The worldview has the following levels. The concept of worldview, its levels and structure

To understand any phenomenon - it is necessary to decompose it into parts. The complexity of such an analysis of the worldview is due to the fact that, despite the common features for all people, it always has its own shade for everyone. In order to take into account such complexity and versatility, it is customary to single out not only the components of the worldview, but also its levels and forms.

Components of the worldview. In the structure of the worldview, according to prof. A.A. Radugin traditionally distinguishes four main components:

• - The cognitive component includes, first of all, knowledge obtained in a variety of ways - everyday, professional, scientific. This is a concrete-scientific and universal picture of the world, which includes individual and social knowledge in a systematized and generalized form.
• - The value-normative component is based on various values, ideals, beliefs. It also includes beliefs and norms that are designed to regulate interpersonal and social relations. Values ​​are used to designate the properties of an object and phenomenon to satisfy the needs and desires of people. The value system includes ideas about the meaning of life, happiness and unhappiness, good and evil. There is a certain hierarchy of values. The consequence of a stable, repetitive assessment by a person of his relations with other people are social norms, which are divided into moral, religious, legal. Compared to values, they have more prohibitive properties.
• - The emotional-volitional component is the emotional coloring of values, beliefs, beliefs, as well as the psychological attitude to the willingness to act in accordance with them.
• - The practical component is the real readiness of a person to act, to act in a certain way in specific circumstances.

Despite the fact that all people have these components, they are consistent each time, depending on a particular person, which gives rise to special, unique individual traits.

In various forms of worldview, the emotional and intellectual experience of people - feelings and reason - are presented in different ways. The emotional-psychological basis of the worldview is called the worldview (or the worldview, if visual representations are used), while its cognitive-intellectual side is characterized as the worldview.

worldview levels. Depending on the depth of knowledge, intellectual power and the logical sequence of arguments in the worldview, the vital-practical intellectual-speculative (theoretical) levels of comprehension also differ. Everyday, everyday worldview, as a rule, develops spontaneously, does not differ in deep thoughtfulness, validity. That is why logic is not always maintained at this level, sometimes it does not "make ends meet", emotions in critical situations can be more convincing than reason, revealing a lack of common sense. However, it is everyday life that is the basis on the basis of which we can generally understand anything in the world and analyze it with the help of theoretical models. This level of worldview is based on traditions, customs, which cannot always be rationally comprehended. These problems are overcome at a different, higher level of outlook - theoretical, which is formed in the course of systematic training and self-education. It includes theoretically substantiated and logically correct knowledge, generalized in the form of proven patterns, as well as relatively unbiased assessments of ongoing natural phenomena and social life.

Forms of outlook. The life of people in society has a historical character. In the worldview of a particular time, its general intellectual, psychological mood, the "spirit" of the era, country, and certain social forces find expression. However, in reality, beliefs, norms of life, ideals are formed in the experience, consciousness of specific people. And this means that in addition to the typical views that determine the life of the whole society, the worldview of each era lives, acts in a variety of group and individual variants. This allows us to single out the social, group and individual as specific forms of worldview.

We live in an era when problems have become aggravated, on the solution of which the answer to the Hamlet question depends: to be or not to be a man and humanity on Earth.

You can, of course, try to hide from these painful problems according to the principle, “my hut is on the edge” ... But is it worthy of a person?

And the search for answers to all the new large-scale questions put forward by life - the problems of man and nature, man and society, the technosphere and the biosphere, many questions of the relationship between social systems and states, etc. - requires the ability to self-determine, to find out ways to solve these and many other issues, and most importantly, to find one's place and role in these complex processes. But this requires such a prerequisite as the ability to think, a fairly broad view of things as a condition for a conscious, reasonable orientation in the surrounding reality.

However, the ability for rational thinking is not innate, it must be formed and developed, and one of the best ways to do this is to master the achievements of philosophical culture. We will see with you later - but for now this will have to be taken on faith - that philosophy is not at all something hovering in the clouds of pure thought. On the contrary, its main purpose is connected with the solution of the fundamental questions of life itself. After all, in the final analysis, the center of philosophy is the question of man and his place in the world, his place in society, the meaning of his life. And the main purpose of philosophy is to help a person navigate the endless complexities of life, in solving those equations with many unknowns that constantly arise on the path of life.

It can rightly be said that the study of philosophy is a school that helps to cultivate a culture of rational thinking, the ability to freely guide the movement of thought, to prove and refute. It is clear that the science of thinking cannot be rented, mastering it requires effort, straining intellectual abilities.

Of course, this is not at all simple and requires, in particular, an acquaintance with the history of philosophy, in order to follow step by step how the "eternal problems" were solved over many centuries, and most importantly, to prepare oneself for understanding the ways to solve them in modern philosophy, in including in dialectical materialist philosophy.

