water (about 95%) is called free. Free water is a universal solvent for many organic and inorganic compounds. Most chemical reactions take place only in solutions. The penetration of substances into the cell and the removal of dissimilation products from it in most cases is possible only in dissolved form. Water is also directly involved in biochemical reactions occurring in the cell (hydrolysis reactions). The regulation of the thermal regime of cells is also associated with water, since it has good thermal conductivity and heat capacity.

Water is actively involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure in cells. The penetration of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into a solution of a substance is called osmosis, and the pressure with which the solvent (water) penetrates through the membrane is called osmotic pressure. The value of osmotic pressure increases with increasing concentration of the solution. The osmotic pressure of body fluids in humans and most mammals is equal to the pressure of 0.85% sodium chloride solution. Solutions with such an osmotic pressure are called isotonic, more concentrated solutions are called hypertonic, and less concentrated solutions are called hypotonic. The phenomenon of osmosis underlies the tension of plant cell walls (turgor).

In relation to water, all substances are divided into hydrophilic (water-soluble) - mineral salts, acids, alkalis, monosaccharides, proteins, etc. and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) - fats, polysaccharides, some salts and vitamins, etc. In addition to water, solvents can be fats and alcohols.

Mineral salts in certain concentrations are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. So, nitrogen and sulfur are part of proteins, phosphorus is part of DNA, RNA and ATP, magnesium is part of many enzymes and chlorophyll, iron is part of hemoglobin, zinc is part of the pancreatic hormone, iodine is part of thyroid hormones etc. Insoluble salts of calcium and phosphorus provide strength to bone tissue, sodium, potassium and calcium cations - irritability of cells. Calcium ions take part in blood coagulation.

Anions of weak acids and weak alkalis bind hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions, as a result of which a weakly alkaline reaction is maintained at a constant level in cells and interstitial fluid. This phenomenon is called buffering.

Organic compounds make up about 20 - 30% of the mass of living cells. These include biological polymers - proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides, as well as fats, hormones, pigments, ATP, etc.

Squirrels

Proteins make up 10 - 18% of the total cell mass (50 - 80% of the dry mass). The molecular weight of proteins ranges from tens of thousands to many millions of units. Proteins are biopolymers whose monomers are amino acids. All proteins of living organisms are built from 20 amino acids. Despite this, the diversity of protein molecules is enormous. They differ in size, structure and functions, which are determined by the number and order of amino acids. In addition to simple proteins (albumins, globulins, histones), there are also complex ones, which are compounds of proteins with carbohydrates (glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins) and nucleic acids (nucleoproteins).

Each amino acid consists of a hydrocarbon radical linked to an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) and a basic amino group (-NH2). Amino acids differ from each other only by radicals. Amino acids are amphoteric compounds that have properties of both acids and bases. This phenomenon makes it possible for acids to form long chains. In this case, strong covalent (peptide) bonds are established between the acidic carbon and the nitrogen of the main groups (-CO-NH-) with the release of a water molecule. Compounds consisting of two amino acid residues are called dipeptides, three - tripeptides, many - polypeptides.

The proteins of living organisms consist of hundreds and thousands of amino acids, that is, they are macromolecules. Various properties and functions of protein molecules are determined by the sequence of amino acids that are encoded in DNA. This sequence is called the primary structure of the protein molecule, which, in turn, determines the subsequent levels of spatial organization and the biological properties of proteins. The primary structure of a protein molecule is due to peptide bonds.

The secondary structure of a protein molecule is achieved by its spiralization due to the establishment of hydrogen bonds between the atoms of adjacent turns of the helix. They are weaker than covalent, but, repeated many times, create a fairly strong connection. Functioning in the form of a twisted spiral is characteristic of some fibrillar proteins (collagen, fibrinogen, myosin, actin, etc.).

Many protein molecules become functionally active only after acquiring a globular (tertiary) structure. It is formed by repeatedly folding the spiral into a three-dimensional formation - a globule. This structure is crosslinked, as a rule, by even weaker disulfide bonds. Most proteins (albumins, globulins, etc.) have a globular structure.

To perform some functions, the participation of proteins with a higher level of organization is required, in which several globular protein molecules combine into a single system - a quaternary structure (chemical bonds may be different). For example, a hemoglobin molecule consists of four different globules and a heme group containing an iron ion.

The loss of a protein molecule of its structural organization is called denaturation. It can be caused by various chemical (acids, alkalis, alcohol, salts of heavy metals, etc.) and physical (high temperature and pressure, ionizing radiation, etc.) factors. First, a very weak - Quaternary, then tertiary, secondary, and under more severe conditions, the primary structure is destroyed. If the primary structure is not affected by the denaturing factor, then when the protein molecules return to normal environmental conditions, their structure is completely restored, i.e., renaturation occurs. This property of protein molecules is widely used in medicine for the preparation of vaccines and sera and in the food industry for the production of food concentrates. With irreversible denaturation (destruction of the primary structure), proteins lose their properties.

Proteins perform the following functions: building, catalytic, transport, motor, protective, signaling, regulatory and energy.

As a building material, proteins are part of all cell membranes, hyaloplasm, organelles, nuclear juice, chromosomes and nucleoli.

The catalytic (enzymatic) function is performed by enzyme proteins, which accelerate the course of biochemical reactions in cells by tens and hundreds of thousands of times at normal pressure and a temperature of about 37 ° C. Each enzyme can catalyze only one reaction, i.e., the action of enzymes is strictly specific. The specificity of enzymes is due to the presence of one or more active centers in which there is close contact between the molecules of the enzyme and a specific substance (substrate). Some enzymes are used in medical practice and the food industry.

The transport function of proteins is the transport of substances, such as oxygen (hemoglobin) and some biologically active substances (hormones).

The motor function of proteins is that all types of motor reactions of cells and organisms are provided by special contractile proteins - actin and myosin. They are found in all muscles, cilia and flagella. Their threads are able to contract using the energy of ATP.

The protective function of proteins is associated with the production of special protein substances by leukocytes - antibodies in response to the penetration of foreign proteins or microorganisms into the body. Antibodies bind, neutralize and destroy compounds that are not characteristic of the body. An example of the protective function of proteins is the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during blood clotting.

The signal (receptor) function is carried out by proteins due to the ability of their molecules to change their structure under the influence of many chemical and physical factors, as a result of which the cell or organism perceives these changes.

The regulatory function is carried out by hormones of a protein nature (for example, insulin).

