Sinus rhythm 80 per minute. What does sinus rhythm show?

Sinus node - This is a group of cells located in the right atrium that have the ability to produce impulses and transmit these impulses to other myocardial cells.

Normally, the impulse arises in the sinus node of the right atrium, covers both atria, then through the atrioventricular node, which is the center of second-order automaticity, the impulse is transmitted to the ventricles and covers them with excitation.

This is how the heart contracts: first the atria, and then the ventricles. If, after conducting an ECG, the doctor concluded “sinus, correct rhythm,” then this means that your heart contracts normally, there are no pathological abnormalities in the functioning of the conduction system. This means that the impulse that causes your heart to contract occurs where it is needed, namely in the sinus node of the right atrium.

1 ECG and sinus rhythm

The simplest and most accessible method of determining heart rhythm is an ECG. This is a method that allows you to determine the frequency and regularity of heart contractions, assess the nature of the rhythm and its source, and diagnose acute or chronic myocardial damage. An ECG is mandatory during preventive examination and medical examination. Any doctor and medical worker with secondary medical education should be able to encrypt a cardiogram.

On the electrocardiogram there is a P wave, which is responsible for the work of the atria, and there is a complex of QRS waves, this complex shows the work of the ventricles. Since the atria normally contract first, then the ventricles, the P wave should always precede the QRS complex.

So, ECG signs of sinus rhythm:

Constant shape of the P wave (duration 0.1 s, height 2-2.5 mm),
Equal distance between teeth P-P or R-R,
The P wave always precedes the QRS complex,
The distance from the P wave to the subsequent Q wave is the same and equal to 0.12-0.2 s,
Heart rate from 60 to 90 beats per minute.

If these criteria are met on the ECG, this means that the heart rhythm is normal.

2 What does a patient need to know before an ECG?

In order for the electrocardiogram data to be as accurate as possible, there are certain rules that the patient must follow before conducting this study. Firstly, try not to be nervous, do not drink alcohol, coffee, strong tea, or smoke before the procedure, since the heart rate will increase, tachycardia will develop and the ECG data will be incorrect. There is no need to overeat and do physical labor. If you follow all the above rules, then recording an ECG will allow you to most accurately diagnose the work of your heart and determine its rhythm and frequency of contractions.

3 Heart rate in children

The heartbeat of newborns and toddlers is much faster than that of an adult. If you place your palm on the chest of a small child, you can hear how fast and loud the tiny heart beats. The younger the child, the more often his heart beats. For example, the norm for a newborn baby is a heart rate of up to 140 beats per minute, and when feeding or crying, it can reach 180 beats per minute.

This is explained by the fact that babies have a more intense metabolism and the fact that the heart is less susceptible to the influence of the vagus nerve, which slows down the heartbeat. By two years of age, the average heart rate is 120-125 per minute, by six - 100-105, and by ten to twelve years the child’s heart rate will correspond to that of an adult.

These physiological features characteristic of childhood should be taken into account by the parent, and not panic if, when deciphering the cardiogram, the doctor writes a three-digit number, determining the heart rate of your child. Perhaps a rapid heartbeat is normal for his age. And if the intervals between heart contractions are the same, the P wave accompanies each set of ventricular contractions - this means sinus rhythm, and in this case there is no cause for concern.

4 When is sinus rhythm abnormal?

The sinoatrial node can produce impulses both with the same, constant frequency, and with periods of gradual acceleration and deceleration. If the sinus rhythm is characterized by such periods of acceleration and deceleration, we are talking about an abnormal sinus rhythm or arrhythmia. There are two forms of sinus arrhythmia: respiratory (cyclic) and not associated with breathing (non-cyclical).

Respiratory or cyclic arrhythmia is characterized by the fact that the heart rate increases during inhalation and slows down during exhalation; there is a clear connection with breathing. This condition occurs due to high activity of the vagus nerve. Respiratory arrhythmia is typical for young people, athletes, patients with neurocirculatory dystonia, neuroses, as well as adolescents during puberty.

ECG signs of respiratory arrhythmia:

Signs of sinus rhythm (P wave of normal shape and size, always precedes the QRS complex),
Heart rate increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation,
The duration of R-R is not the same, but the run-up is within 0.15 s.

A characteristic feature and diagnostic criterion is the following point: respiratory arrhythmia disappears on the ECG when holding the breath, intensifies under the influence of drugs from the group of b-adrenergic blockers and disappears under the influence of atropine. Sinus arrhythmia not associated with breathing is observed in elderly people with various cardiac pathologies (cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, myocarditis).

If respiratory arrhythmia has a favorable prognosis and is a physiological feature, then non-cyclic arrhythmia has a more serious prognostic significance and may mean certain disturbances in the functioning of the heart.

ECG signs of non-cyclic arrhythmia:

Signs of sinus rhythm (P wave of normal shape and size, always precedes the QRS complex)
There is no connection between sinus arrhythmia and breathing,
Sinus arrhythmia persists with breath holding,
The duration of R-R is not the same, the run-up is more than 0.15 s.

From the above we can conclude: sinus rhythm is the normal rhythm of heart contraction, but sinus rhythm does not exclude possible disturbances in the functioning of the heart. It is important that the rhythm is not just sinus, but also correct. Proper sinus rhythm means that your heart beats regularly and rhythmically.

Also, on the eve of any surgical intervention, in order to determine the current state of the heart, the patient is required to undergo an ECG. According to the data of such an examination, heart function indicators are determined. What does sinus rhythm mean with an ECG: interpretation of the results.

Peculiarities

ECG sinus rhythm what is it? Sinus rhythm detected on the ECG indicates good activity of the heart muscle, in which there are no pathologies. This rhythm characterizes oscillations that arise from impulses in a certain node and diverge throughout the atrium and ventricle. As a result, the heart muscle contracts. For the examination to show the correct result, the patient should not worry, he needs to be in a calm state.

What does sinus rhythm ECG mean? If the doctor notes on the transcript that sinus rhythm is present, then this means that P peaks manifest themselves on a homogeneous basis, the pulse is 60 - 80 beats per minute, the distances between P-P and R-R are similar. This means that the sinus center must have a driver for the heartbeat. Compliance of features is checked as follows:

The elevations P are equal in height;
Before the QRS complex, the presence of P armholes is mandatory;
The PQ distance remains stable;
The P notch in the second lead is positive.

results

ECG results: sinus rhythm. If all the parameters reflected on the cardiogram correspond to sinus rhythm, this means that the innervation impulses correctly follow from top to bottom. Otherwise, the impulses originate from the secondary parts of the heart.