The role of philosophy today is also great in the implementation of humanistic ideals, because only through the prism of humanism can scientific and technological progress acquire the necessary orientation, global problems can be solved in the interests of man and mankind - from removing the threat of thermonuclear war to eliminating the threat to the genetic foundations and human psyche .

At the same time, our philosophy should not continue to be artificially fenced off from the philosophical process in other countries, because we are not at all the owners of the ultimate truth on any issue. Here, exchange and systematic acquaintance with the achievements of modern world philosophical thought are necessary.

Let us now turn to questions directly concerned with philosophy. The central task of philosophy is to solve a whole range of worldview problems, to develop a system of generalized views of the world as a whole from the standpoint of reason. What are these problems that can rightfully be called eternal?

What forms the basis of the world?

How does the world work, how are the spiritual and material correlated in it? Did the world have a beginning in time, or does it exist forever?

Is there a known order in the world, or is everything in it chaotic?

Is the world evolving or is it constantly revolving in one unchanging circle?

Is it possible to know the world?

Do these questions arise before man and mankind by chance? No, not by accident. They arise from the need for a general orientation in the world.

Solving them one way or another, a person, as it were, sketches out a coordinate grid within which both his activity and the work of his thought will unfold. The theoretically substantiated solution of these and other worldview problems is the purpose of philosophy, and at the same time the significance of its development.

Philosophy is also important for better orientation in your future specialty, and most importantly - for an in-depth understanding of life in all its complexity. These two points are closely related - the philosophical aspects of technical knowledge and scientific and technical progress and, no less important, a broad philosophical outlook that goes far beyond the narrow framework of the specialty.

We can say that the worldview is the core, the core of the consciousness and self-awareness of the individual. It acts as a more or less holistic understanding by people of the world and themselves, their place in it. Everyone has it. But its level, its content, form, etc. different. But more on that later. Here we note, firstly, that the worldview is historically concrete, since it grows on the soil of the culture of its time and, along with it, undergoes serious changes. Secondly, society in every era is socially heterogeneous, it is divided into different groups and communities with their own interests. In addition, people themselves differ not only in their place in society, but also in their development, their aspirations, and so on. In other words, the worldview of each era is realized in a variety of group and individual variants.

In addition, the worldview as a system includes a number of components. First of all, this is knowledge based on truth, and along with this, values ​​that are most clearly expressed in the moral and aesthetic components of the worldview, based on goodness and beauty.

Not only our mind, but also our feelings participate in the development of a worldview. This means that the worldview includes, as it were, two sections - intellectual and emotional. The emotional-psychological side of the worldview is represented by attitude and worldview, and the intellectual side is represented by worldview.

Naturally, the ratio of these aspects is different at different levels of worldview, their representation in the worldview in different eras is not the same, and finally, the proportions of these aspects are also different in the worldview of different people.

Moreover, the very emotional coloring of the worldview, expressed in feelings, moods, etc., can be different - from joyful, optimistic tones to gloomy, pessimistic tones.

The second level of worldview is worldview, based primarily on knowledge, although worldview and worldview are not given just next to each other: they are, as a rule, one. This unity is seen in their beliefs, where knowledge and feeling, reason and will are given together, where a social position is formed, for the sake of which a person is sometimes capable of much.

The strength of beliefs lies in a person's trust in their essence and meaning. And this means that the worldview includes confidence in its structure, and therefore faith (this can be religious faith, and faith in ghosts and miracles, and faith in science, etc.).

Reasonable faith does not exclude doubt, but is alien to both dogmatism and boundless skepticism, which completely deprives a person of strongholds both in knowledge and in activity.

Now let's turn to the typology of worldview. First of all, two levels of worldview should be singled out: life-everyday and theoretical. The first is formed spontaneously, in the process of everyday life. This is the worldview of the broad strata of society. This level of worldview is important, it must be taken into account, although it differs: 1) insufficient breadth; 2) a kind of interweaving of sober positions and attitudes with primitive, mystical, philistine ideas and prejudices; 3) a great emotional burden.

These disadvantages are overcome at the theoretical level of understanding of the world and outlook. This is a philosophical level of outlook, when a person approaches the world from the standpoint of reason, acts based on logic, substantiating his conclusions and statements.

If approached historically, philosophy as a special type of worldview was preceded by mythological and religious types of worldview. Myth, as a special form of consciousness and worldview, was a kind of fusion of knowledge, albeit very limited, of religious beliefs and various types of art.

The interweaving of the elements of knowledge about the world with religious and artistic fantasy in the myth finds its expression in the fact that within the framework of the myth, thought has not yet gained complete independence and is most often clothed in artistic and poetic forms, which is clearly visible in the "Myths of Ancient Greece", in " Iliad", "Odyssey", national folklore, etc. And at the same time, the picture of the world as a whole was already drawn in the myths in the form of theosophy, the search for ways to assert the unity of nature and society, the world and man, the past and the present was under way, worldview problems were solved in a peculiar form.