The energy function of proteins lies in their ability to be a source of energy in the cell (as a rule, in the absence of others). With complete enzymatic cleavage of 1 g of protein, 17.6 kJ of energy is released.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential component of both animal and plant cells. In plant cells, their content reaches 90% of dry weight (in potato tubers), and in animals - 5% (in liver cells). The composition of carbohydrate molecules includes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and the number of hydrogen atoms in most cases is twice the number of oxygen atoms.

All carbohydrates are divided into mono-, di- and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides often contain five (pentoses) or six (hexoses) carbon atoms, the same amount of oxygen and twice as much hydrogen (for example, C6H12OH - glucose). Pentoses (ribose and deoxyribose) are part of nucleic acids and ATP. Hexoses (glucose and fructose) are constantly present in the cells of plant fruits, giving them a sweet taste. Glucose is found in the blood and serves as a source of energy for animal cells and tissues. Disaccharides combine two monosaccharides in one molecule. Dietary sugar (sucrose) consists of glucose and fructose molecules, milk sugar (lactose) includes glucose and galactose. All mono- and disaccharides are highly soluble in water and have a sweet taste. Polysaccharide molecules are formed as a result of the polymerization of monosaccharides. The monomer of polysaccharides - starch, glycogen, cellulose (fiber) is glucose. Polysaccharides are practically insoluble in water and do not have a sweet taste. The main polysaccharides - starch (in plant cells) and glycogen (in animal cells) are deposited in the form of inclusions and serve as reserve energy substances.

Carbohydrates are formed in green plants during photosynthesis and can be used later for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and other compounds.

Carbohydrates perform three main functions: building (structural), energy and storage. Cellulose forms the walls of plant cells; complex polysaccharide - chitin - the outer skeleton of arthropods. Carbohydrates in combination with proteins (glycoproteins) are part of bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Carbohydrates act as the main source of energy in the cell: when 1 g of carbohydrates are oxidized, 17.6 kJ of energy is released. Glycogen is stored in the muscles and liver cells as a reserve nutrient.

Lipids

Lipids (fats) and lipoids are essential components of all cells. Fats are esters of high molecular weight fatty acids and the trihydric alcohol glycerol, and lipoids are esters of fatty acids with other alcohols. These compounds are insoluble in water (hydrophobic). Lipids can form complex complexes with proteins (lipoproteins), carbohydrates (glycolipids), phosphoric acid residues (phospholipids), etc. The fat content in a cell ranges from 5 to 15% of the dry matter mass, and in the cells of the subcutaneous adipose tissue - up to 90%.

Fats perform building, energy, storage and protective functions. The bimolecular layer of lipids (mainly phospholipids) forms the basis of all biological cell membranes. Lipids are part of the sheaths of nerve fibers. Fats are a source of energy: with the complete breakdown of 1 g of fat, 38.9 kJ of energy is released. They serve as a source of water released during their oxidation. Fats are a reserve source of energy, accumulating in the adipose tissue of animals and in the fruits and seeds of plants. They protect organs from mechanical damage (for example, the kidneys are wrapped in a soft fatty “case”). Accumulating in the subcutaneous fatty tissue of some animals (whales, seals), fats perform a heat-insulating function.

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are of paramount biological importance and are complex high-molecular biopolymers, the monomers of which are nucleotides. They were first discovered in the nuclei of cells, hence their name.

There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA). DNA enters mainly into the chromatin of the nucleus, although a small amount of it is also contained in some organelles (mitochondria, plastids). RNA is found in the nucleoli, ribosomes, and in the cytoplasm of the cell.

The structure of the DNA molecule was first deciphered by J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953. It consists of two polynucleotide chains connected to each other. DNA monomers are nucleotides, which include: a five-carbon sugar - deoxyribose, a phosphoric acid residue and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides differ from one another only in their nitrogenous bases. The composition of DNA nucleotides includes the following nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Nucleotides are connected in a chain by the formation of covalent bonds between the deoxyribose of one and the phosphoric acid residue of the adjacent nucleotide. Both chains are combined into one molecule by hydrogen bonds that arise between the nitrogenous bases of different chains, and due to a certain spatial configuration, two bonds are established between adenine and thymine, and three between guanine and cytosine. As a result, the nucleotides of the two chains form pairs: A-T, G-C. The strict correspondence of nucleotides to each other in paired DNA chains is called complementary. This property underlies the replication (self-doubling) of the DNA molecule, i.e., the formation of a new molecule based on the original one.

replication

Replication occurs as follows. Under the action of a special enzyme (DNA polymerase), hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two chains are broken, and the corresponding DNA nucleotides (A-T, G-C) are attached to the released bonds according to the principle of complementarity. Consequently, the order of nucleotides in the "old" DNA strand determines the order of nucleotides in the "new", i.e., the "old" DNA strand is a template for the synthesis of the "new". Such reactions are called matrix synthesis reactions, they are characteristic only for living things. DNA molecules can contain from 200 to 2 x 108 nucleotides. A huge variety of DNA molecules is achieved by their different sizes and different nucleotide sequences.

The role of DNA in a cell is to store, reproduce and transmit genetic information. Thanks to matrix synthesis, the hereditary information of daughter cells exactly matches the mother's.

RNA

RNA, like DNA, is a polymer built from monomers - nucleotides. The structure of RNA nucleotides is similar to that of DNA, but there are the following differences: instead of deoxyribose, RNA nucleotides contain a five-carbon sugar - ribose, and instead of the nitrogenous base of thymine - uracil. The other three nitrogenous bases are the same: adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Compared to DNA, RNA contains fewer nucleotides and, therefore, its molecular weight is smaller.

Double- and single-stranded RNAs are known. Double-stranded RNA is contained in some viruses, performing (like DNA) the role of the keeper and transmitter of hereditary information. In the cells of other organisms, single-stranded RNAs are found, which are copies of the corresponding sections of DNA.

There are three types of RNA in cells: messenger, transport, and ribosomal.

Messenger RNA (i-RNA) consists of 300-30,000 nucleotides and makes up approximately 5% of all RNA contained in the cell. It is a copy of a specific piece of DNA (gene). i-RNA molecules act as carriers of genetic information from DNA to the site of protein synthesis (into ribosomes) and are directly involved in the assembly of its molecules.

Transfer RNA (t-RNA) makes up to 10% of all cell RNA and consists of 75-85 nucleotides. tRNA molecules transport amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

The main part of the cytoplasmic RNA (about 85%) is ribosomal RNA (r-RNA). It is part of the ribosome. rRNA molecules include 3 - 5 thousand nucleotides. It is believed that r-RNA provides a certain spatial relationship between i-RNA and t-RNA.

