Clinical examination of calves in the maternity ward. Organization of obstetric and gynecological medical examination of cows and heifers

Due to the intensive development of livestock farming on an industrial basis and the concentration of a large number of livestock in limited areas at the present stage, there is an urgent need for widespread, constant and systematic monitoring of animal health, timely implementation of a set of preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of diseases and ensure high productivity and fertility of farm animals . The medical examination of livestock on livestock farms and complexes is intended to contribute to the solution of these problems.
Issues of general medical examination, group prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases in cattle in our country were first developed and improved by I.G. Sharabrin, I.P. Kondrakhin, D.Ya. Lutsky and others.
The purpose of medical examination is to create healthy, highly productive herds to increase production and improve the quality of livestock products.
The general medical examination system developed by veterinary specialists includes three stages:
diagnostic;
therapeutic;
prophylactic.
The full use of animal dispensary services has allowed veterinary specialists in our region to achieve significant success in increasing the production of livestock products.
Along with general medical examination, obstetric and gynecological medical examination has been increasingly introduced into livestock farming practice in recent years. It is a continuous set of planned diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures that contribute to the prevention, early detection and treatment of diseases of the genital organs and mammary gland, increasing the fertility and productivity of cattle.
Obstetric and gynecological medical examination in cattle breeding as a planned system of measures to combat infertility is successfully used in different regions of the republic. However, the state of cattle reproduction in a number of farms in the Republic of Belarus is very alarming. Losses in livestock reproduction remain high and annually 20-30% of the breeding stock do not produce offspring.
The main factors reducing animal reproduction rates are:
1.– unsatisfactory conditions for raising replacement young stock, retarded growth and development, untimely insemination;
2. – keeping in the main herd animals that have lost their economic value due to diseases and infertility;
3. – poor recording of reproduction on farms, slaughter of pregnant animals, concealment of deaths;
4. – insufficient and inadequate feeding of animals, non-compliance with the principle of differentiated feeding;
5. – violation of artificial insemination technology, low level of training of specialists in herd reproduction;
6. – lack of daily gynecological control over the breeding stock, poor organization of veterinary work to determine infertility and pregnancy, prevention and treatment of gynecological diseases.
The barrenness of the breeding stock significantly limits the possibilities of intensive livestock reproduction.
The components of barrenness, taking into account the reasons that determine them, can be divided:
- aborted cows (2-3%);
- cows that gave birth to dead offspring (0.5 – 2%);
- pregnant cows that left the meat processing plant (3 – 4%);
- non-pregnant cows that left the meat processing plant (animals culled in the first quarter) (6-7%);
- cows with an extended calving period (up to 10%).
Gynecological medical examination is not a one-time event, but systematically carried out work to identify and treat animals with pathologies of the reproductive organs and mammary gland. Clinical examination is carried out on a commission basis with the participation of a veterinary specialist, livestock specialist, farm manager, artificial insemination specialists, and milkmaid.
Obstetric and gynecological medical examination takes place in several ways:
– The main gynecological examination is carried out at the end of December or beginning of January. It makes it possible to skillfully sum up the reproduction of the herd over the past year, promptly identify the causes of sexual dysfunction in cows and take measures to prevent infertility. At the same time, the goal is to inseminate all cows that calve at the end of the year by March 25 and get offspring from them this year.
– Seasonal gynecological examination is carried out in spring and autumn. Spring allows you to mobilize veterinary specialists to improve the efficiency of insemination of cows during the grazing period. Autumn allows for the culling of animals with irreversible pathological changes in the genital organs.
– Current gynecological medical examination provides for a rectal examination of all animals two months after the last insemination, as well as cows that do not show signs of sexual cyclicity within 30-40 days after birth. Cows that have walked multiple times are subjected to a full gynecological examination to identify the causes of infertility, and appropriate feeding and maintenance regime are prescribed. They check compliance with artificial insemination technology, sperm quality for activity and survival, and test for latent endometritis. When the cause of the disease is established, a course of treatment is prescribed and carried out, hunting is stimulated with hormonal, vitamin preparations or rectogenetic massage.
– Early clinical examination includes a clinical examination of cows and heifers during the dry period, upon admission to the maternity ward, as well as on days 7-10 and 18-23 after calving. Attention is paid to fatness, health, condition of the coat, bones, and hoof horns. Clinical examination provides for daily monitoring of the course of postpartum involution of the genital organs, as well as a set of preventive and therapeutic measures.
The effect of the work carried out can be achieved only if daily painstaking work is done with each new-born animal.
In addition to the examination of the reproductive system, gynecological examination includes a biochemical examination of blood serum for the content of protein, calcium, phosphorus, carotene, and reserve alkalinity. Activities that require the constant attention of veterinary specialists include fortification of cows during the dry and postpartum period, supplementation of the diets of dry and fresh cows with micro- and macroelements, organization of qualified obstetric care, and monitoring compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules of artificial insemination.

