Congenital malformations of the lungs in children. Abnormalities of lung development Lung diseases symptoms and treatment

The embryonic period of fetal development, unfortunately, does not always pass without problems. All kinds of intrauterine developmental defects sometimes occur for no apparent reason. And one of these fetal developmental defects is pulmonary aplasia, characterized by unformed lungs and the presence of a rudimentary bronchus. This defect can affect either one lung or both at once. In the case where one lung is missing, the newborn has every chance of a normal life. The absence of both lungs is a developmental defect incompatible with life. As a rule, a child born without lungs dies before birth, but in some cases he can live for some time after birth (maximum a few hours). Pulmonary aplasia refers not only to the complete absence of a lung or lungs: aplasia is also commonly called a pathology such as the absence of a part of the lung, that is, its certain lobes.

As a rule, pulmonary aplasia is a disease that is accompanied by other abnormalities in the development of the body. Most often, together with pulmonary aplasia, the patient may experience heart disease, chest degeneration, anencephaly, diaphragmatic hernia, abnormalities of the kidneys and urinary tract, and more. Of course, the more concomitant diseases and malformations of pulmonary aplasia, the less chance the patient has to survive. And the point is not even that these diseases are difficult to cure, but that newborns with a large number of defects are born very weak and their body cannot help the medical influence exerted on it.

Pulmonary aplasia is a dangerous disease also because the affected organs are very susceptible to infections that affect the respiratory system. That is, the same influenza virus or a common acute respiratory viral infection, relatively calmly tolerated by a healthy person, can become deadly for a person suffering from pulmonary aplasia.

Clinical picture of the disease

In patients who have underdeveloped or absent lungs, clinical manifestations can be very diverse. In addition, the disease can often be asymptomatic. There are cases when pulmonary aplasia is detected completely by accident, for example, during a preventive x-ray examination. But such cases are rather rare than regular. Most often, the clinical symptoms of pulmonary aplasia are detected in the first years of the patient’s life. The main symptom of aplasia is the tendency of the respiratory organs to become infected, in which inflammatory processes form not only in the organ affected by aplasia, but also in a healthy, normally developed organ. Frequent pulmonary diseases and layers of infections often cause the formation of secondary chronic pneumonia. It is not uncommon for patients with aplasia to have a cough, accompanied by the discharge of sputum mixed with pus, as well as shortness of breath. Moreover, shortness of breath can appear not only as a result of physical activity, but also for no reason. Very often, patients with pulmonary aplasia complain of periodically recurring chest pain.

Underdevelopment of the lung usually affects the physical development of the patient. The presence of aplasia can be visually assumed by the patient’s deformed chest, which is narrowed and flatter on the side where the respiratory organ is absent. The depression of the chest is especially noticeable in patients with agenesis, a disease very similar in its morphological structure to aplasia. Sometimes patients with aplasia exhibit thickening of the nail phalanges of the fingers - an anomaly known under the medical term “clubs”.

Diagnosis of aplasia

When examining a patient with aplasia using X-ray equipment, the doctor may note a sharp shift towards the mediastinal anomaly, in which only the lower part of the hemithorax remains obscured. While in the upper part, transparent lung tissue is visible, due to the prolapse of the existing lung through the lower part of the mediastinum. Sometimes such a picture can give rise to the false impression that both lungs are present, one of which is supposedly simply reduced in size. A more accurate diagnosis can be obtained by undergoing a tomographic examination, which gives a more complete picture. The most reliable information can be obtained from bronchography.

Treatment of pulmonary aplasia

This anomaly of intrauterine development of the fetus is not subject to surgical treatment. However, there is no other specific treatment for this disease.
Treatment of patients consists of implementing supportive measures, consisting of artificial ventilation and additional oxygen supply to the patient. This supportive treatment is aimed at creating sufficient conditions for the lung to grow and ensure the patient's survival. A mandatory condition for the life of a patient with aplasia is annual vaccination against the influenza virus and taking antibiotics to combat infections that affect the main human respiratory organ.

In general, in the absence of a large number of additional defects, people with aplasia can live quite a long time. However, it is quite difficult to call their life full, since they need to pay special attention not only to their health, but also to employment and lifestyle. There are cases where patients with aplasia lived to be 60 years or more.

