Subjects of the Urals and their capitals. Ural Federal District composition

The Ural Federal District is located at the junction of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia, which differ in their natural and economic conditions. The region stretches in the meridional direction for thousands of kilometers from the Arctic Ocean and the Polar Urals to the steppes of the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan. The territory of the district covers the eastern slopes of the Northern, Polar and Subpolar Urals, as well as the spaces of the West Siberian Plain, from the Urals in the west to the borders of the Yenisei basin in the east; from the Southern Urals with the forest-steppe and steppe plains of the Trans-Urals and Cis-Urals in the south to the coast of the Kara Sea with coastal islands in the north.

The area of ​​the district is 1.79 million sq. km (10.5% of the territory of Russia), the population is 12 million people, of which 9.65 million people live in cities, and 2.42 million people live in rural areas . The Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions are characterized by the highest degree of urbanization. The central and southern parts of the federal district have the highest population density, where the density reaches 42 people per sq. km. National composition: Russians - 10.24 million (82.74%), Tatars - 636 thousand (5.14%), Ukrainians - 355 thousand (2.87%), Bashkirs - 266 thousand (2.15%), Germans - 81 thousand (0.65%), Belarusians - 79 thousand (0.64%), Kazakhs - 74 thousand (0.6%), Azerbaijanis - 66 thousand (0.54%). In the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts, about 5% of the population are indigenous peoples of the North - Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Selkups.

The Ural Federal District produces 16% of the gross national product and 20% of all industrial output of the Russian Federation. About 40% of taxes into the federal budget are collected here. The Ural Federal District occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation in terms of mineral reserves. Two-thirds of all proven oil deposits in Russia (6% of world reserves), about 75% of proven reserves of Russian natural gas (26% of world reserves), a sixth of iron ore, and almost 10% of timber reserves are concentrated here. The territory of the district is rich in bauxite, chromite, non-ferrous and rare metals, phosphates, barites, limestone, building materials, as well as water and forest resources. The forest structure is dominated by coniferous forests.

The Ural Federal District produces 92% of Russia's gas and 68% of its oil. About 40% of the all-Russian volume of steel and rolled ferrous metals, 45% of refined copper and 40% of aluminum, and 10% of engineering products are produced here. The concentration of industrial production in the Urals is four times higher than the Russian average. The basis of the district's economy is the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and mechanical engineering. In the largest cities - Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk - construction of subways is underway.

The composition and boundaries of the Ural Federal District have developed historically. In the 18th century, the Perm province was located on both sides of the Ural ridge, uniting Ufa, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Shadrinsk, Verkhoturye, and Irbit. By the end of the 19th century, the production-territorial structure of the Greater Urals had developed, which included the Western industrial and Southern agricultural regions, the territory of which is now part of the Volga Federal District, and the Gornozavodsky industrial and Trans-Ural agricultural regions, which today belong to the Ural Federal District. In 1924, the Ural region was formed, which, by its borders and composition, predetermined the formation of the Ural Federal District. Until 1934, the Ural region included the territories of modern Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan regions, Tyumen region with the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi districts, as well as the Perm region. The Ural economic region, consisting of five regions (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Orenburg, Kurgan) and two republics (Bashkir and Udmurt), provided, before the collapse of the USSR, 22% of the union production of coke, 30% of ferrous metals, 16% of plastics, 50% of potash fertilizers, 60% bauxite. In 2000, by decree of Russian President V.V. Putin, the Ural Federal District was formed as a new form of territorial government.

Part Ural Federal District (Ural Federal District) included 4 areas(Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen) and 2 autonomous okrugs(Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra, Yamalo-Nenets). The total area of ​​the territory is 1788.9 thousand square meters. km (about 11% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation), this exceeds the area of ​​the territories of Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain combined. The administrative center of the Urals Federal District is the city of Yekaterinburg. Population of the Urals Federal District - approx. 12,400.0 thousand people (8.5% of the country's population). Representatives of more than 120 ethnic groups live in the district. The Ural region is one of the richest mineral resource regions of the Russian Federation. There are oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; the district has substantial reserves of iron and copper ores, non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, peat, asbestos, non-metallic building materials, precious and semi-precious stones. Large timber resources are concentrated here.

