Skin diseases - a list of the most common ailments. Diagnosis of skin diseases Causes and symptoms of skin diseases

Diagnosis of skin diseases determines the direction of the appropriate course of treatment, making it possible to identify the cause of the development of the pathological condition. The examination procedure plays an important role in determining the correspondence of the symptoms shown to the parameters of the disease through the additional use of laboratory and instrumental methods.

A variety of dermatoses have signs of external manifestations of the disease, but visual data characterize the pathology only partially, since many have similar typical manifestations, which makes diagnosis difficult and requires a more thorough examination of damaged areas of the skin.

Structure of diagnosis of skin diseases

The technique for examining the skin in order to determine the parameters of the current pathological condition contains the following procedures:

Obtaining information from the patient on manifestations that cause him concern and concern a specific area or the entire body, allowing one to determine the subjective characteristics of the process, which have a dependence of the intensity of symptoms on the characteristics of the body, expressed individually, the state of its immune system and the reactivity of nerve fibers.
Collecting data on the disease and the patient’s life, taking into account the circumstances surrounding or accompanying the development and course of the pathological process, makes it possible to find out such parameters as professional conditions, seasonality of exposure, the use of products or medications that cause skin manifestations, etc.
Determination of objective parameters of pathology by visual inspection of the features of the affected surface. The entire skin of the patient is subject to examination, taking into account the localization of the rash, the symmetry of the location and morphology of the structures of the formations, the scattering of manifestations or their grouping, the presence of clear or vague boundaries of the lesion, the presence of scratch marks, the shade of the areas, their shape and outline. Using the palpation method, the turgor of the skin is characterized, and the structural features of the rash, the presence of elevations or depressions above the surface are revealed.

Additional survey activities

An important role in the diagnosis of skin diseases is played by laboratory testing of material taken from the affected area in the form of scrapings, separated vesicular or ulcerative formations, particles of hair or nail plates, blood, etc. The scope of research includes the use of the following analysis methods:

serology;
histology;
microscopy;
pathomorphology, etc.

The examination complex also includes the following types of instrumental diagnostics:

diascopy, which characterizes the method of provoking manifestations of pathology by local pressure on a certain area of the skin;

dermatoscopy, examination of the surface under optical magnification through the oil layer, which effectively diagnoses disorders of the pigment composition of cells;

dermatography, the study of the layers of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue by acoustic scanning, which determines the structural features of the organ.

Which clinic should you prefer?

The large number of specialized institutions and their dispersion throughout the city complicates the choice of a medical center that meets the required parameters. You can see the individual characteristics of a particular medical institution, as well as its location in Moscow, through our Directory for private clinics “Your Doctor,” which contains information about all medical centers in the city.

From the outside, the human body is protected by its largest organ, and therefore very vulnerable. The skin is made up of 3 layers, the epidermis, dermis and fatty tissue, each of which is susceptible to a variety of diseases. In order to start treatment in a timely manner, it is important to know the forms and symptoms of such pathologies and their external manifestations.

Types of skin diseases

There are several options for classifying the described group of ailments depending on their location, nature of the course, and clinical picture. To simplify, skin diseases are usually distinguished according to the cause of their occurrence. By identifying the factors that provoked the problem in question, it is easier to establish a correct diagnosis and prescribe an effective treatment regimen.

Classification of dermatological diseases

Based on their origin, the presented group of pathologies is divided into the following types:

To obtain information about any problem, it is important to know its exact name. Microbial dermatological skin disease - names:

acne;
leprosy;
balanitis;
granulomatosis;
furunculosis;
ecthyma;
sycosis;
small cell keratolysis;
erysipeloid;
meningococcemia;
lymphangitis;
intertrigo;
abscess;
and others.

Viral skin diseases:

smallpox;
herpes;
molluscum contagiosum;
shingles;
warts;
papillomas and others.

Fungal diseases:

athlete's foot;
candidiasis;
seborrhea;
nodular trichosporia;
trichophytosis;
pityriasis versicolor;
scab;
rubrophytia;
microsporia and others.

scabies;
demodicosis;
leishmaniasis;
pediculosis and others.

Autoimmune diseases:

hives;
neurodermatitis;
pemphigus;
scleroderma;
dermatomyositis;
acrosclerosis;
psoriasis;
vasculitis;
pemphigoid;
systemic lupus erythematosus with skin manifestations;
Dühring's dermatitis herpetiformis;
chloasma and others.