The lungs are the main organ of the human respiratory system and consist of the pleura, bronchi and alveoli united into acini. In this organ, gas exchange of the body takes place: carbon dioxide, unsuitable for its vital functions, passes from the blood into the air, and oxygen received from the outside is carried through the bloodstream throughout all systems of the body. The basic function of the lungs may be impaired due to the development of any disease of the respiratory system or as a result of their damage (wound, accident, etc.). Lung diseases include: pneumonia, abscess, emphysema,.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is a lung disease associated with inflammation of the bronchi, the constituent elements of the pulmonary bronchial tree. Most often, the cause of the development of such inflammation is the penetration of a viral or bacterial infection into the body, lack of proper attention to throat diseases, and the ingestion of large amounts of dust and smoke into the lungs. For most people, bronchitis does not pose a serious danger; complications of the disease usually develop in smokers (even passive smokers), people with weakened immune systems, chronic heart and lung diseases, the elderly and young children.

The clinical picture of incipient acute bronchitis coincides with the clinical picture of a common cold. First of all, a cough appears, then a cough occurs, first dry, then with sputum discharge. An increase in temperature may also occur. If left untreated, the inflammation can spread to the entire lung and cause pneumonia. Treatment of acute bronchitis is carried out with the use of anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drugs, expectorants, and drinking plenty of fluids. If the cause of the disease is a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed. Chronic bronchitis does not develop against the background of an incompletely cured acute form, as is the case with many diseases. It can be caused by prolonged irritation of the bronchi by smoke or chemicals. This pathology occurs in smokers or people working in hazardous industries. The main symptom of chronic bronchitis is a cough with sputum. Elimination of the disease is facilitated by changing lifestyle, quitting smoking, and ventilating the work area. To get rid of symptoms, bronchodilators are prescribed - special drugs that help expand the airways and make breathing easier by inhalation. During exacerbation, treatment with antibiotics or corticosteroids is recommended.

Alveolitis

Alveolitis is an inflammation of lung tissue with its subsequent degeneration into connective tissue. This disease should not be confused with alveolitis, which occurs after poor-quality tooth extraction. The main cause of the development of the inflammatory process in the lungs can be: allergies, infections, inhalation of toxic substances. The disease can be recognized by such signs as: headache and muscle pain, fever, aching bones, chills, shortness of breath, cough. Lack of treatment for pulmonary alveolitis leads to the development of respiratory failure. Measures to eliminate the main signs of the disease depend on the cause of its occurrence. In case of allergic alveolitis, the patient’s interaction with the allergen should be excluded and an antiallergic drug should be taken. At elevated temperatures, it is recommended to take antipyretics; in case of severe cough, antitussives and expectorants. Quitting cigarettes promotes rapid recovery.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that occurs independently or as a complication of certain diseases of the respiratory system. Some types of pneumonia do not pose a danger to humans, while other types can be fatal. Lung infection is the most dangerous for newborns due to their still fragile immunity. The main symptoms of the disease are: high fever, chills, chest pain that gets worse with a deep breath, dry cough, blue lips, headaches, excessive sweating. The most common complications of pneumonia include: inflammation of the lining of the lungs (pleurisy), abscess, difficulty breathing, pulmonary edema. Diagnosis of the disease is based on the results of a chest x-ray and blood test. Treatment can be prescribed only after its causative agent has been identified. Depending on what caused the pneumonia (fungus or virus), antifungal or antibacterial drugs are prescribed. In case of extreme heat, it is recommended to take antipyretic drugs (no more than three days in a row). Respiratory failure developing as a result of an infectious lesion of the lungs requires oxygen therapy.

Lung abscess

An abscess is an inflammation of a separate area of the lung with the accumulation of a certain amount of pus in it. The accumulation of pus in the lung in most cases is observed against the background of the development of pneumonia. Predisposing factors may be: smoking, alcohol abuse, taking certain medications, tuberculosis, drug addiction. Signs of the development of the disease are: severe cough, chills, nausea, fever, sputum with minor blood. The fever that occurs with a lung abscess usually cannot be relieved with conventional antipyretics. The disease requires treatment with large doses of antibiotics, since the drug must penetrate not just into the body, but also into the very source of inflammation and destroy its main pathogen. In some cases, drainage of the abscess is required, that is, removal of pus from it using a special syringe needle inserted into the lung through the chest. If all measures to eliminate the disease have not brought the desired result, the abscess is removed surgically.

