Atrophic rhinitis in pigs symptoms and treatment. Important and new data on the topic of atrophic rhinitis
In recent years, cases of atrophic rhinitis in pigs have been increasingly recorded. It may seem that veterinarians have forgotten about this costly, albeit relatively easy-to-treat disease. The article presents cases of pigs with atrophic rhinitis, registered on a well-known large-scale pig farm (note - in Poland). The identification and discussion of such cases is justified by many reasons. It should be noted that this disease may go unnoticed during clinical examinations. In a particular case, we are faced with the erroneous opinion of workers that the disease cannot manifest itself in pigs on the specified farm due to the constant vaccination of animals against atrophic rhinitis over a long period of time. Why were they ineffective? The immunization procedure was performed by the farm worker(s). Maybe that's why the animals were unprotected from atrophic rhinitis?
Farm characteristics
The pig farm in Wielkopolska (Poland), where clinical cases of atrophic rhinitis have been reported, is a large enterprise - the main herd consists of about 1600 sows. The completion of the mother liquor with pregnant sows before farrowing is carried out within 3 days. Each sector of the nursery accommodates 35 sows. Piglets are weaned on average on the 26th day of life.
In the farrowing quarters, the principle of "empty - occupied" is strictly observed, which means: the whole room is empty - the whole room is occupied. The conditions for keeping sows in the nursery are good. However, from the point of view of the extended fattening period of pigs and non-compliance with the “empty – busy” principle in this area, the conditions for fattening are considered not the best.
The farm provides vaccinations against parvovirus, erysipelas, colibacillosis and atrophic rhinitis. The main problem in the farm is related to the circulation of the causative agent of multi-systemic piglet wasting syndrome (PMWS). At the same time, the loss of piglets and gilts in certain technological groups reached 30%. As a result of vaccination of sows older than 10 months against circovirus with the use of the Circovac vaccine, the losses associated with the waste of pigs decreased by three times. Vaccination of sows against circovirus not only significantly reduced the mortality of piglets and gilts, but also had a positive effect on farrowing results, health and survival of newborn piglets. The difference in live weight between groups of gilts of the same age decreased markedly.
Unfortunately, despite the vaccination against circovirus, the problem of the difference in the live weight of slaughter pigs still remained unresolved. Establishing the reasons for this difference was the main goal of the epizootological survey of the farm.
Herd inspection
During a clinical examination of the pig population, it was found that about 15% of gilts were significantly short of the average body weight characteristic of this technological group, in the fattening group this number increased to 30%. The maximum difference in live weight between fatteners of the same age reached 35 kg. On closer examination, some gilts and mainly fattening pigs showed changes typical of atrophic rhinitis (Fig. 1). Further studies of pigs have shown that the percentage of animals with typical changes for atrophic rhinitis is in the range of 5-10%, despite the fact that they were vaccinated against this infection.
Fig.1. One of the clinical cases - bleeding from the right nostril, slightly deformed bones of the snout (lateral curvature of the muzzle in relation to the sagittal plane of the head)
Materials for laboratory research
For laboratory studies, nasal swabs were taken from 15 pigs with signs of atrophic rhinitis and from randomly selected 39 individuals at the age of 100 days, as well as from 26 fatteners at the age of 136 days. The selected material was examined by PCR to determine the gene carrying the P. multocida dermonecrotoxin code. In 25 fattening pigs randomly selected and intended for slaughter, the nasal sinuses were examined morphometrically. Morphometric studies are the most revealing and reliable in the diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis.
The results of the study showed that the main reason for the difference in body weight in gilts, and even more so in fatteners, is atrophic rhinitis. P. multocida dermonecrotoxin (PmDNT(+)) was found in the nasal mucus of all 15 pigs with obvious clinical signs. In the study of nasal mucus samples in PCR, the presence of P. multocida dermonecrotoxin was found in 9 out of 39 (23.1%) finishers aged 100 days and in 15 out of 26 (57.7%) fattening pigs at 136 days of age.
Morphometric studies showed that out of 25 randomly selected pigs for slaughter, twenty (80%) had pathological changes in the nasal sinuses of varying intensity, indicating atrophic rhinitis (from 3 to 5 points on a scale, Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Of 25 randomly selected and slaughtered fattening pigs, 20 (80%) had pathological changes in the nasal sinuses of varying intensity, indicating atrophic rhinitis (from 3 to 5 points on a scale)
A detailed analysis showed that on a 5-point scale, 6 fatteners (24%) showed changes estimated at 4-5 points, 14 (56%) had progressive changes on average, indicating atrophic rhinitis, and 5 (20% ) - for mild changes (2 points), which may be atypical for atrophic rhinitis.
Why didn't the vaccines work?