Mineral salts are simply an indispensable element for the life and health of every person. These substances are found in the usual form of simple compounds in nature. Some of them - complex salts - have a complex structure and are widely used in industry. Simple compounds are the constituent components of all organs and tissues and occupy five percent of the total body weight. The most important for humans are the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, iodine and fluorine. They are excreted along with other products, so a person needs to constantly take care of the proper level of salts in the body. Usually, with proper and rational nutrition, the question of a lack of salt does not arise - the natural products that we consume contain sufficient nutrients necessary for the body.

If a person eats monotonously, then mineral salts from a certain product will not satisfy all the variety that is needed. As a result, the mechanism of salt absorption and excretion will be disrupted, which will lead to the disease. For example, if young children do not have enough calcium, then they are threatened with rickets, and in adults, teeth can collapse, hair fall out, and bones become brittle. Iron deficiency will affect the composition of the blood and provoke the so-called anemia (iron deficiency anemia).

The natural properties of calcium, magnesium and sodium salts contribute to the coordinated work of the digestive organs, due to which a person's metabolism is normalized, metabolism and energy exchange are accelerated. An individual's need for calcium is quite significant - it takes about one gram per day to fully participate in all processes. You can replenish calcium salts through products such as cottage cheese, cheese, milk, kefir, egg yolk, spinach, lettuce, cauliflower. From this set, calcium from dairy products is most easily absorbed, so they should not be neglected.

Phosphorus is indispensable for the normalization of the nervous system. Its salts are contained in the liver, eggs, brains, rye bread, cheeses. For a day it is necessary to give the body two and a half grams of phosphorus. Given that it is best released from plant products, then this element must be obtained from there.

Ordinary salt is also priceless for the body. A person needs about fifteen grams per day - use it with food, but take into account the fact that this element is also in some products. If a person eats products of animal origin, then they can be salted quite a bit, because salt is contained in the food consumed. However, many people like to over-season their dishes to improve the taste, which leads to an excess of it in the body. This can provoke certain disorders, because salt retains water, which means that swelling and complications to the kidneys, liver, and heart may occur. The pressure rises, the nervous system works worse.

For their miraculous properties, mineral salts have received well-deserved recognition in cosmetology. During skin rejuvenation procedures, the manufacture of face masks, salts are used very widely. They smooth out wrinkles, iron enriches the skin with oxygen, potassium creates an optimum between skin cells, retains moisture, copper is a kind of antiseptic - it prevents the growth of bacteria, manganese at the cellular level is involved in the process of respiration, energy exchange, microcirculation of substances.

Mineral salts are sold in pharmacies, you can take baths with them, do feet, face masks, wash your hair, strengthen your nails.

In addition to carbohydrates, fats and proteins, a healthy diet must necessarily contain such mineral salts as calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium and others. These salts are actively absorbed from the upper layers of the atmosphere and soil by plants and only then enter the body through plant food to humans and animals.

For the proper functioning of the human body, 60 chemical elements are used. Of these, only 22 elements are considered basic. They account for about 4% of the total weight of the human body.

Those minerals that are needed for our life can be divided into microelements and macroelements. Macronutrients include:

Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium
Iron
Phosphorus

All these mineral salts are present in large quantities in the human body.

Micronutrients include:

Manganese
Cobalt
Nickel

Their number is slightly less, but, nevertheless, the role of these mineral salts does not decrease.

In general, mineral salts maintain the necessary acid-base balance in the body and the functioning of the endocrine system, normalize water-salt metabolism, normalize the work of the cardiovascular, digestive and nervous systems. Also, they take an active part in the metabolism, coagulation and blood formation. Mineral salts are participants in intercellular and biochemical processes within a person.

We hope that from this article you have learned what is the importance of mineral salts in the human body.

THE ROLE OF MINERAL SALTS IN THE BODY. In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates, a healthy diet should contain various mineral salts: calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium and others. These minerals are absorbed by plants from the upper layers of the soil and from the atmosphere, and then enter the body of humans and animals through plant foods.

Almost 60 chemical elements are used in the human body, but only 22 chemical elements are considered basic. They make up a total of 4% of a person's body weight.

All minerals that are present in the human body are conditionally divided into macroelements and microelements. Macronutrients: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur are present in large quantities in the human body. Trace elements: copper, manganese, zinc, fluorine, chromium, cobalt, nickel and others are required by the body in small amounts, but are very important. For example, the content of boron in human blood is minimal, but its presence is necessary for the normal exchange of important macronutrients: calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. The body will not benefit even from a huge amount of these three macronutrients without boron.

Mineral salts in the human body maintain the necessary acid-base balance, normalize water-salt metabolism, support the endocrine system, nervous, digestive, cardiovascular and other systems. Also, minerals are involved in hematopoiesis and blood clotting, in metabolism. They are necessary for building muscles, bones, internal organs. Mineral salts also play an important role in the water regime. Therefore, minerals in sufficient quantities must be constantly supplied with food, since a continuous exchange of mineral salts takes place in the human body.

Lack of minerals. The lack of macro and microelements leads to serious diseases. For example, a prolonged lack of salt can lead to nervous exhaustion and weakening of the heart. The lack of calcium salts leads to increased bone fragility, and rickets can develop in children. Iron deficiency causes anemia. With a lack of iodine - dementia, deafness, goiter, dwarf growth.

The main reasons for the lack of minerals in the body include:

1. Poor quality drinking water.

2. Monotonous food.

3. Region of residence.

4. Diseases leading to the loss of minerals (bleeding, ulcerative colitis).

5. Drugs that prevent the absorption of macro and microelements.

MINERALS IN PRODUCTS. The only way to supply the body with all the minerals it needs is through a balanced healthy diet and water. You need to regularly eat plant foods: grains, legumes, root crops, fruits, green vegetables - this is an important source of trace elements. As well as fish, poultry, red meat. Most of the mineral salts are not lost during cooking, but a significant amount passes into the broth.

In different products, the content of minerals is also different. For example, dairy products contain more than 20 minerals: iron, calcium, iodine, manganese, zinc, fluorine, etc. Meat products contain: copper, silver, zinc, titanium, etc. Marine products contain fluorine, iodine, nickel. Some foods selectively concentrate only certain minerals.