Emphysema

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic disease associated with impairment of the basic function of the lungs. The cause of the development of this pathology is chronic bronchitis, which results in disruption of the processes of breathing and gas exchange in the human lungs. The main symptoms of the disease: difficulty breathing or its complete impossibility, blue discoloration of the skin, shortness of breath, widening of the intercostal spaces and supraclavicular area. Emphysema develops slowly, and at first its symptoms are almost invisible. Shortness of breath usually occurs only in the presence of excessive physical exertion; as the disease progresses, this symptom is observed more and more often, then it begins to bother the patient, even when he is in a state of complete rest. The result of the development of emphysema is disability. Therefore, it is very important to start treatment at the initial stage of the disease. In most cases, patients are prescribed antibiotics, drugs that dilate the bronchi and have an expectorant effect, breathing exercises, and oxygen therapy. Full recovery is possible only if you follow all the doctor’s instructions and stop smoking.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease caused by a specific microorganism - Koch's bacillus, which enters the lungs along with the air containing it. Infection occurs through direct contact with a carrier of the disease. There are open and closed forms of tuberculosis. The second occurs most often. The open form of tuberculosis means that the carrier of the disease is able to excrete its pathogen along with sputum and transmit it to other people. With closed tuberculosis, a person is a carrier of the infection, but is not able to transmit it to others. The signs of this form of tuberculosis are usually very vague. In the first months from the onset of infection, the infection does not manifest itself in any way; much later, general weakness of the body, fever, and weight loss may appear. Treatment for tuberculosis should be started as early as possible. This is the key to saving a person’s life. To achieve optimal results, treatment is carried out using several anti-tuberculosis drugs at once. Its goal in this case is the complete destruction of the Koch bacillus present in the patient’s body. The most commonly prescribed drugs are ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampicin. Throughout the entire period of treatment, the patient is in an inpatient setting at a specialized department of a medical clinic.

Lung malformation are serious changes in the structure of the lungs that occur in the embryo at the initial stage of the formation and development of the bronchopulmonary system. These changes can cause significant dysfunction of the respiratory system. At an early age, lung malformations may be accompanied by respiratory failure, which leads to a delay in the child’s physical development.

The occurrence of defects can occur under the influence of external factors affecting the embryo. These include various injuries, poisoning with chemical poisons, and viral infections that occur during the first trimester of pregnancy. There are also internal reasons for the formation of defects - these are heredity, inferiority of germ cells during late pregnancy, abnormalities of genes and chromosomes.

Types and their description

There are several groups of lung malformations, united by common characteristics.

First group combines defects characterized by underdevelopment of the lung or its elements. In these cases, the lung and main bronchus are either completely absent (agenesis), or in the absence of the lung, part of Bericht's bronchus is present (aplasia). These defects are extremely rare. In the absence of one lung, children are born quite viable; with bilateral agenesis or aplasia, they die. Sometimes there is simultaneous underdevelopment of the lung and bronchi (hypoplasia), in which the lungs are reduced in size, but have the correct structure and are able to perform the necessary functions.

Second group includes malformations of the walls of the trachea (windpipe) and bronchi. There are cases of dilatation of the trachea and bronchi, resulting from poor development of the elastic muscle fibers of their walls (tracheobronchomegaly), softening of the cartilage of the trachea and bronchi (tracheobronchomalacia). The presence of such congenital defects is subsequently expressed by frequent diseases of tracheobronchitis, rough cough, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms in the form of shortness of breath, attacks of suffocation, coughing up blood can be a consequence of a defect associated with underdevelopment or complete absence of the cartilaginous and elastic tissues of the bronchi (Williams-Campbell syndrome).

This group also includes a congenital lung defect, in which an increased volume of oxygen accumulates in the lungs due to their excessive expansion. Externally it manifests itself as a barrel-shaped enlargement in the chest area, accompanied by respiratory failure. There is a defect characterized by a sharp narrowing of the bronchi habe and trachea (stenosis), this is a consequence of insufficient development of cartilage rings or compression of blood vessels. This defect leads to impaired swallowing function. Particular problems with cheap nba jerseys eating arise when a defect is formed, in which an open connection occurs between the esophagus and trachea (fistula), food can enter the respiratory tract, and attacks of suffocation occur during feeding. Sometimes during the examination a defect is revealed, which is characterized by weakness or underdevelopment of the muscle frame and elastic tissue of the bronchi (diverticula).