The further development of the worldview went along two lines - along the line of religion and along the line of philosophy.

Religion is a form of worldview in which the development of the world is carried out through its doubling into earthly, natural and otherworldly, supernatural, heavenly. At the same time, unlike science, which also creates its second world in the form of a scientific picture of nature, the second world of religion is based not on knowledge, but on faith in supernatural forces and their dominant role in the world, in people's lives. In addition, religious faith itself is a special state of consciousness, different from the certainty of a scientist, which is based on rational foundations; in religion, faith is realized in the cult and through the cult.

The reason for religion is the dependence of people on natural, natural and social forces beyond their control. It acts as an illusory replenishment of a person's weakness in front of them. The long evolution of religion has led to the idea of ​​God as the manager of earthly and heavenly affairs. Religion once played a positive role as a means of social regulation, the formation of awareness of the unity of the human race, universal values.

The common thing that unites religion and philosophy is the solution of worldview problems. But the nature of the approach to these problems within their framework, as well as their solution itself, is profoundly different. In contrast to religion, with its emphasis on faith, philosophy has always relied on knowledge and reason. Already the first step of philosophy consisted in the search for the unity in everything, in the search for the fundamental principle of the world not outside of it, but in itself.

philosophy wisdom aristotle

A worldview is a system of views on the world as a whole and on a person's attitude to this world. A system of principles, values, ideals and beliefs that determine both the attitude to reality, a general understanding of the world, and life positions, programs of people's activities. The worldview has a complex structure, includes a contradictory unity of knowledge and values, intellectual and emotional, reason and faith, beliefs and doubts, personal and socially significant.

Worldview = system.

A system is a kind of integrity that includes elements, which in turn can represent an independent entity.

The elements of the system are connected by forming links.

The following can be distinguished structural components worldview:

First, it is a stable picture of the world, which includes specific historical ideas about the world;

Secondly, the assessment of life, based on a system of ideals;

Thirdly, a goal-setting idea that focuses on a system of values. Thus, the essence of the philosophical worldview is the world, consisting, as it were, of three "kingdoms": reality,

value and meaning.

Worldview features:

Consistency (static)

Processuality. (constant presence in the dynamics of changes)

2. Consistency of the worldview

From this definition, the following aspects can be distinguished: systemic and procedural outlook. In order to figuratively represent the system in some process, it can be compared with a photograph that captures only a moment. But looking at the photo, we can judge the phenomenon as a whole. Considering the worldview as a system, in statics, we will use the concept of a worldview field. It is multicomponent, in addition to those listed in the definition, many others can be called. The components themselves, in turn, are complex multicomponent systems. Both myth and religious views, professional, social and other group components can be considered as components. Also, a separate component of the worldview field can be considered that which is essentially procedural - historical, national (ethnic, etc.). Like any system, the components in the worldview field are connected to system-forming, dominant components. The dominance of one or another component depends on the point of consideration (epistemological aspect), firstly, and on the subject, secondly.

3. Types, types, forms, levels of outlook.

Depending on the dominant, one can distinguish types and types of worldview, as well as forms. The fact is that a worldview is far from all views and ideas about the world around us, but only their ultimate generalization. This is the core of social and individual consciousness.

Forms:

• philosophy

The very name of the "form" speaks of their meaning. They give form, shape the ideological field. The historical component is formed by the primitive, antique (or ancient), medieval worldview, the worldview of the new time, modern, transitional types of worldview. In its essence, a worldview is a socio-historical phenomenon that arose with the advent of human society, shaped by the material life of society, social being.

worldly (everyday-practical)

theoretical.

Worldly - based on common sense, diverse human experience, has a specific consistency and validity. Often the worldly level is compared with the mythological worldview. This comparison is true in terms of the specificity of the systems of these worldviews and their validity, but it is impossible to reduce them to each other. The theoretical is formed purposefully, is distinguished by scientific validity and consistency, is based on the results of scientific knowledge, the arguments of reason.

According to the types of worldview, individual and group, scientistic and antiscientistic, etc. are distinguished. There are other classifications in science. All of them are essentially connected with the epistemological position of the authors. That is, with what they chose for their study as the dominant component and subject of their worldview.

Worldview - it is a set of views and beliefs, assessments and norms, ideals and principles that determine a person's attitude to the world and regulate his behavior in everyday life.