The ratio of various minerals entering the body is of great importance, since they can reduce the beneficial qualities of each other. For example, with an excess of phosphorus and magnesium, the absorption of calcium decreases. Therefore, their ratio should be 3:2:1 (phosphorus, calcium and magnesium).

DAILY RATE OF MINERALS. To maintain human health, daily norms for the consumption of minerals are officially established. For example, for an adult male, the daily norm of minerals is: calcium - 800 mg, phosphorus - 800 mg, magnesium - 350 mg, iron - 10 mg, zinc - 15 mg, iodine - 0.15 mg, selenium - 0.07 mg, potassium - from 1.6 to 2 g, copper - from 1.5 to 3 mg, manganese - from 2 to 5 mg, fluorine - from 1.5 to 4 mg, molybdenum - from 0.075 to 0.25 mg, chromium - from 0.05 to 0.2 mg. To obtain the daily norm of minerals, a varied diet and proper cooking are required.

It should also be borne in mind that for some reason an increased intake of minerals is required. For example, with heavy physical labor, during pregnancy and lactation, with various diseases, with a decrease in immunity.

mineral salts. MAGNESIUM

The role of magnesium in the body:

Magnesium in the body is necessary for the normal course of biological processes in the brain and muscles. Magnesium salts give special hardness to bones and teeth, normalize the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, stimulate bile secretion and intestinal activity. With a lack of magnesium, nervous tension is observed. In diseases: atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia, gallbladder, intestines, it is necessary to increase the amount of magnesium.

The daily intake of magnesium for a healthy adult is 500-600 mg.

Magnesium in foods:

Most magnesium - 100 mg (per 100 g of food) - in bran, oatmeal, millet, seaweed (kelp), prunes, apricots.

A lot of magnesium - 50-100 mg - in herring, mackerel, squid, eggs. In cereals: buckwheat, barley, peas. In greens: parsley, dill, lettuce.

Less than 50 mg of magnesium - in chickens, cheese, semolina. In meat, boiled sausage, milk, cottage cheese. In fish: horse mackerel, cod, hake. In white bread, pasta. In potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes. In apples, apricots, grapes. In carrots, beets, black currants, cherries, raisins.

mineral salts. CALCIUM:

The role of calcium in the body:

Calcium in the body contributes to better absorption of phosphorus and proteins. Calcium salts are part of the blood, affect blood clotting. Lack of calcium weakens the heart muscle. Salts of calcium and phosphorus are necessary for building teeth and bones of the skeleton and are the main elements of bone tissue. Calcium is best absorbed from milk and dairy products. The daily need for calcium will be satisfied by 100 g of cheese or 0.5 l of milk. Milk also enhances the absorption of calcium from other foods, so it should be included in any diet.

daily intake of calcium – 800-1000 mg.

Calcium in foods:

Most calcium - 100 mg (per 100 g of food) - in milk, cottage cheese, cheese, kefir. In green onions, parsley, beans.

A lot of calcium - 50-100 mg - in eggs, sour cream, buckwheat, oatmeal, peas, carrots. In fish: herring, horse mackerel, carp, caviar.

Less than 50 mg of calcium - in butter, 2nd grade bread, millet, pearl barley, pasta, semolina. In fish: pike perch, perch, cod, mackerel. In cabbage, beets, green peas, radishes, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes. In apricots, oranges, plums, grapes, cherries, strawberries, watermelons, apples and pears.

mineral salts. POTASSIUM:

The role of potassium in the body:

Potassium in the body promotes the digestion of fats and starch, is necessary for building muscles, for the liver, spleen, intestines, is useful for constipation, heart disease, skin inflammation, and hot flashes. Potassium removes water and sodium from the body. The lack of potassium salts reduces mental activity, makes muscles flabby.

Daily intake of potassium – 2-3g. The amount of potassium must be increased with hypertension, kidney disease, while taking diuretics, with diarrhea and vomiting.

Potassium in foods:

Most potassium is found in egg yolks, milk, potatoes, cabbage, peas. Lemons, cranberries, bran, nuts contain a lot of potassium.

mineral salts. PHOSPHORUS:

The role of phosphorus in the body:

Phosphorus salts are involved in metabolism, in the construction of bone tissue, hormones, and are necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system, heart, brain, liver and kidneys. From animal products, phosphorus is absorbed by 70%, from plant products - by 40%. The absorption of phosphorus is improved by soaking cereals before cooking.

daily phosphorus intake – 1600 mg. The amount of phosphorus must be increased in diseases of the bones and fractures, in tuberculosis, in diseases of the nervous system.

Phosphorus in products:

Most phosphorus is found in cheeses, beef liver, caviar, beans, oatmeal and pearl barley.

A lot of phosphorus - in chicken, fish, cottage cheese, peas, buckwheat and millet, in chocolate.

Less phosphorus – in beef, pork, boiled sausages, eggs, milk, sour cream, pasta, rice, semolina, potatoes and carrots.

mineral salts. IRON:

The role of iron in the body:

Iron in the body is necessary for the formation of blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin. The best sources of iron are: meat, chicken, liver. For better absorption of iron, citric and ascorbic acid, fruits, berries and juices from them are used. When meat and fish are added to grains and legumes, the absorption of iron from them improves. Strong tea interferes with the absorption of iron from foods. The absorption of iron salts is reduced in diseases of the intestines and stomach.

With a lack of iron, anemia (iron deficiency anemia) develops. Anemia develops with a lack of nutrition of animal proteins, vitamins and trace elements, with large blood loss, with diseases of the stomach (gastritis, enteritis), and worms. In such cases, it is necessary to increase the amount of iron in the diet.

Daily intake of iron – 15 mg for an adult.

Iron in foods:

Most iron (more than 4 mg) in 100g of food – in beef liver, kidneys, tongue, porcini mushrooms, buckwheat, beans, peas, blueberries, chocolate.

A lot of iron - in beef, lamb, rabbit, eggs, bread 1 and 2 grades, oatmeal and millet, nuts, apples, pears, persimmons, quince, figs, spinach.

mineral salts. SODIUM:

The role of sodium in the body:

Sodium is supplied to the body mainly by table salt (sodium chloride). Thanks to sodium in the body, lime and magnesium are retained in the blood and tissues, and iron captures oxygen from the air. With a lack of sodium salts, stagnation of blood in the capillaries occurs, the walls of the arteries harden, heart diseases develop, gall and urinary stones form, and the liver suffers.

With an increase in physical activity, the body's need for mineral salts, especially potassium and sodium, also increases. Their content in the diet should be increased by 20-25%.