To the third group These include defects for which excessive formations in the lung area are typical. One of them is a cystic adenomatous lung defect, characterized by the final proliferation of small branches of the New bronchi (bronchioles), while the vessels into which air penetrates (alveoli) are not affected. Growing formations (cysts) can vary in size. This defect can cause a shift in the position of the heart, which subsequently leads to polyhydramnios (non-immune hydrocele). Sometimes additional formations of lung tissue are found, despite the presence of an already formed organ (additional lobe), a section independently developing from the lung (sequestration), small formations in the form of tumors, consisting, in addition to lung tissue, of elements of the walls of the bronchi (hamartoma). Very often, these formations are detected accidentally during examination for other lung diseases.

Fourth group combines defects associated with abnormal arrangement of organs. A defect typical of many internal organs is the reverse arrangement (Kartagener's syndrome). Its presence is accompanied by chronic bronchitis.

Fifth group includes malformations of blood vessels. These include stenosis (narrowing of blood vessels), which occurs mainly with heart defects; defects in which communication channels wholesale mlb jerseys are formed between the beds of veins and arteries (aneurysms); insufficient development of branches of the pulmonary artery.

Treatment methods and prevention

The presence of congenital lung defects requires treatment in the form of traditional therapy measures; they are taken to prevent the occurrence of purulent cheap nfl jerseys processes. Annual courses of anti-inflammatory therapy are required, which include procedures for washing (sanitizing) the bronchi, taking drugs with an expectorant effect, inhalations, physical therapy, and massages. Rehabilitation in special sanatoriums is recommended.

The decision to undergo surgery is made by the doctor. Surgery may be prescribed for severe respiratory dysfunction due to existing defects.

Prevention involves avoiding adverse effects during pregnancy, counseling and examination by health professionals. If a lung defect is detected in the fetus, observation becomes intensified.

Diseases of the lungs and bronchi are common. In recent years, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in the percentage of patients suffering from diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.

Symptomatically, such pathologies are expressed in two ways: either in the form of an acute severe process, or in the form of sluggish progressive forms. Neglect, improper treatment and the principle “it will go away on its own” lead to tragic consequences.

It is impossible to determine the cause of the disease at home. Only a qualified pulmonologist can diagnose the pathological process.

A distinctive feature of many pulmonary diseases is difficult diagnosis. The causes of a particular pathology may be subjective. But there are a number of common factors that provoke the occurrence and development of the inflammatory process:

unfavorable environmental situation in the region; presence of hazardous industries;
exacerbation of other chronic diseases;
pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
disturbance of electrolyte balance in the body, increased sugar levels;
nerve diseases;
presence of bad habits.

Each pathological process in the lungs has specific signs that appear as it develops. In the initial stages, the manifestations of all pulmonary diseases are very similar.

Presence of cough. A cough is the first sign of a possible lung disease. The pathological process provokes inflammation, irritation of receptors and reflex contraction of the muscles of the respiratory tract.
Coughing is the body’s natural attempt to get rid of accumulated mucus. Already by the timbre of the cough one can judge whether the patient has any pathology: croup, laryngotracheobronchitis, bronchiectasis.

During coughing attacks, the patient experiences:

discomfort;
pain and burning in the sternum;
lack of air;
pressing sensation in the chest.

Sputum production. As a consequence of the pathological process, sputum saturated with pathogenic microbes is considered. With inflammation, the amount of discharge increases significantly. The patient's disease is determined by the color of the sputum, its smell and consistency. An unpleasant odor indicates putrefactive processes in the lungs; white, foamy discharge is a sign of pulmonary edema.
Presencebloodin sputum orsaliva. Often serves as a sign of a dangerous disease. The cause may be damage to a small vessel, malignant neoplasms, or lung abscess. In any case, the presence of blood in sputum or saliva requires immediate referral to specialists.
Labored breathing. A symptom of almost all diseases of the bronchi and lungs. In addition to lung problems, it can be caused by dysfunction of the cardiovascular system.
Painful sensations in the sternum. Chest pain is a characteristic sign of pleural damage. It is most often found in various forms of pleurisy, cancer, and foci of metastases in the pleural tissues. Chronic pulmonary pathologies are considered as one of the prerequisites for pleurisy.