Oncological diseases:

adenocarcinoma;
squamous cell skin cancer;
basalioma;
melanoma and others.

Symptoms of skin diseases

The clinical picture of dermatological pathologies corresponds to their type and severity. Skin diseases also have common symptoms, which may include:

rashes;
cracks;
ulcers;
redness, bruising and other changes in skin tone;
acne;
ulcers;
growths;
peeling;
erosion;
dryness;
blisters;
changes in skin pigmentation;
inflammation;
pustules, papules and the like.

Skin diseases on the face

The most common problem in the area described is acne. Acne is caused by propionic bacteria, but various factors can stimulate their reproduction:

demodicosis;

herpes;

seborrheic dermatitis;

rosacea;

rosacea;

chloasma.

Skin diseases on the head

The epidermis of hairy areas is also susceptible to dermatological diseases. Their main symptom is dandruff. Scalp diseases are often accompanied by other characteristic symptoms:

hair loss;
peeling;
increased activity of the sebaceous glands;
end section;
fragility, fragility and dullness of hair;
rash on the scalp;
redness.

Common dermatological diseases of hairy areas:

seborrhea;

ringworm;

pediculosis;

folliculitis.

Skin diseases on the body

The maximum amount of epidermis, dermis and fatty tissue protects the human torso. The most pronounced and extensive lesions are caused by the skin disease psoriasis; plaques sometimes cover up to 80% of the body. They have a specific appearance and structure, as can be seen in the photo, so the pathology is easily diagnosed even during an initial appointment with a dermatologist.

Other common skin ailments on the body:

shingles;

eczema;

acne;

pink lichen of Zhiber;

allergic dermatitis;

hives;

skin melanoma;

warts

Skin diseases on the hands

Palms and hands are constantly in contact with contaminated surfaces, chemicals and other irritants. The result of this can be a skin disease, dermatitis, which is of an autoimmune (allergic) nature. It manifests itself in the form of a reddish rash, prone to merging and the formation of extensive foci of inflammation, peeling and itching.

The following diseases can also be detected on the skin of the hands:

scabies;

eczema;

psoriasis;

mycosis;

felon;

neurodermatitis;

vitiligo;

warts

Skin diseases on the legs

The feet are covered with shoes most of the time and are subject to rubbing and minor damage, which contributes to the proliferation and spread of mycoses. For this reason, fungal diseases of smooth skin are often diagnosed on the feet, accompanied by an unpleasant odor, peeling of the epidermis, and destruction of the nails. Without treatment, such pathologies quickly progress and become chronic.

Less commonly, the legs are affected by other skin diseases, the symptoms of which are shown in the photo:

dermatitis;

psoriasis;

hyperkeratosis;

corn;

plantar warts.

Skin diseases - diagnosis

To prescribe adequate treatment, a dermatologist needs to find out the type of pathology and the cause of its occurrence. Human skin diseases are diagnosed using the following methods:

clinical examination by a specialist;
taking anamnesis;
recording patient complaints and visual symptoms;
establishing the presence of an isomorphic reaction;
Vitropression (diascopy, pressing on damaged areas with glass);
layer-by-layer scraping;
bacterioscopic or bacteriological examination;
cytological analysis of prints, smears;
establishing the cellular composition of the fluid separated from the affected surface;
histochemical and histological examination of the epidermis;
dermatography or dermatoscopy;
skin tests;
serological tests;
microscopic analysis of scrapings.

In addition to specific examination methods, general methods for diagnosing diseases are used. Analysis is required:

blood (standard and biochemical, for sugar);
urine;
feces

Depending on the suspected causes of the disease, a dermatologist may recommend the following tests:

hormonal panels;
allergy tests;
immune status;
ultrasound diagnostics of the gastrointestinal tract;
virology and others.

Treatment of skin diseases

The therapeutic approach is selected taking into account the cause of the identified pathology. Skin diseases are treated with systemic and local drugs aimed at eliminating symptoms and combating pathogens:

Additionally, herbal and physiotherapy are used; general treatment methods are suitable regardless of what skin disease was detected:

giving up harmful addictions;
diet correction;
normalization of the daily routine;
choosing the right skin care;
compliance with the drinking regime;
taking vitamins and microelements;
compliance with hygiene standards.