Worldview is not all views and ideas about the world around us, but only their limiting generalization, this is an extremely generalized, ordered system of a person’s views on the world around him, natural phenomena, society and himself, as well as the basic life positions of people, beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and evaluation of material and spiritual events arising from the general picture of the world; it is a kind of scheme of the world and man's place in it. Worldview is the unity of knowledge and beliefs, reason and faith, emotional and intellectual, assessments and norms, attitude, worldview and worldview, individual and public. The worldview finds its expression both in the consciousness of an individual (individual consciousness) and in the consciousness of large masses of people (social consciousness).

Worldview structure: knowledge; convictions and beliefs; values ​​and norms; emotional-volitional component.

You can also include practical activities, since it is partly included in the structure of the worldview and is associated with the spirituality of a person. By themselves, the individual components do not provide a holistic worldview, but only in the aggregate of all components of the structure of the worldview.

There are concepts of “worldview”, “general picture of the world”, “attitude”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview”.

Between all these concepts there is a close connection and unity. Often they are used as synonyms. However, there are differences between these concepts.

General picture of the world, or picture of the world is a synthesis of people's knowledge about nature, social reality. The totality of the natural sciences forms a natural-scientific picture of the world, and the social sciences form a socio-historical picture of reality. Creating a common picture of the world is the task of all areas of knowledge. There is also a sensory-spatial picture of the world, a spiritual-cultural, metaphysical, physical, biological, philosophical, causal-mechanical picture of the world (the latter developed during the Enlightenment). The worldview is characterized by an even higher integration of knowledge than in the general picture of the world, and the presence of not only an intellectual, but also an emotional and valuable attitude of a person to the world. The worldview performs a regulatory and creative role, acting as a methodology for building a general picture of the world. Not a single specific science in itself is a worldview, although each of them necessarily contains a worldview principle.

A person asserts himself in the objective world not only with the help of thinking, but also with the help of all his cognitive abilities. A holistic awareness and experience of reality affecting a person in the form of sensations, perceptions, ideas and emotions form worldviews, worldview and worldview. Primary forms of mastering the objective world by a person - attitude and world perception - are connected, first of all, with his emotional and sensory sphere. attitude arises due to certain experiences, a certain emotional mood. Various attitudes that arise in a person become the basis for the formation of visual images in his mind. Here we are talking about worldview. However, the worldview and worldview do not allow a person to understand the essence of events, understand their causes, and evaluate the consequences of their actions. Such an opportunity appears on the basis of a worldview, which is an alloy of the mind and faith of a person, his beliefs and values, which develops in the process of explaining and practical mastering of reality. world outlook represents the conceptual, intellectual aspect of the worldview.

The concept of “worldview” correlates with the concept of “ideology”, but they do not coincide in their content: the worldview is wider than ideology. Ideology covers only that part of the worldview that is focused on social phenomena.

The worldview as a whole refers to all objective reality and to man. Therefore, we can talk about different aspects of the worldview, emphasizing its single indivisible integrity. The analytical approach allows us to differentiate sides (subsystems) of the worldview:

cognitive, including a) knowledge of nature, space, the universe as a whole, the natural essence of man (naturalistic aspect) and b) knowledge of the social nature of society and man (humanitarian aspect);

axiological(value), including objective and subjective values. Subject values ​​include one or another assessment of the objects of human activity, social relations and natural phenomena included in their range. Subjective value acts as normative representations, attitudes and assessments in the public mind and guidelines for human activity;

praxeological(aimed at the spiritual and practical activity of a person). It includes regulations, principles, norms of behavior and communication, and, mainly, beliefs (a person's belief in the correctness of the acquired knowledge and ideas). The totality of a person's beliefs is sometimes defined as a worldview. Realization of beliefs is possible through a volitional component, practical activity.

Alignment levels: life-practical (“the so-called “philosophy of life”); artistic-figurative, poetic-spiritual; theoretical (conceptual-rational).

The psychological element predominates in the life-practical (everyday) outlook; it often violates logic, there is no consistency, evidence, systematic. At the theoretical level of outlook, science and philosophy dominate. The theoretical level of the worldview differs from the life-practical one in that it develops its own specific language (categorical apparatus), which is distinguished by rigor and a high level of abstraction. On the basis of artistic and figurative spiritual assimilation of reality, a mythological and religious worldview is formed. The levels of worldview are inextricably linked. Without life-practical experience, it would be impossible to achieve artistic-figurative and theoretical levels of outlook. In turn, the worldview at its theoretical and artistic-figurative levels has a significant impact on the everyday views of people, especially at present through the media, the Internet system. Worldview is a contradictory spiritual formation. It can exist at the everyday-practical and theoretical levels simultaneously. For a person is not able to develop scientific and theoretical ideas for all occasions. Many of his ideas, skills and abilities are formed on the basis of common sense, worldly experience.

Worldview knowledge serves as the basis for beliefs, by which it is customary to understand the confidence in the truth of knowledge and the willingness to follow it. Beliefs form a kind of bridge between knowledge and practical actions. They add up and assert as a property motive. Formation motive as an internal motivation for action is associated with the integration of cognitive, emotional and volitional qualities of the individual.