With infectious lesions of the lungs, symptoms appear suddenly and vividly. Fever appears almost immediately, there is a sharp increase in temperature, chills and profuse sweating.

Classification

A characteristic feature of pulmonary diseases is their effect not only on various parts of the lungs, but also on other organs.

According to the lesions, bronchopulmonary pathologies are classified by the following criteria:

lung diseases affecting the respiratory tract;
diseases affecting the alveoli;
pathological lesions of the pleura;
hereditary lung pathologies;
diseases of the bronchopulmonary system;
purulent processes in the lungs;
congenital and acquired lung defects.

Lung diseases affecting the airways

COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). In COPD, the bronchi and lungs are simultaneously affected. The main indicators are a constant cough, sputum production, shortness of breath. Currently, there are no therapeutic methods that completely cure the pathology. Risk groups include smokers and patients associated with hazardous production. At the third stage, the patient’s life expectancy is about 8 years, at the last stage - less than a year.
Emphysema. The pathology is considered a type of COPD. The disease is characterized by impaired ventilation, blood circulation and destruction of lung tissue. The release of carbon dioxide is characterized by significant and sometimes critical indicators. It occurs both as an independent disease and as a complication of tuberculosis, obstructive bronchitis, and silicosis. As a consequence of the pathology, pulmonary and right ventricular heart failure and myocardial dystrophy develop. The main symptoms for all types of emphysema are changes in skin color, sudden weight loss, and shortness of breath.
Asphyxia- oxygen starvation. Characterized by a lack of oxygen and an excess amount of carbon dioxide. There are two groups of asphyxias. Nonviolent is considered a serious consequence of bronchopulmonary and other diseases. Violent - occurs with mechanical, toxic, barometric lesions of the bronchi and lungs. With complete suffocation, irreversible changes and death occur in less than five minutes.
Acute bronchitis. When the disease occurs, the patency of the bronchi is impaired. Acute bronchitis is characterized by symptoms of both acute respiratory disease and intoxication. It can have either the form of a primary pathology or be the result of complications of other processes. Two common causes are damage to the bronchi by infection or viruses. Less common is acute bronchitis of an allergic nature.

Symptomatically expressed by a continuous cough, sputum production, and profuse sweating. Self-medication, improper use of medications, and untimely contact with specialists threaten the disease becoming chronic.

A typical manifestation of chronic bronchitis is a cough that occurs with any slight decrease in immune activity.

Alveolar pathologies

Alveoli are air sacs, the smallest part of the lung. They have the appearance of bubbles, the walls of which are also their partitions.

Lung pathologies are also classified by damage to the alveoli.

Pneumonia. An infectious disease caused by viruses or bacteria. When the disease is neglected, if it is not timely to contact a specialist, it turns into pneumonia.

A characteristic feature is the rapid, sometimes reactive development of pathology. At the first signs, immediate consultation with a doctor is required. Clinically expressed as follows:

heavy, “crispy” breathing;
a sharp and strong increase in temperature, sometimes to critical levels;
separation of sputum in the form of mucous lumps;
shortness of breath and chills;
in severe cases of the disease, a change in skin color is observed.

Tuberculosis. Causes severe processes in the lungs and, if immediate assistance is not provided, leads to the death of the patient. The causative agent of the pathology is Koch's bacillus. The danger of the disease is during a long incubation period - from three weeks to a year. To exclude infection, an annual examination is indicated. The initial stages of the disease are characterized by:

persistent cough;
low but not decreasing temperature;
the appearance of blood streaks in saliva and sputum.

Important. In children, the clinical picture is more pronounced, the disease is more severe, develops much faster and leads to the most dire consequences. Parents, first of all, should pay attention to the following signs:

the child has been coughing for more than 20 days;
loss of appetite;
decreased attention, fatigue and apathy;
signs of intoxication.

Pulmonary edema. It is not an independent disease and is considered a serious complication of other diseases. There are several types of pulmonary edema. The most common causes are either fluid entering the lung space or destruction of the outer walls of the alveoli by toxins produced by the human body itself.

Pulmonary edema is a dangerous disease that requires quick and accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment.

Lungs' cancer. Aggressive, rapidly developing oncological process. The last, terminal stage leads to the death of the patient.