Skin diseases and their prevention

Some dermatological diseases cannot be prevented, especially if medicine does not yet know the cause of their occurrence, for example, psoriasis or eczema. In other cases, prevention of skin diseases comes down to the following recommendations:

Choose the right cosmetics.
Avoid visiting public places with high humidity (swimming pools, saunas, baths and beaches) where sanitary requirements are not followed.
Adhere to hygiene rules, take a shower regularly, using cosmetic soap (gel) and a washcloth.
Avoid unprotected sex with unfamiliar partners.
Keep your nails clean.
Do not use other people's towels, washcloths, razors or other personal items.
Get manicures, pedicures and hair removal only from certified professionals who follow sanitary rules.
Watch your diet.
Wash your hands before eating, after visiting the toilet and coming from outside.
Use disinfectant spray or wipes to treat your skin when traveling on public transport.
Observe quarantine if a family member becomes infected with a dermatological disease.
Do not contact with infected people and animals.

Methods for diagnosing dermatological diseases no less diverse and complex than skin diseases themselves. Sometimes a visual examination is enough, and sometimes a comprehensive examination of the entire body is necessary. Skin diseases sometimes affect the general condition of a person, and vice versa - diseases of other systems affect the condition of the skin. When a person consults a dermatologist with complaints, it is important to understand whether skin manifestations are the cause or consequence of the disease.

It would seem that the skin is the largest organ in the human body in area and the most accessible for diagnostics. But it is the skin that serves as the first protective barrier against all kinds of harmful environmental influences; In addition, skin diseases are so diverse that their diagnosis is sometimes a more complex problem than analyzing the condition of internal organs.

Accuracy in making a dermatological diagnosis is largely determined by the “human factor”: the attentiveness and experience of the doctor, his ability for logical analysis and synthesis. Diagnosis of any dermatological disease includes several stages.

The first stage of a dermatological examination is taking an anamnesis, which involves an external examination and a conversation with the patient, and sometimes with his relatives. It is necessary to find out the possible causes and presence of factors contributing to the occurrence of skin diseases, the presence of comorbid (concomitant or background) diseases, information about heredity, lifestyle, nutrition, psychological state, and medications taken. Sometimes, with the same observed symptoms, the presence or absence of itching, the persistence of skin rashes, the frequency and area of their appearance can be very important.

2. Examination of the patient

When answers to the basic questions are received, a skin examination is performed, which begins with the affected area and necessarily covers the entire body. The most objective results are obtained by examining the skin in diffuse daylight. A magnifying glass is often used. In many diseases, lesions on the skin have a certain, “recognizable” shape, structure and color.

The first two stages of skin diagnosis, as a rule, allow the dermatologist to make a preliminary diagnosis or suggest several possible ones. In addition, the nature of the disease becomes clear - acute or chronic condition, hereditary or acquired; The stage of development of the disease and the degree of damage to the skin are also determined.

3. Laboratory research

Laboratory tests are especially important if skin manifestations are suspected to be due to the presence of other, non-dermatological diseases. If this is confirmed, symptomatic treatment is prescribed, and the main measures focus on the treatment of somatic disease. The connection between skin pathology and other diseases can be identified by:

general blood analysis;
general urine analysis;
blood chemistry;
stool analysis;
immunogram.

If necessary, the dermatologist refers the patient for consultation to other specialists who can prescribe a number of more specific studies.

4. Special diagnostic methods

Dermatological diagnostics proper includes a number of methods and techniques that complement visual examination of the skin:

palpation (to assess the elasticity and structure of the skin);
skin allergy tests (to determine allergens);
sowing the affected area (growing microorganisms from the surface of the skin in a special medium);
microscopy of scrapings (examination of parts of the skin under a microscope);
scraping (to identify peeling);
diascopy (assessment of skin reaction when pressed with a glass slide);
histology (examination for the presence of cancer cells).

Most diagnostic techniques in dermatology are safe and painless. Early detection of the disease gives a better chance of recovery. Even if skin rashes do not bother you with pain or itching, but only attract attention as something new on the body, you should not put off visiting a doctor.

Diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases include work in several main areas. Thus, clinical sections are divided into specific types of pathologies: fungi - mycology, diseases of the scalp and hair - trichology. Dermatology is closely related to venereology, cosmetology, and allergology.

The skin not only gets sick, but also signals damage to internal organs or systems. Often a dermatological disorder is a consequence of unhealthy habits and lifestyle. The structural and functional features of the skin are taken into account when determining and treating numerous dermatoses.

When diagnosing and treating skin diseases, the doctor must determine the cause of the symptoms. The impact of external factors is varied.