Sverdlovsk region - “the land of ore miners, prospectors, craftsmen and coal burners,” as a native of this land, Pavel Bazhov, a writer and processor of folk legends and Ural tales, wrote. The nature of the region is coniferous and mixed forests, more than 3 thousand lakes. Due to the presence of high concentration radon waters and sapropel mud, some lakes are healing (Khomutininskoye, Podbornoe, etc.). The border between Europe and Asia runs through the region. At an exhibition held in 2002 under the auspices of UNESCO, Yekaterinburg was classified as one of the 12 ideal cities in the world. The city has over 600 historical and cultural monuments, more than 30 museums, many of which have unique collections. The Museum of Local Lore houses the famous Shigir idol - the oldest wooden sculpture, which was created almost 9,000 years ago. The Museum of Nevyansk Icon has a collection of unique iconography. The Museum of Fine Arts presents a rich collection of Russian avant-garde and a collection of Kasli castings. The Museum of the History of Stone-Cutting and Jewelry Art, as well as the unusual Museum of Artifacts, are interesting. There is a whole park-museum: a complex of museums in Yekaterinburg, united in a cultural center - the Literary Quarter. The museums are located in a beautiful park with gazebos and figured trellises. At the entrance to the Literary Quarter there is a monument to Pushkin. Historical square - the place where it was founded Ekaterinburg and where there once were a fortress and workshops of an ironworks, with the construction of which the formation of the city began. There is a monument to the founders of Yekaterinburg - V.N. Tatishchev and V. de Gennin. There are many monuments in the city: "The Gray Ural", Marshal Zhukov - "The First Cavalry", the First Steam Locomotive in Russia, a complex of monuments to those killed in Afghanistan and Chechnya. There are also very unusual monuments. For example, the world's first monument to the Invisible Man, the hero of H.G. Wells. Or plumbing - "Afonya". The “Klava” monument, dedicated to a computer keyboard, has earned special love from townspeople and guests - people come to it to sit on its eighty-six keys (the keyboard is 12 meters long). The oldest building in the city - the dam of the city pond on the Iset River - was built from Ural larch and is perfectly preserved. There are various architectural monuments on the Dam. The last days of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II are connected with Yekaterinburg. In the house of engineer Ipatiev in 1918, the murder of the royal family was committed. On this site they erected the Church on the Blood in the name of All Saints who shone forth in the Russian Land. The most famous of the temple buildings is the Holy Trinity Cathedral. Yekaterinburg is a city with the richest theatrical and cultural traditions. His theaters have gained all-Russian and even worldwide fame. The city has many interesting architectural sights. These include the palace and park ensemble - the Rastorguev-Kharitonov estate, an example of landscape art of the first half of the 19th century. The house is adjacent to a large park with alleys, an artificial lake, an artificial island and a rotunda gazebo on it. The circus has a unique hanging roof under an openwork load-bearing dome. And the building of the Old Station is decorated with towers, which give it a resemblance to stone chambers.
Chelyabinsk region - this is a variety of reliefs: hilly plains, ridges and steep slopes, these are birch and aspen forests, and in the east - forest-steppe and steppe. There are many lakes and several reservoirs. However, perhaps the main natural highlight of the region is the caves. There are 320 caves in the region, many of them, due to their picturesqueness and uniqueness, are declared natural monuments. Here is the watershed ridge that serves as the border between Europe and Asia - the Ural-Tau, or Stone Belt. The Chelyabinsk region is famous for its largest metal deposits, deposits of precious stones and minerals. Thus, more than 260 minerals, including very rare ones, and 70 rocks were discovered in the Ilmensky Nature Reserve. Folk crafts are developed in the region, mainly Zlatoust steel engraving and Kasli art casting. There are more than 300 historical monuments, 500 architectural monuments, and 1,500 archaeological monuments. Two of them are of world significance: the historical and cultural reserve "Arkaim" (the complex includes a fortified settlement of the Bronze Age - proto-city Arkaim, "Country of Cities", burial grounds) and Ignatievskaya Cave with rock paintings from the Paleolithic era (more than 14 thousand years ago). The cave, located near the village of Serpievka, is called the “art gallery of the Stone Age.” The Zyuratkul National Park is extremely popular, with its fabulously beautiful lake, Rapids, Satka, Zmeinaya Gora and the “Fiery” paleovolcano located nearby (a fragment of an ancient volcano), Blue Stone (rocky outcrops of quartz porphyry of a light lilac color on the bank of the Ural River). And, of course, lovers of active recreation will not be able to ignore such places as Taganay and the famous Kungur caves. Also interesting are Grachinaya Gora, Cherkasinskaya Sopka, Cheka - the highest point in the south of the region. The rocky part of the peak is an object of sports, tourist and recreational significance. The Chelyabinsk region has its own “Leaning Tower of Pisa” (that’s what one of the rocks is called) and even “Easter Island” - the name “Kizil steppe Easter Island” was assigned to Mount Razbornaya. Among the attractions of Chelyabinsk are the year-round Ice Sports Palace "Ural Lightning", the sculptural and landscape composition "Sphere of Love": a huge glass dome on stilts, under it there are figures of lovers who are directed towards each other, and below there are two paths - "streams", which merge into one “river”). The Scarlet Field has a history of more than a century. Once upon a time, fairs were held here; during the 1905 revolution, workers came out to demonstrate in the field, and during Soviet times, the territory was transformed into a children's park. Today it is one of the favorite vacation spots of city residents. In addition to Chelyabinsk, the major cities of the region are Magnitogorsk, Zlatoust, and Miass.