To historical types of worldview usually include: mythological; religious; scientific (naturalistic); philosophical.

Philosophy and mythology. Mythological worldview formed in the spiritual life of primitive man. In it, knowledge about the world and man, beliefs, ethical and aesthetic views, etc. were presented in a single, universal, undifferentiated (syncretic) form.

Typical for mythology was the following:

humanization of nature, or explicit and implicit anthropomorphism(with explicit - the properties and appearance of a person are attributed to natural objects, with implicit - only properties, actions of a person, his motives are attributed to natural phenomena, and the appearance is given inhuman (beast, monster));

sociomorphism, or likening relationships between fictional beings to relationships between people in society;

symbolization of nature (according to Schelling);

insufficiently clear separation of subject and object, spatial and temporal relations, thing and word, object and sign, being and its name, origin and essence, natural and supernatural, historical and eternal, material and spiritual, emotional and rational;

indifference to contradiction;

the convergence of objects according to secondary sensory qualities, on the border of space and time, the use of objects as signs of other objects, etc.

Differences in the mythological worldview from scientific approaches:

the scientific principle of explanation was replaced in mythology by total geneticism and etiologism: the explanation of a thing and the world as a whole was reduced to a story about origin and creation;

mythology is characterized by a sharp distinction between mythological, early (sacred) and current, subsequent (profane) time:

everything that happens in mythical time acquires the meaning of a paradigm and a precedent, i.e. sample to reproduce. Modeling turns out to be a specific function of myth;

if the scientific generalization is built on the basis of a logical hierarchy from the concrete to the abstract and from causes to effects, then the mythological operates on the concrete and personal, used as a sign, so that the hierarchy of causes and effects corresponds to hypostatization, the hierarchy of mythological creatures that has a semantically-value meaning;

what in scientific analysis appears as a similarity or a different kind of relationship, in mythology looks like an identity, and in mythology the logical division into signs corresponds to a division into parts.

Preconditions The mythological worldview was served by the inability of a person to distinguish himself from the environment and the indivisibility of mythological thinking, which was not separated from the emotional sphere. These were still undeveloped and specific forms of thinking, comparable to child psychology, which are characterized by such features as concreteness, corporality, emotionality, and the projection of human qualities onto objects of the surrounding world.

Functions of the mythological worldview:

generalizing, in contrast to philosophical and scientific generalizations, is based on sensory representations and is devoid of mediation; explaining; modeling; regulating, approving the system of values ​​and norms of behavior accepted in a given society.

The form of manifestation of mythology was myths (from the Greek. mythos - legend, legend, word). Myth- this is the most ancient form of worldview at the level of attitude and worldview, which is characterized by a symbolic, fantastic, fantastically figurative, holistic view of nature, society and man.

Myth usually combines two aspects: diachronic (telling about the past) and synchronic (explaining the present or future). The content of the myth seemed real to the primitive consciousness, and even real in the highest sense, because. embodied the collective, “reliable” experience of comprehension of reality by many generations, which served as an object of faith, not criticism. Myths affirmed the system of values ​​accepted in a given society, supported and sanctioned certain norms of behavior.

The myths of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome about nature, the origin of man and his achievements are well known. The myth of the Sphinx personifies the secret of nature, which is never fully revealed to man; the myth of the centaurs symbolizes the origin of man from the animal; the myth of Prometheus reveals the history of the origin of fire; the myth of Icarus embodies the desire of man to rise into the sky; the myth of Sisyphus is an attempt to find out what is the meaning of life.

The mythological attitude was expressed not only in narratives, but also in actions (ceremonies, dances, etc.). Myth and ritual in ancient cultures constituted a certain unity - worldview, functional, structural, representing, as it were, two aspects of primitive culture - verbal and effective, "theoretical" and "practical".

Already in the early stages of development, mythology is associated with religious and mythical rites and is an essential part of religious beliefs. As an undivided synthetic unity, mythology included the rudiments of not only religion, but also philosophy, political theories, various forms of art, Therefore, the task of delimiting mythology and forms of verbal creativity close to it in genre and time of occurrence is so difficult: fairy tales, heroic epos, legends, historical traditions. The mythological subsoil is preserved in the later, “classical” epic. Through the fairy tale and the heroic epic, literature, including narrative literature, is also connected with mythology.

In philosophy, the appearance of myths is often associated with the formation of paganism with its tribal consciousness and cult practice, and they are most often evaluated negatively as essentially alien. truth as darkening and enslaving the human spirit. Philosophy contributed to the formation of personal self-consciousness and the liberation of thinking from the power of myths in order to freely search for truth (Logos against myth). Neoplatonism, however, interpreted myth as a symbol of higher truth and reconciled ancient philosophy with the pagan way of life. This was rejected by early Christianity.

