Russian army uniform. AND
Dragoons were not cavalry in the full sense of the word. Most likely, they can be called mounted infantrymen, since they are equally good
They owned both a blunderbuss and a saber, which, by the way, they were very proud of.
As weapons, the dragoons had a straight saber, a pistol and a gun with a bayonet of the 1777 model, shorter than that of the infantry (1.41 meters).
Despite the fact that the role and tasks of the dragoons over time coincided more and more with the role of the heavy cavalry, differences still remained.
Although initially dragoons in battle acted mainly on foot, and they needed horses only to increase mobility, later they had to use a saber no less often than a blunderbuss. Thanks to these features, in the French army the dragoons were classified not as heavy or light, but as medium cavalry.
Of the 62 cavalry regiments remaining from the royal army, only 18 were dragoons. Reorganization carried out in 1791 and 1792 increased the number of dragoon regiments to 20 and later to 21.
For more than ten years the situation remained unchanged.
In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte, still the First Consul of the Republic, increased the number of dragoon regiments to 30. In fairness, it should be noted that nine “Napoleonic” dragoon regiments were dragoons only on paper: six of them were formed on the basis of simple cavalry regiments, and three were based on the hussars.
The personnel of these regiments received some dragoon training, but their uniforms and equipment remained the same. However, over time, all dragoon regiments received their own uniforms.
The dragoon regiments differed among themselves not only in numbers, but also in the colors of their uniforms (see table below).
| Pockets | Contrasting color | Position | ||||
| scarlet | crimson | pink | yellow | orange | ||
| horizontal | 1 | 7 | 13 | 19 | 25 | |
| 2 | 8 | 14 | 20 | 26 | lapels, lapels, cuffs | |
| 3 | 9 | 15 | 21 | 27 | lapels, lapels, cuffs, flaps, collar | |
| vertical | 4 | 10 | 16 | 22 | 28 | lapels, lapels, cuffs, flaps, collar |
| 5 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 29 | lapels, lapels, cuffs | |
| 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | lapels, lapels, cuffs, flaps, collar | |
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Sub-lieutenant in dress uniform, 9th Dragoons, 1805. |
The green dragoon jacket (habit) was trimmed with material in a contrasting regimental color. The differences between the regiments were the location of false pocket flaps on the skirts of the jacket, and the color of the lapels, lapels, cuffs, and collar.
If the parts of the jacket were of an inverse color, they were trimmed with green edging.
If the details were the same color as the uniform, then their edging was inverse (regimental) color.
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Corporal of the elite company of the 22nd Dragoons, 1810. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
Thirty-three tin buttons were sewn onto the dragoon jacket, which were decorated with the regiment number. These buttons came in two sizes:
twenty-two small ones (seven along the lapels, one on the shoulder strap or epaulette, and three on each cuff flap);
eleven large ones (three on the top of the right floor, two on the back and three on each pocket flap).
The cut of the dragoon jacket changed somewhat between 1804 and 1812; it acquired more angular shapes and became similar to civilian clothing of that time.
In 1812, a new type of jacket was introduced - shorter and tighter. The lapels have changed significantly: at first they were real and sewn together in the area of the corners, and later they began to be made false and sewn all over.
To create the appearance of real lapels, immediately after the introduction of false lapels, a triangle of green cloth was sewn between them, but after 1810 this practice was abandoned - the false lapel occupied the entire lower part of the coattail.
Under the tunic they wore a white vest, which peeked out from under the tunic so that two pockets and a row of tin buttons were visible.
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Trumpeter of the central company in marching uniform, 1st Dragoon Division, 1810. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
Instead of a jacket, a green frock coat was worn in everyday and training uniforms, and the lower ranks usually wore a frock coat during campaigns.
The rules introduced in 1809 defined a frock coat as single-breasted without lapels, pockets, cuff flaps and epaulettes, which had six to nine buttons.
Sometimes the frock coats were trimmed with contrasting fabric in the color of the regiment, but usually the entire frock coat was green.
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Chief of the sapper detachment of the 19th Dragoon Regiment, after 1810. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
Along with the cut of the jacket, the cut of the coat also changed.
The frock coat was worn either in combination with the vest described above or with a vest with rounded fronts (sometimes double-breasted).
Beginning in 1809, insignia was not used on non-commissioned officer frock coats.
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Dragoons of the 4th Regiment in field uniform. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
On February 8, 1812, new rules were introduced, which determined that instead of the outdated jacket, a more modern camisole (habit-veste) was introduced, preserving the old colored trim.
This camisole differed from a tunic in that it was buttoned to the waist and had significantly shorter tails, and the vest was not visible from under it.
Despite the fact that the new rules also stipulated the replacement of a vest with sharp ends with a vest with rounded edges at the bottom, many soldiers continued to wear the old vests after 1812.
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Colonel of the 12th Dragoons in marching uniform, 1814. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
As for leggings, they were mainly made from coarse cloth, usually from unbleached fabric, but there were products made from green or gray cloth. Along the outer seams, the leggings were fastened with either simple buttons or cloth-covered buttons.
Leggings could be additionally decorated with regimental color braid.
In walking, the leggings were usually reinforced with a leather patch, which had smooth edges or edges in the form of “wolf teeth”. The leather patch at the bottom of the leggings could cover the entire leg.
Dress breeches, which were worn only on important occasions, were completely different from leggings in material, cut and color.
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Musician of the 16th Dragoons in full dress uniform, 1810. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
The rules of 1812 also introduced an overcoat, which was fastened with five buttons and had sleeves with large cuffs, two side pockets and a cape sewn into the collar, fastened with four buttons.
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Trumpeter of an elite company in full dress uniform, 25th Dragoons, 1813. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
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Senior Sergeant (Marechal des Logis Chef), 12th Dragoons, 1813. |
| Information: "Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers" (New Soldier No. 202) |
Instead of a helmet, dragoons with working clothes wore a bonnet de police - a hat made of green cloth, consisting of a turban, along the upper edge of which there was a white braid and edging of regimental color, and a cap, which was decorated with edging of regimental color and a white tassel.
A white image of a grenade was attached to the front of the hat.
In 1812, a completely new type of work cap was introduced, made from green cloth, the so-called “pokalem”.
The pokalem consisted of a turban, which was crowned with a large rounded flat crown, similar to a pancake. There were ear flaps on the side of the hat.
There was an edging along the edges of the valves, and the valves themselves were decorated with either a grenade or a regiment number of the corresponding color.
The soldiers of the selected companies wore a fur hat and epaulettes with red fringe - just like the sappers.
The minimum unit of a cavalry regiment was a company.
The decree of the 1st Vandemer of the XII year of the Republic (September 24, 1803) determined that a cavalry company should consist of 54 mounted and 36 foot soldiers (there was a catastrophic shortage of horses).
Each cavalry company had a trumpeter, four corporals (brigadiers), one brigadier-fourrier, two junior lieutenants (sous-
lieutenants), one lieutenant and one captain (capitaine).
Two companies made up a squadron - the minimum independent tactical unit of the French cavalry. At the head of the squadron was his Chef d'Escadron.
Foot dragoon divisions were formed four times:
in 1803 in Boulogne;
in 1805 on the Rhine;
in 1805 in Italy;
in 1806 in Germany.
Each foot dragoon had a pair of boots, a pair of long black gaiters, an overcoat and a bag (in which he wore riding boots).
All cavalry equipment, including saddles and harness, were handed over to the convoy.
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20th Dragoons, line company. |
The military measures of Paul I were an unconscious reaction to Catherine’s transformations and the Potemkin order that he hated. Now, with the accession to the throne, cruel Prussian punishments for poor order - fuchtels - were reintroduced and spitzrutens began to be widely used. Every day there were parades and divorces with a ceremony...
In accordance with the views of Emperor Paul, expressed by him while he was his heir, and also in view of the emperor’s intention to adhere to a peaceful policy and the desire to bring the Russian army closer to the Prussian model, it was first of all decided to reduce the size of the army.
In 1797, Russia was again divided into 12 territorial inspections (1st St. Petersburg, 2nd Moscow, 3rd Livland, 4th Smolensk, 5th Lithuanian, 6th Finland, 7th Ukrainian, 8th I Dniester, 9th Tauride, 10th Caucasian, 11th Orenburg, 12th Siberian). At the head of each inspection was an inspector general, who was by no means the commander of the troops, like the division commander of Catherine’s times. His responsibility included only monitoring the correctness of the drill and combat training of troops, the rationality of their replenishment, etc. And since 1798, all regiments, as under Peter III, were renamed according to their chiefs to the Prussian model. Only now the reform has been carried out more deeply: not only regiments, but also parts of them, battalions, squadrons and companies are named after the chiefs, where there were such, or commanders. Regimental chiefs were obliged to monitor the order and training of their unit and were responsible for omissions. During the short reign of Paul I, the regiments changed their chiefs, and, consequently, their names, on average three times, others and more.
By the end of his reign, the army consisted of 204 tons of field infantry, 45 tons of cavalry, 25 tons of artillery, and about 3 tons of engineering troops, a total of 277 tons of field troops, and with garrison troops - 355 tons ., while under Catherine the size of the army was determined at 500 thousand people. The cavalry underwent the greatest reduction, namely by ⅓ of its previous strength.
In the infantry, the reduction is achieved at the expense of the most valuable elements, namely the rangers, whose number is reduced by ⅔; Three-battalion regiments were reorganized into two-battalion regiments.
The organization of the cavalry is subject to foreign models. Carabinieri, horse-chasseurs and light-horse regiments disappear, and in their place are cuirassiers according to the Prussian model.
Artillery is placed on the same level as other branches of the military, which provides it with full opportunity for further improvement both in organization and in combat training.
Gatchina troops
Contemporaries, having visited Gatchina, said: “In his [Paul’s] possessions there are immediately barriers painted black, white and red, as is the case in Prussia; There are sentries at the barriers who question travelers, like the Prussians. The worst thing is that these Russian soldiers are dressed as Prussians; these beautiful-looking Russians, dressed in the uniforms of the times of King Frederick William I, are disfigured by this antediluvian uniform...
Prussian tactics and the cut of their military clothing constituted the soul of this army; The entire service relied on a greasy head, as short a cane as possible, an excessively large hat, over-the-knee boots and gloves that covered the elbows. Driving into Gatchina, it seemed like you were entering a Prussian possession..."
The idea of creating the Gatchina troops, which appeared as a silent protest against the military system of Catherine’s reign, was born to Paul after his visit to Berlin.
Upon the return of the Grand Duke from his first trip abroad, he settled on a stone island and instead of the guards, who, according to the rank of admiral general, were assigned to him from the fleet, in 1782 a permanent team of 30 people was formed from naval battalions. Another similar team was sent to Pavlovsk, which belonged to Pavel Petrovich.
These two teams served as the seed from which the Gatchina troops magnificently developed.
After the Tsarevich received Gatchina as a gift, each of these teams was increased to 80 people, and the leadership of both was entrusted to the Prussian captain Steinwehr, who was familiar with the secrets of the exercistry of Frederick the Great.
At the same time, one of the cuirassier regiments, in which the Heir Tsarevich was the chief, was transferred to Gatchina.
Pavel divided it into several regiments of the 2nd squadron, turning them into regiments of various types of cavalry. So, he had: the cuirassier regiment itself, the gendarmerie, the dragoon, the hussars and, finally, the Cossack squadron, which consisted of 60 Don Cossacks.
Due to some inexplicable misunderstanding, condescension or omission on the part of Empress Catherine, she, who usually vigilantly followed all the actions of the Tsarevich, did not interfere with him in his desire to gradually form his own special army, in no way similar to the Russian army of that time .