What does a vertical position mean when there is sinus rhythm on an ECG? This is the normal location of the heart in the thoracic region, on the line of the conventional location of the central axis. Since the location of the organ is permissible at different angles of inclination and in different planes, both vertical and horizontal, as well as in intermediate ones. This is not a pathology, but only indicates the distinctive characteristics of the structure of the patient’s body and is detected as a result of an ECG examination.

Pathologies

Not everyone can boast of perfect health. Tests of the heart muscle may reveal some abnormalities.

Interpretation of ECG sinus rhythm. Inconsistency of heart activity with sinus rhythm indicates arrhythmia or blockade. The blockade occurs as a result of the transmission of impulses by the central nervous system to the heart. An increased heart rate means that the vibrations are faster. If we talk about rhythm disturbances, then in total there is a discrepancy between the frequency of contractions of the heart muscle and the sequence.

Incorrect cyclicity of sinus rhythm can be observed on the ECG by the difference in the distances between the peaks. This basically indicates a weak node. To verify arrhythmia, it is necessary to conduct Holter monitoring and a drug test. This way it is possible to identify disturbances in the self-regulation of the autonomic system and the source of oscillations.

Disorder and signs

Cardiac weakness syndrome is detected on the basis of clinical and ECG studies. To make sure of the diagnosis of arrhythmia, you need to compare the current results of the cardiogram with the transcript with normal data on the patient’s heart condition. Uniform and positive P waves in one lead, as well as uniform location at a distance of 0.11-0.20 s in front of the QRS complex.

In one minute, the number of beats should not exceed 90. This indicator is determined by dividing 60 seconds. for the duration of the R – R segment. Or the number of complexes that occurred in 3 seconds. Multiply by 20 (this is approximately 15cm of tape).

Conclusion ECG sinus rhythm. Decoding the ECG of sinus rhythm may reflect such pathologies as:

Reasons for violation

Cardiac dysfunction in the human body occurs for the following reasons:

Regular consumption of drinks containing alcohol;
Constant smoking;
Heart disease;
Heart failure;
Excess thyroid hormones;
Mitral valve protrusion;
Uncontrolled use of glycosides or drugs against arrhythmia.

An increase in heart rate eliminates disturbances in a person’s respiratory activity. The most surprising thing is that the electrocardiogram - ECG is not a new and time-tested method of identifying heart pathologies. This procedure requires very little time and does not require any preparatory steps. However, in order to get the correct result, transcript and doctor’s conclusion, sometimes you need to undergo such an examination several times. Based on the data obtained and clinical examinations, a specialist cardiologist will diagnose the patient and prescribe treatment.

Thank you

Electrocardiogram is a widely used method of objective diagnostics various pathologies of the human heart, which is used almost everywhere today. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is taken in a clinic, in an ambulance, or in a hospital department. ECG is a very important recording that reflects the condition of the heart. That is why the reflection of various types of cardiac pathology on the ECG is described by a separate science - electrocardiography. Electrocardiography also deals with the problems of correct ECG recording, decoding issues, interpretation of controversial and unclear points, etc.

Definition and essence of the method

An electrocardiogram is a recording of the heart, which is presented as a curved line on paper. The cardiogram line itself is not chaotic; it has certain intervals, teeth and segments that correspond to certain stages of the heart.

To understand the essence of an electrocardiogram, you need to know what exactly is recorded by a device called an electrocardiograph. The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart, which changes cyclically in accordance with the onset of diastole and systole. The electrical activity of the human heart may seem like fiction, but this unique biological phenomenon exists in reality. In reality, the heart contains so-called cells of the conduction system, which generate electrical impulses that are transmitted to the muscles of the organ. It is these electrical impulses that cause the myocardium to contract and relax with a certain rhythm and frequency.

The electrical impulse propagates through the cells of the conduction system of the heart strictly sequentially, causing contraction and relaxation of the corresponding sections - the ventricles and atria. The electrocardiogram reflects precisely the total electrical potential difference in the heart.

decryption?

An electrocardiogram can be taken in any clinic or multidisciplinary hospital. You can contact a private medical center where there is a specialist cardiologist or therapist. After recording the cardiogram, the tape with curves is examined by the doctor. It is he who analyzes the recording, deciphers it and writes a final report, which reflects all visible pathologies and functional deviations from the norm.

An electrocardiogram is recorded using a special device - an electrocardiograph, which can be multi-channel or single-channel. The speed of ECG recording depends on the modification and modernity of the device. Modern devices can be connected to a computer, which, with a special program, will analyze the recording and issue a final conclusion immediately after the procedure is completed.

Any cardiograph has special electrodes that are applied in a strictly defined order. There are four clothespins in red, yellow, green and black that are placed on both arms and both legs. If you go in a circle, then the clothespins are applied according to the rule “red-yellow-green-black”, from the right hand. It's easy to remember this sequence thanks to the student saying: "Every-Woman is an Eviler Trait." In addition to these electrodes, there are also chest electrodes, which are installed in the intercostal spaces.

As a result, the electrocardiogram consists of twelve waveforms, six of which are recorded from the chest electrodes, and are called chest leads. The remaining six leads are recorded from electrodes attached to the arms and legs, with three of them called standard and three more called enhanced. The chest leads are designated V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, the standard ones are simply Roman numerals - I, II, III, and the reinforced leg leads - the letters aVL, aVR, aVF. Different leads of the cardiogram are necessary to create the most complete picture of the activity of the heart, since some pathologies are visible on the chest leads, others on the standard ones, and still others on the enhanced ones.

The person lies down on the couch, the doctor attaches the electrodes and turns on the device. While the ECG is being written, the person must be absolutely calm. We must not allow the appearance of any irritants that can distort the true picture of the work of the heart.

How to correctly perform an electrocardiogram followed by
transcript - video

The principle of decoding an ECG

Since the electrocardiogram reflects the processes of contraction and relaxation of the myocardium, it is possible to trace how these processes occur and identify existing pathological processes. The elements of the electrocardiogram are closely related and reflect the duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle - systole and diastole, that is, contraction and subsequent relaxation. Decoding the electrocardiogram is based on the study of the teeth, their position relative to each other, duration, and other parameters. The following elements of the electrocardiogram are studied for analysis:
1. Teeth.
2. Intervals.
3. Segments.

All sharp and smooth convexities and concavities on the ECG line are called teeth. Each tooth is designated by a letter of the Latin alphabet. The P wave reflects contraction of the atria, the QRS complex – contraction of the ventricles of the heart, the T wave – relaxation of the ventricles. Sometimes after the T wave on the electrocardiogram there is another U wave, but it has no clinical and diagnostic role.

An ECG segment is considered to be a segment enclosed between adjacent teeth. For diagnosing heart pathology, the P – Q and S – T segments are of great importance. The interval on the electrocardiogram is a complex that includes a tooth and an interval. The P–Q and Q–T intervals are of great importance for diagnosis.