The reason for the ineffectiveness of preventive vaccinations has been established. It is unlikely that the "culprit" of the lack of effect was the vaccine used. In connection with the material presented above on the susceptibility of older pigs to the action of dermonecrotoxin, one cannot but admit that the effect of an infectious factor in combination with relatively unfavorable environmental conditions during fattening can lead to a deterioration in acquired immunity. Most likely, the cause was the incorrect administration of the vaccine, or (which is not excluded!) Only a part of the animals were immunized, since it was carried out by one worker serving a specific production sector.
It can be assumed that the presence of circovirus in the body of pigs has an immunosuppressive effect and contributes to increased losses associated with PmDNT(+) infection in the herd. However, one should not forget that the misuse (or use without proper control) of even a more effective vaccine, incorrect calculation of the required and used amount of the vaccine can also lead to the consequences that were observed in this farm.
Actions to correct the situation
To correct and stabilize the epizootic situation on the farm, the type of biological product used was changed (which may not have been necessary), and it was decided that vaccination of sows would be carried out only by a veterinarian serving the farm.
Important and new data on the topic of atrophic rhinitis
Currently, two forms of the disease are distinguished: progressive (PAR) and non-progressive atrophic rhinitis (NPAR). The etiological factors of these forms of the disease are, respectively: Pasteurella multocida (Pm) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bbr). The direct causes of atrophic rhinitis in pigs are the dermonecrotoxins produced by P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica: PmDNT(+) and BbDNT(+).
The most susceptible to infection are newborn piglets or piglets a few days old. Sinus sensitivity to BbDNT (+) toxin decreases during the first 3-4 weeks of life, and completely disappears by the age of 4-6 weeks. Susceptibility of pigs to the occurrence of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) remains stable during the first 12-16 weeks of life.
Sinus changes caused by the dermonecrotoxic pathogen B. bronchiseptica can be regenerated, but PmDNT(+)-induced sinus atrophy is largely irreversible. Dermonecrotoxins produced by P. multocida cause the destruction of the sinuses, and sometimes their complete atrophy. The predominance of osteolysis over the process of osteogenesis in the development of snout bones begins after the toxin is injected into the nose, either intramuscularly or intraperitoneally. The severity of the course of the disease depends on the amount of Pasteurella toxin that has entered the pig's body. Atrophic rhinitis can present at any age, but usually inflammation can only start during the first 2-10 weeks of life. Sometimes in herds affected by the disease, clinical symptoms appear only in adults, for example, in sows during pregnancy or lactation.
At-risk groups
The disease most often occurs in litters from first farrow sows. It is believed that the most susceptible to the disease are pigs, giving a large average daily weight gain. The spread of the disease is facilitated by factors such as high animal density, lack of grazing, a large amount of mechanical impurities and ammonia in the air, as well as cold and damp rooms, which contribute to the occurrence of catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs.
Consequences of atrophic rhinitis
Disease-induced deformity of the bull lion makes it difficult to feed and most likely interferes with olfactory stimulation as a result of a violation of the physiology of the nasal cavity, and also leads to a decrease in appetite, which prolongs the fattening period from 10 to 30 or more days.
It should be remembered that an animal whose nasal sinuses are not developed breathes poorly purified and insufficiently humidified air. As a result, frequent cases of pneumonia are observed.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The basis for the diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis are the results of studies: clinical, morphometric, bacteriological and serological tests. As a rule, clinical symptoms are observed, first of all, in piglets aged 4-12 weeks. It must be remembered that the manifestation of clinical changes in 3-5% of pigs means that morphometric changes in the sinuses can occur in approximately 50-70% of piglets derived from a sick sow. Morphometric studies show different levels of turbinate atrophy, which was first identified by Done et al. in 1983 and ranked on a 5-point scale (Fig. 3):
Rice. 3. Morphometric scale
1. The correct structure of the sinuses.
2. Visible slight distortions most often of the ventral turbinates in the sinuses are common symptoms and are not always associated with atrophic rhinitis.
3. Atrophy of the lobular ganglia or distortion of the dorsal ganglia in the sinuses.
4. Almost complete atrophy of the shells and partial atrophy of the dorsal ganglia in the nasal sinuses.
5. Complete atrophy of both sinus structures.
Prevention
In order to reduce the incidence of atrophic rhinitis in animals, vaccination gives good results. There is a correlation between the processes of formation of a dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, the level of titer of specific neutralizing antibodies and the protection of the sinuses from damage by toxins, which indicates the advisability of vaccinating against atrophic rhinitis of pigs.Infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs (Rinitus atrophica infectiosa suum) is a chronic infectious disease, predominantly of suckling pigs and weaners, characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, atrophy of the nasal concha and curls of the ethmoid labyrinth, degeneration and deformation of the bones of the facial skull, metabolic disorders with subsequent pathological complications.