In view of this, the number of Gatchina troops gradually increased every year, and by the day of Emperor Paul’s accession to the throne, the infantry of the Gatchina troops consisted of 2 grenadier and 4 three-company musketeer battalions, and, in addition, one separate Jaeger company. The composition of the companies was no more than 62 people, and the rangers - 52 people. As for the artillery, it consisted of one company in four sections.
In total, there were 2,400 people in the Gatchina detachment on the day of Paul I’s accession to the throne.
The uniform of the Gatchina troops was a real copy of the Prussian uniform: short trousers, stockings and shoes, braids, powder, etc.
And this was at a time when Potemkin, appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium, began to improve the clothing of the Russian army, ordered the braids to be cut off, the powder thrown away and the soldier dressed in a jacket, trousers, ankle boots and a comfortable, beautiful helmet.
The Russian army in the first half of the reign of Alexander I
Having ascended the throne on March 11, 1801, the young Emperor Alexander I, in his first manifesto, expressed his will to follow in the footsteps of his great grandmother. This, however, did not affect the army. The army of Alexander I was a direct continuation of the army of Emperor Paul I. The doctrine, way of life, training system, step training and passion for the little things of service remained the same. The historical names of the regiments were restored.
In 1811, with the rearmament of the infantry with new guns to replace the old muskets, the musketeer regiments were called infantry regiments.
The huntsmen received special development during this period. In 1801 there were 19 regiments in 2 battalions, and in 1808 - already 36 in 3 battalions. In 1810, by converting 14 musketeer regiments into chasseur regiments, their number was increased to 50, and in 1813, by the beginning of the foreign campaign, there were already 58 chasseur regiments - a third of the entire infantry.
In 1803, lancers appeared; in 1812, there were already 6 uhlan regiments. In 1813, following the example of Napoleon’s army, we got horse-jaegers: 8 dragoon regiments were renamed horse-jaegers.
Particular attention is paid to artillery. In 1803 - 1805, 11 infantry and 2 horse artillery regiments of 2 battalions were formed (2 battery and 2 light companies per battalion). In 1806, 23 artillery brigades were formed. In total, the artillery regiment had 120 guns (80 cannons and 40 howitzers). Artillery brigades initially consisted of 3 - 4 companies (50 - 60 guns) and were approximately equal to the previous artillery battalions. The centralization of artillery control was reflected in the establishment in 1816 of artillery divisions, consisting of 3 infantry and 1 horse artillery brigades, which existed until 1856.
In 1809, saluting was introduced (and the salute was initially performed with the left hand) and, in general, strict measures were taken to strengthen subordination and discipline in the troops.
In the spring of 1812, the Regulations on the management of a large active army were developed - the most important of the military statutes of Russia after the Military Charter of 1716.
Continuous wars from 1805 to 1815 - often two or three wars waged simultaneously in different theaters - required tension from Russia unprecedented since the Northern War. In 1805 - war with France and Persia, 1806 and 1807 - with France, Persia and Turkey, in 1808 and 1811 - with Persia and Turkey, 1812 - with all of Europe and Persia, 1813, 1814 and 1815 - with France.
Second half of the reign of Alexander I
At the end of August 1815, the entire Russian army in France, preparing for the return campaign, was gathered in Champagne on the plain near Vertu. And then on August 28, Emperor Alexander Pavlovich showed it in all its grandeur and splendor to his allies and recent opponents. The review was attended by 150,000 people and 600 guns. The spectacle of 132 battalions marching in step at once, and out of 107,000 infantrymen not one lost their footing, caused amazement and delight of foreigners.
Never before has Russia had a better army than the one that, having defeated Europe, brought her into admiration and awe on the fields of Vertue. For the troops of Ermolov, Dokhturov, Raevsky, Denis Davydov and Platov, the impossible did not exist. These regiments raised the glory of Russian weapons in Europe to the skies, and their prestige stood high in their homeland. Everything that was warm in heart and pure in soul in Russia put on a uniform in the Great Year of the Twelfth, and the majority did not intend to part with this uniform at the end of the military thunderstorm.
The victorious regiments returning to Russia did not initially suspect the fate in store for them. So, since 1815, the viscous mire of service trifles began to suck in our peerless troops and their commanders. Saddle pads and trees, straps and straps, lapels and etiquettes became their daily bread for long, difficult years. All the bosses were engaged in only basic drills. Field marshals and generals were turned into corporals, devoting all their attention and all their time to bearing, thoughtful study of boot buttons, straps, and most importantly - the famous quiet training step in three tempos. In 1815-1817, not a month passed without new rules and additions to them being published, complicating the already complex Gatchina combat regulations. Intricate formations and reconstructions were followed by even more intricate ones. “Nowadays the science of dance has become so widespread that it won’t do any good,” wrote Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich. “I have been serving for more than 20 years and I can tell the truth, even in the time of the late Emperor [Paul I] I was one of the first officers in the front, but now they are so too clever that you won’t be found!” It was especially hard for the guards, who were constantly in front of the Emperor’s eyes and became, first of all, the object of all these cruel innovations. “What virtues are they looking for in a regimental commander today? - asks a contemporary. - The merits of a frunt mechanic, even if he is a real tree. It is impossible without heartfelt contrition to see the terrible despondency of the soldiers, exhausted by training and alteration of ammunition. There is no other sound heard anywhere except rifle techniques and command words, nowhere other conversation except leggings, belts and training steps. It used to be that there were songs everywhere, fun everywhere. Now you won’t hear them anywhere.”
The clerk's tailcoat and the landowner's robe, so despised so recently, suddenly acquired all their attractive power...
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Military settlements
The project for military settlements appeared back in 1809. Emperor Alexander became interested in the Prussian example, where, thanks to a strictly implemented territorial system, the soldier did not tear himself away from his homeland, remained connected with everyday life and was cheap for the treasury. At the end of the war, the idea of military settlements completely captured the emperor. He saw this as the main task of his reign, a sure way to increase the strength of the army several times thanks to the increase in the military population while reducing the cost of maintaining the armed forces. The opportunity for a soldier to remain a farmer, engage in usual field work and live with his family should, in the opinion of Alexander I, completely soften the severity of 25 years of harsh military service, improve the soldier’s life and ensure his existence at the end of his service.
In 1815, it was decided to begin organizing them on a large scale in the Novgorod province. Many military leaders vigorously objected to this measure, seeing that it would lead to disruption and a weakening of the combat effectiveness of the troops. However, all their ideas on this matter remained in vain. Alexander I was adamant and categorically stated that settlements would be established, even if the road from St. Petersburg to Chudov had to be paved with corpses.
The day of the military settler was planned down to the last minute, the daily life of his family was regulated to the smallest detail... These people were, as it were, sentenced to lifelong prison companies: from 7 years in the cantonists, from 18 in the ranks, from 45 “invalids.” They did not dare to deviate one iota from the official pattern predetermined for them for the rest of their lives in all the little details of their life, their private life. For the slightest manifestation of private initiative in the economy, for a trifling deviation from the prescribed official pattern, disproportionately severe punishments were imposed. The settled soldier ceased to be a soldier, but did not become a peasant, and the disgraced tiller, ceasing to be a peasant, still did not become a real soldier. By 1825, about a third of the soldiers had been transferred to the settlement. However, the idea of self-sufficiency for the army failed. The government spent huge amounts of money on organizing settlements. In addition, riots and unrest often took place here. Military settlements were liquidated in 1857.
The sudden (and mysterious death) of Emperor Alexander I left Russia without a legitimate heir to the throne. In accordance with the Law of Succession to the Throne, the second eldest son of Paul I, Constantine, was supposed to ascend the throne, but he refused the imperial crown, and the third son of Paul I, Nicholas I, ascended the throne.
The total number of the army by 1825 reached 924,000 people, three times more than Alexander found upon his accession to the throne.
Uniform colors by shelf
Life Guards Hussar Regiment. The dolman and mentik are red, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are blue. The men's fur is black beaver for officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers are black. Blue sash. Chakchirs are blue. The tashka is red with yellow trim. The saddle pad is blue with yellow trim. Instrument metal - gold.
Alexandria Regiment. The dolman and mentik are black, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are red. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Black sash belt. Chakchirs are black. The tashka is black with red trim. The saddle pad is black with red trim. Instrument metal - silver. Widely known as the "black hussars".
Akhtyrsky Regiment The dolman and mentik are brown, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are yellow. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. The sash is brown. Chakchirs are blue. The tashka is brown with yellow trim. The saddle pad is blue with yellow trim. Instrument metal - gold. The famous partisan of the War of 1812, Lieutenant Colonel Denis Davydov, served in this regiment.
Belarusian regiment. The dolman is blue, the mantik is red, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are red. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. The sash is red. Chakchirs are blue. The tashka is red with white trim. Blue saddle pad with white trim. Instrument metal - silver.
Grodno regiment. The dolman and mentik are blue, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are blue. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Blue sash. Chakchirs are blue. The Tashka is blue with blue trim. The saddle pad is blue with blue trim. Instrument metal - silver. Widely known as the "blue hussars".
Elizavetgrad regiment. The dolman is gray, the mantik is gray, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are gray. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Gray sash belt. Chakchirs are green. The tashka is green with yellow trim. The saddle pad is green with yellow trim. Instrument metal - gold.
Izyumsky regiment. The dolman is red, the mantik is blue, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are blue. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Blue sash. Chakchirs are blue. The tashka is red with white trim. Blue saddle pad with white trim. Instrument metal - silver. The officers have broken cords on their chests and gilded buttons and menticles.
Lubensky regiment. The dolman is blue, the mantik is blue, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are yellow. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Blue sash. Chakchirs are blue. The Tashka is blue with white trim. Blue saddle pad with white trim. Instrument metal - silver. In the movie "The Hussar Ballad" Lieutenant Rzhevsky was dressed in the uniform of the Lubny Hussar Regiment.
Mariupol regiment. The dolman is blue, the mantik is blue, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are yellow. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Blue sash. Chakchirs are blue. The Tashka is blue with yellow trim. The saddle pad is blue with yellow trim. Instrument metal - gold. The color of the Mariupol uniform completely coincided with the color of the Lubenty uniform. The only difference was in the color of the instrument metal and the color of the finishing of the truck and saddle pad.
Olviopol regiment. The dolman and mentik are green, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are red. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Green sash. Chakchirs are red. The tashka is green with red trim. The saddle pad is green with red trim. Instrument metal - silver.
Pavlograd regiment. The dolman is green, the mantik is blue, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are blue. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Blue sash. Chakchirs are green. The tashka is green with red trim. The saddle pad is green with red trim. Instrument metal - gold.
Sumy regiment. The dolman and mentik are gray, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are red. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Gray sash belt. Chakchirs are red. The tashka is red with white trim. The saddle pad is gray with red trim. Instrument metal - silver. In the movie "Hussar Ballad" the uniform of this regiment can be seen on the main character Shurochka Azarova
Irkutsk regiment. The dolman is black, the mantik is black, the collar and cuffs of the dolman are crimson. The men's fur for officers is gray, for non-commissioned officers it is black, for soldiers it is white. Black sash belt. Raspberry chakchirs. The tashka is black with yellow trim. The saddle pad is black with raspberry trim. Instrument metal - gold. It should be borne in mind that the regiment was assigned to the army only in December 1812. During the autumn of 1812 he was a hussar militia regiment of Count Saltykov. Therefore, instead of the usual cockade with a buttonhole, the militia cross and below the monogram of Emperor Alexander I were placed on the shako. Before the campaign abroad, the militia badges on the shako were replaced with the usual cockade with a buttonhole. The buttons on the dolman and mentik went from top to bottom not in three, but in five rows.