Often in the doctor’s report you can see small Latin letters, which also indicate teeth, intervals and segments. Small letters are used if the prong is less than 5 mm long. In addition, several R waves may appear in the QRS complex, which are usually designated R’, R”, etc. Sometimes the R wave is simply missing. Then the entire complex is designated by only two letters - QS. All this has important diagnostic value.

ECG interpretation plan - general scheme for reading results

When deciphering an electrocardiogram, the following parameters reflecting the work of the heart must be established:

position of the electrical axis of the heart;
determining the correctness of the heart rhythm and conductivity of the electrical impulse (blockades, arrhythmias are identified);
determining the regularity of contractions of the heart muscle;
determination of heart rate;
identifying the source of the electrical impulse (whether sinus rhythm is determined or not);
analysis of the duration, depth and width of the atrial P wave and the P – Q interval;
analysis of the duration, depth, width of the QRST ventricular wave complex;
analysis of parameters of the RS – T segment and T wave;
analysis of Q – T interval parameters.

Based on all the studied parameters, the doctor writes a final conclusion on the electrocardiogram. The conclusion may roughly look like this: “Sinus rhythm with heart rate 65. Normal position of the electrical axis of the heart. No pathology identified.” Or this: “Sinus tachycardia with heart rate 100. Single supraventricular extrasystole. Incomplete blockade of the right bundle branch. Moderate metabolic changes in the myocardium.”

In the conclusion on the electrocardiogram, the doctor must reflect the following parameters:

sinus rhythm or not;
rhythm regularity;
heart rate (HR);
position of the electrical axis of the heart.

If any of the 4 pathological syndromes are identified, then indicate which ones - rhythm disturbance, conduction, overload of the ventricles or atria, and damage to the structure of the heart muscle (infarction, scar, dystrophy).

Example of deciphering an electrocardiogram

At the very beginning of the electrocardiogram tape there should be a calibration signal, which looks like a large letter “P” 10 mm high. If this calibration signal is not present, then the electrocardiogram is uninformative. If the height of the calibration signal is below 5 mm in standard and enhanced leads, and below 8 mm in chest leads, then there is a low voltage of the electrocardiogram, which is a sign of a number of heart pathologies. For subsequent decoding and calculation of some parameters, you need to know what period of time fits into one cell of graph paper. At a belt speed of 25 mm/s, one cell 1 mm long is equal to 0.04 seconds, and at a speed of 50 mm/s – 0.02 seconds.

Checking the regularity of heart contractions

It is assessed by the intervals R - R. If the teeth are located at the same distance from each other throughout the entire recording, then the rhythm is regular. Otherwise it is called correct. Estimating the distance between the R - R teeth is very simple: the electrocardiogram is recorded on graph paper, which makes it easy to measure any gaps in millimeters.

Heart rate (HR) calculation

It is carried out using a simple arithmetic method: count the number of large squares on graph paper that are placed between two R waves. Then the heart rate is calculated using the formula, which is determined by the speed of the tape in the cardiograph:
1. The tape speed is 50 mm/s - then the heart rate is 600 divided by the number of squares.
2. The tape speed is 25 mm/s - then the heart rate is 300 divided by the number of squares.

For example, if 4.8 large squares fit between two R teeth, then the heart rate, at a belt speed of 50 mm/s, will be equal to 600/4.8 = 125 beats per minute.

If the heart rate is abnormal, then the maximum and minimum heart rate is determined, also taking as a basis the maximum and minimum distances between the R waves.

Identifying the source of the rhythm

The doctor studies the rhythm of heart contractions and finds out which node of nerve cells causes the cyclic processes of contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. This is very important for identifying blockages.

Decoding ECG - rhythms

Normally, the pacemaker is the sinus node. And such a normal rhythm itself is called sinus - all other options are pathological. In various pathologies, any other node of the nerve cells of the cardiac conduction system can act as a pacemaker. In this case, the cyclic electrical impulses become confused and the heart rhythm is disrupted - an arrhythmia occurs.

In sinus rhythm on the electrocardiogram in lead II there is a P wave before each QRS complex, and it is always positive. In one lead, all P waves should have the same shape, length and width.

With atrial rhythm the P wave in leads II and III is negative, but is present before each QRS complex.

Atrioventricular rhythms are characterized by the absence of P waves on cardiograms, or the appearance of this wave after the QRS complex, and not before it, as is normal. With this type of rhythm, the heart rate is low, ranging from 40 to 60 beats per minute.

Ventricular rhythm characterized by an increase in the width of the QRS complex, which becomes large and quite frightening. The P waves and the QRS complex are completely unrelated to each other. That is, there is no strict correct normal sequence - the P wave, followed by the QRS complex. Ventricular rhythm is characterized by a decrease in heart rate - less than 40 beats per minute.

Detection of pathology of electrical impulse conduction through the structures of the heart

To do this, measure the duration of the P wave, the P–Q interval and the QRS complex. The duration of these parameters is calculated from the millimeter tape on which the cardiogram is recorded. First, count how many millimeters each tooth or interval occupies, after which the resulting value is multiplied by 0.02 at a recording speed of 50 mm/s, or by 0.04 at a recording speed of 25 mm/s.

The normal duration of the P wave is up to 0.1 seconds, the P – Q interval is 0.12-0.2 seconds, the QRS complex is 0.06-0.1 seconds.

Electrical axis of the heart

Denoted as the alpha angle. It can have a normal position, horizontal or vertical. Moreover, in a thin person the axis of the heart is more vertical relative to the average values, while in a fat person it is more horizontal. The normal position of the electrical axis of the heart is 30–69 o, vertical – 70–90 o, horizontal – 0–29 o. The alpha angle, equal to 91 to ±180 o, reflects a sharp deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the right. The alpha angle, equal to 0 to –90 o, reflects a sharp deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the left.

The electrical axis of the heart can deviate under various pathological conditions. For example, hypertension leads to a deviation to the right; a conduction disorder (blockade) can shift it to the right or left.

Atrial P wave

The atrial P wave should be:

positive in I, II, aVF and chest leads (2, 3,4, 5, 6);
negative in aVR;
biphasic (part of the tooth lies in the positive region, and part in the negative) in III, aVL, V1.

The normal duration of P is no more than 0.1 seconds, and the amplitude is 1.5 - 2.5 mm.

Pathological forms of the P wave may indicate the following pathologies:
1. Tall and sharp teeth in leads II, III, aVF appear with hypertrophy of the right atrium (“cor pulmonale”);
2. A P wave with two peaks and a large width in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 indicates hypertrophy of the left atrium (for example, mitral valve disease).