Daily requirement for sodium:

For an adult, 2-6 g of salt per day is enough. Excessive salt content in food contributes to the development of diseases: atherosclerosis, hypertension, gout. Lack of salt leads to weight loss.

Sodium in foods:

Most sodium is in cheese, cheese, sausages, salted and smoked fish, sauerkraut.

mineral salts. CHLORINE:

The role of chlorine in the body:

Chlorine in products is found in large quantities in egg white, milk, whey, oysters, cabbage, parsley, celery, bananas, rye bread.

mineral salts. IODINE:

The role of iodine in the body:

Iodine in the body is present in the thyroid gland, regulates metabolism. With a lack of iodine in the body, immunity is weakened, thyroid disease develops. The disease develops with a lack of animal protein, vitamins A and C, and some trace elements. For the purpose of prevention, iodized table salt is used.

Daily intake of iodine – 0.1-0.2 mg. The amount of iodine must be increased with insufficient thyroid function, with atherosclerosis and obesity.

Iodine in products:

A lot of iodine - in seaweed (kelp), sea fish, seafood. Also, iodine is found in beets, tomatoes, turnips, lettuce.

Iodine is present in small amounts - in meat, freshwater fish and drinking water.

mineral salts. FLUORINE:

The role of fluorine in the body:

Fluoride in the body is found in bones and teeth. With a lack of fluorine, teeth rot, tooth enamel cracks, and the bones of the skeleton hurt.

Daily fluoride intake – 0.8-1.6 mg.

Fluorine in products:

Most fluorine is found in sea fish and seafood, in tea.

Fluorine is also found in cereals, nuts, peas and beans, egg whites, green vegetables and fruits.

mineral salts. SULFUR:

The role of sulfur in the body:

Sulfur is found in all tissues of the human body: in hair, nails, muscles, bile, urine. With a lack of sulfur, irritability, various tumors, and skin diseases appear.

The daily requirement of sulfur is 1 mg.

Sulfur in products:

Sulfur is found in large quantities in egg whites, cabbage, turnips, horseradish, bran, walnuts, wheat and rye.

mineral salts.SILICON:

Silicon in the human body is used to build hair, nails, skin, muscles and nerves. With a lack of silicon, hair falls out, nails break, and there is a risk of diabetes.

Silicon in products:

Silicon is found in large quantities in cereals, in the peel of fresh fruits. In small quantities: in beets, cucumbers, parsley, strawberries.

mineral salts.COPPER:

Copper in the human body is involved in hematopoiesis, it is recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus.

Norm of copper – 2 mg.

Copper is found in products - in beef and pork liver, in cod and halibut liver, in oysters.

mineral salts. ZINC:

Zinc in the human body normalizes the function of the endocrine system, is involved in hematopoiesis.

daily requirement for zinc – 12-16 mg.

Zinc in products:

Most of the zinc – in meat and offal, fish, oysters, eggs.

mineral salts. ALUMINUM:

The daily requirement for aluminum is 12-13 mg.

mineral salts.MANGANESE:

Manganese in the human body:

Manganese has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, is actively involved in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, prevents fat from being deposited in the liver, and lowers cholesterol. Manganese increases muscle endurance, participates in hematopoiesis, increases blood clotting, participates in the construction of bone tissue, and helps the absorption of vitamin B1.

The daily requirement for manganese is 5-9 mg per day.

Manganese in products:

The main sources of manganese are: chicken meat, beef liver, cheese, egg yolk, potatoes, beets, carrots, onions, beans, peas, lettuce, celery, bananas, tea (leaf), ginger, cloves.

Hazelnuts - 4.2 mg, oatmeal (hercules) - 3.8 mg, walnuts and almonds - about 2 mg, rye bread - 1.6 mg, buckwheat - 1.3 mg, rice - 1.2 mg.

It is recommended to include nutritious oatmeal in your diet more often in the morning - with it you will get almost half of the daily requirement of manganese. Manganese is not lost during cooking, but a significant part of it is lost during defrosting and soaking. To retain most of the manganese, frozen vegetables should be fried and boiled without thawing. Manganese is stored in vegetables boiled in their skins or steamed.

Lack of manganese in the body:

With a lack of manganese, the level of cholesterol in the blood rises, poor appetite, insomnia, nausea, muscle weakness, sometimes cramps in the legs (because the absorption of vitamin B1 is impaired), and bone tissue deforms.

mineral salts.CADMIUM- found in scallop mollusk.

mineral salts.NICKEL- participates in hematopoiesis.

mineral salts.COBALT, CESIUM, STRONTIUM and other trace elements are needed by the body in small quantities, but their role in metabolism is very large.

Mineral salts:ACID-ALKALINE BALANCE IN THE BODY:

Proper, healthy nutrition maintains the acid-base balance in the human body constantly. But sometimes changing the diet with a predominance of acidic or alkaline minerals can upset the acid-base balance. Most often, there is a predominance of acidic mineral salts, which is the cause of the development of atherosclerosis, diabetes, diseases of the kidneys, stomach, etc. If the alkali content in the body rises, then diseases arise: tetanus, narrowing of the stomach.

People of mature age in the diet need to increase the amount of alkaline foods.

Acid mineral salts : phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, contain such products: meat and fish, bread and cereals, eggs.

Alkaline mineral salts: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium contain such products: dairy products (except cheese), potatoes, vegetables, fruits, berries. And although vegetables and fruits taste sour, they are converted into alkaline minerals in the body.

How to restore acid-base balance?

* In the human body, there is a constant struggle between the mineral salts of potassium and sodium. The lack of potassium in the blood is manifested by edema. It is necessary to exclude salt from the diet, and replace it with foods rich in potassium salts: garlic, onion, horseradish, dill, celery, parsley, caraway seeds. In addition, use carrots, parsley, spinach, baked potatoes, cabbage, green peas, tomatoes, radishes, raisins, dried apricots, grapefruit, legumes, oatmeal, dried rye bread.

* Observe the drinking regimen: drink clean water; water with the addition of apple cider vinegar, lemon juice, honey; infusion of wild rose, raspberry leaves and blackcurrant.

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We all know that to maintain the health of our body, proteins, carbohydrates, fats and, of course, water are needed. Mineral salts are also an important component of food, playing the role of participants in metabolic processes, catalysts for biochemical reactions.

A significant part of the useful substances are chloride, carbonate, phosphate salts of sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium. In addition to them, compounds of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, cobalt and other elements are present in the body. Useful substances in the aquatic environment dissolve and exist in the form of ions.