1st And 2nd Hussar Regiments of the Russian-German Legion. These regiments were not part of the army and were considered militia. The uniform, in general, was close to the standard of the Russian hussar uniform, but with a number of features. inherent in the German army. So, the shakos had a plume of white feathers, the burdock was not oval. and the round one was red and white, there was no buttonhole on the shako, and the cockade was of German colors (black and white). The fur of the mentik in the 1st regiment was all white, and in the 2nd it was brown. The etishket and kutas were white, and the cords on the dolman and mentic in the 1st regiment were yellow, in the 2nd they were black. They did not wear chakchirs, but instead they wore gray trousers with black leather lining in the step. In 1815, the regiments were disbanded, and the soldiers and officers remained in their homeland in Germany.
Centuries will pass, time will wipe out the bastions from the face of the earth, the cannons that heralded victory will forever fall silent, but the feat of the heroes of the Patriotic War will never be erased from the memory of people. Grateful Russia bows its head before their courage and glory.
Emperor Alexander I.
Literature
1. A.I. Begunova. From chain mail to uniform. Moscow. Enlightenment. 1993
2. L.V. Belovitsky. With a Russian warrior through the centuries. Moscow. Enlightenment. 1992
3. Military clothing of the Russian army. Moscow. Military publishing house. 1994
4. S. Okhlyabinin. Esprit de corps. Ranks Traditions Persons. Russian army from Peter I to Nicholas II. Moscow. Publishing house "Respublika". 1994
5. V. Semenov. Russian military uniform of the 19th century. Moscow. Art. 1986
6. O. Parkhaev. Russian army of 1812. issue 2. Moscow. Art. 1988
7. O. Parkhaev. Russian army of 1812. issue 3. Moscow. Art. 1988
8.V.M.Glinka. Russian military costume of the 18th – early 20th centuries. Leningrad. Artist of the RSFSR.1988.
9. O. Parkhaev. Russian army of 1812. issue 4. Moscow. Art. 1988
10.V.N.Zemtsov, V.A.Lyapin. Yekaterinburg in uniform. Ekaterinburg. Middle Ural book publishing house. 1992
11. Magazine "Science and Life" No. 9-1988.
Illustrations of uniforms of the Russian army - artist N.V. Zaretsky: 1876-1959. Russian army in 1812. St. Petersburg, 1912.
General of the light cavalry. Travel uniform. General of His Imperial Majesty's retinue for the quartermaster department. Dress uniform..
Private Life Guards Hussar Regiment. Dress uniform. Private Izyum Hussar Regiment. Dress uniform.
Bombardier of the Guards Foot Artillery. Summer form. Field artillery fireworks. Winter uniform.
Private Uhlan Regiment. Dress uniform. Private Tatar Uhlan Regiment. Travel uniform.
Private Life Guards Dragoon Regiment. Dress uniform. Private St. Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. Travel uniform.
Grenadier of the L-Guards. Preobrazhensky Regiment. Summer form. Musketeer of the Sevsky Infantry Regiment. Winter uniform.
Carabineer of the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment. Winter uniform. Chasseur of the 14th Chasseur Regiment. Summer form.
Private Ekaterinoslav Cuirassier Regiment. Travel uniform. Private Life Guards Horse Regiment. Dress uniform.
Fuseler of the 3rd Marine Regiment. Winter uniform. Sailor Guards Crew. Winter uniform.
Cossack Life Guards Cossack Regiment. Dress uniform. Donskoy Cossack. Travel uniform.
Chief officer of the engineering corps. Travel uniform. Non-commissioned officer of the 1st Pioneer Regiment. Summer form.
Warriors of the St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod militias.
Based on materials: //adjudant.ru/table/zaretsky_1812.asp
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Military uniforms in Russia, as in other countries, arose earlier than all others. The main requirements that they had to satisfy were functional convenience, uniformity across branches and types of troops, and a clear difference from the armies of other countries. The attitude towards the military uniform in Russia has always been very interested and even loving. The uniform served as a reminder of military valor, honor and a high sense of military camaraderie. It was believed that the military uniform was the most elegant and attractive
Not only historical documents, but also works of art that take us to the pre-revolutionary past are filled with examples of relationships between military personnel of different ranks. The lack of understanding of a single gradation does not prevent the reader from identifying the main theme of the work, however, sooner or later, one has to think about the difference between the addresses Your Honor and Your Excellency. Rarely does anyone notice that in the USSR army the circulation was not abolished, it was only replaced by a single one for everyone
The gorget is a crescent-shaped metal plate measuring approximately 20x12cm, suspended horizontally by the ends on the officer's chest near the throat. Designed to determine the rank of an officer. More often in the literature it is referred to as an officer's badge, a neck badge, an officer's breast badge. However, the correct name for this element of military clothing is gorget. In some publications, in particular in A. Kuznetsov’s book Awards, the gorget is mistakenly considered a collective award badge. However this
Until April 6, 1834, they were called companies. 1827 January 1st day - Forged stars were installed on officer epaulettes to distinguish ranks, as was introduced in the regular troops at that time 23. July 1827, 10 days - In the Don Horse Artillery companies, round pompoms were installed for the lower ranks made of red wool; officers had silver designs 1121 and 1122 24. 1829 August 7 days - Epaulets on officer uniforms are installed with a scaly field, according to the model
A document regarding the clothing of the army, submitted by Field Marshal Prince Grigory Potemkin-Tavrichesky to the Highest Name in 1782. In former times in Europe, everyone who could, had to go to war and, in the manner of the then battle, fight with white weapons, everyone, As his wealth grew, he burdened himself with iron armor, protection that even extended to horses, then, undertaking long campaigns and forming into squadrons, they began to lighten themselves; full armor was replaced by half armor.
Espanton protazan, halberd Espanton, protazan partazan, halberd are actually ancient weapons of the polearm type. The espanton and protazan are piercing weapons, and the halberd is a piercing-cutting weapon. By the end of the 17th century, with the development of firearms, they were all hopelessly outdated. It is difficult to say what Peter I was guided by when introducing these antiquities into the arsenal of non-commissioned officers and infantry officers of the newly created Russian Army. Most likely modeled on Western armies. They played no role as weapons.
The clothing of military personnel is established by decrees, orders, rules or special regulations. Wearing a naval uniform is mandatory for military personnel of the state armed forces and other formations where military service is provided. In the Russian armed forces there are a number of accessories that were in the naval uniform of the times of the Russian Empire. These include shoulder straps, boots, long overcoats with buttonholes
Continuity and innovation in modern military heraldry The first official military heraldic sign is the emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation established on January 27, 1997 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in the form of a golden double-headed eagle with outstretched wings holding a sword in its paws, as the most common symbol of the armed defense of the Fatherland, and a wreath is a symbol of the special importance, significance and honor of military labor. This emblem was established to indicate ownership
In Russia, the name of Tsar Peter I is associated with numerous reforms and transformations that radically changed the patriarchal structure of civil society. Wigs replaced beards, shoes and over the knee boots replaced bast shoes and boots, caftans gave way to European dress. The Russian army, too, under Peter I, did not stand aside and gradually switched to the European system of equipment. A military uniform becomes one of the main elements of uniform. Each branch of the military receives its own uniform,
Considering all the stages of the creation of the Russian armed forces, it is necessary to dive deeply into history, and although during the time of the principalities there is no talk of the Russian empire, and even less of a regular army, the emergence of such a concept as defense capability begins precisely from this era. In the 13th century, Rus' was represented by separate principalities. Although their military squads were armed with swords, axes, spears, sabers and bows, they could not serve as reliable protection against outside attacks. United Army
Officers of the Cossack troops assigned to the Directorate of the Military Ministry wear ceremonial and festive uniforms. May 7, 1869. Life Guards Cossack Regiment marching uniform. September 30, 1867. Generals serving in the army Cossack units wear full dress uniform. March 18, 1855 Adjutant General, listed in Cossack units in full dress uniform. March 18, 1855 Aide-de-camp, listed in Cossack units in full dress uniform. March 18, 1855 Chief officers
The accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander I was marked by a change in the uniform of the Russian army. The new uniform combined fashion trends and traditions of Catherine's reign. The soldiers dressed in tails-cut uniforms with high collars; boots of all ranks were replaced by boots. Chasseurs light infantry received brimmed hats reminiscent of civilian top hats. A characteristic detail of the new uniform of heavy infantry soldiers was a leather helmet with a high plume.
They do not emit a warlike roar, they do not sparkle with a polished surface, they are not decorated with embossed coats of arms and plumes, and quite often they are generally hidden under jackets. However, today, without this armor, unsightly in appearance, it is simply unthinkable to send soldiers into battle or ensure the safety of VIPs. Body armor is clothing that prevents bullets from penetrating the body and, therefore, protects a person from shots. It is made from materials that dissipate
The shoulder straps of the Tsarist army of 1914 are rarely mentioned in feature films and history books. Meanwhile, this is an interesting object of study in the imperial age, during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, uniforms were an object of art. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the distinctive insignia of the Russian Army was significantly different from those used now. They were brighter and contained more information, but at the same time they did not have the functionality and were easily noticeable as in the field
Very often in cinema and classical literature the title lieutenant is found. Now there is no such rank in the Russian army, so many people are interested in what rank lieutenant is in accordance with modern realities. In order to understand this, you need to look at history. History of the rank The rank of lieutenant still exists in the armies of other states, but it does not exist in the Russian army. It was first adopted in the 17th century by regiments brought to the European standard.
THE GOVERNOR EMPEROR, on the 22nd day of February and the 27th day of October of this year, deigned to give the highest command to 1. Generals, Headquarters and Chief Officers and the lower ranks of all Cossack troops, except the Caucasian, and except for the Guards Cossack units, as well as civil officials consisting in the service in the Cossack troops and in regional boards and departments in the service of the Kuban and Terek regions, named in articles 1-8 of the attached list, Appendix 1, have a uniform according to the attached
The army is the armed organization of the state. Consequently, the main difference between the army and other government organizations is that it is armed, that is, to perform its functions it has a complex of different types of weapons and means that ensure their use. The Russian army in 1812 was armed with bladed weapons and firearms, as well as defensive weapons. For edged weapons, the combat use of which is not associated with the use of explosives for the period under review -
Almost all European countries were drawn into the wars of conquest that the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte continuously waged at the beginning of the last century. In a historically short period of 1801-1812, he managed to subjugate almost all of Western Europe to his influence, but this was not enough for him. The Emperor of France laid claim to world domination, and the main obstacle on his path to the pinnacle of world glory was Russia. In five years I will be the master of the world,” he declared in an ambitious outburst,
107 Cossack regiments and 2.5 Cossack horse artillery companies took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. They constituted irregular forces, that is, part of the armed forces that did not have a permanent organization and differed from regular military formations in recruitment, service, training, and uniforms. The Cossacks were a special military class, which included the population of certain territories of Russia, which made up the corresponding Cossack army of the Don, Ural, Orenburg,
The Russian army, which holds the honor of victory over the Napoleonic hordes in the Patriotic War of 1812, consisted of several types of armed forces and branches of the military. The types of armed forces included the ground forces and the navy. The ground forces included several branches of the army: infantry, cavalry, artillery and pioneers, or engineers now sappers. The invading troops of Napoleon on the western borders of Russia were opposed by 3 Russian armies, the 1st Western under the command of
During the reign of Alexander III there were no wars or major battles. All decisions on foreign policy were made personally by the Sovereign. The position of state chancellor was even abolished. In foreign policy, Alexander III set a course for rapprochement with France, and in building the army, much attention was paid to restoring Russia's naval power. The Emperor understood that the lack of a strong fleet had deprived Russia of a significant part of its great power weight. During his reign, the beginning was made
The science of ancient Russian weapons has a long tradition; it arose from the discovery in 1808 of a helmet and chain mail, possibly belonging to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, at the site of the famous Battle of Lipitsa in 1216. Historians and specialists in the study of ancient weapons of the last century A.V. Viskovatov, E.E. Lenz, P.I. Savvaitov, N.E. Brandenburg attached considerable importance to the collection and classification of military equipment. They also began deciphering his terminology, including -. neck
1. PRIVATE GRENADIER REGIMENT. 1809 Selected soldiers, designed to throw hand grenades during the siege of fortresses, first appeared during the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648. Tall people, distinguished by courage and knowledge of military affairs, were selected for the grenadier units. In Russia, from the end of the 17th century, grenadiers were placed at the head of assault columns, to strengthen the flanks and to act against cavalry. By the beginning of the 19th century, grenadiers had become a branch of elite troops that were not distinguished by their weapons.