Prevention of endometritis

By studying the causes of infertility in cows and heifers on livestock farms, as well as by conducting gynecological medical examinations, it is possible to eliminate infertility and increase animal productivity in the shortest possible time.

Gynecological examination

A set of planned diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures that contribute to the prevention, early detection and treatment of diseases of the genital organs, increasing the fertility and productivity of animals.

Gynecological medical examination includes:

Studying the state of the herd by reproduction (calf yield per 100 head of cows, fertility from insemination in one heat, fertilization index, duration of the period from calving to fertilization. In this case, the presence of pregnancy, the presence and nature of the pathology or functional state of the genital organs are determined.

Monitoring compliance with the basic requirements for keeping, caring for and feeding animals.

Cows, adult heifers and heifers are subjected to obstetric and gynecological examinations with simultaneous clinical and gynecological examination, biochemical analysis of blood, urine, milk and feed analysis.

Gynecological examination is subjected to:

1 - Cows before placement for the dry period and heifers three months before calving to identify and prevent the pathology of this period and expected births;

2 - Cows on the 10th - 15th day after normal birth to establish involution of the genital organs;

3 - Cows that had pathological births, retained placenta and complications in the postpartum period, for treatment, establishment of feeding and maintenance regimens;

4 - Cows that do not show sexual function within 30 days after giving birth, and heifers 16 - 18 months of age that do not come into heat, to establish the reasons and carry out measures;

5 - Cows and heifers inseminated, but found to be infertile when checked two months later, to determine the reasons and take measures;

6 - Infertile cows and heifers, to whom specific drugs (hormonal, neurotropic, etc.) will be used to regulate sexual function;

7 - Highly productive cows, united in separate groups to assign the necessary feeding and maintenance regime.

As a result of the dispensary examination of animals, it was established that the reproductive ability of animals primarily depends on the quality of the fed feed.

Violations of protein, vitamin, and mineral metabolism are confirmed by blood tests. If in the summer period carotene in the blood serum of cows contains, on average, within 0.76 mg%, then in the stall period it is 0.22 mg%. The vitamin A content decreases at this time from 0.054 to 0.028 mg%. At a low level, the amount of sugar in the blood is 30 - 50 mg%.

Selenium deficiency in the body can contribute to the occurrence of reproductive dysfunctions such as retained placenta, endometritis, ovarian cysts and others. This microelement plays an important role in the mechanisms of detoxification of free radical oxidation products in tissues and regulates immunogenesis. Recently, to prevent selenium deficiency, organic selenium compounds have been used, which, compared to inorganic ones, are less toxic and are well absorbed in the intestines of animals. Their most optimal use is justified during the dry period.

The administration of the drug "DAFS - 25" as part of a supplementary feeding when administered to cows during the dry period has a pronounced preventive effect on the occurrence of postpartum complications and contributes to a significant reduction in the duration of infertility. With intramuscular administration of the drug at a dose of 180 mg 30 and 15 days before calving, detection of endometritis and retained placenta are recorded 2.1 and 2.7 times less frequently, and fertility from the first insemination increases by 19%. .

This microelement regulates the activity of glutathione peroxidase, protects the body from damage by lipid peroxidation products, affects other processes and biochemical reactions: contractile activity of the myometrium, metabolism of thyroid hormones, prostaglandin synthesis.

Perhaps it is these biological mechanisms that contribute to the timely separation of the placenta, acceleration of uterine involution, and shorten the interval from calving to fruitful insemination.

An important role in the overall complex of neuroendocrine regulation of sexual function belongs to thyroid hormones. Therefore, iodine, which is part of thyroid hormones, is essential for the body of animals and, in particular, for their normal reproductive ability. Depending on the season of the year, the iodine supply is 55 - 95% of the existing requirements; In addition, with the silage-pulp-concentrate type of feeding, the body receives an increased amount of manganese, which is an antagonist of iodine and enhances its excretion.