Cure is possible at the very beginning of the disease, but few people will pay attention to a constant cough - the main and main symptom of the early stage of lung cancer. To detect the disease at the earliest stages, a computed tomography scan is necessary.

The main symptoms of the pathology are:

cough;
blood streaks and whole blood clots in the sputum;
dyspnea;
constantly elevated temperature;
sudden and significant weight loss.

Additional Information. The longest life expectancy is observed in patients with peripheral lung cancer. There are officially registered cases where patients lived for 8 years or more. The peculiarity of pathology is its slow development in the complete absence of pain. Only in the terminal stage of the disease, with total metastasis, did patients develop pain.

Silicosis. Occupational disease of miners, miners, grinders. Grains of dust, tiny fragments of glass and stone settle in the light years. Silicosis is insidious - signs of the disease may not appear at all or be mild for many years.

The disease is always accompanied by a decrease in lung mobility and disruption of the respiratory process.

Tuberculosis, emphysema, and pneumothorax are considered severe complications. In the final stages, a person suffers from constant shortness of breath, cough, and fever.

Acute respiratory syndrome - SARS. Other names are SARS and purple death. The causative agent is coronavirus. It multiplies quickly and in the process of development destroys the pulmonary alveoli.

The disease develops over 2-10 days and is accompanied by renal failure. After discharge, patients noted the growth of connective tissue in the lungs. Recent studies indicate the ability of the virus to block all parts of the body's immune response.

Pathological lesions of the pleura and chest

The pleura is a thin sac that surrounds the lungs and the inside of the chest. Like any other organ, it can be affected by disease.

With inflammation, mechanical or physical damage to the pleura, the following occurs:

Pleurisy. Inflammation of the pleura can be considered both as an independent pathology and as a consequence of other diseases. About 70% of pleurisy is caused by the invasion of bacteria: Legionella, Staphylococcus aureus and others. When infection penetrates, due to physical and mechanical damage, the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura become inflamed.

Characteristic manifestations of the disease are stabbing or dull pain in the sternum, severe sweating, and in severe forms of pleurisy - hemoptysis.

Pneumothorax. It occurs as a result of penetration and accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. There are three types of pneumothorax: iatrogenic (arising as a result of medical procedures); traumatic (as a result of internal damage or injury), spontaneous (due to heredity, lung defect or other disease).

Pneumothorax can lead to lung collapse and requires immediate medical attention.

Chest diseases are associated with pathological processes in the blood vessels:

Pulmonary hypertension. The first signs of the disease are associated with disturbances and changes in pressure in the main vessels of the lungs.

Important. The forecast is disappointing. 20 people out of a hundred die. The timing of the development of the disease is difficult to predict; it depends on many factors, and, above all, on the stability of blood pressure and the condition of the lungs. The most alarming sign is frequent fainting. In any case, the survival rate of patients, even with the use of all possible treatment methods, does not cross the five-year threshold.

Pulmonary embolism. One of the main reasons is vein thrombosis. The blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks oxygen flow to the heart. A disease that threatens sudden, unpredictable hemorrhage and death of the patient.

Permanent chest pain can be a manifestation of the following diseases:

Hyperventilation with excess weight. Excess body weight puts pressure on the chest. As a result, breathing becomes irregular and shortness of breath occurs.
Nervous stress. A classic example is myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease called muscle flaccidity. Considered as a pathological disorder of nerve fibers in the lungs.

Diseases of the bronchopulmonary system as a hereditary factor

The hereditary factor plays an important role in the occurrence of pathologies of the bronchopulmonary system. In diseases transmitted from parents to children, gene mutations provoke the development of pathological processes regardless of external influences. The main hereditary diseases are:

Bronchial asthma. The nature of occurrence is the effect of allergens on the body. It is characterized by shallow shallow breathing, shortness of breath, and spastic phenomena.
Primary dyskinesia. Congenital pathology of the bronchi of a hereditary nature. The cause of the disease is purulent bronchitis. Treatment is individual.
Fibrosis. Connective tissue grows and replaces alveolar tissue with it. As a result - shortness of breath, weakness, apathy in the early stages. In the later stages of the disease, the skin changes color, a bluish tint appears, and drumstick syndrome is observed - a change in the shape of the fingers.

The aggressive form of chronic fibrosis shortens the patient's life to one year.