A military uniform is not only clothing that should be comfortable, durable, practical and light enough so that a person bearing the rigors of military service is reliably protected from the vicissitudes of weather and climate, but also a kind of calling card of any army. Since the uniform appeared in Europe in the 17th century, the representative role of the uniform has been very high. In the old days, the uniform spoke about the rank of its wearer and what branch of the army he belonged to, or even
His Imperial Majesty's own Convoy, a formation of the Russian Guard that protected the royal person. The main core of the convoy were the Cossacks of the Terek and Kuban Cossack troops. Circassians, Nogais, Stavropol Turkmen, other Muslim mountaineers of the Caucasus, Azerbaijanis, a team of Muslims, since 1857, the fourth platoon of the Life Guards of the Caucasian squadron, Georgians, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities of the Russian Empire also served in the Convoy. Official founding date of the convoy
From the author. This article provides a brief excursion into the history of the emergence and development of uniforms of the Siberian Cossack Army. The Cossack uniform of the reign of Nicholas II is examined in more detail - the form in which the Siberian Cossack army went down in history. The material is intended for novice uniformitarian historians, military historical reenactors and modern Siberian Cossacks. In the photo on the left is the military badge of the Siberian Cossack Army
Uniforms of the army hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1741-1788 Due to the fact that the irregular cavalry, or rather the Cossacks, fully coped with the tasks assigned to it in reconnaissance, patrolling, pursuing and exhausting the enemy with endless raids and skirmishes, for a long time in the Russian The army had no particular need for regular light cavalry. The first official hussar units in the Russian army appeared during the reign of the Empress
Uniform of the army hussars of the Russian Imperial Army 1796-1801 In the previous article we talked about the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments during the reign of Empresses Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II from 1741 to 1788. After Paul I ascended the throne, he revived the army hussar regiments, but introduced Prussian-Gatchina motifs into their uniforms. Moreover, from November 29, 1796, the names of the hussar regiments became the previous name after the surname of their chief
Uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1801-1825 In the two previous articles we talked about the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments of 1741-1788 and 1796-1801. In this article we will talk about the hussar uniform during the reign of Emperor Alexander I. So, let's get started... On March 31, 1801, all hussar regiments of the army cavalry were given the following names: hussar regiment, new name Melissino
Uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1826-1855 We continue the series of articles about the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments. In previous articles we reviewed the hussar uniforms of 1741-1788, 1796-1801 and 1801-1825. In this article we will talk about the changes that occurred during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. In the years 1826-1854, the following hussar regiments were renamed, created or disbanded year old name
Uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army 1855-1882 We continue the series of articles about the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments. In previous articles we got acquainted with the hussar uniforms of 1741-1788, 1796-1801, 1801-1825 and 1826-1855. In this article we will talk about changes in the uniform of the Russian hussars that occurred during the reign of Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III. On May 7, 1855, the following changes were made to the uniform of officers of the army hussar regiments
Uniform of the hussars of the Russian Imperial Army of 1907-1918 We are finishing the series of articles about the uniform of the Russian army hussar regiments of 1741-1788, 1796-1801, 1801-1825, 1826-1855 and 1855-1882. In the last article of the series we will talk about the uniform of the restored army hussar regiments during the reign of Nicholas II. From 1882 to 1907, only two hussar regiments existed in the Russian Empire, both in the Imperial Guard, His Majesty's Life Guards Hussar Regiment and the Grodno Life Guards
There is a version that the forerunner of the lancers was the light cavalry of the army of the conqueror Genghis Khan, whose special units were called oglans and were used mainly for reconnaissance and outpost service, as well as for sudden and rapid attacks on the enemy in order to disrupt his ranks and prepare an attack on the main strength An important part of the Oglan weapons were pikes decorated with weather vanes. During the reign of Empress Catherine II, it was decided to form a regiment that seemed to contain
Artillery has long played an important role in the army of Muscovite Rus'. Despite the difficulties with transporting guns in the eternal Russian impassability, the main attention was paid to casting heavy cannons and mortars - guns that could be used in sieges of fortresses. Under Peter I, some steps towards reorganizing the artillery were taken as early as 1699, but only after the Narva defeat did they begin in all seriousness. The guns began to be combined into batteries intended for field battles and defense
1 Don Ataman, 17th century The Don Cossacks of the 17th century consisted of old Cossacks and Golota. Old Cossacks were considered those who came from Cossack families of the 16th century and were born on the Don. Golota was the name given to first-generation Cossacks. Golota, who was lucky in battles, grew rich and became old Cossacks. Expensive fur on a hat, a silk caftan, a zipun from bright overseas cloth, a saber and a firearm - a arquebus or a carbine were indicators
Military uniform is clothing established by rules or special decrees, the wearing of which is mandatory for any military unit and for each branch of the military. The form symbolizes the function of its wearer and his affiliation with the organization. The stable phrase honor of the uniform means military or generally corporate honor. Even in the Roman army, soldiers were given the same weapons and armor. In the Middle Ages, it was customary to depict the coat of arms of a city, kingdom or feudal lord on shields,
The goal of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great, to whom all the economic and administrative resources of the empire were subordinated, was to create an army as the most effective state machine. The army that Tsar Peter inherited, which had difficulty accepting the military science of contemporary Europe, can be called an army with great stretch, and there was significantly less cavalry in it than in the armies of the European powers. The words of one of the Russian nobles of the late 17th century are well known. Horses are ashamed to look at cavalry
From the author. In this article, the author does not pretend to fully cover all issues related to the history, uniform, equipment and structure of the Russian army cavalry, but only tried to briefly talk about the types of uniforms in 1907-1914. Those wishing to become more deeply acquainted with the uniform, life, customs and traditions of the Russian army cavalry can refer to the primary sources given in the list of references for this article. DRAGUNS At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian cavalry was considered
The corps of military topographers was created in 1822 for the purpose of topographic topographic and geodetic support of the armed forces, conducting state cartographic surveys in the interests of both the armed forces and the state as a whole, under the leadership of the military topographic depot of the General Staff, as the single customer of cartographic products in the Russian Empire . Chief officer of the Corps of Military Topographers in a semi-caftan from the times
At the very end of the 17th century. Peter I decided to reorganize the Russian army according to the European model. The basis for the future army was the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, which already in August 1700 formed the Tsar's Guard. The uniform of the fusiliers of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment consisted of a caftan, camisole, trousers, stockings, shoes, tie, hat and cap. The caftan, see the image below, was made of dark green cloth, knee-length, instead of a collar it had a cloth collar, which
During the First World War of 1914-1918, tunics of arbitrary imitation models of English and French models, which received the general name French after the English general John French, became widespread in the Russian Imperial Army. The design features of the French jackets mainly consisted in the design of a soft turn-down collar, or a soft standing collar with a button fastener, similar to the collar of a Russian tunic, adjustable cuff width using
1 Half-head of the Moscow Streltsy, 17th century In the middle of the 17th century, the Moscow Streltsy formed a separate corps as part of the Streltsy army. Organizationally, they were divided into regiment orders, which were headed by head colonels and half-head majors, lieutenant colonels. Each order was divided into hundreds of companies, which were commanded by captains of centurions. Officers from the head to the centurion were appointed by the king from among the nobles by decree. The companies, in turn, were divided into two platoons of fifty
In the first half of 1700, 29 infantry regiments were formed, and in 1724 their number increased to 46. The uniform of the army field infantry regiments was no different in design from the guards, but the colors of the cloth from which the caftans were made were extremely varied. In some cases, soldiers of the same regiment wore uniforms of different colors. Until 1720, a very common headdress was a cap, see fig. below. It consisted of a cylindrical crown and a band sewn
Western District Directorate of the Department of Education of Moscow State Budgetary Educational Institution of Moscow Secondary School No. 37 MILITARY UNIFORM DURING THE PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1812 Design and research work Author: Denis Andreevich Baranov, 3rd grade “B” Supervisor: Lyudmila Leonidovna Bodryagina In the year 200 -anniversary of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 Moscow, 2012 2 CONTENTS: Introduction INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………4 Chapter I History of the military uniform . Military uniforms of Russia and France in 1812…………..………………5 History of the emergence of military uniforms…………………...……….……5 Russian military uniforms in 1812 ……………………….………………..7 Review of the French military uniform of 1812………………………….16 Chapter II Why is knowledge about the military uniform of 1812 necessary? ……………...20 History come to life: the uniform of 1812 in the modern reconstruction of the Battle of Borodino………………………………………………….20 What can a portrait in a museum tell about?… ……………………..………..21 What uniform am I wearing? …………………………………………………….….22 Conclusion……………………………………………………….……….….24 Bibliographic list……………...…………………….……….….26 Appendix 1 Uniforms of individual regiments of the Russian army in 1812………...27 Appendix 2 Quiz “Military uniform of the times Patriotic War of 1812" ……………...32 3 4 It all started with this photograph. It's me. I've been here for 5 years. Having once discovered this portrait in a family album, I asked myself: what kind of uniform am I wearing? I couldn’t answer right away, so I had to turn to the old Children’s Encyclopedia. From that moment on, I became interested in studying uniforms and other elements of military uniforms from the Patriotic War of 1812. And now I would like to tell you about my most interesting discoveries. 5 INTRODUCTION This work is devoted to the study of uniforms and ammunition of the Russian and French armies in the Patriotic War of 1812. The relevance of the topic in the year of celebrating the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, and, in particular, the Battle of Borodino, is the need to attract the attention of schoolchildren to this event, to instill in children an interest in studying the military history of Russia, the desire to instill in schoolchildren patriotism and a respectful attitude towards the Russian military uniform Purpose of the study: to study the uniform of the Russian and French armies in 1812; Based on the knowledge gained, create a role-playing quiz for schoolchildren on the topic: “Military uniforms of the Patriotic War of 1812.” Objectives of the study: 1) Talk about the features of the military uniform of various branches of the military that took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, for a deeper and more conscious perception of the pictorial, sculptural and literary monuments to the heroes of those times; 2) Arouse in schoolchildren interest in studying the history of the military uniform of Russia as a symbol of national pride and patriotism; 3) Create a quiz “Military uniform of the Patriotic War of 1812” Hypothesis: the principle of constructing the military uniform of 1812 is subject to strict rules for different branches of the military and individual units. Knowledge of these rules contributes to a more meaningful perception of the military history monuments of that time. The object of the study is the military history of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Subject of research: uniforms and ammunition of the troops who took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, in particular in the Battle of Borodino. Research methods: 1) Analysis, structuring and synthesis of data from literary and Internet sources; 2) Visual study of the topic: visiting thematic museum exhibitions. 