Historical reference. The disease was first described in 1829 in Germany by Frank. For a long time, the disease was considered non-infectious, and only in 1926 did Petersen suggest that it was contagious. Radtke (Germany) experimentally proved the infectivity of rhinitis, but the nature of the pathogen remained unclear.
Currently, infectious atrophic rhinitis is registered in all countries of the world. The first report of this disease in Russia was made in 1895. A. Bazaryaninov. In the USSR, the disease was widespread in 1952-1962. It currently has a limited distribution.
Economic damage. The disease causes significant economic damage to pig breeding, mortality in this disease ranges from 7-10%, but the main damage is that piglets with rhinitis under the same feeding conditions lag behind their healthy peers and by 6-8 months of age give only 60 -70% weight gain. For 1 kg of weight gain in piglets with rhinitis, 3 feed units are excessively consumed.
The causative agent of the disease. The etiology of the disease has not been definitively established. Most researchers consider the bacterial variants Pasteurella multicida var. suis and Bordotella bronchiseptica var. suis. It is a gram-negative, immobile, small rod that does not form spores and capsules; has hemolytic properties, forms transparent golden colonies on blood agar. It has antigens common to all strains O-1 and K-1, forms exo- and endotoxins and a lipopolysaccharide complex; inherent adhesiveness to the cells of the respiratory tract. In a frozen state, it is stored for more than 120 days, and in environmental conditions at a positive temperature for more than 2 weeks. Dies in 3 hours under the influence of 1% formaldehyde, 3% sodium hydroxide and 20% freshly slaked lime.
epidemiological data. Under natural conditions, only pigs are susceptible to the disease. The most susceptible are suckling pigs, somewhat more resistant to gilt infection, adult pigs are relatively rarely infected with rhinitis. Sensitive to the pathogen mice, rats. Guinea pigs, rabbits, occasionally foals, sheep and dogs. The source of the infectious agent is an animal clearly ill with rhinitis, releasing a virulent principle into the external environment with a nasal discharge, as well as coughing and sneezing, as well as clinically healthy, but with a latent asymptomatic form of the disease, mainly breeding young animals imported from farms that are unfavorable according to this disease. Adult pigs can often be asymptomatic, and such animals represent a major danger in the spread of the disease.
Infection of piglets most often occurs by airborne droplets (aerogenic infection) as a result of the pathogen entering the upper respiratory tract. Feed, water, bedding, manure, etc., contaminated with the secretions of sick animals, can be factors for the transmission of the infectious agent. Considering that rabbits, guinea pigs, white and gray mice, kittens and puppies are susceptible to the disease, they can also be a source of infection for piglets. Insects can be mechanical carriers of the pathogen.
The occurrence of the disease is explained not only by the action of the pathogen. Violations of zoohygienic rules for feeding and keeping pregnant sows and young animals play a decisive role in the occurrence of the disease.
Practical observations show that atrophic rhinitis in pigs occurs under the influence of a complex of unfavorable factors: tightness and dampness in pigsties, lack of animal walks, lack of minerals in the diet, and especially calcium and phosphorus salts, lack of vitamins A and D.
Piglets obtained from queens kept on high-grade diets have a normal mucous membrane and bone tissue of the skull, while piglets whose queens receive inadequate food show a delay in the development of the nasal concha and a change in the nasal mucous membranes, the same as in atrophic rhinitis.
Outbreaks of the disease are epizootic in nature. On prosperous pig farms, infectious atrophic rhinitis is introduced either with animals that are obviously sick, which is now relatively rare, or with animals that do not have pronounced signs of the disease. The disease can occur on the farm without the introduction of an infectious agent from outside.
The disease spreads slowly in the economy. Initially, cases of the disease are observed in the litters of individual sows. Then, if control measures are not taken in a timely manner, rhinitis affects up to 40-60%, and sometimes up to 80% of piglets in litters. If the conditions for keeping and feeding piglets are poor, and camping is not practiced in household plots and peasant farms, the disease can be observed on the farm for several years.
Pathogenesis. The basis of the disease is inadequate feeding of sows, causing a violation of metabolic processes in piglets even in the prenatal period. Especially when the phosphorus-calcium metabolism and the content of vitamin A in the body are sharply disturbed in sows. As a result, newborn piglets develop dystrophic processes in parenchymal organs, in the vascular and nervous systems.