The language of mythology is used by various forms of social consciousness, expanding and interpreting mythological symbols in a new way. In particular, in the 20th century. there is also a conscious appeal of some areas of literature to mythology (J. Joyce, F. Kafka, T. Mann, G. Marquez, J. Girodou, J. Cocteau, J. Anouil, A. Camus, Ch. Aitmatov, etc.), moreover, there is both a rethinking of various traditional myths, and myth-making - the creation of their own poetic symbols.

In the XX century. myth is understood as a way of thinking, not necessarily associated with paganism. “A myth is a memory of a mystical event, of a cosmic mystery” (V. Ivanov). In the myth they find participation in being and religious faith. The presence of myth is revealed at the highest stages of cultural development; It is recognized that the figurative-mythological form of presentation of what is revealed in the spiritual experience of a person has a number of advantages over the rational-philosophical one. But social myths of the XX century. have become the main means of enslaving personal and social consciousness, they have nothing to do with the spiritual vocation of man and must be rejected.

Some features of mythological thinking can be preserved in mass consciousness along with elements of philosophical and scientific knowledge, strictly scientific logic. Under certain conditions, mass consciousness can serve as a breeding ground for the spread of a “social” or “political” myth (for example, German Nazism revived and used ancient Germanic pagan mythology, and also created various myths itself - racial, etc.), but in general, mythology as a step consciousness has historically outlived itself. In a developed civilized society, mythology can only be preserved in fragments, sporadically at some levels.

Philosophy and Religion. Religious outlook. In primitive society, there was a close connection between the mythological and religious worldview. Religion arose at a relatively high stage in the development of primitive society. The emergence of a religious worldview is associated with such a level of development of the human intellect, when the rudiments of theoretical thinking and the possibility of separation of thought from reality appear: the general concept is separated from the designated object, turns into a special object of faith. The main sign of a religious worldview is belief in the supernatural. Initially, tribal ones arise, then national ones (for example, Confucianism, Shintoism, Judaism, Hinduism that still exist today) and world or supranational ones - Buddhism (YI-Y centuries BC), Christianity (I century) and Islam (YII V.).

The essence of a religious worldview is that its core is religious faith, religious feelings, religious experience, a system of beliefs and values. Religion presupposes appropriate behavior, lifestyle, specific actions (cult), which are based on the belief in the existence of the supernatural, the sacred.

On the basis of the mythological, religious worldview, the rudiments of accumulated knowledge, the prerequisites for philosophical thinking are formed.

Worldview, its structure and historical types.

Man is a rational social being. His work is worthwhile. And in order to act expediently in the complex real world, he must not only know a lot, but also be able to. To be able to choose goals, to be able to make this or that decision. To do this, he needs, first of all, a deep and correct understanding of the world - a worldview.

Man has always thought about what his place in the world is, why he lives, what is the meaning of his life, why there is life and death. Every epoch and social group has some idea about the solution of these issues. The sum of all these questions and answers form a worldview. It plays a special, very important role in all human activities.

There are two ways to master the universe:

1) through psychological associations, through images and representations;

2) by means of a logical system of concepts and categories.

There are 2 levels of worldview:

1) emotional-figurative - connected with the world of sensations (art, mythology and religion);

2) logical and rational (philosophy and sciences that form a worldview).

outlook- a system of ideas about the world and a person's place in it, about a person's attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as the main life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, value orientations, due to these views. This is a way of mastering the world by a person, in the unity of a theoretical and practical approach to reality. Three main types of worldview should be distinguished:

The everyday (everyday) is generated by the immediate conditions of life and the experience passed down through generations,

Religious - is associated with the recognition of the supernatural world principle, is expressed in an emotional-figurative form,

Philosophical - acts in a conceptual, categorical form, to some extent based on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and having a certain measure of logical evidence.

A worldview is a system of generalized feelings, intuitive ideas and theoretical views on the surrounding world and a person’s place in it, on the many-sided relationship of a person to the world, to himself and to other people, a system of not always conscious basic life attitudes of a person of a certain social group and society, their beliefs of ideals, value orientations, moral, ethical and religious principles of knowledge and assessments. A worldview is a kind of framework for the structure of an individual, class, or society as a whole. The subject of the worldview is a person, a social group and society as a whole.

Based on the lessons of the past, A. Schweitzer stated: "For society, as well as for the individual, life without a worldview is a pathological violation of the highest sense of orientation."

The basis of the worldview is knowledge. Any knowledge forms a worldview framework. The greatest role in the formation of this framework belongs to philosophy, since philosophy arose and formed as a response to the worldview questions of mankind. Any philosophy performs a worldview function, but not every worldview is philosophical. Philosophy is the theoretical core of a worldview.