6 CHAPTER I The history of the military uniform. Military uniforms of Russia and France in 1812 History of the emergence of military uniforms How and why did military uniforms appear? The first semblance of a military uniform appeared in Ancient Sparta. Sparta was a warlike state located in the south of the Peloponnese peninsula, in modern Greece. The Spartan soldiers wore the same shields and red clothes. The red color of the robe was not chosen by chance: firstly, it is easily distinguishable on the battlefield, and secondly, it hid the blood from wounds, not allowing faint-hearted soldiers to lose heart. Military uniforms in the modern sense have existed in Europe and Russia since the 17th century, from the time when the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648) swept across Europe, and the war with the Polish-Lithuanian invaders was raging in Russia. Until then, the warring armies were not much different from each other. The soldier’s uniform depended on him; there were only general requirements for weapons and the colors of individual items of clothing. In elite equestrian units in some countries, for example in France, the color of the horse was also specifically specified. Examples of military attire until the middle of the 17th century: Warrior of Ancient Sparta of the 11th - 1st centuries BC. Musketeer (Netherlands), early 17th century Streltsy (Russia), 17th century Since soldiers wore their casual clothes as a uniform, the cut of which was very similar in most European countries, 7 the problem arose of recognizing “friends” and enemies in battle. In addition, companies from different allied states could fight shoulder to shoulder in the same army, which further complicated the situation. To solve these problems, a uniform uniform was introduced for each unit of the armies of European states. The experience of Europe quickly spread to Russia. Why is the cut of the 19th century military uniform so similar in different countries? The military uniform was supposed to evoke pride in its owner and respect for it from fellow citizens. This was largely due to the modern and fashionable cut of the uniform. Therefore, the appearance of military uniforms largely repeated the cut of secular clothing of its time. Gradually, certain standards were developed, characteristic of the various branches of the military in each country. The most successful innovations in any European army were quickly adopted by other countries and ceased to be unique to their state. This led to the fact that at the beginning of the 19th century, the cut of military uniforms for different branches of the military in different countries turned out to be very similar. The main difference was the choice of uniform color. Thus, by 1812, a warrior’s belonging to a particular country was determined, first of all, by the color of his uniform. Examples of military uniforms in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century: Russia Great Britain France So, military uniforms appeared in the 17th century. The reason for creating a uniform was the need to quickly distinguish comrade from enemy in battle. At the beginning of the 19th century, the cut of military uniforms in different countries was similar. A warrior's belonging to a country was determined by the colors of his uniform. 8 Russian military uniform in 1812 The Russian military uniform of 1812, following the European traditions of that time, was distinguished by a variety of details and richness of decoration. This can be clearly seen in the diagrams below. But, in addition to the elements common to all army units, each regiment also had its own distinctive uniform features (see Appendix 1). Individual units of the same regiment could also differ from each other. Infantryman's uniform Russia, 1812 Cavalryman's (hussar) uniform Russia, 1812 How can you organize information about the Russian military uniform of 1812? In the literature there is a lot of information about the features of the Russian military uniform of the early 19th century. In order not to get confused and better navigate the diversity of Russian uniforms of those times, we will try to organize all the information in this way: 1) we will determine the main features of the military uniform for each branch of the Russian army and, based on book illustrations and paintings dedicated to that era, we will identify the main colors of the Russian uniforms 2) let us highlight the main elements that made up the uniform of a soldier of any army unit. 3) let us note the most interesting facts relating exclusively to the Russian military uniform of the early 19th century. 9 How to determine whether a warrior belongs to a particular branch of the military? Each branch of the Russian army of the 19th century had its own characteristic features. The proposed scheme summarizes the main features for various types of troops identified during the study of information sources. Basic colors and characteristic features of the uniform of the military branches of the Russian army in 1812. Artillery helmet with the image of a double-headed eagle (horse artillery); uniform with tails; uniform color is green; gloves with gauntlets Infantry shako with grenade or cap, uniform with tails, green color of the uniform Light cavalry shako, short uniform, leggings, characteristic jacket (mentik) for hussars Heavy cavalry helmet with an eight-pointed star, short uniform without tails, cuirass Separately, it is necessary to mention the army and the people's militia. Not being part of the regular army, the militia took an active part in the Patriotic War of 1812. There was no single uniform in the ranks of the militia, with the exception of Cossack detachments, whose uniforms were distinguished by a certain uniformity. At the same time, we note that, in addition to the militia, the Cossacks were also part of the regular army. For example, in the Battle of Borodino, the Life Guards Cossack Regiment especially distinguished itself. The uniform of this regiment was noticeably different from the rest of the army: it took into account the freedom-loving spirit and long-standing military traditions of the Russian Cossacks. (For more details, see Appendix 1, p. 31) 10 What parts did the uniform of a Russian soldier consist of in 1812? The study identified the following main elements of the uniform of a Russian warrior in 1812: Headdresses: shako, helmet, cap; for generals - hats with a plume Uniform (for hussars a short uniform - dolman and a jacket - mentik) Knickers, leggings (for hussars - chakchirs) Boots or boots Overcoat Equipment: sword belt, cartridge bag (lyadunka), sling, satchel , etc. Insignia: shoulder straps, epaulettes, burdocks and other insignia on shakos, metal bibs, design of buttonholes, color of lanyards, etc. Weapons: saber, cleaver, gun, broadsword, pike, etc. 1 Let us dwell in more detail on the elements listed above. Headdresses Headdresses of the Russian army varied not only for different branches of the military, but also within each branch of the military, depending on the situation. For example, when out of formation, all troops were allowed to wear a comfortable cap (cap). However, in battle and for ceremonial formations, completely different headdresses were used. The helmet is the headdress of horse artillery and heavy cavalry. The helmet was made of black patent leather. The plume, in the form of a scallop, was made of black horsehair. Horse artilleryman's helmet Russia, 1812 The front side of the helmet was decorated from the top of the scallop to the visor with a copper emblem with a double-headed eagle (horse artillery) or an eight-pointed star (heavy cavalry) minted on it. The lower edge of the visor was lined with copper. 1 I especially remember, when visiting the Museum of Heroes, the militia saber. It was the most ordinary Russian scythe with a wooden handle attached to it. 11 2 1 3 The shako is the main headdress of infantry, foot artillery and light cavalry. The details of the shako served as an important distinguishing feature for each regiment. Therefore, let us dwell on the elements of the shako in detail. 4 5 Infantryman's shako Russia, 1812 The main parts of the shako: 1 - cap 3 - grenadka 2 - burdock 4 - etiquette 5 - etiquette brushes 1. The cap was made of leather covered with black cloth. On the sides of the shako, black leather stripes were sewn in the shape of the letter V. Along the lower edge there was a leather strip, with a buckle at the back, to adjust the shako to the size of the owner's head. 2. Repeek - an oval wooden piece, covered with cloth, with two wire “tendrils” for fastening in the pocket of the shako. By the burrs it was possible to distinguish the rank, battalion and even company and platoon of the owner. Here are some examples of burrs: 1st Grenadier Company, Grenadier Platoon Chief Officer burr 4th, 5th, 6th Infantry Fusilier Companies Non-Commissioned Officer's burr In the pocket of a shako during parade formation (less often before battle) a sultan could also be attached - a high plume made of horsetail hair or fur. The color of the sultan varied for different regiments and units within the same regiment. 3. Grenadka - a copper emblem attached above the visor of a shako to designate the military unit in which the warrior serves. “Grenadka about one fire” was attached to the shako of linear infantry and chasseur regiments; The “Grenadka of Three Fires” was given to grenadiers, column leaders, miner companies of the 1st and 2nd pioneer regiments, and naval regiments. In the guards regiments, grenadiers were replaced by an emblem in the form of a double-headed eagle, on the chest of which St. George the Victorious was depicted. For the guards infantry regiments, a torch, lightning and a laurel wreath were depicted in the eagle's claws. For the guards artillerymen, the eagle rested its paws on the crossed cannon barrels; for sapper troops - on crossed hatchets. Badge for the shako of an officer of the Guards Horse Artillery, 1812 12 4. The etiquette was a braided cord that decorated the shako on the front and back, and had tassels of unequal length on the sides. 5. Etiquette brushes: left, short, the brush reached the lower edge of the shako; the right one, long, hung down and fell on the shoulders of the owner. In marching conditions, it was allowed to throw the right hand of the etiquette over the burdock or completely remove the etiquette and put it in the backpack. The general's hat was a woolen cap with a wide brim. The brim was drawn to the crown in front and behind. the front field (24.2 cm) was slightly lower (26.4 cm). General's hat Russia, 1812 black tight Back height At the top, to the left of the center of the hat, a round cockade made of black silk with an orange border was attached. On top of the cockade there was a buttonhole made of narrow gold braid with a gilded copper button. In the corners of the hat there were tassels woven from a silver cord mixed with black and orange silk, fastened with the same cord. Above the cockade, a plume of black and orange rooster feathers was inserted into the hat. Uniform For the vast majority of regiments, the uniform took the form of a tailcoat, with tails curved outward and fastened with buttons. Moreover, the coattails of an officer's uniform were longer than those of a private. The exceptions were the uniforms of cuirassiers and lancers, which did not have tails, as well as the uniforms of hussars, the cut of which traditionally differed from the uniforms of the rest of the army2. The lining and cuffs of the uniform, as a rule, were contrastingly different from its main color. The number of buttons, shape, length and color of buttonholes also varied for different branches of the military. For example, on the uniform of an infantryman there were 24 buttons sewn, on the dolman of a hussar their number exceeded 50. Uniform of an infantryman, Russia 1812 Uniforms, both for soldiers and officers, were made of cloth. However, the quality of cloth for officer uniforms was significantly higher. Appendix 1 provides a more detailed description of the uniforms of some regiments of the Russian army in 1812. Hussars first appeared in Hungary. Having spread throughout Europe, this type of light cavalry retained its original Hungarian cut of uniforms and unusual names for parts of the uniform. 2 13 Knickers and leggings Knickers were made of cloth or linen, mostly white. The exception was the Jaeger regiments, which until December 1812 were required to wear dark green trousers. They wore pantaloons over boots or boots. The army used both summer and winter, warmer trousers, as well as special army trousers, which could be worn outside the line. Bloomers were especially helpful in winter, when they were allowed to be worn over insulated winter trousers. Leggings were made from gray or white cloth. They were supposed to be worn by infantry officers, as well as cavalrymen. Overcoat The Russian soldier of 1812 always carried an overcoat with him - a uniform coat of gray cloth, with folds on the back and a strap holding them in place. In warm weather, the overcoat was rolled up tightly and worn over the shoulder. Such a package was called a roll. Officer's overcoat and roll, 1812 Ammunition The main elements of ammunition in 1812 included: a sword belt, a sling, a cartridge bag (lyadunka), a satchel, etc. The sword belt and baldric were 9.35 cm wide elk leather straps, stitched along the edges (or with embossed grooves) so as not to stretch during use. The belt was worn over the right shoulder and served to attach a cleaver and bayonet. The sling was worn over the left shoulder and was intended to hold the cartridge bag - the lyadunka. To prevent the sling and sword belt from falling off the shoulders, they were worn under shoulder straps. The color of the sword belt and baldric in the Russian army of 1812 was predominantly white. The exception was the Jaeger regiments, which were supposed to wear a sword belt and a dark green baldric. 