Specific cellular structures of the gonads are especially sensitive to the lack of thyroid hormones. Histological sections reveal hypoplasia of connective tissue elements, which limits the movement of growing follicles deep into the cortex and increases their atresia. Large follicles have an underdeveloped connective tissue membrane in a state of atrophy, reduced granulosa and dystrophically altered eggs. Functional deficiency of the thyroid gland is accompanied by disturbances in sexual function, manifested by anovulatory sexual cycles, the formation of follicular cysts and atresia of follicles in the ovaries. .

The introduction of iodine preparations (6 - 15 mg of potassium iodide) into the diet of cows during the dry and postpartum periods activates the function of the thyroid gland and has a positive effect on the reproductive ability of cows. Normalization of thyroid function makes it possible to reduce the retention of the placenta to 4.2%, increase the coming into heat by 13% in the first two months after birth, the fertility rate from the first insemination by 15.8%, reduce the period from calving to the onset of the stage of initiation of the sexual cycle by 9, 5 - 11.9 days, reduce the number of days of infertility per cow by an average of 14.7 - 18.7. .

Histological and biochemical studies have established that the thyroid gland is most active in the autumn-winter and spring periods. In the summer, thyroid function is significantly reduced even with a full supply of iodine and iodine preparations.

Replacement heifers should be raised on diets with a range of feeds that could ensure normal growth and development of the animals. A high level of feeding of heifers accelerates their puberty and allows cows to calve for the first time 3 to 6 months earlier than with moderate feeding.

It is not advisable to raise heifers on diets with a high content of concentrated feed (more than 50% in the diet), since this type of feeding causes disruption of protein and mineral metabolism, reproductive functions and shortens the period of use of cows.

When establishing a feeding regimen, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of the breeds and strive to ensure “normal growth of animals and enhanced development of organs and systems that influence subsequent milk production. In the system of preventive measures, veterinary and sanitary control over correct and complete feeding is of great importance , quality of feed and drinking water... When assessing the needs of animals for various substances, it is necessary to take into account that their quantity should not go beyond the norms.

Normal metabolism in cows is ensured when they are fed diets in which silage makes up up to 35% of the total nutritional value, hay 15 - 25%, concentrates 25 - 35%. The cause of metabolic disorders is often feeding poor-quality silage, in particular containing butyric acid (more than 18% of all acids). The acid composition of high-quality silage is 80% lactic acid, 20% acetic acid. .

Control over the quality of feed should be carried out through organoleptic assessment and laboratory testing of their nutritional value, as well as the use of mycological, bacteriological and chemical-toxicological studies to determine their good quality.

To prevent animal toxicosis, it is necessary to conduct mycological and chemical-toxicological studies of feed; carry out veterinary and sanitary control over the quality of concentrated feed mixtures; control over the preparation and rational use of roughage; laboratory research and monitoring of drinking water quality.

Inadequate feeding has a very harmful effect on the preparation of heifers for calving. This is explained by the fact that due to a lack of nutrients, their metabolism is disrupted, the growth of the body is suspended, and the fetus and mammary gland develop abnormally. Underdeveloped first-calf heifers often develop various postpartum diseases after giving birth, which subsequently lead to infertility. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the targeted rearing of replacement heifers and the preparation of heifers for calving.

One of the necessary conditions for a rational system for raising heifers is a housing regime that provides for daily active exercise of animals for 2 - 3 hours in the winter and grazing in the summer.

When heifers are raised under conditions of limited motor activity, hemocirculation disorders and inhibition of folliculogenesis are recorded. Violation of hemocirculation is confirmation of the participation of the movement apparatus in the general blood circulation of the body.

In heifers that received daily dosed exercise, the manifestation of the phenomenon of the arousal stage was earlier and more pronounced. With limited motor activity, the first insemination occurs at 21.6 months. This indicates a later date of onset of sexual and physiological maturity, less pronounced signs of manifestation of the arousal stage (hidden hunting).

The prevention of gynecological diseases includes strict implementation of technology and veterinary and sanitary rules for insemination of cows and heifers.

Agricultural enterprises and industrial milk production complexes must have well-equipped standard artificial insemination points that meet veterinary, sanitary and zootechnical requirements.

The concentration of breeding bulls at breeding enterprises for artificial insemination requires the strictest adherence to veterinary and sanitary rules when recruiting, keeping, feeding and using them, as well as when obtaining sperm from them, its technological processing and insemination of cows and heifers on farms.