P–Q interval

The P–Q interval has a normal duration of 0.12 to 0.2 seconds. An increase in the duration of the P–Q interval is a reflection of atrioventricular block. On the electrocardiogram, three degrees of atrioventricular block (AV) can be distinguished:

I degree: simple lengthening of the P–Q interval while preserving all other complexes and waves.
II degree: prolongation of the P–Q interval with partial loss of some QRS complexes.
III degree: lack of connection between the P wave and QRS complexes. In this case, the atria work in their own rhythm, and the ventricles - in their own.

Ventricular QRST complex

The ventricular QRST complex consists of the QRS complex itself and the S – T segment. The normal duration of the QRST complex does not exceed 0.1 seconds, and its increase is detected with blockades of the Hiss bundle branches.

QRS complex consists of three waves, Q, R and S, respectively. The Q wave is visible on the cardiogram in all leads except 1, 2 and 3 chest leads. A normal Q wave has an amplitude up to 25% of that of an R wave. The duration of the Q wave is 0.03 seconds. The R wave is recorded in absolutely all leads. The S wave is also visible in all leads, but its amplitude decreases from the 1st thoracic to the 4th, and in the 5th and 6th it may be completely absent. The maximum amplitude of this tooth is 20 mm.

The S–T segment is very important from a diagnostic point of view. It is by this tooth that myocardial ischemia can be detected, that is, a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle. Usually this segment runs along the isoline, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd chest leads; it can rise up by a maximum of 2 mm. And in the 4th, 5th and 6th chest leads, the S-T segment can shift below the isoline by a maximum of half a millimeter. It is the deviation of the segment from the isoline that reflects the presence of myocardial ischemia.

T wave

The T wave is a reflection of the process of eventual relaxation in the cardiac muscle of the ventricles of the heart. Typically, when the amplitude of the R wave is large, the T wave will also be positive. A negative T wave is normally recorded only in lead aVR.

Q-T interval

The Q–T interval reflects the process of eventual contraction in the myocardium of the ventricles of the heart.

ECG interpretation - normal indicators

The transcript of the electrocardiogram is usually recorded by the doctor in conclusion. A typical example of a normal cardiac cardiogram looks like this:
1. PQ – 0.12 s.
2. QRS – 0.06 s.
3. QT – 0.31 s.
4. RR – 0.62 – 0.66 – 0.6.
5. Heart rate is 70 - 75 beats per minute.
6. sinus rhythm.
7. The electrical axis of the heart is located normally.

Normally, the rhythm should be only sinus, the heart rate of an adult is 60 - 90 beats per minute. The P wave is normally no more than 0.1 s, the P – Q interval is 0.12-0.2 seconds, the QRS complex is 0.06-0.1 seconds, Q – T is up to 0.4 s.

If the cardiogram is pathological, then it indicates specific syndromes and deviations from the norm (for example, partial blockade of the left bundle branch, myocardial ischemia, etc.). The doctor can also reflect specific violations and changes in the normal parameters of the waves, intervals and segments (for example, shortening of the P wave or Q-T interval, etc.).

Interpretation of ECG in children and pregnant women

In principle, children and pregnant women have normal heart electrocardiogram readings - the same as in healthy adults. However, there are certain physiological characteristics. For example, the heart rate of children is higher than that of an adult. The normal heart rate of a child up to 3 years of age is 100–110 beats per minute, 3–5 years old – 90–100 beats per minute. Then gradually the heart rate decreases, and in adolescence it is compared with that of an adult - 60 - 90 beats per minute.

In pregnant women, there may be a slight deviation of the electrical axis of the heart in late gestation due to compression by the growing uterus. In addition, sinus tachycardia often develops, that is, an increase in heart rate to 110 - 120 beats per minute, which is a functional condition and goes away on its own. An increase in heart rate is associated with a greater volume of circulating blood and increased workload. Due to the increased load on the heart, pregnant women may experience overload in various parts of the organ. These phenomena are not a pathology - they are associated with pregnancy and will go away on their own after childbirth.

Decoding the electrocardiogram during a heart attack

Myocardial infarction is a sudden cessation of oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells, resulting in the development of necrosis of a tissue area that is in a state of hypoxia. The reason for the disruption of oxygen supply can be different - most often it is a blockage of a blood vessel, or its rupture. A heart attack involves only part of the muscle tissue of the heart, and the extent of the damage depends on the size of the blood vessel that is blocked or ruptured. On an electrocardiogram, myocardial infarction has certain signs by which it can be diagnosed.

In the process of development of myocardial infarction, four stages are distinguished, which have different manifestations on the ECG:

acute;
acute;
subacute;
cicatricial.

The most acute stage myocardial infarction can last for 3 hours - 3 days from the moment of circulatory disturbance. At this stage, the Q wave may be absent on the electrocardiogram. If it is present, then the R wave has a low amplitude or is completely absent. In this case, there is a characteristic QS wave, reflecting a transmural infarction. The second sign of an acute infarction is an increase in the S-T segment by at least 4 mm above the isoline, with the formation of one large T wave.

Sometimes it is possible to detect the phase of myocardial ischemia preceding the acute phase, which is characterized by high T waves.

Acute stage A heart attack lasts 2–3 weeks. During this period, a wide and high-amplitude Q wave and a negative T wave are recorded on the ECG.

Subacute stage lasts up to 3 months. The ECG shows a very large negative T wave with a huge amplitude, which gradually normalizes. Sometimes a rise in the S-T segment is detected, which should have leveled off by this period. This is an alarming symptom, as it may indicate the formation of a cardiac aneurysm.

Scar stage heart attack is final, since connective tissue is formed at the damaged site, incapable of contraction. This scar is recorded on the ECG as a Q wave, which will remain for life. Often the T wave is smoothed, has a low amplitude, or is completely negative.

Interpretation of the most common ECGs

In conclusion, doctors write the result of the ECG interpretation, which is often incomprehensible because it consists of terms, syndromes and simply statements of pathophysiological processes. Let's consider the most common ECG conclusions, which are incomprehensible to a person without a medical education.

Ectopic rhythm means not sinus - which can be either a pathology or a norm. The norm is ectopic rhythm when there is a congenital malformation of the conduction system of the heart, but the person does not present any complaints and does not suffer from other cardiac pathologies. In other cases, an ectopic rhythm indicates the presence of blockades.

Changes in repolarization processes on the ECG reflects a violation of the process of relaxation of the heart muscle after contraction.

Sinus rhythm This is the normal heart rate of a healthy person.

Sinus or sinusoidal tachycardia means that a person has a correct and regular rhythm, but an increased heart rate - more than 90 beats per minute. In young people under 30 years of age, this is a variant of the norm.

Sinus bradycardia- this is a low heart rate - less than 60 beats per minute against the background of a normal, regular rhythm.