14 The cartridge bag (lyadunka) was intended for storing a supply of cartridges (up to 60 pieces) and small gun accessories. The lyadunka was made of black leather and was closed with a lid with the image of a grenadka, corresponding to the grenadka on a soldier’s shako. Grenadier's boat, with a "three-light grenadier". 1812 The satchel was used to store a soldier's personal belongings and contained the following items: a supply of crackers for three days, 2 shirts, trousers, foot wraps, a fodder hat, a pair of boots (in the form of a cut), a half-cover, 12 flints, 3 brushes, 2 graters, a plank for cleaning buttons, chalk, wax and a suitcase with threads, soap, glue, stencil, mustache fabric, fabric comb, sand and brick. . The backpack weighed about 11-12 kg. A camp flask was attached to the lid of the backpack with a narrow bleached strap. The manerka was made of tinplate, the height with the lid was 19.8 cm, the width was 16.5 cm. Satchel and manners, 1812 Insignia In addition to the details characteristic of each regiment, placed on the shakos, there were also insignia sewn on military uniforms and attached to ammunition. Shoulder straps and epaulettes determined the rank of a warrior and his affiliation with a specific division and regiment within that division. Epaulets could only be worn by officers. The presence of fringe on epaulettes meant that their owner was a staff officer (major, lieutenant colonel or colonel). Shoulder straps, as of 1812, were sewn onto each shoulder of a soldier's uniform. The color of the infantryman's shoulder straps corresponded to the serial number of his regiment in the division (see table on the right). Starting from December 1807, encryption codes were sewn onto the shoulder straps of infantrymen - the numbers of the division to which the given regiment belonged. When a regiment moved from division to division, shoulder straps also changed. Shoulder straps in the regiments of the Russian army in 1812 First Regiment Second Regiment Third Regiment Fourth Regiment Fifth Regiment 15 The design of the buttonholes on the collar and cuffs of the uniform carried information about the rank of the warrior and (or) his belonging to an elite regiment. For example, the officers of the Life Grenadier Regiment, whose chief was Emperor Alexander I himself, had buttonholes embroidered in gold, located in two rows on the collars and in three rows on the cuffs of the uniform. The buttonholes of the privates of the Life Grenadier Regiment were located in the same way, but were made of white braid (bason). Collar of a private of the Life Grenadier Regiment, 1812. Officers of other elite regiments, whose chiefs were members of the royal family, had the same insignia. For general's uniforms, rich gold embroidery in the form of oak branches was provided. Sewing was placed on the collar, cuffs of the uniform, and on horizontal pocket flaps. The same embroidery, but in silver, was introduced by 1812 for the uniforms of garrison service generals and for generals of the Don Cossack Army. General's sewing, 1812 Metal breastplates were used as insignia for headquarters and chief officers serving in the infantry, artillery and pioneer regiments. The breastplates were shaped like a sickle, with a double convex rim and a double-headed eagle topped with a crown. Such signs were made of thin brass with silvering and gilding of the rim, eagle and field of the sign, depending on the rank. Based on the information studied, it is possible to derive a unified diagram of the types of officer metal breastplates used in 1812. Officer metal bibs in 1812 ensign captain second lieutenant major lieutenant colonel staff captain colonel Samples of officer bibs - bib field - bib rim - schematic image of an eagle - silvering - gilding 16 Interesting facts about the Russian military uniform of 1812 During the research, I was able to learn a lot other interesting facts about the Russian military uniform of 1812. Here are some of them: 1. The Guards regiments of the Russian army of 1812 had on their shako an emblem in the form of a double-headed eagle with St. George the Victorious depicted on its chest. But an exception was made for the Life Guards of the Lithuanian Regiment. On the shakos of this regiment, on the chest of an eagle, a galloping horseman was depicted from the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the coat of arms “Pursuit”). 2. At the beginning of the 19th century, the uniform of the Jaeger regiments changed several times. Many changes occurred in December 1812. Therefore, in paintings about the events of the Patriotic War, you can find different color options for the Jaeger regiments. But the dark green color of the huntsmen’s uniform, sword belt and baldric remains unchanged. You can easily recognize these shelves in paintings and illustrations dedicated to the War of 1812. 3. In the Russian army, the Pavlovsky Leibgrenadier Regiment especially stood out. In memory of the bravery of the regiment’s soldiers in the battles of past years under the command of A.V. Suvorov, the regiment was granted the right to wear the old grenadier helmets, which were abolished for the rest of the army. Grenadier 4. Great importance was attached to the shine of the buttons on the Pavlovsky Regiment uniforms. The buttons were copper and were cleaned with chalk. In order not to stain the uniform, all the buttons were “strung” on a special board - a tablet that protected the cloth of the uniform, and all the buttons were cleaned at once. 5. The adjutant's aiguette had a curious property: a lead pencil was attached to its end, and thus the adjutant was always ready to write down the order of his commander. So, the Russian military uniform of 1812 was very diverse, but its elements were subject to strictly established rules; the differences between the branches of the military and the regiments were in the details of the headdresses, the color and structure of the uniforms; insignia were intended to indicate that a warrior belonged to a particular branch of the army and regiment, and also to reflect his military rank. 17 Review of the military uniform of the French army of 1812 Features of the French military uniform of 1812 The military uniform of France of 1812, like the military uniform of Russia of that period, differed for different branches of the army. The colors of the French military uniform reflected the revolutionary events that took place in the country in 1789 (the French Revolution). Following the approved banner of the renewed France (blue-white-red tricolor), military uniforms also received these colors of freedom, equality and fraternity. The only exceptions were the Jaeger and some other infantry regiments, whose colors remained green to camouflage shooters on the ground. The structure of Napoleon's Grand Army was similar to the structure of the Russian army already discussed. The main types of troops were infantry (infantry), artillery, light and heavy cavalry. The diagram, compiled on the basis of the sources used, reflects the main features of the uniform of the military branches and the colors of the French army of 1812. Uniform of Napoleon's Grand Army in 1812 Artillery dark blue uniform with coattails for artillerymen; light blue - for convoy soldiers Infantry (infantry) shako (in the guard a high bearskin cap), white lapels and cuffs of the uniform, white vest Light and line cavalry a high shako with a square top or a helmet with a fur roller, for hussars - vests Heavy cavalry helmet with a long horsehair plume, cuirass 18 Interesting facts about the French military uniform of 1812 While studying the military uniform of France in 1812, several facts seemed especially interesting to me: 1. The elite guard regiments of the Napoleonic army - grenadiers and carabinieri - wore characteristic high hats made of bear fur . Hats were officially abolished in 1811, but soldiers continued to wear them until 1815, unwilling to part with the symbol of their elitism. The hat reached a height of 33 cm, had a white etiquette with a tassel and a plume of scarlet rooster feathers. On the bottom of the cap, a grenade with nine lights was embroidered with white thread. A brass plate with the imperial eagle and regiment number was attached to the front of the cap. 2. The French cuirassiers of 1812 also had curious headdresses. These were steel helmets reminiscent of the helmet of the goddess Athena, with a tassel at the top of the crest, a short scarlet cock plume and a long horsehair plume that ran down along the crest onto the cuirassier's back. Grenadier, France, 1812 Cuirassier's helmet, 3. In Napoleon's Grand Army, in addition to French troops, France, 1812, there were regiments of foreign countries. Therefore, in the paintings dedicated to the battles of 1812, the diversity of uniforms in the ranks of the French is noticeable: light blue and white uniforms of the Bavarians, white and gray-green colors of the Austrians, green and yellow uniforms of the Polish corps of Marshal Jozef Poniatowski, etc. Examples of foreign regiments in Napoleon's army Austrian dragoons, 1812 Italian infantry, 1812 Westphalian infantry, 1812 Bavarian cavalry, 1812 19 4. When invading Russia in the summer of 1812, Napoleon counted on quick success. His troops did not have truly warm clothes with them and, retreating from Moscow in the fall, were forced to freeze in summer uniforms. The thin cloth overcoats and scarves with which the Great Army was equipped turned out to be powerless against the Russian cold. The unusual frosts of the autumn and winter of 1812-1813 undermined the morale of the retreating French. Vereshchagin V.V. “Night halt of the Great Army” 1896-1897 So, the military uniform of France in 1812, just like in Russia at that time, differed for different types of troops; the main colors of the Napoleonic army were blue, white and red, repeating the colors of the banner of the Great French Revolution; the presence of other colors in the ranks of the French army was explained by the presence of foreign regiments in it; The uniforms of the French army during the invasion of Russia were not designed for the Russian cold, and hypothermia contributed to the decline in French morale during their retreat from Moscow in the fall of 1812. 20 Having studied the military uniform of Russia and France during the Patriotic War of 1812, we can draw the following conclusions: 1. Since the amount of available information on this topic is quite large, the study of the military uniform of any army can be organized in the following sequence of actions: 1) 2) 3) 4 ) determine the main branches of the army; highlight the uniform features characteristic of each type of military force; determine the color scheme of the army uniform; within each branch of the military, identify the characteristic and unique features of uniforms and ammunition of individual regiments. Detailing the topic may include studying the color scheme for various units, regimental insignia, etc. 2. European armies and the Russian army of 1812 had a similar structure and similar cut of military uniforms. The differences were in the colors of the armies, the combination of uniform elements in the regiments, and the presence of unique, historically established uniform details. 21 CHAPTER II Why is knowledge about the military uniform of 1812 necessary? History come to life: the uniform of 1812 in the modern reconstruction of the Battle of Borodino Every year on the Borodino field, in historical scenery, a reconstruction of the historical Battle of Borodino takes place on August 26 (September 7/8), 1812. In front of thousands of spectators, participants in military history clubs reproduce in great detail the sequence of events of that day, unable, of course, to repeat the time of each event. The carefully restored uniforms of each regiment that took part in the battle give special authenticity to the events taking place on the field. Such authenticity would not have been possible without the deep knowledge of the costume creators in the field of military uniforms and ammunition of the Russian and French armies of 1812. By preserving this knowledge and experiencing episodes of the Battle of Borodino year after year, military history clubs help preserve the memory of the historical events of 1812. By learning more about the military uniform of that time, we can more consciously follow the reconstructed events, plunging into the revived military history of Russia in the 19th century. The Battle of Borodino: a look through time 22 What can a portrait in a museum tell about? Knowledge about the military uniform of 1812 can help not just see, but “read” the content and plot of paintings or sculptural monuments dedicated to the heroes of the Patriotic War, as if it were a page from a history textbook. Let's give an example. The Russian Museum in St. Petersburg houses the famous painting by O.A. Kiprensky, which depicts an officer in a hussar uniform: For a long time it was believed that the portrait depicted the hero of the Patriotic War, officer, poet and partisan Denis Vasilyevich Davydov. However, in 1940, an employee of the State Tretyakov Gallery E.N. Atsarkina discovered in the register of Kiprensky’s works that the portrait depicts “Ev.V. Davydov" Kiprensky O.A. Portrait of E.V. Davydova, 1809 Now it was necessary to find out from whom exactly the portrait was painted: from Evgeniy Vasilyevich, Denis Davydov’s brother, from his cousin, Evgraf Vladimirovich, or from the hero of 1812 himself, and an error crept into the register. The uniform of the hussar depicted in the picture helped answer this question. This is the uniform of a headquarters officer of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, and of the three Davydovs in 1809, according to historical data, it could only belong to Evgraf Vladimirovich. The truth has been restored. So, we see that knowledge of the military uniform of 1812 can help us take a different look at the artistic heritage of those times and even, as follows from the example, restore the name of the historical character depicted in the portrait. 