Control of natural insemination is an important part of herd reproduction activities. In this case, free and manual methods of mating females are used. Free mating, as a result of the lack of constant control of sperm quality in bulls, contributes to high barrenness of the uterus and the spread of various diseases.

With natural insemination, healthy animals can be infected with sexually transmitted diseases (trichomoniasis, vibriosis, infectious vaginitis and others). Therefore, the use of animals that are sick or suspected of these diseases is prohibited.

Scheme of early obstetric and gynecological medical examination of cows

Many dairy farms do not create optimal conditions for broodstock and do not implement biotechnology for the prevention of obstetric and gynecological diseases. In such cases, it is necessary to carry out early obstetric medical examination, the essence of which is daily clinical monitoring of the animal’s health with registration in the calving log of all changes in the genitals from the onset of labor to fertilization. The log records calvings vertically in chronological order, horizontally - nicknames, inventory numbers, nature of labor, including retention of placenta (after 8 hours), birth injuries, intensity of labor, uterine atony, postpartum sapremia and endometritis, uterine subinvolution , latent postpartum endometritis, ovarian hypofunction. And at each stage recorded in the log, the veterinarian promptly treats and prevents the occurrence of new inflammatory complications. Considering the need to carry out a large complex of biotechnological measures - general, planned, constant and early obstetric medical examinations necessary to control the metabolism of replacement heifers and breeding stock, as well as to adjust diets, living conditions and carry out specific veterinary measures, it is necessary in every livestock farm create a special commission on issues of reproduction of the broodstock. The commission should include all the main specialists in crop production and livestock production on the farm.

If all points (conditions) specified in the early obstetric medical examination scheme are met, the service period of fresh cows can be reduced by 41-68 days.

First stage.

Second phase.

Dudenko's test.

Katerinova's test.

Third stage. It is carried out 10-14 days after birth (before the cows are transferred from the maternity ward). During these periods, vaginal and rectal examination of cows is mandatory. The characteristics of the genital organs of cows on days 14-15 during the normal course of the postpartum period are given in Table 3;

A drug	Method of administration	Dose	Course days
Scheme No. 1
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Difurol	Into the uterine cavity	100 ml	2, 4, 6
Tetramagus	i/m	6 ml	1, 8
Biostimulgin-Microwave	PC	20 ml	1, 2, 5, 8
Scheme No. 2
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Exuter	Into the uterine cavity	1-2 tables	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Novocaine solution 0.5%	Blockade according to Fateev	200 ml	2, 4, 6
PDE	PC	30 ml	1, 5, 8
Scheme No. 3
Magestrophan	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Endometrol	Into the uterine cavity	100 units	2, 4, 6, 8
	i/m	20 ml	1, 3, 5

Reproductive organs	Research method	Characteristic
Labia	Inspection
Vestibule and vagina
Cervix
Body and horns of the uterus	Rectal palpation
Ovaries	Rectal palpation

Date added: 2015-12-16 | Views: 821 | Copyright infringement

Obstetric medical examination

Obstetric and gynecological medical examination is a set of veterinary measures aimed at timely diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the reproductive organs and mammary glands of farm animals in order to preserve their health, productivity and obtain healthy offspring within the time limits provided for by technology.

Obstetric and gynecological medical examination is divided into obstetric medical examination, which females undergo during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, and gynecological medical examination, which infertile females undergo.

Early obstetric examination of cows is carried out in maternity wards of dairy farms in three stages, its purpose is to monitor the course of the postpartum period in animals.

First stage. At this stage, all postpartum women are divided into three groups depending on the course of their labor:

• first group - after normal birth;
• the second - after difficult and pathological childbirth, obstetric intervention;
• the third - after the retention of the placenta.

Cows of the second group are necessarily prescribed uterine and general stimulants, and, if necessary, also symptomatic therapy. Postpartum women of the third group are subjected to complex treatment using local antimicrobial therapy, drugs that increase uterine tone, and nonspecific stimulating therapy.

Second phase. It is carried out on the 7-8th day after birth. The main attention is paid to the nature of the lochia secreted (Table 1). Cows that have had difficult and pathological births are subject to clinical and gynecological examination; deviations in the nature of lochial discharge are identified. To assess the condition of the genital tract, an external examination, vaginal and rectal examination are performed.

If necessary, laboratory tests of lochia are carried out to clarify the diagnosis:

Dudenko's test. It is based on an increase in the content of indican in lochia when the processes of involution of the uterus are disrupted.