Types of mineral salts

Salts can decompose into positive and negative ions. The former are called cations (charged particles of various metals), the latter are called anions. Negatively charged ions of phosphoric acid form a phosphate buffer system, the main significance of which is to regulate the pH of urine and interstitial fluid. Anions of carbonic acid form a bicarbonate buffer system, which is responsible for the activity of the lungs and maintains the pH of the blood plasma at the desired level. Thus, mineral salts, the composition of which is represented by various ions, have their own unique significance. For example, they participate in the synthesis of phospholipids, nucleotides, hemoglobin, ATP, chlorophyll, and so on.

The group of macronutrients includes sodium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and chlorine ions. These elements must be eaten in sufficient quantities. What is the importance of mineral salts of the macronutrient group? We'll figure out.

Salts of sodium and chlorine

One of the most common compounds that a person consumes every day is table salt. The substance is composed of sodium and chlorine. The first regulates the amount of fluid in the body, and the second, combining with a hydrogen ion, forms hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Sodium affects the growth of the body and the functioning of the heart. Lack of the element can lead to apathy and weakness, can cause hardening of the walls of the arteries, the formation of gallstones, as well as involuntary muscle twitching. Excess sodium chloride leads to the formation of edema. For a day you need to eat no more than 2 grams of salt.

Potassium salts

This ion is responsible for brain activity. The element helps to increase concentration, the development of memory. It maintains the excitability of muscle and nerve tissues, water-salt balance, blood pressure. The ion also catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine and regulates osmotic pressure. With a deficiency of potassium salts, a person feels disorientation, drowsiness, reflexes are disturbed, and mental activity decreases. The element is found in many foods, such as vegetables, fruits, nuts.

Salts of calcium and phosphorus

The calcium ion is involved in the stabilization of the membranes of brain cells, as well as nerve cells. The element is responsible for the normal development of bones, is necessary for blood clotting, helps to remove lead and heavy metals from the body. The ion is the main source of blood saturation with alkaline salts, which contributes to the maintenance of life. Human glands that secrete hormones should normally always contain a sufficient amount of calcium ions, otherwise the body will begin to age prematurely. Children require this ion three times more than adults. Excess calcium can lead to kidney stones. Its deficiency causes cessation of breathing, as well as a significant deterioration in the work of the heart.

The phosphorus ion is responsible for the production of energy from nutrients. When it interacts with calcium and vitamin D, the functions of the brain and nerve tissues are activated. Phosphorus ion deficiency can delay bone development. It should be consumed no more than 1 gram per day. For the body, a favorable ratio of this element and calcium is one to one. An excess of phosphorus ions can cause various tumors.

Magnesium salts

Mineral salts in the cell break down into various ions, one of them is magnesium. The element is indispensable in protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The magnesium ion is involved in the conduction of impulses along nerve fibers, stabilizes the cell membranes of nerve cells, thereby protecting the body from the effects of stress. The element regulates the work of the intestines. With a lack of magnesium, a person suffers from memory impairment, loses the ability to concentrate his attention for a long time, becomes irritable and nervous. It is enough to consume 400 milligrams of magnesium per day.

The group of trace elements includes ions of cobalt, copper, iron, chromium, fluorine, zinc, iodine, selenium, manganese and silicon. These elements are necessary for the body in minimal quantities.

Salts of iron, fluorine, iodine

The daily need for an iron ion is only 15 milligrams. This element is part of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to tissues and cells from the lungs. Iron deficiency causes anemia.

Fluorine ions are present in tooth enamel, bones, muscles, blood and brain. With a lack of this element, the teeth lose their strength, begin to collapse. At the moment, the problem of fluorine deficiency is solved by using toothpastes containing it, as well as by eating a sufficient amount of foods rich in fluoride (nuts, cereals, fruits, and others).

Iodine is responsible for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, thereby regulating metabolism. With its deficiency, goiter develops and immunity decreases. With a lack of iodine ions in children, there is a delay in growth and development. An excess of element ions causes Graves' disease, and general weakness, irritability, weight loss, and muscle atrophy are also observed.

Salts of copper and zinc

Copper, in cooperation with the iron ion, saturates the body with oxygen. Therefore, copper deficiency causes disturbances in the synthesis of hemoglobin, the development of anemia. The lack of an element can lead to various diseases of the cardiovascular system, the appearance of bronchial asthma and mental disorders. An excess of copper ions provokes CNS disorders. The patient complains of depression, memory loss, insomnia. An excess of the element is more common in the body of workers in the production of copper. In this case, the ions enter the body through inhalation of vapors, which leads to the phenomenon of copper fever. Copper can accumulate in the tissues of the brain, as well as in the liver, skin, pancreas, causing various disorders of the body. A person needs 2.5 milligrams of an element per day.

A number of properties of copper ions are associated with zinc ions. Together, they participate in the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme, which has antioxidant, antiviral, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects. Zinc ions are involved in protein and fat metabolism. It is part of most hormones and enzymes, controls the biochemical bonds between brain cells. Zinc ions fight alcohol intoxication.

According to some scientists, the deficiency of the element can cause fear, depression, impaired speech, and difficulty in movement. An excess of ion is formed by the uncontrolled use of preparations containing zinc, including ointments, as well as during work in the production of this element. A large amount of the substance leads to a decrease in immunity, impaired functions of the liver, prostate, pancreas.

The value of mineral salts containing copper and zinc ions cannot be overestimated. And, following the rules of nutrition, the listed problems associated with an excess or lack of elements can always be avoided.

Salts of cobalt and chromium

Mineral salts containing chromium ions play an important role in the regulation of insulin. The element is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, proteins, as well as in the process of glucose metabolism. A lack of chromium can cause an increase in the amount of cholesterol in the blood, and therefore increase the risk of a stroke.

One of the components of vitamin B12 is the cobalt ion. He takes part in the production of thyroid hormones, as well as fats, proteins and carbohydrates, activates enzymes. Cobalt fights against the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, removing cholesterol from the vessels. This element is responsible for the production of RNA and DNA, promotes the growth of bone tissue, activates the synthesis of hemoglobin, and is able to inhibit the development of cancer cells.

Athletes and vegetarians often have a deficiency of cobalt ions, which can lead to various disorders in the body: anemia, arrhythmia, vegetovascular dystonia, memory disorders, etc. Abuse of vitamin B12 or contact with this element at work causes an excess of cobalt in the body.