23 What uniform am I wearing? Many boys have photographs of themselves wearing clothing similar to the 1812 uniforms. Most often these are photographs from New Year's carnivals or footage of school theater productions. I have a similar photo. One day I found it in a family album, and I wanted to know what kind of uniform I was wearing. Now I can answer this question. Firstly, the cut and colors of the uniform correspond to the Uhlan regiments of the Russian army in 1812. Secondly, on the shako, which is depicted, however, not exactly, there is a double-headed eagle - a symbol of belonging to the guards regiment. Epaulets on the shoulders signify the rank of staff officer. After looking through images of lancers of that time, I discovered that in the photo I am an officer of the Life Guards of the Uhlan Regiment. During the Battle of Borodino, this regiment took part in the legendary raid of the Cossacks and cavalrymen of Lieutenant General F.P. Uvarov and Ataman M.I. Platov to the rear of the French army. Thanks to the raid, the decisive French offensive was delayed for as much as two hours, and this determined the outcome of the entire battle. Now I feel almost like a participant in those events and am proud of my uniform, even if it is not real yet. Chief officer of the Life Guards Uhlan Regiment, 1812 So, knowledge about the military uniform of 1812 can, in a visual form, help to interest schoolchildren in studying the history of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century and help foster respect for the Russian military uniform. For these purposes, as a product of the work, a role-playing Ita was created. Thus, knowledge about the military uniform of 1812 will help to interest the quiz “Military uniform of the Patriotic War of 1812.” 24 Having examined examples of the practical application of knowledge about military uniforms from the Patriotic War of 1812, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The military uniform of 1812 is part of the military history of Russia in the 19th century. Knowledge about it and the detailed reconstruction of uniforms by military history clubs for the reconstruction of the Battle of Borodino helps to preserve the memory of the Patriotic War of 1812. 2. Military uniforms are an excellent source of information. With its help, you can not only see, but also “read” the subjects of paintings and sculptures dedicated to the Patriotic War, and even, for example, restore the name of a warrior depicted in a historical portrait. 3. Studying the military uniform of 1812 can captivate today's schoolchildren, instill in them an interest in the history of Russia during the Patriotic War and help in instilling respect for the Russian uniform. The role-playing quiz “Military Uniforms of the Patriotic War of 1812”, created as part of this work, is designed to help achieve this goal. 25 CONCLUSION Connection of times and generations Before the advent of guns with longer firing ranges at the end of the 19th century, the brightness and richness of the uniform were of great importance for the prestige of every European country. At the end of the 19th century, flashy and pretentious elements of military uniforms were abolished. Bright colors were replaced by discreet, but invisible camouflage tones in the dense foliage. Military uniforms change over time, depending on the era and fashion. But the inextricable connection of times and generations remains, and our respectful attitude towards the Russian military uniform as a symbol of the valor and honor of Russian soldiers remains unchanged. This is what my grandfather teaches me. He helps me cherish the memory of my great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather, who valiantly fought in battles for our Motherland. My great-great-grandfather, Ural Cossack Rodion Seliverstovich Remnev My great-grandfather, Andrei Rodionovich Remnev My grandfather, Suvorov soldier Andrei Andreevich Remnev Results of the work: 1) the available information about the military uniform of the Patriotic War of 1812 was studied, structured and briefly presented; 2) based on the studied data, the hypothesis was confirmed that the principle of constructing the military uniform of 1812 was subject to strict rules for different branches of the military and individual units. Knowledge of these rules really contributes to a more meaningful perception of the military history monuments of that time and can instill interest in further study of this topic; 26 3) to consolidate the acquired knowledge, a role-playing quiz “Military uniform of the times of the Patriotic War of 1812” was created, based on the chronology of the events of the Battle of Borodino on August 26 (September 7/8), 1812. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of its use as additional material for thematic discussions and classroom hours in primary school, as well as for history lessons in secondary school. Basic information about the military uniform of 1812 is presented in a form accessible to schoolchildren; the structure of the work allows children to independently continue studying the topic, relying on the proposed subsections of the study. The product of the work is a role-playing quiz “Military uniform of the Patriotic War of 1812”, based on the chronology of the events of the Battle of Borodino and designed to interest schoolchildren in this topic and help consolidate knowledge about the military uniform of 1812 in a playful way. 27 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Lubchenkov Y. “War of 1812.” - M.: White City, 2009. 47 p. Oliver M. “Napoleon's Army” / Oliver M., Partridge R. - M.: Astrel.AST, 2005. 400 p. Military gallery of the Borodino field [exhibition prospectus]. No output available. Portrait of Davydov //Napoleonic Wars/Chief ed. N. Volkova. – 2011.- No. 5. – P.14-15. Children's encyclopedia: in 12 volumes. T.8/Ch.ed. A.M. Kuznetsov. – 2nd ed. - M.: Education, 1967. 639 p. Parkhaev O.K. Russian army of 1812. Set of postcards. Issue 2. - M.: Fine Arts, 1988. 32 pcs. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. T4/ Ch. ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Russian language, 1984, 794 p. Battles at the Utitsky Kurgan [Electronic resource] // Address: http://voynablog.ru/2011/12/01/boi-u-utickogo-kurgana/ Battle of Borodino [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia. Address:http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C1%EE%F0%EE%E4%E8%ED%F1%EA%EE%E5_%F 1%F0%E0%E6%E5%ED% E8%E5#cite_note-C-1 Vasiliev K.S. Hussars [Electronic resource] // Internet magazine “Vasilievsky Polygon”. Address: http://polygonv.narod.ru/vp-kl1812/322000.htm Glinka V.M. Russian military costume 18th - early 20th century [Electronic resource] // Address: http://www.warstar.info/glinka_russky_army_kostjum/illustrazii_glinka2.html L. Kiel: Russia 1815-1820 [Electronic resource] // Address: http:/ /www.napoleononline.de/html/kiel_1815_1820.html Description of how a soldier should dress on a campaign [Electronic resource] // VIR Club “Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment”. Address: http://www.lgpp.petrobrigada.ru/docs/pohod1808.htm 28 APPENDIX 1 Uniform of individual regiments of the Russian army in 1812 1. Horse artillery The uniform was a tailcoat with a stand-up collar, black, with red piping, split cuffs and lining on floors and folds. The color of the uniform is dark green, the lining is black or gray. On the shoulders there are two shoulder straps with the company number and the letter “K” made of yellow cord. At the waist level at the back, two small straps were sewn under the belt. Yellow metal buttons. There are two rows of 6 buttons on the chest. 2 buttons on the cuffs of each sleeve. 2 buttons on tails. 2 buttons for shoulder straps. 2 buttons on the straps. Private and officer of the horse artillery, 1812 The trousers were made of white cloth, were approximately 22 cm short of the heel and had lapel bows covered by the flaps of the uniform. The leggings were made of gray cloth. They were trimmed along the inner seam with black leather, and 18 covered buttons were sewn on each side, along the side seams. Boots of a new type were introduced in December 1806. They were cut-out and knee-high. Blunt-nosed, with screwed iron spurs. The heel height was 3.3 cm. Helmet. On October 18, 1803, helmets were ordered to be worn instead of hats. The helmet was made of black patent leather and consisted of a round crown, visors in front and back, two ears on the sides, and a comb of thick hair plume. The plume was made of black horsehair. The front side of the helmet was decorated from the top of the comb to the visor with a copper plaque with an embossed double-headed eagle. The lower edge of the visor is lined with copper. Two cloth blades with leather straps are sewn inside. Initially, the belts were fastened over the blades only in winter. Later at any time of the year. Chin straps were made of flat copper scales. Forage hat. On October 25, 1811, fodder caps were introduced. In horse artillery companies they consisted of a dark green crown, a black band, with red piping on the top and bottom of the band. On the band there was an encryption, like on the shoulder straps, made of red cord. Old-style caps were also worn: white, with a band and red stitching, and with a white and red tassel. The gloves were suede with white cragens. The sword belt had a socket for a broadsword in the form of a blade, with a false brass buckle. Underneath it, on the inside of the belt, was sewn a small strap, which was fastened to a small buckle at the end of the belt. The free end of the sword belt was threaded under a leather trench coat and fastened with a hook. The tie had a small shirtfront. It was made of black cloth with a canvas lining and tied at the back with black ribbons. The height and width were arbitrary; only one rule was observed: if you unbutton the top button of the uniform and raise your head, the shirt should not be visible. The lyadunka was designed for 30 rounds. Made from thick black leather. A copper plaque with an engraved double-headed eagle was attached to the valve of the boat. The lyadunka was worn in a sling over the right shoulder. Overcoat. Russian horse artillery wore overcoats made of undyed cloth, dark or light gray, and the color was the same for the entire battery. The stand-up collar was fastened with three hooks, the color matched the color of the collar on the uniform: black, with red piping. Seven folds were made at the back, more for the striking hand, and two flaps were sewn on. The overcoat was sewn so that it could be worn not only over a uniform, but also over a sweatshirt or short fur coat. It was fastened in front with seven buttons that matched those of the uniform. The worn sword belt covered the bottom button and was held on by the flaps at the back. Shoulder straps on the overcoat are the same as on the uniform. 30 2. Hussars The Russian hussar uniform of 1812 had many details borrowed from Hungarian national clothing: a short (to the waist) cloth jacket with a standing collar - dolman, over which another jacket was put on - a mentik, narrow leggings - chakchirs and short boots - boots decorated with black wool tassel. Around his belt, the hussar wore a sash made of cords with interceptions - gombs. A black leather-trimmed shako, the same as in the infantry, was decorated with a white plume, cords (etikkets) and burdock. The cockade was made in the form of a round rosette made of black ribbon with orange borders and a metal buttonhole matching the color of the buttons. In the Life Hussar Regiment, the shako had a coat of arms in the form of a double-headed eagle made of red copper. 1. 2. 3. Private of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment; Chief officer of the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment; Private of the Elizavetgrad Hussar Regiment. During the Foreign Campaign, Russian hussars often wore captured French shakos (higher ones), with Russian decorations. The authorities looked at this fact so condescendingly that even in the painted engravings depicting hussar uniforms made for the Tsar, Russian hussars are depicted in captured shakos. The doloman, mentik and chakchirs were embroidered with cords and braid. On the chest of the dolman and mentik, 15 transverse rows of double cords with three rows of convex buttons were sewn, of which the central one was on the right side, and the other two were at the corners of the cords, laid in curls. The mentik was trimmed with white (black in the Guards regiment) fur. But this rule was not always observed. Hussars, armed with pikes, did not wear mentiks at all in the warm season, since they interfered with the use of pikes, and in cold times they wore mentiks in sleeves. During the campaign, the hussars wore untucked gray cloth leggings, lined with black leather on the inside and having 18 buttons on the outer seams, covered with gray cloth. To protect themselves from bad weather, the hussars had wide gray cloaks with a stand-up collar fastened with one button (the guards' cloaks had shawl-shaped collars). 