Pour 5 ml of lochia into a test tube and add 5 ml of a 20% solution of trichloroacetic acid, mix

Table 1 - Visual assessment of lochia on the 7-8th day of the postpartum period

and leave for 3-4 minutes, then filter through a paper filter.

Place 4 ml of filtrate in a centrifuge tube and add 1 ml of 5% thymol solution, mix and add 5 ml of a special reagent (0.5 g of ferrous sesquichloride, 100 ml of hydrochloric acid, specific gravity 1.19) and leave for 1 hour. Then 1 ml of a mixture of chloroform and ethyl alcohol (1:15) is added to the test tube and centrifuged for 5 minutes at a speed of 1-2 thousand rpm. Reaction rating:

> transparent chloroform (-) - uterine contraction is within normal limits;

> light pink (+) - slight violation of the contractile function of the uterus;

> pink (++) - uterine hypotension;

> pink-violet (+++) - severe hypotension or atony of the uterus.

Katerinova's test. 3-5 ml of distilled water is poured into a test tube and a pea-sized piece of mucus from the cervix is ​​added. The mixture is boiled for 1-2 minutes.

When the involution of the uterus is complete, the liquid remains clear, but when the uterus is subinvolution, it becomes dirty and cloudy with flakes.

Precipitation test according to KS. Nagorny, G.K Kalinovsky. 2 ml of lochia are poured into a test tube and 2 ml of a 1% solution of acetic acid or a solution of ethacridine lactate 1:1 000 is added.

During the normal course of the postpartum period, a clot of mucin is formed that does not break up when shaken, and the settling liquid remains transparent. In acute postpartum endometritis, a sediment forms; when the tube is slightly shaken, the liquid becomes cloudy.

After diagnostic studies, animals with identified obstetric pathology are subjected to complex treatment. Examples of standard regimens used in the treatment of cows with acute endometritis are presented in Table 2.

After the course of treatment, the cows are examined and, if necessary, a repeat course is prescribed with a change in antimicrobial drugs.

Third stage.

It is carried out 10-14 days after birth (before the cows are transferred from the maternity ward). During these periods, vaginal and rectal examination of cows is mandatory. The characteristics of the genital organs of cows on days 14-15 during the normal course of the postpartum period are given in Table 3;

Animals with obstetric pathology are transferred to separate groups and treated.

The results of all stages of obstetric medical examination are recorded in a journal.

Table 2 - Treatment regimens for cows with acute endometritis

A drug	Method of administration	Dose	Course days
Scheme No. 1
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Difurol	Into the uterine cavity	100 ml	2, 4, 6
Tetramagus	i/m	6 ml	1, 8
Biostimulgin-Microwave	PC	20 ml	1, 2, 5, 8
Scheme No. 2
Sinestrol solution 2%	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Exuter	Into the uterine cavity	1-2 tables	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Novocaine solution 0.5%	Blockade according to Fateev	200 ml	2, 4, 6
PDE	PC	30 ml	1, 5, 8
Scheme No. 3
Magestrophan	i/m	2 ml	1, 2
Oxytocin	i/m	40 units	2, 3, 4, 5
Endometrol	Into the uterine cavity	100 units	2, 4, 6, 8
Ichthyol solution 7% on glucose solution 20%	i/m	20 ml	1, 3, 5

Reproductive organs	Research method	Characteristic
Labia	Inspection	Without signs of edema, the mucous membrane is pink with a bluish tint, moderately moist. There is no discharge of lochia from the genital fissure.
Vestibule and vagina	Examination with a vaginal speculum	The mucous membranes are pale pink, moderately moisturized, and their integrity is not compromised. There are no lochia in the vaginal cavity; there may be a small amount of colorless translucent mucus.
Cervix	Examination with a vaginal speculum Rectal examination	The vaginal part is well contoured, diameter 3.5-4 cm, the cervical canal is closed, the radial folds are not swollen. It is felt in the form of a cylindrical body with the consistency of cartilage, and is painless upon palpation.
Body and horns of the uterus	Rectal palpation	Located in the pelvic cavity, they form 1-1.5 spirals, in the middle part 1.5-2 fingers wide. The walls of the horns are elastic-elastic, rigidity is pronounced, there is no fluctuation.
Ovaries	Rectal palpation	One ovary is the size of a pigeon egg and contains remnants of the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The other ovary is the size of a walnut (beginning of ovarian activity).