Hemosiderosis. The reason is an excess of hemosiderin pigment, a massive release of red blood cells into the body tissues and their breakdown. Indicative symptoms are hemoptysis and shortness of breath at rest.

Important. Acute respiratory infection is the root cause of pathological processes in the bronchopulmonary system. The first symptoms of the disease do not cause anxiety or fear in patients; they are treated at home with traditional remedies. The disease enters a chronic phase or acute inflammation in both lungs.

Bronchopulmonary diseases are the result of viruses entering the body. Damage occurs to the mucous membranes and the entire respiratory system. Self-medication leads to serious consequences, including death.

The primary manifestations of diseases of the bronchi and lungs are practically no different from the symptoms of a common cold. Infectious lung diseases are bacterial in nature. The development of inflammatory processes occurs rapidly – sometimes taking several hours.

Diseases caused by bacteria include:

pneumonia;
bronchitis;
asthma;
tuberculosis;
respiratory allergies;
pleurisy;
respiratory failure.

The development of infection is reactive. To prevent life-threatening consequences, a full range of preventive and therapeutic measures is carried out.

Many bronchial and pulmonary pathologies are accompanied by sharp and severe pain and cause interruptions in breathing. Here, a treatment regimen specific to each patient is used.

Suppurative lung diseases

All suppurative lung diseases are classified as serious pathologies. The set of symptoms includes necrosis, putrefactive or purulent decay of lung tissue. Pulmonary purulent infection can be total and affect the entire organ, or be focal in nature and affect individual segments of the lung.

All purulent pathologies of the lungs lead to complications. There are three main types of pathologies:

Lung abscess. A pathogenic process in which lung tissue melts and is destroyed. As a result, purulent cavities are formed, surrounded by dead lung parenchyma. Pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic bacteria, aerobic microorganisms. With a lung abscess, fever, pain in the inflamed segment, sputum with pus, and expectoration of blood are observed.

Treatment includes lymphatic drainage and antibacterial therapy.

If there is no improvement within two months, the disease becomes chronic. The most severe complication of a lung abscess is gangrene.

Lung gangrene. Total tissue decay, putrefactive pathogenic processes in the lungs. An obligatory accompanying symptom is sputum with an unpleasant odor. The fulminant form of the disease causes the patient’s death on the first day.

Symptoms of the disease include an increase in temperature to critical levels, heavy sweating, sleep disturbances, and a persistent cough. In severe stages of the disease, patients experienced changes in consciousness.

It is impossible to save a patient at home. And with all the successes of thoracic medicine, the mortality rate of patients with lung gangrene is 40-80%.

Purulent pleurisy. It is an acute purulent inflammation of the parietal and pulmonary membranes, and the process affects all surrounding tissues. There are infectious and non-infectious forms of pleurisy. The development of the disease is often reactive in nature; immediately initiated therapeutic measures can save the patient. The main symptoms of the pathology are:

shortness of breath and weakness;
pain on the side of the affected organ;
chills;
cough.

Congenital lung defects

A distinction should be made between congenital pathologies and congenital lung anomalies.

Abnormalities of the lungs do not manifest themselves clinically; the modified organ functions normally.

Developmental defects are a complete anatomical disorder of the structure of an organ. Such disorders occur during the formation of the bronchopulmonary system in the embryo. The main lung defects include:

Aplasia– a serious malformation in which either the entire organ or part of it is missing.
Agenesis– a rare pathology, there is a complete absence of the lung and main bronchus.
Hypoplasia– underdevelopment of the lungs, bronchi, lung tissue, blood vessels. The organs are in their infancy. If hypoplasia affects one or more segments, it does not manifest itself in any way and is discovered by chance. If everything is undeveloped, hypoplasia manifests itself in signs of respiratory failure.
Tracheobronchomegaly, Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. It occurs when the elastic and muscular structures of the bronchi and lungs are underdeveloped, as a result of which a gigantic expansion of these organs is observed.
Tracheobronchomalacia– a consequence of defects in the cartilage tissue of the trachea and bronchi. When you inhale, the lumen of the airways narrows, and when you exhale, it widens greatly. The consequence of the pathology is constant apnea.
Stenosis– reduction of the lumen of the larynx and trachea. There is a serious disruption of respiratory function and the swallowing process. The defect significantly reduces the patient’s quality of life.
Accessory lung lobe. In addition to the main pair of lungs, there are accessory lungs. They practically do not manifest themselves at all; clinical symptoms occur only during inflammation.
Severstation. A section of lung tissue is separated from the main organ, which has its own blood flow, but does not take part in the process of gas exchange.
Azygos vein. The right side of the lung is divided by the azygos vein.