31 The main bladed weapon of a hussar is a saber in a leather scabbard with an iron frame, with a copper or iron hilt, on a red leather belt; firearms - two saddle pistols. In addition, the hussars were armed with carbines, but by order of November 10, 1812, instead of carbines, each squadron was given only 16 blunderbuss for shot shooting. In the spring of 1812, the hussars of the first rank in the Alexandria, Akhtyrsky, Grodno, Elisavetgrad, Izyum, Mariupol, Pavlograd and Sumy regiments received Uhlan pikes with black shafts, without weathercocks. Some regiments decorated their peaks with weathervanes. The hussars carried cartridges in a lyadunka, which was attached to a sling over the left (if there was a carbine or blunderbuss, over the right) shoulder. The hussar's equipment also included a flat bag, a “tashka,” decorated with braid and a monogram and attached to the sword belt. Non-commissioned officers had gold or silver braid on the collar and cuffs of the dolman and black and orange tops on the plumes. Their menticles were trimmed with black fur. The officers wore a mantik trimmed with gray merlushka fur (in the Guard, black beaver), the cords and braid on the uniform were gold or silver, the color of the buttons. The label and sash are made of silver cords. On the chest of the dolman and the mentik around the cords there is a fringe of the corresponding color, for chief officers it is 2 cm wide, for staff officers it is 4.5 cm wide, with sparkles. Ladunochnye slings were trimmed with galloon. The lids of the boats (silver or gold) were decorated with the state coat of arms. The hussar regiments differed among themselves in the color of the details of their uniforms and equipment. Regimental colors of the uniform of the Russian hussars of 1812 regiment lg Hussar Akhtyrsky Izyumsky Sumsky Elizavetgrad Mariupol Belorussian Alexandria Pavlogradsky Lubensky Grodno Olviopolsky Irkutsk dolman collar cuffs mentik chakchiry tashka saddle cloth metal 32 Life Guards Cossack regiment At the beginning of the 19th century, detachments of Cossacks consisted and mainly in the militia troops. Life Guards Cossack Regiment is one of the few regular units of the Russian army of the early 19th century formed from Cossacks. In the Battle of Borodino, the Life Guards Cossack Regiment distinguished itself by its participation in the rapid attack of generals M.I. Platov and F.P. Uvarov to the left flank of the French. The regiment's uniform reflected the originality and freedom-loving spirit of the Russian Cossacks. The originality of the regiment's uniform reflected the state's respect for the military traditions of the Cossacks. The privates wore red caftans and dark blue trousers without stripes. There are yellow guard buttonholes on the red collar and cuffs. Instead of shoulder straps - yellow garus (woolen) epaulettes of the Uhlan type. The saddle blankets and cushions on the saddles are red with yellow lining. 33 APPENDIX 2 QUIZ Author: Denis Andreevich Baranov, 3rd grade “B” Scientific supervisor: Lyudmila Leonidovna Bodryagina 34 The military uniform of the Patriotic War of 1812 is not just beautiful and varied. Each of its elements is subject to certain rules, which allows us to perceive the form as a source of many valuable information. This is an open book, and while “reading” it, you will be surprised to discover that you can tell a lot about the owner of a military uniform: determine the regiment in which he served, his rank, place of service, and even perhaps guess what battles he might have fought in. this warrior will distinguish himself. We are confident that knowledge of Russian and French uniforms of those heroic times can become an excellent guide in understanding paintings, sculptures and literary works dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812. You can verify this by going step by step through the questions of our quiz “MILITARY UNIFORM DURING THE PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1812.” In this quiz you will briefly become the adjutant of General P.A. Stroganov and live one day of the Patriotic War. And what a day! This is the day of August 26 (September 8), 1812, when one of the greatest one-day battles in military history, known as the Battle of Borodino, took place near the village of Borodino, 100 miles from Moscow. According to the memoirs of a participant in the Battle of Borodino, the French general J.-J. Pele-Closeau, Napoleon often repeated: “The Battle of Borodino was the most beautiful and most formidable, the French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians earned the right to be invincible” [5, p.425; 8]. General Zh.Zh. Pele-Closeau As an adjutant, you will have to consistently carry out several orders from your commander. Each of the assignments will require you to have certain knowledge in the field of military uniforms from the time of the Patriotic War. The pages of our short study preceding the quiz will help you answer the quiz questions correctly. If you are in doubt about the answer to a question, follow the link to the required fragment of the study and re-read it again. We wish you good luck! 35 Question 1 (see p. 16) The morning of August 26, 1812 dawned. It's only 5 o'clock now. There is still half an hour left before the first attack of Napoleon's troops begins. You find yourself in the middle between the locations of two armies: Russian and French. In the pre-dawn fog, you can see smoke from hastily lit campfires to your right and left, and light gusts of wind carry the barely audible cries of commanders. There is excitement everywhere, the uniforms of infantry taking up combat positions are flashing. You need to have time, before the battle breaks out, to reach the fortifications of the Russian army. In which direction will you run if in the pre-dawn haze only the colors of the soldiers' uniforms are barely visible? Determine the colors of the Russian army and put a V under the selected image. Question 2 (see page 8) Having arrived at the location of the Russian army, you need to find your future commander, Adjutant General P.A. Stroganov. It is known that at the beginning of the Battle of Borodino, Pavel Alexandrovich commanded the First Grenadier Division as part of the 3rd Infantry Corps. Based on Figure 3 below, determine which soldier is a grenadier and serves under the command of General Stroganov. Mark the selected picture. Count P.A. Stroganov 3 4 4 Drawings by Lev Ivanovich Kiel, made in 1815-1820. commissioned by Emperor Alexander I Portrait by George Dow (Military Gallery, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg) 36 Question 3 (see page 10) Since you are enlisted in the grenadier division, you are required to wear the grenadier insignia - “grenadier o three lights." Where in 1812, according to established rules, should this sign be attached? Choose an answer: on a shako on shoulder straps on a sleeve Grenadian about three lights Question 4 (see p. 11) The 1st Grenadier Division, where you are sent, is located on the very edge of the left flank of the Russian army, near the village of Utitsy. It's 6 o'clock in the morning. To the right you can already hear the roar of heavy artillery shelling by the French on Russian flashes5 near the village of Semenovskoye. You easily found General Stroganov and handed him the order for your appointment. The Count quickly scanned the order and nodded. “Grab my hat from the tent and catch up,” the general briefly ordered and headed towards the other officers. In the count's tent, there were several hats on a makeshift table. Which one should a general of the Russian army of 1812 wear in battle? Choose the right one, and make sure you don’t make a mistake! Disposition of troops before the Battle of Borodino View from the Utitsa flash to the village of Utitsy (modern view) Dawn over the Borodino field (modern view) Flash - defensive field fortifications, consisting of two parts, each 20-30 m long. Both parts (faces) converge at an obtuse angle, the apex of which faces the enemy. 5 37 Question 5 (see page 15) Simultaneously with the attack of the Semenov (Bagration) flushes, the French are attacking the center of Russian defense near the village of Borodino. Shooting can be heard getting closer and closer in the Utitsky forest. The first onslaught of the enemy in all areas of the battle is met by Russian Jaeger regiments. Which of the following elements of uniform are a distinctive feature of the rangers of the Russian army of 1812: Battle of Borodino (modern reconstruction) Uniform and trousers of dark green color Belt and baldric of dark green color One-sided cuirass Frequent gold stripes on the sleeves of the uniform Question 6 (see p. 29 and 30) At 8 o’clock in the morning, reinforcement regiments were sent to help the defenders of the Semenovsky flushes. One of the first to reach the flashes and enter the battle was the legendary Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment, in which the famous officer and poet Denis Davydov served. Connect the names of the elements of the hussar uniform with their images in the figure with lines. Then, following the prompts (bottom right), color the drawing so that you get a private of the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment of 1812. Some elements are already painted in the appropriate colors. Private of the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment 1812 dolman mentik sash shako etikket burdock sultan chakchiry tashka Doloman - brown Mentik - brown Collar - yellow Cuffs - yellow mentik fur - white Sash and buttonholes - yellow shako - black Etishket - yellow burdock - yellow Sultan - white Chakchiry - dark blue Tashka - brown Boots (boots) - black 38 Question 7 (see page 13) Meanwhile, your division is preparing to go into battle. You will have to defend and go on the attack, carrying all the military equipment, including a rolled up overcoat over your shoulder and a soldier’s backpack. This is what a satchel should contain in the summer [13]: shirts 2 shoe items 1 grater 2 summer trousers 1 half-sleeve 1 button board 1 foot wraps 1 flints 12 blackening a certain amount of fodder hat 1 brushes 3 crackers for three days a suitcase with threads, soap, a needle case with needles , comb, sand and brick 1 Guess how much a soldier’s backpack weighed in 1812. Choose an answer. 11-12 kg 4-5 kg 25-30 kg How much does your school backpack weigh? Question 8 (see p. 13) If your colleague asks you to give him a mantle, what item will you give him? Mark the selected picture. flask cap cartridge bag gun Question 9 (see p. 15) The battle in which your 1st Grenadier Division entered was one of the most significant during the Battle of Borodino. It went down in history as the battle for the Utitsky Kurgan. For several hours, the heroic grenadiers held back the onslaught of much superior enemy forces, never allowing the enemy to enter the rear of the Russian army. Your division has a regiment whose uniform is unique to the army of 1812 with its headdresses. This is the Pavlovsk Grenadier Regiment. Determine which image corresponds to an ordinary grenadier of the Pavlovsk regiment. 39 Question 10 (see page 17) Throughout the day, cuirassier regiments take part in the Battle of Borodino on one side and the other. Try to determine from the pictures which armor belongs to the cuirassier of the Russian army, and which to the French cuirassier. Use arrows to connect the image with the chosen answer. Russian cuirassier 1812 French cuirassier 1812 Question 11 (see p. 33) The State Historical Museum houses a painting by V.V. Vereshchagin “The End of the Battle of Borodino” (1899-1900). If you answered the previous question correctly, then you can easily determine whose bitter joy the artist captured in this work. Russian army French army Vereshchagin V.V. “The end of the Battle of Borodino”, 1899-1900 40 Question 12 (see pages 31 and 17) Throughout the day, the battle develops on a high mound in the center of the defense of the Russian army (Raevsky Battery). At the most difficult moment of the battle, a daring raid by detachments of Russian Cossacks and cavalrymen behind enemy lines distracted the French and delayed their decisive attack on the Battery for a full 2 hours. It is known that Napoleon, amazed by the courage of the Russian soldiers who took part in the raid, did not dare to bring the French guard regiments into battle. This largely determined the outcome of the entire battle on the Borodino field. Which photograph shows a Russian Cossack of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment of 1812, who took part in the legendary raid, and which one shows a guardsman of the Napoleonic army? Connect the photo with the answer with arrows. French Guardsman Russian Cossack - Guardsman Question 13 (see page 15) And then the sun touched the edge of the horizon. The great day of the Battle of Borodino, which you lived together with its heroes, is coming to an end. From each unit to the headquarters of the Russian army and personally to the commander-in-chief, M.I. Kutuzov, couriers are rushing with reports on the results of the battles and losses. You have been summoned to General P.A. Stroganov and as an adjutant must take dictation of the text of a report on the actions of your division in the battle for the Utitsky Kurgan. But are you ready to record? Where do you, as an adjutant, keep a pencil to write down your commander's orders? In the left pocket, fastened with three buttons. A lead pencil is attached to the end of my adjutant aiguillet. I don’t have a pencil. I always ask someone for it. From the report of General P.A. Stroganov to General P.P. Konovnitsyn: “...this bloody battle continued until dusk, which, despite the superiority of the enemy, remained completely unsuccessful for him and gave new proof of the courage of His Imperial Majesty’s troops” [8]. General P.P. Konovnitsyn 41 Monument on the Raevsky Battery, Borodino Field Monument to the 1st Grenadier Division, Borodino Field ANSWERS To quiz questions Question 1: image on the left Question 2: the grenadier is shown in the 2nd picture from the left Question 3: Question 4: the grenadier is attached to the shako 4- 1st left drawing: general's hat Question 5: uniform and trousers are dark green, sword belt and baldric are also dark green Question 6: compare your drawing with a photograph from the family archive of the author of the project: Question 7: 11-12 kg (25 - 26 ¼ pound) Question 8: a flask is called a flask Question 9: the image on the left Question 10: on the left is a French cuirassier; on the right is a Russian cuirassier Question 11: French army Question 12: on the left is a Russian Cossack guard; on the right is a French guard Question 13: a lead pencil is attached to the end of the adjutant aiguillet of the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment (reconstruction, 1990) From the report of M.I. Kutuzov to Emperor Alexander I: “The battle of the 26th was the bloodiest of all those known in modern times. We completely won the battlefield, and the enemy then retreated to the position in which he came to attack us” [9].