Table 3 - Characteristics of the genital organs on days 14-15 of the postpartum period

Date added: 2015-12-16 | Views: 820 | Copyright infringement

Medical examination of cows and heifers is the key to herd health

Frequent pathology of childbirth and the postpartum period, the lack of a system and insufficient quality of medical work, untimely provision of medical care, disturbances in feeding animals cause a decrease in their fertility with the development of pathological changes in the reproductive organs, leading to infertility females Therefore, in modern conditions of livestock development, there is a need for constant and continuous monitoring of the state of reproductive function in cattle, i.e. in carrying out obstetric and gynecological medical examination of cows and heifers.

Obstetric and gynecological medical examination is a complex of veterinary measures aimed at the timely detection, prevention and treatment of diseases of the reproductive organs and mammary gland, preservation of the reproductive ability and productivity of animals, their fertilization within the time limits provided for by technology, and obtaining a healthy, viable offspring.
Obstetric and gynecological medical examination includes 4 types: basic, seasonal, current, early. At the same time, early medical examination is obstetric, and all its other varieties relate to gynecological medical examination.

60. Obstetric and gynecological medical examination

Each of them is carried out at its own time.
The main gynecological examination is carried out in January. The results for the past year on the reproduction of the herd are summed up, the most common causes of impaired reproductive function in cows are identified.
Two seasonal (spring and autumn) medical examinations are carried out in April and October. The spring gynecological examination aims to mobilize veterinary specialists to make maximum efforts to increase fertility in the upcoming grazing period. The level of metabolism is determined and animals that cannot be treated are culled.
Current gynecological examination is carried out on the last days of each month. The reproduction of the herd is analyzed, infertile cows are examined rectally or with an ultrasound machine, and the causes of infertility are determined.
Early obstetric examination is carried out on the 7-8th and 14-15th days after birth. Monitor the course of the postpartum period in animals and provide prevention of postpartum reproductive diseases.
Data on the results of the study are entered into the “Obstetric and Gynecological Journal” and the “Journal of Insemination and Calving of Cattle.”

Veterinary specialists, livestock specialists, farm managers, artificial insemination operators (veterinarian-gynecologists), and milkmaids (machine milking operators) should participate in obstetric and gynecological medical examinations.
In each district, a working group should be created to monitor the state of herd reproduction, assigned to the farms of a certain zone. The groups include livestock specialists and veterinarians from regional organizations and stations for the control of animal diseases.

At the end of the year, the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock is analyzed: how many live calves were obtained per 100 cows, the insemination index, the number of cases of each obstetric and gynecological disease, the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures. Compare these indicators with the previous year. The report must necessarily reflect the presence or absence of specific obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows both after calving and after artificial insemination.

The methodology for conducting clinical examination is based on the principle of sampling and continuity. The sampling principle is implemented through the examination of control groups of animals and control farms. The principle of continuity is achieved by systematically conducting basic and routine medical examinations.

The main medical examination is carried out once a year, the current one - once a quarter. The timing is determined by veterinary specialists.

Basic medical examination includes:

analysis of livestock and veterinary indicators;

veterinary examination of all livestock;

complete clinical examination of control groups of animals;

studies of urine, blood and milk from control groups of animals;

analysis of diets and living conditions of animals;

analysis of the results obtained, conclusion and proposals;

preventive and therapeutic measures.

Current medical examination includes: veterinary examination of the entire livestock; clinical examination of animals from which blood is taken for analysis; study of urine and milk from control groups of animals; analysis of diets and living conditions of animals; analysis of the data obtained, conclusion and proposals; preventive and therapeutic measures.

Control groups are determined by the veterinarian together with the animal engineering service, taking into account the breed, productivity, feeding conditions and housing of the animals.

At the next clinical examination, control groups are selected again. The objectivity of the conclusion depends on compliance with the rules for selecting animals. The need for selection is due to the fact that the clinical and biochemical status depends not only on feeding and maintenance, but also on the physiological state of the body (lactation, pregnancy, etc.). On large farms, a full clinical examination and urine examination are carried out on 15 - 20% of animals in control groups; blood test - in 5%.

To determine the general condition of animals, an analysis of productivity, feed costs per unit of production, morbidity and mortality is carried out, the body weight at birth of young animals, and the degree of culling of adult livestock are taken into account. Analysis of these indicators should be carried out over a number of previous years. It allows us to draw conclusions about the general condition of farms, herds, the most likely cause of metabolic disorders and the occurrence of other animal diseases.