Nonspecific ST-T changes mean that there are minor deviations from the norm, but their cause may be completely unrelated to heart pathology. It is necessary to undergo a full examination. Such nonspecific ST-T changes can develop with an imbalance of potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium ions, or various endocrine disorders, often during menopause in women.

Biphasic R wave in combination with other signs of a heart attack indicates damage to the anterior wall of the myocardium. If no other signs of a heart attack are detected, then a biphasic R wave is not a sign of pathology.

QT prolongation may indicate hypoxia (lack of oxygen), rickets, or overexcitation nervous system in a child, which is a consequence of birth trauma.

Myocardial hypertrophy means that the muscular wall of the heart is thickened and works under enormous load. This can lead to the formation of:

heart failure;
arrhythmias.

Also, myocardial hypertrophy can be a consequence of previous heart attacks.

Moderate diffuse changes in the myocardium mean that tissue nutrition is impaired and cardiac muscle dystrophy has developed. This is a fixable condition: you need to see a doctor and undergo an adequate course of treatment, including normalizing your diet.

Deviation of the electrical axis of the heart (EOS) left or right is possible with hypertrophy of the left or right ventricle, respectively. EOS can deviate to the left in obese people, and to the right - in thin people, but in this case this is a variant of the norm.

Left type ECG– EOS deviation to the left.

NBPNG– an abbreviation for “incomplete right bundle branch block.” This condition can occur in newborns and is a normal variant. In rare cases, RBBB can cause arrhythmia, but generally does not lead to the development of negative consequences. Block of the Hiss bundle branch is quite common in people, but if there are no complaints about the heart, then it is not at all dangerous.

BPVLNPG– an abbreviation meaning “blockade of the anterior branch of the left bundle branch.” Reflects a violation of the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, and leads to the development of arrhythmias.

Small growth of the R wave in V1-V3 may be a sign of interventricular septal infarction. To accurately determine whether this is the case, it is necessary to do another ECG study.

CLC syndrome(Klein-Levy-Kritesco syndrome) is a congenital feature of the conduction system of the heart. May cause the development of arrhythmias. This syndrome does not require treatment, but it is necessary to be regularly examined by a cardiologist.

Low voltage ECG often recorded with pericarditis (a large amount of connective tissue in the heart that has replaced muscle tissue). In addition, this sign may be a reflection of exhaustion or myxedema.

Metabolic changes are a reflection of insufficient nutrition of the heart muscle. It is necessary to be examined by a cardiologist and undergo a course of treatment.

Conduction slowdown means that the nerve impulse travels through the tissues of the heart more slowly than normal. This condition itself does not require special treatment - it may be a congenital feature of the conduction system of the heart. Regular monitoring by a cardiologist is recommended.

Blockade 2 and 3 degrees reflects a serious disturbance of cardiac conduction, which is manifested by arrhythmia. In this case, treatment is necessary.

Rotation of the heart by the right ventricle forward may be an indirect sign of the development of hypertrophy. In this case, it is necessary to find out its cause and undergo a course of treatment, or adjust your diet and lifestyle.

Price of an electrocardiogram with interpretation

The cost of an electrocardiogram with interpretation varies significantly, depending on the specific medical institution. Thus, in public hospitals and clinics the minimum price for the procedure of taking an ECG and interpreting it by a doctor is from 300 rubles. In this case, you will receive films with recorded curves and a doctor’s conclusion on them, which he will make himself, or using a computer program.

If you want to receive a thorough and detailed conclusion on the electrocardiogram, a doctor’s explanation of all the parameters and changes, it is better to contact a private clinic that provides similar services. Here the doctor will be able not only to write a conclusion after deciphering the cardiogram, but also to calmly talk to you, taking his time to explain all the points of interest. However, the cost of such a cardiogram with interpretation in a private medical center ranges from 800 rubles to 3,600 rubles. You should not assume that bad specialists work in an ordinary clinic or hospital - it’s just that a doctor in a public institution, as a rule, has a very large amount of work, so he simply does not have time to talk with each patient in great detail.

When choosing a medical institution for taking a cardiogram with interpretation, first of all, pay attention to the qualifications of the doctor. It is better for this to be a specialist - a cardiologist or therapist with good experience. If a child needs a cardiogram, then it is better to contact specialists - pediatricians, since “adult” doctors do not always take into account the specifics and physiological characteristics of children.

Before use, you should consult a specialist.

Many, even the most banal studies that are carried out in a clinic during a medical examination, help to suspect and diagnose various serious health problems. Therefore, doctors strongly recommend not to neglect annual examinations with primary specialists, as well as systematically conduct basic research. An electrocardiogram is considered to be one of the important and at the same time simple diagnostic manipulations. Having received the result of such a study in their hands, many patients pay attention to the indicated sinus rhythm of the heart. Let's talk about the term sinus rhythm of the heart, what is the norm in adults and children.

Probably every person knows that the heart is an organ that performs work rhythmically. In a healthy person, the heartbeat rhythm is determined by the sinus node. Accordingly, we can conclude that the sinus rhythm of the heart is precisely the normal heart rhythm.

The sinus node is a natural impulse generator and is located inside the right atrium. The impulse moves from bottom to top. First it reaches the right atrium, and then the left. The impulse then passes through the atrioventricular junction towards the ventricles. Its effect causes the heart to contract and relax rhythmically, thus performing its main functions - pumping blood throughout the body.

Sinus rhythm of the heart - what does it mean on the cardiogram?

With normal sinus rhythm on the cardiogram, all P waves have a constant shape, and the distance P-P or R-R is the same. The heart rate ranges from sixty to eighty beats per minute. Accordingly, with such indicators, the heart is in order and functions with stability and clarity.

If the sinus rhythm is unstable, then the cardiogram shows that the height of the P waves, as well as the distance between them, are not the same. Observing such a picture, the doctor can conclude that the sinus node is weak or that another heart node has become the pacemaker. In this case, the patient is indicated for special diagnostics. Such studies will already help to find out what exactly caused the sinus rhythm disturbance: pathology of the sinus node itself or problems in its autonomic system.

Thus, if the doctor wrote in the cardiogram that sinus rhythm is normal, we can conclude that the patient’s heart is functioning normally. Violation of this indicator often indicates heart block or arrhythmias. In general, all violations of systematicity, consistency or heart rate can be called arrhythmias. Heart blocks develop when there is a disruption in the transmission of impulses from the nerve center to the heart muscle. An acceleration of the rhythm indicates the development of tachycardia, and a slowdown indicates bradycardia. A decrease in heart rate to fifty or less, or an increase in this indicator to ninety or more is a serious reason for immediately contacting a doctor. And the editors of the site www.!