Internal factors in the development of skin diseases:

dysfunction of internal organs,
chronic infections,
metabolic disorders,
hypovitaminosis,
damage to the nervous system.

Internal causes lead to changes in the skin and mucous membranes: pigmentation, hemorrhage.

Itching, burning, soreness, changes in skin color or texture, rash are reasons to consult a specialist. Come see a dermatologist in Maryino at the Euromed S clinic. An experienced doctor will examine you, collect anamnesis and make a preliminary diagnosis at your first appointment. If a fungal or infectious infection is suspected, tests are indicated. Our clinic provides laboratory diagnostics, so take tests on the same day to begin therapy faster. Instrumental, x-ray diagnostic methods, and skin tests are also used.

Elimination of any dermatological pathologies requires patience and strict adherence to prescriptions from the patient. Of great importance are:

careful hygiene, especially for affected skin, using antiseptics and other drugs,
following a diet - there are a number of foods that complicate the course of skin diseases and slow down treatment; a change in diet is necessary for allergic skin lesions,
use of medications.

If there is no response to conservative treatment, the following options are possible:

surgical intervention,
assistance from specialized specialists: neurologists, endocrinologists and others.

After a thorough diagnosis, skin diseases are treated using several methods.

Many diseases, such as psoriasis, are chronic and relapsing. In this case, the task of the doctor and the patient is to achieve stable remission and maintain it.

Dermatology

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Dermatology(Greek derma - skin, logos - doctrine, literally “study of the skin”) - a medical discipline, the objects of study of which are the skin, its appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands), mucous membranes, their structure and functioning, and also diseases and diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Within dermatology as a medical science, there are special clinical sections that study individual diseases and their treatment (mycology, trichology). Dermatology is closely related to venereology, cosmetology, allergology and other medical disciplines.

The skin is part of the integral structure of the body and is the largest human organ visible to the eye. It, as an indicator, reflects the state of all organs and systems of the body, protects them from mechanical damage and infection. As a rule, skin diseases indicate some kind of dysfunction of internal organs, unhealthy habits and lifestyle of the patient. Skin diseases, in turn, can lead to serious consequences for the body as a whole if they are not treated promptly.

The structural features of the skin, the variety of its functions and the influence of a large number of internal and external factors determine the variety of skin diseases, or dermatoses.

The impact of external, or exogenous, factors is very diverse. Physical and chemical agents cause inflammatory skin diseases - dermatitis

When the first signs of skin diseases appear (such as itching, burning, soreness, changes in skin color and texture, skin rashes), you should consult a specialist dermatologist. An experienced doctor can make a correct diagnosis even at the first careful examination of the skin and careful collection of the patient’s life history. To clarify or confirm the diagnosis in dermatology, additional methods of examining the skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails are widely used: instrumental, laboratory, radiological, special skin tests, etc.

Treatment of skin diseases requires patience and strict adherence to the treatment algorithm from the patient. An important role in successful treatment is played by hygienic care of the affected skin, adherence to diet and drug therapy. Drug treatment of skin diseases can be general and local. In dermatological practice, physiotherapeutic and instrumental procedures, psychotherapy, spa treatment, herbal medicine, and homeopathy are widely used. In some cases, if there is no clinical effect from conservative treatment, surgical intervention or the involvement of specialized specialists is indicated. Most often, the treatment of skin diseases is complex and combines several different methods. Today, with the help of the latest treatment and diagnostic techniques, dermatology makes it possible to achieve a cure for diseases that until recently were considered incurable.

Skin diseases are among the most common human diseases, and almost everyone encounters one or another of their manifestations in their lifetime. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 20% of the entire world population suffers from skin diseases.

Many dermatoses have a chronic, relapsing course and are difficult to treat. The most common skin diseases are dermatitis of various origins, eczema, fungal diseases, acne (acne), skin warts, herpes simplex, psoriasis, skin cancer.

Modern dermatology pays great attention to the issues of restoring skin health, studying the mechanisms of age-related and pathological changes in the skin, nails and hair, treating cancer, and searching for new methods for diagnosing and treating dermatological diseases.

With the site “Beauty and Medicine” you will always be up to date with the latest information about skin diseases and methods of treating them.

The popular scientific online publication “Dermatology Directory”, included in the Medical Directory of Diseases posted on the website, does not pretend to be an exhaustive presentation of all information about skin diseases, but contains the most necessary general practical recommendations in everyday life.