In order to have an idea of ​​the clinical status, it is necessary to conduct a veterinary examination of the entire population and a random full clinical examination of control groups.

During a veterinary examination, attention is paid to the general condition and fatness of the animals, the condition of the coat, hoof horns, bones, reaction when standing up, etc. A healthy animal is characterized by a lively and quick reaction to familiar stimuli (a shout, distribution of food), a shiny coat, and average fatness. Dystrophy or obesity, pain when standing up and walking, crunching in the joints, curvature of the spine (kyphosis, lordosis), and creases in the horny shoe are often evidence of metabolic pathology in animals.

With a full clinical examination, fatness, condition of lymph nodes, cardiac activity, frequency and depth of breathing, condition of the digestive organs, liver, bones, and genitourinary organs are determined. The body temperature of animals is determined if there are signs of illness.

Blood test. In order to have the most complete understanding of the level and state of metabolism, it is necessary to conduct laboratory tests of blood, urine, and milk. These studies are carried out simultaneously with clinical examinations.

Each group usually takes 5-7 samples. Blood samples for analysis are taken in the morning before feeding or 4-6 hours after feeding into dry, clean test tubes prepared for chemical analysis. Biochemical substances are determined in whole blood serum and plasma.

The blood is sent to the laboratory on the day it is drawn.

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

The study is carried out using uniform unified methods.

When sending blood to the laboratory for testing, the veterinarian or paramedic compiles a list of animals.

The list of blood parameters studied depends on the nature of the suspected pathology, as well as on the capabilities of the laboratory.

During clinical examination, hemoglobin, total protein, reserve alkalinity, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, additionally magnesium, ketone bodies, sugar, alkaline phosphatase activity, trace elements, vitamins, etc. are usually determined in the blood.

In 1986 - 2002 I. S. Shalatonov studied the dynamics of biochemical parameters in cows on 15 farms in the Moscow region with a milk yield of 4000 to 6000 kg of milk. A tendency has been established for the deterioration of the main biochemical indicators of the dairy herd (carotene, alkaline reserve, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total protein). For example, in 1986, carotene levels below the permissible norm were noted in 52.4% of samples, and in 2002 - in 98.2%; alkaline reserve (normally 46-66 vol.% CO2) below the critical physiological norm was noted in 88.6% of the studied blood serum samples in 2002.

Urine examination. Great importance is attached to the examination of urine during medical examination of animals. Pathological changes in urine can be detected, associated both with metabolic disorders in the body and with the development of other diseases.

Animals without clinical signs of any diseases (endometritis, mastitis, traumatic reticulitis, etc.) are selected for the study.

Urine is taken from 15-20% of animals in control groups. It is usually examined on the farm, determining pH, the presence of ketone bodies, and, if necessary, protein, bilirubin, urobilinogen, etc. Urine taken in the morning is used. They obtain urine through spontaneous urination or by massaging the labia near the clitoris.

In healthy animals, urine pH ranges from 7.0 to 8.6. The predominance of concentrates or acidic feeds in diets leads to a shift in pH to the acidic side. This condition is observed in ketosis, acidosis of rumen contents, pneumonia and some inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. An increase in urine pH towards the alkaline side occurs when a large amount of alkaline elements, such as urea, enters the body.

Milk research. When carrying out clinical examination of cows, the presence of ketone bodies in milk is determined, and data on the content of fat and some other substances is used. In the milk of healthy cows, the total amount of ketone bodies (acetoacetic and β-hydroxybutyric acids, acetone) is 6 - 8 mg%. Severe ketonolactia (20 mg% and above) is observed only in ketosis.

During medical examination of cows, you can examine scar contents. pH, levels of lactic acid, ammonia, the number of ciliates, and their species composition are of diagnostic importance.

Scar contents are taken in the morning 3-4 hours after feeding. The optimal pH of rumen contents in cows is 6.5 - 7.2. A decrease in pH below 6.0 indicates the development of acidosis of the rumen contents, which is observed when eating large amounts of beets, molasses, cereals, potatoes, i.e.

feeds rich in sugars and starch. Eating a large amount of low-quality feed (rotten), the intake of urea or nitrogen-containing salts, and grain-legume feed (peas, clover, alfalfa) in large quantities leads to alkalosis of the rumen contents.

During the clinical examination, a sanitary and hygienic assessment of pastures, farms, and complexes is carried out.