What is the normal sinus rhythm in adults and children?

Normal sinus rhythm in an adult is characterized by a frequency of sixty to eighty beats per minute, as well as a regular rhythm and a constant interval between beats, which is 0.12-0.22 seconds.

Children's hearts beat completely differently depending on their age. So in the very first month of life, the sinus rhythm should be approximately one hundred and forty beats per minute, and from the age of one month of life to one year - one hundred and thirty-two beats per minute. Then the sinus rhythm gradually becomes slower. So, from the age of one to two, this figure is equal to one hundred and twenty-four beats per minute, and from two to six – one hundred and fifteen beats. In schoolchildren from six to eight years of age, sinus rhythm decreases to one hundred and six beats per minute, and from eight to ten years of age - to eighty-eight beats per minute. Over the next two years (from ten to twelve years) the indicators decrease to eighty beats per minute. For children between the ages of twelve and fifteen, a sinus rhythm of seventy-five beats per minute is considered normal.

Are all sinus rhythm disorders dangerous to health?

In fact, in some cases, sinus rhythm disturbances should not be considered a symptom. So sometimes this phenomenon is associated with breathing - immaturity of the respiratory system, banal jogging or fast walking before the study, excessive body weight, a period of active growth in children, ICP, prematurity, etc.

What else can cause sinus rhythm disturbances?

Sometimes such a problem indicates the presence of heart defects, cardiomyopathy and infective endocarditis. In children, it can also be provoked by congenital defects that are associated with an insufficiently favorable course of pregnancy or childbirth, and various ailments of the nervous and endocrine systems. In some cases, sinus rhythm disturbances are a consequence of intoxication (even the result of an overdose of medications or their individual intolerance) and deficiency of microelements, most often magnesium and selenium.

Quite often, sinus rhythm disturbances do not make themselves felt and are diagnosed only during the next examination. Therefore, it is extremely important to regularly visit a cardiologist for preventive ECGs.

What does sinus rhythm mean on an ECG and how to decipher it? In the myocardium, through muscle contractions, an impulse is generated by the conduction system of the heart, namely the cells of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, as well as Purkinje fibers.

The fact that sinus rhythm is normal on an ECG is indicated by its indicator of 60-90 pulses per minute (in a healthy person at rest). It must be taken into account that in a newborn child the SR frequency can vary from 60 to 150 pulses per minute; the adult physiological norm is established at the age of 6-7 years.

To understand what sinus rhythm is on an ECG and what it should be like, let’s consider the normal indicators of the electrocardiogram:

The P wave is normal should precede the QRS complex, and the distance between P and Q will be 0.12-0.2 seconds. After the QRS complex, the T wave can be traced.
P wave shape in all leads is unchanged, and it will be negative in lead aVR and positive in standard lead II. In other leads, these P wave indicators depend on the electrical axis and may be different.
In a healthy person, over 7 years old rhythm frequency is 60-90 pulses per minute.
Vertical position of the EOS(electrical axis), as well as sinus rhythm on the ECG indicate the physiological norm of the parameters. The normal position of the myocardium in the chest is indicated by the vertical axis, which is a projection of the location. The organ can also be in a semi-vertical, semi-horizontal and horizontal projection; the rotation of the heart from the transverse axis can also be recorded. These indicators indicate individual characteristics.

It is known that such a sinus rhythm on the ECG indicates that the patient does not have cardiac pathologies. To obtain a reliable examination result, it is necessary to calm down before starting the diagnosis, eliminate excitement and nervousness, as well as physical activity.

For example, after climbing stairs you should rest. You should also not smoke for at least half an hour before the electrocardiogram.

Conclusion ECG sinus rhythm of an irregular nature may indicate both pathologies and physiological changes.

There are 3 options for deviation from the norm, in frequency and timing:

, which is evidenced by a regular acceleration of the rhythm. The cardiogram shows a shortened RR interval, heart rate (heart rate) exceeds 120 pulses per minute, in severe cases up to 220. These disorders manifest in the patient with the following symptoms: shortness of breath, lack of oxygen, rapid breathing, palpable chest palpitations, a feeling of anxiety and fear.
ABOUT sinus bradycardia indicates a decrease in sinus rhythm on the ECG below 60 pulses per minute and a pronounced prolongation of the P-P interval. The patient experiences dizziness and may lose consciousness. This condition may indicate a disorder of the vagus nerve, which requires pharmacotherapy, and if treatment is not effective, a need for a pacemaker arises.
Sinus arrhythmia expressed by irregular contraction of the myocardium. That such a sinus rhythm on an ECG indicates instability of the heart rhythm. At the same time, the heart rate either accelerates or slows down, as evidenced by the different durations of the P-P intervals.

Based on ECG data, the doctor can make a conclusion about the state of the heart. vascular systems s and, in case of deviations, make a diagnosis.

Instability of the heart muscle, slow or accelerated rhythm indicate the presence of weak sinoatrial node syndrome in the wall of the right atrium, which can lead to coronary heart disease or other serious disease.

How to decipher a cardiogram of the heart: sinus rhythm and what the ECG results indicate

After the diagnosis is completed, the cardiogram of the heart is deciphered, sinus rhythm and other parameters are described according to all the rules.

A specialist (cardiologist) compares the result with the norm and makes a conclusion:

The normal heart rate falls in the range from 60 to 90 pulses per minute, in children under 6 years old up to 120, and in newborns up to 140.
The state of excitation of the sinus node can be determined by the P wave, which is always located in front of the QRS waves.
The PQ interval has the same duration (0.12-0.20 seconds) throughout the electrical cardiogram.
The PP interval (the cycle of myocardial contraction before the start of the next contraction) should also be the same throughout the entire cardiogram.

ECG results, interpretation, sinus rhythm may indicate physiological arrhythmia caused by increased psycho-emotional or physical stress, as well as some external factors(sharp change in weather conditions).

Functional bradycardia or tachycardia accompanied by both irregular sinus rhythm and changes in heart rate. If, after eliminating the above reasons, cardiac activity does not return to normal, a pathological process can be suspected.

As a result of deciphering the cardiogram of the heart, abnormal sinus rhythm may indicate:

diseases of the cardiovascular system of an inflammatory and/or infectious nature;
organic changes in the myocardium;
congenital and acquired anomalies of heart valves;
acute or chronic heart failure;
congenital anomaly of the atrioventricular node;
endocrine pathologies, including thyrotoxicosis;
damage to the vagus nerve;
anemia or chronic hypoxia.

Nonspecific changes in the myocardium, confirmed by deciphering the cardiogram of the heart, sinus rhythm and its deviations may also indicate bad habits such as smoking, drug use and large doses of alcohol, as well as an overdose of certain drugs, therapeutic regular use of medications such as cardiac glycosides.