Salts of manganese, silicon and selenium

Three elements that are part of the micronutrient group also play an important role in maintaining the health of the body. So, manganese is involved in immune reactions, improves thinking processes, stimulates tissue respiration and hematopoiesis. The functions of mineral salts, in which silicon is present, are to give strength and elasticity to the walls of blood vessels. The element selenium in microdoses brings great benefits to humans. It is able to protect against cancer, supports the growth of the body, strengthens the immune system. With a lack of selenium, inflammation is formed in the joints, weakness in the muscles, the functioning of the thyroid gland is disturbed, masculine strength is lost, and visual acuity decreases. The daily requirement for this element is 400 micrograms.

Mineral exchange

What is included in this concept? This is a combination of the processes of absorption, assimilation, distribution, transformation and release of various substances. Mineral salts in the body create an internal environment with constant physical and chemical properties, which ensures the normal activity of cells and tissues.

Entering the digestive system with food, ions pass into the blood and lymph. The functions of mineral salts are to maintain the acid-base constancy of the blood, to regulate the osmotic pressure in the cells, as well as in the interstitial fluid. Useful substances take part in the formation of enzymes and in the process of blood clotting. Salts regulate the total amount of fluid in the body. Osmoregulation is based on the potassium-sodium pump. Potassium ions accumulate inside cells, and sodium ions accumulate in their environment. Due to the potential difference, the liquids are redistributed and thereby the constancy of the osmotic pressure is maintained.

Salts are excreted in three ways:

Through the kidneys. In this way, potassium, iodine, sodium and chlorine ions are removed.
Through the intestines. Salts of magnesium, calcium, iron and copper leave the body with feces.
Through the skin (along with sweat).

In order to avoid salt retention in the body, it is necessary to consume a sufficient amount of fluid.

Mineral metabolism disorders

The main reasons for deviations are:

hereditary factors. In this case, the exchange of mineral salts can be expressed in such a phenomenon as salt-sensitivity. The kidneys and adrenal glands in this disorder produce substances that can disrupt the content of potassium and sodium in the walls of blood vessels, thereby causing a water-salt imbalance.
Unfavorable ecology.
Eating too much salt.
Poor quality food.
Professional hazard.
Binge eating.
Excessive use of tobacco and alcohol.
age disorders.

Despite the small percentage in food, the role of mineral salts cannot be overestimated. Some of the ions are the building material of the skeleton, others are involved in the regulation of the water-salt balance, and others are involved in the accumulation and release of energy. Deficiency, as well as an excess of minerals, harms the body.

With the daily use of plant and animal food, one should not forget about water. Some foods, such as seaweed, cereals, seafood, may not properly concentrate mineral salts in the cell, which is harmful to the body. For good digestibility, it is necessary to take breaks between taking the same salts for seven hours. A balanced diet is the key to our health.

Paleontology

3) Zoology

4) Biology

2. The largest periods of time:

3) Periods

4) Sub-periods

3. Archean era:

4. The formation of the ozone layer began in:

2) Cambrians

3) Proterozoic

5. The first eukaryotes appeared in:

1) Cryptozoic

2) Mesozoic

3) Paleozoic

4) Cenozoic

6. The division of land into continents occurred in:

1) Cryptozoic

2) Paleozoic

3) Mesozoic

4) Cenozoic

7. Trilobites are:

1) The oldest arthropods

2) Ancient insects

3) Ancient birds

4) Ancient lizards

8. The first land plants were:

1) Devoid of leaves

2) Rootless

9. The descendants of the fish that came to land first are:

1) Amphibians

2) Reptiles

4) Mammals

10. The ancient bird Archeopteryx combines the following features:

1) Birds and mammals

2) Birds and reptiles

3) Mammals and amphibians

4) Amphibians and birds

11. Not a merit of Carl Linnaeus:

1) Introduction of binary nomenclature

2) Classification of living organisms

12. Non-cellular life forms are:

1) Bacteria

3) Plants

13. Eukaryotes do not include:

1) Amoeba proteus

2) Lichen

3) Blue-green algae

4) Man

14. Does not apply to unicellular:

1) White mushroom

2) Euglena green

3) Infusoria shoe

4) Amoeba Proteus

15. Is a heterotroph:

1) Sunflower

3) Strawberries

16. Is an autotroph:

1) Polar bear

2) Tinder fungus

4) Mold

17. Binary nomenclature:

1) Double name of organisms

2) Triple name of organisms

3) The name of the class of mammals

Types of mineral salts

Salts of sodium and chlorine

Potassium salts

Salts of calcium and phosphorus

Magnesium salts

The group of trace elements includes ions of cobalt, copper, iron, chromium, fluorine, zinc, iodine, selenium, manganese and silicon. These elements are necessary for the body in minimal quantities.

Salts of iron, fluorine, iodine

The daily need for an iron ion is only 15 milligrams. This element is part of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to tissues and cells from the lungs. Iron deficiency causes anemia.

Salts of copper and zinc

Salts of cobalt and chromium

One of the components of vitamin B 12 is the cobalt ion. He takes part in the production of thyroid hormones, as well as fats, proteins and carbohydrates, activates enzymes. Cobalt fights against the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, removing cholesterol from the vessels. This element is responsible for the production of RNA and DNA, promotes the growth of bone tissue, activates the synthesis of hemoglobin, and is able to inhibit the development of cancer cells.

Athletes and vegetarians often have a deficiency of cobalt ions, which can lead to various disorders in the body: anemia, arrhythmias, vegetovascular dystonia, memory disorders, etc. Abuse of vitamin B 12 or contact with this element at work causes an excess of cobalt in the body.

Salts of manganese, silicon and selenium

Mineral exchange

Salts are excreted in three ways:

Through the kidneys. In this way, potassium, iodine, sodium and chlorine ions are removed.
Through the intestines. Salts of magnesium, calcium, iron and copper leave the body with feces.
Through the skin (along with sweat).

In order to avoid salt retention in the body, it is necessary to consume a sufficient amount of fluid.

Mineral metabolism disorders

The main reasons for deviations are:

hereditary factors. In this case, the exchange of mineral salts can be expressed in such a phenomenon as salt-sensitivity. The kidneys and adrenal glands in this disorder produce substances that can disrupt the content of potassium and sodium in the walls of blood vessels, thereby causing a water-salt imbalance.
Unfavorable ecology.
Eating too much salt.
Poor quality food.
Professional hazard.
Binge eating.
Excessive use of tobacco and alcohol.
age disorders.