One of the stages of medical examination is the analysis of feeding and keeping of animals.

To determine the impact of feeding on animal health, it is necessary to determine the level and type of feeding. The feeding level is determined by comparing the total number of feed units in the diet with the feed. Feeding levels may be normal, increased or decreased. Lack of feed leads to nutritional osteodystrophy, increased feed leads to obesity or ketosis.

The structure of the diet is determined by calculating the percentage of each type of feed from the total number of feed units. The percentage of different types of feed in terms of nutritional value in the total amount fed per year characterizes the type of feeding.

The initial data for determining the structure of consumed feed is the accounting data for feed consumption.

During the clinical examination, a zootechnical analysis of diets is carried out, monitoring feed units, digestible protein, the content of calcium, phosphorus, carotene, sugar, the ratio of sugar to protein, and calcium to phosphorus.

Based on the analysis of diets and the nutrient content in feed, a conclusion is drawn. Much attention is paid to the quality of feed through organoleptic evaluation, laboratory analysis, chemical composition, mycological, bacteriological and toxicological research.

A comprehensive and targeted study of animals allows you to accurately and quickly understand the causes of infertility in cows and heifers, make a timely diagnosis, prescribe the correct treatment and eliminate the causes of the disease.

Clinical and gynecological dispensary examination of cows and heifers is carried out by conducting a complex of physiological and clinical studies of the genital organs and all animal body systems, laboratory tests of blood, urine, uterine contents, taking into account anamnestic data.

Anamnesis. When collecting anamnesis, they find out:

The nature and duration of reproductive function disorders;

The degree of spread of diseases of the genital organs, the age of sick animals;

System for organizing artificial insemination;

Fertility of cows and heifers and insemination index;

The nature of the manifestation of sexual cycles;

Results of research on infectious and invasive diseases;

Diseases suffered, methods of treatment used;

The nature of the course of the birth act and involutionary processes in the genital organs of females.

The conditions of feeding, housing and care are also analyzed. When analyzing feeding, diets are assessed according to their composition, the percentage of roughage, succulent and concentrated feed, overall nutritional value, digestible protein, sugar, calcium, phosphorus, carotene, the sugar-protein ratio, the presence of toxic substances and impurities of heavy metal salts are determined. This information allows us to predict the development of certain pathological processes in the genital organs.

During a general clinical examination of cows and heifers take into account fatness, their behavioral reactions, motor activity, condition of hair, hoof horn, mammary gland, respiratory system, digestion, and cardiovascular system. At the same time, by examination, the general configuration of the animal’s body, the condition of the pelvic ligaments, vulva, tail root and perineum, the presence and nature of discharge from the genitals, the presence of exudate or crusts on the tail root are determined.

Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hair, strong bones, regular hoof shapes, limb posture and gait.

The condition of the genital organs in cows and heifers is determined by external, rectal and vaginal examination.

During external examination identify signs of pathology in the external genitalia, palpate and examine the croup, the surface of the thighs, and the root of the tail.

Rectal examination cows and heifers allows you to determine the condition of the uterus and ovaries and is a very important diagnostic technique for establishing the causes of impaired reproductive function of animals.

In healthy, non-pregnant cows, the uterus and ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity, both horns are almost the same size with a clearly defined interhorn groove. In multiparous cows, the uterus may be slightly lowered into the abdominal cavity, and one of the horns may be slightly enlarged. On palpation, the uterus noticeably contracts, decreases in size, and can be grasped by hand. The ovaries are mobile, painless, of a dense elastic consistency; follicles of different sizes and corpus luteum can be identified in them. The oviducts are usually not palpable. In heifers, the uterus and ovaries are smaller, but are easily palpable during rectal examination. In pregnant and infertile cows, the shape and size of the uterus changes, as well as its consistency. Corpus luteum and cysts are palpable in the ovaries, sometimes these formations are absent.

Diagnosis of diseases and functional disorders of the ovaries by the rectal method presents some difficulties, which are expressed in the laboriousness of palpation of the ovaries, unclear morphological changes depending on the conditions of feeding, keeping and use of animals, and insufficient methodological material for veterinary specialists.

Below we present drawings of the ovaries of cows at different times of the reproductive cycle, which depict changes in the ovaries in the luteal and follicular phases. Photographs of the ovaries are confirmed by ultrasound diagnostics and its interpretation schemes, which gives a more complete picture of morphological changes.

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