The structure of the worldview includes not only knowledge but also their assessment. That is, the worldview is characterized not only by information, but also by value (axiological) saturation.

Knowledge enters the worldview in the form of beliefs. Beliefs are the lens through which reality is seen. Beliefs are not only an intellectual position, but also an emotional state, a stable psychological attitude; confidence in the correctness of one's ideals, principles, ideas, views that subjugate feelings, conscience, will and actions of a person.

The structure of the worldview includes ideals. They can be both scientifically substantiated and illusory, both achievable and unrealistic. As a rule, they are turned to the future. Ideals are the basis of the spiritual life of the individual. The presence of ideals in the worldview characterizes it as a leading reflection, as a force not only a reflection of reality, but also focuses on its change.

Worldview is formed under the influence of social conditions, upbringing and education. Its formation begins in childhood. It determines the life position of a person.

It should be emphasized especially that the worldview is not only the content, but also a way of understanding reality. The most important component of the worldview is ideals as decisive life goals. The nature of the idea of ​​the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview an effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of convictions, confidence in the correctness of one's ideas.

The worldview is of great practical importance. It affects the norms of behavior, the attitude to work, to other people, the nature of life aspirations, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around is perceived and experienced.

Structure outlook includes:

1) Knowledge - a set of information about the world around. They are the initial link, the "cell" of the worldview. Knowledge can be scientific, professional (military), everyday practical. The more solid a person's stock of knowledge, the more serious support his worldview can receive. However, not all knowledge is included in the worldview, but only those that a person needs for orientation in the world. If there is no knowledge, then there is no worldview.

2) Values ​​- this is a special attitude of people to everything that happens in accordance with their goals, needs, interests, one or another understanding of the meaning of life. Values ​​are characterized by such concepts as "significance", "usefulness" or "harmfulness". Significance shows the degree of intensity of our relationship - something touches us more, something less, something leaves us calm.

Utility shows our practical need for something. It can be characterized by material and spiritual values: clothing, shelter, tools, knowledge, skills, etc.

Harm is our negative attitude towards some phenomenon.

3) Emotions are a subjective reaction of a person to the impact of internal and external stimuli, manifested in the form of pleasure or displeasure, joy, fear, etc.

Life constantly gives rise to a complex range of emotions in people. Among them may be "gloomy" emotions: insecurity, impotence, sadness, grief, etc.

At the same time, people have a whole range of "bright" emotions: joy, happiness, harmony, life satisfaction, etc.

A powerful impetus to the worldview is given by moral emotions: shame, conscience, duty, mercy. A vivid expression of the influence of emotions on the worldview are the words of the famous philosopher I. Kant: "Two things always fill the soul with new and stronger surprise and reverence, the more often and longer we think about them - this is the starry sky above me and the moral law in me" .

4) Will - the ability to choose the goal of the activity and the internal efforts necessary for its implementation.

This gives the entire composition of the worldview a special character, allows a person to put his worldview into practice.

5) Beliefs - views actively adopted by people, corresponding to their vital interests. In the name of beliefs, people sometimes risk their lives and even go to death - their motive power is so great.

Beliefs are knowledge combined with will. They become the basis of life, behavior, actions of the individual, social groups, nations, peoples.

6) Faith is the degree of a person's trust in the content of his knowledge. The range of human faith is very wide. It ranges from practical evidence to religious beliefs, or even the gullible acceptance of ridiculous fictions.

7) Doubt - a critical attitude towards any knowledge or values.

Doubt is an essential element of an independent worldview. Fanatic, unconditional acceptance of any views without their own critical reflection is called dogmatism.

But one cannot go beyond a certain measure here, because one can fall into another extreme - skepticism, or nihilism - disbelief in anything, loss of ideals.

Thus, the worldview is a complex, contradictory unity of knowledge, values, emotions, will, beliefs, faith, and doubts, which allows a person to navigate in the world around him.

The core, the basis of the worldview is knowledge. Depending on this, the worldview is divided into ordinary, professional and scientific.

1) Ordinary worldview is a set of views based on common sense, everyday life experience. This spontaneously emerging worldview embraces the widest strata of society, is of great importance, it is the really "working" worldview of many millions of people. However, the scientific level of this worldview is not high.

2) A higher variety of worldview is professional, formed under the influence of knowledge and experience of people in various fields of activity, etc. This may be the worldview of a scientist, writer, politician, etc.

Worldview ideas that arise in the process of scientific, artistic, political, and other creativity can, to a certain extent, influence the thinking of professional philosophers. A vivid example of this is the enormous influence of the work of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky on domestic and world philosophy, but even at this level a person is not immune from mistakes.

3) The highest level of worldview is a theoretical worldview, to which philosophy also belongs. Unlike other types of worldview, philosophy is not only the creator of the worldview, but also professionally analyzes the worldview and subjects it to critical reflection.