24.02.2018

The human body is a complex system that includes many elements. One of the essential components of tissues and organs are mineral salts, which occupy about 4-5 percent of the total body weight. They are involved in metabolic processes, the work of various systems, they are an important component of biochemical reactions, the result of which is the formation of vital substances for a person. The body replenishes its reserves of mineral salts when eating, and they are excreted with waste products, so it is very important to monitor their regular intake.

The key to maintaining the right balance of these micro and macro elements is a varied diet.

Reasons for the lack of mineral salts

Mineral salts in the body are a variable value. Their deficiency can have a very detrimental effect on the state of health: the normal functioning of organs and metabolic processes are disrupted, immunity is reduced, and serious diseases develop.

The reasons for this imbalance can be:

lack of food diversity;
poor quality of water used for drinking;
pathologies that accelerate the withdrawal of nutrients (for example, internal bleeding);
taking drugs that affect the absorption of various elements;
ecological problems.

A significant amount of essential elements can be found in plant products - fruits, green vegetables, legumes and grains. For example, millet and oatmeal are leaders in the content of magnesium, cabbage, peas and lemon - potassium, potatoes, carrots and bananas - manganese. Meat and poultry are important sources of copper, zinc and iron, while fish and seafood are important sources of phosphorus, iodine and fluorine.

Dairy products include in their composition about two dozen salts necessary for a person - calcium, zinc, fluorine and others. At the same time, the digestibility of elements when using this group of products is maximum. So, a 100-gram piece of cheese is able to replenish a person's daily intake of calcium.

Many products contain only individual elements. Therefore, to maintain their optimal level in the body, it is necessary that the diet be varied and include different food groups.

Mineral salts in the human body are conditionally grouped into macroelements and microelements.

macronutrients

The amount of minerals belonging to this group in the human body is quite significant.

Magnesium and calcium salts

These compounds take a great part in the work of the digestive organs, stimulating metabolic processes in the body, and also contributing to the production of energy. In addition, calcium is the basis for the construction of bone tissue and teeth, is involved in muscle contraction, blood clotting processes. Magnesium stabilizes the activity of the nervous system, participates in the synthesis of many necessary elements.

Lack of calcium can lead to disorders of cardiac activity, fragility of the musculoskeletal system. For an adult, a sufficient amount of calcium is about 1 g per day. Lack of magnesium leads to various neurological disorders (insomnia, irritability, dizziness). The daily intake of magnesium for an adult is 0.3 g.

Salts of sodium and phosphorus

Phosphorus performs the function of mineralization of bones and teeth, promotes the production of hormones that ensure the functioning of all the most important systems of the body. Sodium compounds maintain normal blood pressure and acid-base balance, are part of the plasma and interstitial fluid.

With a lack of phosphorus, anemia can develop, muscle tone decreases, and bones become deformed. A sufficient amount of phosphorus for an adult is 1-1.5 g per day. Sodium deficiency leads to the formation of stones, thickening of the blood, disruption of the heart. The amount of sodium salts consumed daily should not exceed 6 g.

Salts of potassium, chlorine and sulfur

Chlorine ions are directly involved in the production of hydrochloric acid, which is of key importance for the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as for maintaining acid-base balance. Potassium plays an important role in the breakdown of fats and the normalization of metabolic processes, acts as a building material for the organs of the digestive and endocrine systems. Sulfur is a component of some amino acids and, as a result, takes part in the construction of most body tissues.

The lack of chlorine is manifested in weakness, fatigue, and in severe cases can cause skin lesions, hair loss. At the same time, an excess amount of chlorine in the body is also dangerous - blood pressure rises and the development of pathological conditions of the respiratory system is possible. The optimal daily amount of chlorine is 4-6 g.

Potassium deficiency causes a drop in mental activity, muscle hypotonia. The intake of potassium is 2.5 g per day. With a lack of sulfur, the development of skin diseases and various tumors is possible. The amount of sulfur required per day for an adult is 0.5-1 g.

trace elements

The mineral salts belonging to this group in the human body are contained in a relatively small amount, but their presence is a prerequisite for good health and normal functioning of all organs:

Salts of iron and zinc

Iron compounds are part of some proteins, in particular hemoglobin, while playing a crucial role in the transport of oxygen by the blood to all body systems. Iron is also one of the components of biochemical processes. Zinc is involved in the process of removing carbon dioxide from the body during respiration. In addition, this element prevents hair loss, stimulates the body's immune capabilities.

Iron deficiency is dangerous for the development of anemia. The required amount of iron for an adult is 10-18 mg. Zinc deficiency can cause skin and eye damage, hair loss, and susceptibility to infections. The daily norm of zinc for an adult is 7-12 mg.

Salts of selenium and copper

Selenium compounds are involved in antioxidant processes, as well as hormone production. Copper, along with iron, is involved in providing tissues and organs with oxygen, as well as in energy production.

Selenium deficiency is manifested in various neurological disorders, deterioration of the hair and skin. The daily norm of selenium is 40-70 mg. Insufficient intake of copper in the body can cause pathologies of the cardiovascular system, mental disorders. At the same time, an excess of copper is dangerous for diseases of the nervous system. The norm of copper consumption for an adult is 2 mg per day.

Salts of manganese and iodine

Manganese takes an active part in metabolism, normalizes cholesterol levels, promotes normal blood clotting. Iodine salts are necessary for the stable functioning of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for endocrine processes in the body.

The lack of manganese is dangerous by a decrease in mental activity, weakening of the muscles. To maintain the normal balance of this trace element, it is enough to receive it in an amount of 2-11 mg per day. Lack of iodine leads to a violation of the production of hormones, a decrease in overall immunity. The daily norm of iodine is 0.2 mg.

Salts of cobalt, fluorine and molybdenum

Cobalt is involved in the formation of cells of the circulatory and nervous systems. Fluorine enhances the strength of teeth and bones. Molybdenum is involved in metabolic processes and in the functioning of the liver.

The daily norm of cobalt is no more than 10 mg. With its lack, fatigue increases, anemia occurs. The lack of fluorine is manifested in the destruction of teeth, bone lesions. The need for fluorine is about 1-1.5 mg per day. Molybdenum deficiency leads to visual impairment, neurological diseases, and reduced immunity. The required amount of molybdenum is about 9 mg per day.

Mineral salts in the body must be present in the required amount, since the functioning of all its systems depends on this. The key to maintaining the balance of micro and macro elements is a full-fledged varied diet.