Nature is amazingly diverse Kurgan region . The southern regions are characterized by mixed-grass steppes and steppe meadows, and in the north there are small-leaved forests of the taiga zone. Accordingly, representatives of the fauna of the forest and steppe zones live here. The local forests are recognized as natural monuments; centuries-old pine and birch trees grow in them. Surprisingly, the Kurgan region is also famous for its thickets of cherry trees. On the territory of the region there are more than 400 rivers (the main ones are the Tobol and its tributary Iset) and more than 2 thousand mineralized and fresh lakes rich in fish, including those with resort significance: these are lakes Turbannoye in the Dalmatovsky district, Gorkoye-Kureinoye in the Makushinsky district, a group Setovskie lakes in Tselinny district. In Ketovsky, Shadrinsky and other districts of the region, sources of mineral water have been discovered that are not inferior in composition to the waters of Borjomi and Essentuki. One of the most valuable lakes for its balneological properties is Lake Gorkoe (Khomutinskoye). Lake Medvezhye, amazing in its beauty and healing power, is very popular among tourists and local residents. Its silt mud has healing properties equal to the mud of the Dead Sea. The water from the source of the Holy Kazan Chimeevsky Monastery is also considered healing. 66 percent of the region's land is arable land. And this truly Russian combination of fields and forests pacifies and calms. The largest cities in the region are Kurgan, Shadrinsk, Dalmatovo. The main attraction of the regional center is the legendary Tsar's Kurgan. In honor of him, the settlement, called Tsarev Settlement, received its current name - Mound. Among the attractions of the Shadrinsky district are church buildings and natural monuments: the floodplain areas of the Iset River, a beautiful pine forest. The cultural layer protection zones are located on the territory of the Bolshoi Mylnikovsky settlement and the Bolshoi Bakal settlement.