Congenital defects are easily noticed on ultrasound, and modern courses of therapy make it possible to stop their further development.

Diagnostic methods and preventive measures

The more accurately the diagnosis is made, the faster the patient’s path to recovery. At the first examination, the pulmonologist must take into account all external manifestations of the disease and the patient’s complaints.

Based on the initial examination and conversation with the patient, a list of necessary examinations is compiled, for example:

X-ray;
fluorography;
blood analysis,
tomography;
bronchography;
testing for infections.

Based on the data obtained, an individual treatment regimen is determined, procedures and antibacterial therapy are prescribed.

But none of the most modern methods of treatment, none of the most effective drugs will bring any benefit if you do not follow all the prescriptions and recommendations of a specialist.

Preventive measures will significantly reduce the risk of pulmonary pathologies. The rules are simple, everyone can follow them:

avoiding smoking and excessive drinking of alcohol;
physical education and light physical activity;
hardening;
relaxation on the sea coast (and if this is not possible, walks in a pine forest);
annual visits to a pulmonologist.

The symptoms of pulmonary diseases described above are easy to remember. Every person should know them. Know and seek medical help at the first warning signs.

Anaerobic threshold- a theoretical concept during dynamic physical activity, when muscle tissue switches to anaerobic metabolism as an additional source of energy. There is no simultaneous switching of all tissues, and there is a short interval during which the working muscle switches from predominantly aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Lactic acid begins to accumulate in the body of a healthy but detrained person when his body reaches 50-60% of the maximum aerobic metabolic capacity.

Lactic acid accumulation increases with increasing intensity of physical activity, which leads to metabolic acidosis. As lactic acid is formed, it accumulates in the serum by the bicarbonate system, resulting in increased excretion of carbon dioxide, which reflexively causes hyperventilation. The anaerobic threshold for gas exchange is the point at which there is a disproportionate increase in Ve relative to VO2 and work; in healthy untrained individuals it usually occurs at 40-60% of VO2max with a range of normal values of 35-80%.

Below anaerobic threshold, carbon dioxide production is proportional to consumption. Determination of the anaerobic threshold is influenced by age, method (for example, arm or leg exercises, bicycle ergometer or treadmill) and protocol for managing PFN. There are several ways to determine the anaerobic threshold: (1) V-curve method: the point at which the rate of increase in Vco is related to the increase in VO2; (2) the point where the VO2 and VCO2 curves intersect; (3) the point at which the Ve/VO2 ratio and oxygen pressure at the end of respiration begin to increase methodically without a sharp rise in Ve/VO2. The anaerobic threshold is an important parameter because FI below this level mainly represents the person's activities of daily living.

Meaning< 40% от predicted VO2 may indicate serious cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, insufficient tissue oxygen supply, or mitochondrial pathology. Increasing the anaerobic threshold through training may increase an individual's ability to perform prolonged submaximal physical exercise with subsequent improvements in quality of life and activities of daily living. Changes in anaerobic threshold and peak Vo2 recorded with repeated testing can help evaluate disease progression, response to drug therapy, and improvements in cardiovascular fitness due to exercise.

Parameters of pulmonary ventilation during physical activity

Beyond Peak VO2, minute volume of ventilation (Ve) and its relationship to VCO2 and oxygen consumption are useful indicators for assessing cardiac and pulmonary function. FN-induced changes in Ve during breathing and other indicators of respiratory function are measured simultaneously with the assessment of ventilation reserve.

This reserve shows how peak ventilation demand during exercise (Vemax) is close to reaching maximum ventilation capacity. The respiratory exchange ratio is the amount of carbon dioxide produced divided by the amount of oxygen consumed. The value of the respiratory exchange ratio in mowing varies from 0.7 to 0.85 and partly depends on the energy substrate used) in cellular metabolism (for example, the respiratory exchange ratio mainly for carbohydrate metabolism is 1.0, while when used predominantly fatty acids - 0.7).

At high levels of physical activity carbon dioxide production exceeds VO2, and a respiratory exchange ratio > 1.1 often indicates that the patient is making maximal effort.