ECG results, interpretation, sinus rhythm and its display on the cardiogram will help not only determine the presence of factors that lead to irregular cardiac fluctuations, but also choose the appropriate treatment tactics.

The choice of treatment for heart rhythm disturbances depends on what causes them, physiological or disease. If in the first case a change in regimen and a healthy lifestyle will help, then in the second a thorough examination and treatment of the underlying disease is required.

In any case, without waiting for the results of an ECG decoding of sinus rhythm, it is necessary to give up drugs, nicotine, abuse of alcohol, coffee and tea, maintain a normal sleep and rest schedule, play sports, and spend more time in the fresh air.

It is important to eat well, not to overuse spices or chocolate, and to provide the body with all the necessary nutrients. It is forbidden to self-prescribe medications, especially antiarrhythmics and sedatives.

Detection of severe sinus arrhythmia, which has developed against the background of pathology of the heart and blood vessels, requires careful analysis, a high-quality therapeutic complex, and, if necessary, surgical intervention.

The specifics of treatment depend on the type of pathological process and the severity of symptoms.

Decoding the cardiogram of the heart, sinus rhythm in most cases indicates the adaptive ability of the myocardium to living conditions and changes in the load on the body, but requires mandatory confirmation of the absence of ailments.

This is due to the fact that blockade of the conduction system of the heart can be dangerous not only to health, but also to human life. Therefore, you should look so carefully at all suspicious ECG results, transcripts, sinus rhythm and carefully study elements and segments with deviations from the norm.

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The role of sinus rhythm in the work of the heart

The heart is a kind of pump that moves blood through the vessels. Signals regulating the functioning of the organ come from the central nervous system to the sinus node. What it is? An organ located in the right atrium.

The control center generates the rhythm of the heart and transmits the impulse for muscle contraction from the atria to the ventricles. There the signal is delayed a little, the ventricles fill with blood during this time, and the accelerating impulse then spreads further throughout all the vessels.

Thus, blood under pressure created by the heart circulates throughout the body and delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs. Failures in the contraction mechanism can lead to catastrophic consequences, which is why sinus rhythm means so much to the body.

Normal sinus rhythm for a healthy adult is considered to be 60–70 beats/min. The allowed value is 75 beats/min. The heart must work in a rhythmic manner. What does shortening the intervals between beats mean?

Tachycardia is the main danger of sinus rhythm; the heart accelerates uncontrollably.

Check heart rhythm indicators by drawing up a cardiogram. Frequent changes in sinus rhythm in the heart are also a bad sign.

The following abnormalities do not require treatment:

A signal about an increase in sinus rhythm enters the regulatory organ when adrenaline is released into the blood. Therefore, a rapid heartbeat is often observed in a state of stress, during heavy physical exertion.

It’s bad when there are constant disturbances in the functioning of the sinus node, which are called weakness syndrome of this organ and require treatment.

Causes of heart disorders and diseases

Factors contributing to sinus rhythm disturbance are:

Signs of a malfunction of the sinus node are fatigue, irritability, weakness, and dizziness.

Such signs are not characteristic; they are inherent in many diseases, so heart problems cannot always be detected in a timely manner.

As a result, the following diseases may develop:

Tachycardia, when the pulse rate is significantly higher than normal. Accelerated sinus rhythm can be with a heart rate of up to 220 beats/min. This means that the heart is under enormous strain and wears out faster. The person’s condition does not allow him to perform even simple everyday tasks. Blood cannot circulate properly throughout the body.
Bradycardia, which means the sinus rhythm of the heart decreases below 60 beats/min. Such indicators are dangerous due to fainting, weakness and dizziness. The quality of human life is significantly reduced, the circulatory system does not fully fulfill its tasks. In some cases, this problem is solved by installing an artificial stimulator.
Arrhythmia is a diagnosis in which the heart rhythm is uneven, the frequency of impulses unexpectedly speeds up or slows down. This condition can indicate a serious lack of nutrition to the heart muscle, which, in turn, can trigger the development of other serious diseases, such as heart failure.

Any disturbances in the performance of the sinoatrial node lead to circulatory failure. There is often a risk of developing blood clots, which can lead to a stroke.

The brain suffers especially severely from lack of oxygen and nutrients. Other organs and systems also do not receive the necessary substances in full.

It is not difficult to identify disturbances in the functioning of the sinus node; diagnosis consists of drawing up an electrocardiogram. The test is available and often helps prevent serious consequences of changes in sinus rhythm, one of which is tachycardia.

What is sinus rhythm of the heart? The most important indicator of the body's functioning. A healthy heart is the basis for the health of the entire body.

It is necessary to closely monitor its condition and, if there are any signs of malfunction, seek medical help as soon as possible.

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The human heart moves non-stop throughout an individual's life, and as it operates, electric fields are constantly generated. This was the impetus for the emergence of a special method for recording them called electrocardiography. Now, perhaps, it is no longer possible to do without this method; in any cardiology, you can conduct an examination and identify possible deviations.

So what is an ECG? As a result, we get a visual image of the jumps in the biopotentials of our heart; the whole process of this study is called electrocardiography. But this is what lies at the heart of the testimony ECG: sinus rhythm, not everyone knows, but in vain. After all, this is a clear warning about the presence of serious abnormalities in the functioning of the cardiac system.

The permissible rhythm is the frequency of beats per minute in the range from sixty to eighty. In this case, the interval between strikes should be between 0.12 and 0.22 seconds.

If in your doctor’s final answer you saw a diagnosis of unstable sinus rhythm, then this implies too low a heart rate, namely the presence of sinus bradycardia. This disease has a very detrimental effect on the general condition of the body, since all organs do not receive enough oxygen for their functioning. Often the first symptoms for a person may be regular dizziness, unstable blood pressure, sharp pain in the chest, and heavy breathing.

If, on the contrary, the sinus rhythm is rapid, then most likely the patient suffers from tachycardia. This is the case if the number of strokes exceeds one hundred and ten.

Absolutely healthy people can also fall under the influence of this sore, the reason for this is severe physical exertion or emotional arousal.

In some cases sinus tachycardia may be temporary, and its manifestations will be influenced by other factors.

It is a mistake to think that sinus rhythm is disturbed only in adults; on the contrary, children very often succumb to the effects of this disease. Only the reasons in this case are completely different, often it is emotional, psychological and physical stress. Violation of a child’s sinus rhythm can manifest itself during birth, but also during adulthood.

Instability of sinus rhythm in humans is primarily associated with the presence of sinus arrhythmia. This disease occurs due to problems with the contraction of the heart. According to statistics, the majority of patients with respiratory sinus arrhythmia are among young people. The reasons for this are obvious - excessive alcohol consumption, the harmful effects of smoking, congenital and acquired heart defects, heart failure, etc.