Tyumen region divides the territory of the Russian Federation into two parts: to the west is the Urals and the European part, to the east are Siberia and the Far East. The administrative center of the region - Tyumen - was the first Russian city in Siberia, the gateway to Siberia, an outpost for the advancement of the Russian state to the east. Asian Russia began here. Tyumen has architectural and cultural monuments. The most famous are the settlement with the remains of the Tatar city, a rampart and a moat, as well as the complex of the Holy Trinity Monastery, founded in 1616. The complex consists of the Trinity Cathedral, a church, abbot's chambers and old walls. Here is one of the most beautiful iconostases in Siberia. In the city you can see baroque churches, chapels and bell towers of the 18th century, monuments of architecture and wooden architecture - houses of merchants and industrialists. Tyumen, once famous for merchant fairs, has retained the title of a wealthy city. Today it is called the oil capital of Russia. Tobolsk is founded on the site where the Tatar capital of Siberia was previously located. Subsequently, the name “Siberia” was transferred to the entire territory from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. For several centuries, Tobolsk was the main administrative and military center of all of Siberia. Here, for the first time in Siberia, a stone Kremlin was erected. And to this day, the Tobolsk Kremlin is considered the pearl of these places. Tobolsk is a unique city-monument of stone and wooden architecture. Thanks to its original architecture and natural landscapes, the city has gained fame as the “Siberian Mecca” for tourists from all over the world. Tobolsk has many beautiful temple and monastery buildings. The city has developed a unique craft of artistic bone carving. The town of Yalutorovsk has preserved historical and cultural monuments, including the memorial houses of the Decembrists M.I. Muravyov-Apostol and I.D. Yakushkin. Here is the Decembrists Grove - a beautiful natural complex, a place where the Decembrists loved to be. In the south of the region there are 2 nature reserves of federal significance - “Tyumensky” and “Belozersky”, 33 reserves of regional significance, 29 natural monuments. In the vicinity of Tyumen there are two hot springs - natural thermal springs, the water temperature of which is +40-45º all year round. One of them is landscaped, the other is “wild”. The first is an open-air marble pool filled with water. The pool is surrounded by pine trees and decorative palm trees. The water in hot springs is healing. Mineral water "Tyumenskaya-2" from sources - bromine, sodium chloride. Andrew's Lake. The archaeological museum-reserve on Lake Andreevskoye is located on the site where traces of settlements of ancient times were discovered - from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. The exhibition includes objects found during excavations, as well as reconstructions of Khanty and Mansi dwellings. Embayevo. The Tatar village was founded by immigrants from Bukhara. In Embaevo there is a mosque built by the local merchant Nigmatulla-Khadzhi Karmyshakov and considered one of the most beautiful in Russia. This is the first stone mosque beyond the Urals. Karmyshakov brought a hair of the Prophet Muhammad from the Middle East, which was kept in the village, and is now in the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore. A madrasah has been opened at the mosque, training imams. The village also has an ethnographic museum of Siberian Tatars. Pokrovskoye village: Grigory Rasputin was born here. There is a private Rasputin museum. Tatar village of Chikcha. A wooden mosque from the 19th century and a new stone mosque have been preserved. Chikcha is a place of Muslim pilgrimage.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (the historical name of the region is Yugra) is located in Western Siberia, in the northern and middle taiga zone. The climate is continental, with harsh, long winters (about 9 months) and relatively warm summers. In the north there are permafrost rocks. The main river is the Ob with large tributaries - the Irtysh, Northern Sosva, etc. There are over 1,500 lakes. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish (salmon, whitefish, sturgeon). Forests occupy about 1/3 of the district's territory. Coniferous species predominate (spruce, pine, cedar); deciduous forests are mainly birch. On the territory of the district there are the eastern slopes of the Northern and Subpolar Urals (height up to 1646 m, Neroika). The following nature reserves are open: Yugansky, Malaya Sosva. The region has large oil and gas fields. Among the attractions of Khanty-Mansiysk are a local history museum with a rich ethnographic collection, a park museum with monuments of wooden architecture of the Khanty and Mansi. Natural monument - Samarovsky Hill (Ust-Irtysh Mountain). There is a large fur farm (breeding black and brown foxes, arctic foxes, minks).

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a whole country in the center of the Far North of Russia. The district covers an area of ​​more than 750 thousand square kilometers. It is located in the north of the West Siberian Plain. More than 50 percent of the district's territory is outside the Arctic Circle. The region is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The population is about 500 thousand people. The indigenous peoples of the region are the Nenets, Khanty, and Selkups. The capital of the Autonomous Okrug is Salekhard.