The concept of the structure of the worldview involves the allocation of its structural levels: elemental, conceptual and methodological.

The elemental level is a set of worldview concepts, ideas, views, assessments that are formed and function in everyday consciousness.

The conceptual level includes various worldview problems. These can be various concepts of the world, space, time, social development of a person, his activity or knowledge, the future of mankind, etc.

The methodological level - the highest level of worldview - includes the basic concepts and principles that make up the core of the worldview. A feature of these principles is that they are developed not just on the basis of ideas and knowledge, but taking into account the value reflection of the world and man.

Being included in the worldview of knowledge, values, behavior are colored by emotions, combined with the will and form the conviction of the individual. An obligatory component of the worldview is faith, it can be both rational and religious faith.

So, the worldview is a complex, tense, contradictory unity of knowledge and values, intellect and emotions, worldview and attitude, rational justification of faith.

The life-practical outlook is heterogeneous, it develops depending on the nature of education, the level of intellectual, spiritual culture, national, religious traditions of its bearers.

Historical types of worldview:

1) mythological,

2) religious

3) philosophical.

Historically, the first was a mythological view of the world (myth - legend, legend; logos - word, doctrine, concept, law) a product of the imagination, an attempt by people to explain the world, the origin of the earth, rivers, lakes, the secrets of birth and death, etc. The human psyche requires a myth. This is the main way of understanding the world in primitive society - attitude.

The mythological worldview is characterized by an indistinct separation of subject and object, the inability of a person to distinguish himself from the environment. In the process of cognition, the unknown is comprehended through the known; but man knows his own being and the being of the genus from which he does not originally distinguish himself.

The basic principle of solving worldview issues in myth is genetic, i.e. the origin of the world, nature was explained by those who gave birth to whom (the book of Genesis). Myth combines 2 aspects: diachronic (a story about the past) and synchronic (an explanation of the present and future). The past was connected with the future, which ensured the connection of generations. People believed in the reality of the myth, the myth determined the norms of behavior in society, the system of values, established harmony between the world and man. This animation of the myth is expressed in the primitive forms of religion - fetishism, totemism, animism, primitive magic. The evolution of ideas about the mysterious spiritual forces underlying the phenomena of nature takes the classical form of religion. Along with mythology, there was also religion.

Religion(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is a form of worldview, the foundation of which is the belief in the presence of certain supernatural forces that play a leading role in the world around us and specifically in the fate of each of us. In the early stages of the development of society, mythology and religion formed a single whole. So the main elements of religion were: worldview (in the form of a myth), religious feelings (in the form of mystical moods) and cult rituals. Religion is belief in the supernatural, based on faith.

The main function of religion is to help a person overcome the difficulties of being and elevate him to the eternal. Religion gives meaning and stability to human existence, cultivates eternal values ​​(love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, home, justice, linking them with the sacred, the supernatural). The spiritual beginning of the world, its center, a specific reference point among the relativity and fluidity of the world's diversity is God. God gives wholeness and unity to the whole world. It directs the course of world history and establishes the moral sanction of human actions. And finally, in the face of God, the world has a "higher authority", a source of strength and help, giving a person the opportunity to be heard and understood.

The problem of God, translated into the language of philosophy, is the problem of the existence of the absolute, the supra-worldly rational principle, actually infinite in time and space. In religion, this is the beginning of the abstract-impersonal, and the personal, expressed in God.

The mythological and religious worldview was of a spiritual and practical nature and was associated with a low level of assimilation of reality, the dependence of man on nature. In the future, with the development of civilization, people began to rise to a theoretical understanding of worldview problems. The result of this was the creation of philosophical systems.

Philosophy is an extremely generalized, theoretical vision of the world.

The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek "phileo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom) and means "love of wisdom", to theoretical reasoning. For the first time the term "philosopher" was used by the ancient Greek scientist and philosopher Pythagoras (580-500 BC) in relation to people striving for high wisdom and the right way of life.

The very concept of wisdom carried an exalted meaning, wisdom was understood as a scientific comprehension of the world, based on selfless service to the truth.

Wisdom is not something ready-made that can be learned, solidified and used. Wisdom is a search that requires the exertion of the mind and all the spiritual powers of a person.

As a result of this emergence, the development of philosophy meant a dissociation from mythology and religion, as well as going beyond the framework of ordinary consciousness.

Philosophy and religion as a worldview often solve similar problems in explaining the world, as well as influencing the consciousness and behavior of a person.

Their fundamental difference lies in the fact that religion in solving worldview problems is based on faith, and philosophy is a reflection of the world in a theoretical, rationally understandable form.

1) The original types of worldview are preserved throughout history.

2) "Pure" types of worldview practically do not occur and in real life they form complex and contradictory combinations.