Nobel Prize in Physiology. Problem worth billions: The Nobel Prize in Medicine was given for the study of the biological clock
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine- the highest award for scientific achievements in the field of physiology and medicine, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. The laureates of the award are awarded a gold medal with the image of Alfred Nobel and the corresponding inscription, a diploma and a check for ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is the highest award for scientific achievement in the field of physiology or medicine, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates ... Wikipedia
Nobel Prize: the history of the institution and nominations- The Nobel Prizes are the most prestigious international prizes awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or major contributions to culture or society and named after their founder, the Swedish ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is the highest award for scientific achievement in the field of physiology and medicine, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates 2 List of laureates ... Wikipedia
And medicine is the highest award for scientific achievements in the field of physiology and medicine, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates 2 List of laureates ... Wikipedia
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Medal awarded to the Nobel Prize winner Nobel Prize (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize ... Wikipedia
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- CT scan. Fundamentals, Techniques, Image Quality, and Areas of Clinical Use, V. Kalender. 344 pp. Computed tomography (CT), for which the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to G. Hounsfield and A. Cormac in 1979, has become one of the most important diagnostic methods.…
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The annual Nobel Week in Stockholm began with the announcement of the prize winners in Physiology or Medicine on Monday. The Nobel Committee announced that the 2017 Prize went to researchers Geoffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young for
the discovery of molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms - cyclic fluctuations in the intensity of various biological processes associated with the change of day and night.
Life on Earth is adapted to the rotation of the planet. It has long been established that all living organisms, from plants to humans, have a biological clock that allows the body to adapt to changes that occur during the day in the environment. The first observations in this area were made at the beginning of our era, more thorough research began in the 18th century.
By the 20th century, the circadian rhythms of plants and animals had been studied quite fully, but it remained a secret how exactly the “internal clock” worked. This secret was revealed to the American geneticists and chronobiologists Hall, Rosbash and Yang.
Fruit flies have become a model organism for research. A team of researchers managed to find in them a gene that controls biological rhythms.
Scientists have found that this gene encodes a protein that accumulates in cells during the night and is destroyed during the day.
Subsequently, they identified other elements responsible for the self-regulation of the "cellular clock" and proved that the biological clock works in a similar way in other multicellular organisms, including humans.
The internal clock adapts our physiology to completely different times of the day. Our behavior, sleep, metabolism, body temperature, hormone levels depend on them. Our well-being deteriorates when there is a discrepancy between the work of the internal clock and the environment. So, the body reacts to a sharp change in the time zone with insomnia, fatigue, and a headache. The jet lag syndrome, jet lag, has been included in the International Classification of Diseases for several decades. The mismatch of lifestyle with the rhythms dictated by the body leads to an increased risk of developing many diseases.
The first documented experiments with internal clocks were carried out in the 18th century by the French astronomer Jean-Jacques de Meran. He found that the leaves of the mimosa drop with the advent of darkness and straighten out again in the morning. When de Meran decided to test how the plant would behave without access to light, it turned out that mimosa leaves fell and rose regardless of the light - these phenomena were associated with a change in the time of day.
Later, scientists found that other living organisms also have similar phenomena that adjust the body to changes in conditions during the day.
They were called circadian rhythms, from the words circa - "around" and dies - "day". In the 1970s, physicist and molecular biologist Seymour Benzer wondered if the gene controlling circadian rhythms could be identified. He managed to do this, the gene was named period, but the control mechanism remained unknown.
In 1984, Hall, Rooibach and Young managed to recognize him.
They isolated the necessary gene and found that it is responsible for the accumulation and destruction of the protein associated with it (PER) in cells, depending on the time of day.
The next task for the researchers was to understand how circadian fluctuations are generated and maintained. Hall and Rosbash suggested that the accumulation of protein blocks the operation of the gene, thereby regulating the content of protein in cells.
However, in order to block the work of the gene, the protein formed in the cytoplasm must reach the cell nucleus, where the genetic material is located. It turned out that PER does build into the kernel at night, but how does it get there?
In 1994, Young discovered another gene, timeless, that codes for the TIM protein, which is essential for normal circadian rhythms.
He found that when TIM binds to PER, they are able to enter the cell nucleus, where they block the operation of the period gene due to feedback inhibition.
But some questions still remained unanswered. For example, what controlled the frequency of circadian fluctuations? Young later discovered another gene, doubletime, responsible for the formation of the DBT protein, which delayed the accumulation of the PER protein. All of these discoveries have helped to understand how fluctuations are adapted to the 24-hour daily cycle.
Subsequently, Hall, Rooibas and Young made several more discoveries that supplemented and refined the previous ones.
For example, they identified a number of proteins required to activate the period gene, and also uncovered the mechanism by which the internal clock is synchronized with light.
The most likely contenders for the Nobel Prize in this area were virologist Yuan Chang and her husband, oncologist Patrick Moore, who discovered the herpes virus type 8 associated with Kaposi's sarcoma; Professor Lewis Cantley, who discovered the signaling pathways of phosphoinositide-3-kinase enzymes and studied their role in tumor growth; and Professor Carl Friston, who made major contributions to the analysis of brain imaging data.
In 2016, the winner of the Japanese Yoshinori Ohsumi award for the discovery of the mechanism of autophagy, the process of degradation and processing of intracellular debris.
Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish and Kip Thorne website
The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 2017 to Rainer Weiss (1/2), Barry Barish and Kip Thorne (1/4) each for the invention of the gravitational wave detector and their study. The Nobel Committee announced this during a special press conference in Stockholm.
The prize in the field of physics was awarded with the wording: "For the decisive contribution to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves." The LIGO detector is a laser interferometric gravitational wave observatory located in the United States. Around her, the LIGO International Scientific Community was formed. This year's Nobel Prize winners founded this project.
Recall that last year the Nobel Prize in Physics was shared by David Thouless (1/2 of the amount of the award), Duncan Haldane (1/4) and Michael Kosterlitz (1/4). A year earlier, Takaaki Kajita (Japan) and Arthur Munkdonald (Canada) were awarded for . In 2014, the Japanese Nobel laureates Isomo Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and a US citizen also of Japanese origin Shuji Nakamura.
In total, from 1901 to the present day, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 110 times, marking 204 scientists with it. The winners of the highest scientific award were not announced only in 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941 and 1942.
The youngest physicist to receive a Nobel was the Australian Lawrence Bragg. Together with his father William Bragg, he was honored in 1915 for his X-ray studies of crystal structure. The scientist at the time of the announcement of the results of the vote of the Nobel Committee was only 25 years old. And the oldest Nobel laureate in physics, American Raymond Davis, was 88 years old on the day the award was given. He devoted his life to astrophysics and was able to detect such elementary particles as cosmic neutrinos.
Among laureates-physicists, the smallest number of women is only two. These are Marie Curie, who, together with her husband Pierre, received an award for research on radioactivity in 1903 (she was, in principle, the first woman to receive the highest scientific award) and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, who was awarded her in 1963 for discoveries concerning the shell structure of the nucleus.
Only one physicist has received the Nobel Prize in Physics twice - the American John Bardeen was awarded in 1956 for research on semiconductors and in 1972 for the creation of the theory of superconductivity. At the same time, Marie Curie received her second "Nobel" in 1911, but already in the field of chemistry - for the discovery of the chemical elements radium and polonium. To this day, she remains the only scientist to receive two awards in different scientific fields.