But, be that as it may, maintaining a healthy heart is quite possible. People of all ages suffer from irregular heart rhythms, and to be honest, this is a very common diagnosis. If you control your physical and emotional stress, and also completely get rid of bad habits, stop using harmful medications, you will definitely be able to achieve positive ECG results and thereby protect yourself from the further spread and manifestation of this disease.

Remember that sinus arrhythmia does not require any special treatment; it will be enough to identify negative factors and remove them in a timely manner, then the health of your heart and the whole body will return to normal. Everything is in your hands, so when you detect the first signs of this disease You must immediately go for an ECG, there you can find out about the state of sinus rhythm and, based on the conclusion, further conclusions can be drawn.

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Basic ECG parameters

When deciphered, any cardiogram undergoes a thorough analysis, which includes an assessment of many factors and indicators. The search for pathological changes in the ECG is based on the assessment of the waves, intervals, spaces that make up the electrical circuit of the heart. Moreover, each tooth and interval characterize the process of functioning of a specific department and area of the heart muscle.

It is the recording of the biopotentials of the heart that forms the cardiographic image on film.

Based on the ECG results, a specialist can draw conclusions about the presence of a particular pathology of the cardiovascular system, decide on the need for additional examination, or prescribe appropriate treatment at this stage. In this case, it is important for a specialist to evaluate both each indicator separately and their totality as a whole.

That is why, starting from medical schools, future specialists are introduced to the general scheme for decoding the ECG, according to which all the main points of the cardiogram should be assessed and analyzed.

The first and main parameter in this list is the determination of heart rhythm. When determining the heart rhythm on a cardiogram, an important indicator is the position and shape of the P wave. Normally, it is located in front of the QRS complex, it is positive in standard leads, and its width does not exceed 0.2 cm. Then cardiologists will say that there is sinus rhythm.

This fact indicates that, from a physiological point of view, the sinoatrial node of the conduction system of the heart is the driver of the heart rhythm. It is this accumulation of neurons that normally sets the rate of contraction in all parts of the heart muscle.

Sinus rhythm abnormalities on ECG

Decoding the ECG when analyzing the rhythm does not end with the statement that its driver is the sinoatrial node. The very fact of the presence of sinus rhythm does not mean the absence of pathology in this ECG segment.

In modern cardiology, there are many forms of sinus rhythm disturbance.

Normally, in a healthy person, the main pacemaker generates from 60 to 80 contractions of the heart muscle per minute. In this case, the interval between contractions is 0.12-0.22 seconds.

Correct sinus rhythm is indicated by the presence of equal duration intervals between complexes on the ECG.

When the duration of intervals in some areas is less than 0.12 seconds, and in others more than 0.22 seconds, this indicates an abnormal sinus rhythm, or sinus arrhythmia.

Also in his conclusion, the cardiologist can indicate the stability or instability of the heart rhythm. This indicator is also determined by the length of the intercomplex intervals. In this case, there are two extreme variants of the pathology: sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia.

In the first case, there is too frequent (more than 100 times per minute) generation of contractions by the sinoatrial node. In the case of bradycardia, a small number of heart contractions per unit of time is observed. Clinicians consider the minimum limit of normal, taking into account physiological characteristics, to be 50 beats per minute.

At the same time, both variants of the pathology carry quite significant grounds for immediate rhythm correction, since they equally have a detrimental effect on the functioning of the heart.

If we talk about instability of sinus rhythm, or sinus arrhythmia, then this problem is identified by cardiologists as a separate group of heart diseases.

Classification of arrhythmia

They involve the identification of a large number of different types of arrhythmias.

The extreme variants of development are complete dysfunction of the sinoatrial node with the formation of atrial fibrillation and flutter.

In such cases, the heart rate exceeds 250-500 beats per minute, the waves on the ECG are practically not tracked, and the formation of single sawtooth waves f on the isoline is noted.

In cardiology, atrial fibrillation is also called atrial fibrillation.

In cases where the sinus rhythm driver loses its functions, the formation of non-sinus rhythms develops. In the clinical picture this is reflected in the form various kinds arrhythmias.

Thus, when analyzing sinus rhythm, three main pathological conditions are distinguished:

Sinus tachycardia - in this case, the correct sinus rhythm is observed, the contraction frequency is more than 110 per minute. Among the causes of sinus tachycardia, clinicians identify an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (this can be a variety of emotional or physical overloads, a decrease in the activity of the vagus nerve, damage to the sinoatrial node, various intoxications, infectious diseases or the influence of certain medications).
Sinus bradycardia is a variant in which there is a regular rhythm generated by the sinoatrial node, with a frequency of less than 50 beats per minute. The causes of bradycardia are opposite to the previous condition. These include an increase in the activity of the vagus nerve, a decrease in the influence of the sympathetic nervous system, various types of hypoxia, extensive myocardial infarction, the influence of antiarrhythmics and cardiac glycosides, hypothyroidism, and some infectious diseases.
Sinus arrhythmia - characterized by the fact that the rhythm is formed by the sinus driver, but the contraction frequency varies within limits exceeding 0.16 seconds. In this case, depending on the presence or absence of a clearly visible connection between heart rate intervals and the duration of respiratory cycles, we can talk about respiratory and non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The first, as a rule, characterizes the presence of an imbalance in the functioning of parts of the autonomic nervous system. The second variant of arrhythmia indicates an organic lesion of the pacemaker itself. This may be coronary heart disease, various inflammatory changes in the myocardium, the toxic effect of cardiac glycosides.

Clinical picture of sinus rhythm disorders

In conclusion, it is worth noting that the presence of correct sinus rhythm is accompanied by absolute well-being in a person’s health. While any deviations from the norm immediately make themselves felt in the form of certain clinical symptoms.

Most often, in the initial stages, the clinical picture is latent or nonspecific.

Modern cardiology is increasingly faced with problems of sinus rhythm disturbances in children. From a clinical point of view, this category of patients is especially problematic in terms of early diagnosis. Often children either will not tell their parents about the symptoms that bother them, or cannot express their discomfort in words. In some cases, the lack of early diagnosis causes serious disturbances in the functioning of the heart in young patients.

In both children and adults, the first symptoms may be increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and difficulty with prolonged walking or physical activity. At the beginning of the disease, the patient may not attach importance to the alarming signs of emerging changes in the heart.

At the same time, it is the results of the ECG that can allow the specialist to identify existing disorders on early stages and correct them in time, thereby avoiding more serious problems in future. In pediatric cardiology, an ECG of heart rhythm makes it possible to eliminate existing problems in the early stages without the risk of developing cardiac pathology in the future.