Degenerative changes in the upper cervical sympathetic ganglia cause atrophic catarrh of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which is accompanied by the destruction of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which is accompanied by the destruction of the mucous glands, the underlying connective tissue base, and the bones of the skull. Atrophy of the bones of the skull begins with the turbinates and extends to the ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary and nasal bones, which leads to their deformation. The noted changes cause the transformation of opportunistic microbes in the nasal cavity into pathogenic ones. The latter become the culprits of inflammatory and atrophic processes. Histological studies show that inflammation of the nasal mucosa leads to the disappearance of the network of venous vessels, which is replaced by fibrous tissue. It is possible that damage to the blood vessels is one of the causes of atrophy of the nasal bones as a result of a violation of their nutrition.
As for pathogenic microorganisms (viral and bacterial), they, having separated from a diseased organism and getting into a healthy organism, under appropriate conditions, from the very beginning become the cause of the disease.
Clinical signs. The incubation period is from 3 to 30 days. The course of the disease is usually chronic, rarely subacute. Sometimes the disease can be acute or with an erased clinical picture, and in some animals there may be a latent, asymptomatic course.
The first signs of the disease in piglets appear from about 7-10 days of age or later after infection. Sick piglets often sneeze, rub their nose against the objects surrounding them, a small amount of serous secretion is released from their nostrils, which later becomes mucopurulent. Appetite goes down. Swelling of the nasal mucosa causes blockage of the tear ducts, which is accompanied by lacrimation and the appearance of dark spots in the lower corners of the eyes; swelling of the lower eyelids is also characteristic. In some diseased animals, nosebleeds are recorded.
In the initial period of the disease, piglets may experience complications ( or ), while the body temperature rises to 41 ° C and above. Sometimes the intestines are affected; sick animals develop diarrhea, which greatly exhausts the body. Complications usually occur in 10-20% of patients, but with poor housing and feeding conditions, the percentage of complications increases. Some of the piglets with complications die, the survivors turn into slugs.
Pathological changes. In the initial stage of atrophic rhinitis, there are no typical signs of the disease. Only acute rhinitis is observed with the presence of serous, catarrhal, less often purulent exudate in the nasal cavity. The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity and nasal conchas, swollen, reddened, with single hemorrhages and minor erosions and ulcers. On a transverse cut of the nose, made in the middle part of the nasal bone (in front of the 1st premolar), sometimes a slight or moderate atrophy of the ventral, less often dorsal, nasal septum is found. In sick animals aged 2-6 months and older, growth retardation is recorded. Typical signs of the disease are clearly visible - deformation of the upper jaw in the form of shortening and curvature to the side (curvature, pug-shaped). In the study of the oral cavity, a mismatch of the dental arcades is often noted. The skin of the dorsal surface of the nose, as a rule, is collected in rough folds, and below the inner corner of the eyes is polluted, appearing as a black spot. On the transverse cut of the nose, atrophy of the turbinates, the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone, the nasal bones, the nasal septum, the upper and lower jaws, and sometimes the bones of the skull, is clearly visible. Sometimes the turbinates are completely absent, their place is taken by connective tissue cords. Most often (60%) changes are bilateral, mainly on the left side. There are cases when, as a result of atrophy of the turbinates and the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone, the nasal cavity merges with the maxillary, as well as with the sinuses of the sphenopalatine and frontal bones, the hard palate and the nasal septum, which can be curved or perforated, become significantly thinner.
The inflammatory process from the nasal cavity can spread to the larynx, trachea and bronchi, where catarrhal processes occur, sometimes combined with catarrhal or purulent pneumonia and fibrous pleurisy. The lymph nodes, especially the head region, and the tonsils are enlarged and medulla swollen, with hyperplasmic follicles.
Often, the disease is complicated by chronic otitis, occurring mainly with damage to the middle ear, tympanic membrane and external auditory canal.
Histological examination reveals degenerative changes in the upper cervical sympathetic ganglia and in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa. In these cells, intranuclear inclusions are found.
Diagnosis. When making a diagnosis, epizootic data, the clinical picture of the disease (rhinitis, deformity of the facial part of the head) and the results of pathological anatomical data are taken into account. The discovery at autopsy of atrophy of the shells and nasal bones indicates the presence of the disease in the household.
For the timely detection of the disease on the farm, it is necessary to continuously monitor the piglets. The first sign that makes one suspect the presence of atrophic rhinitis is sneezing, which is especially pronounced during feeding and the associated animation of the animal, as well as during a walk. The presence of a runny nose can also be established by a special technique: the piglet's nasal openings are closed for a few seconds with the hand, then the hand is taken away. The animal takes an increased breath, which causes irritation of the inflamed mucous membrane, and the sick piglet sneezes. To identify the disease in each individual animal, it is necessary to carefully examine the head and the state of bite of the incisor teeth.
The most accurate, although rather difficult to implement in practice, is the radiographic diagnosis of atrophic rhinitis.
To do this, the pig is fixed on its back in a rectangular (without transverse liners) trough, corresponding to the size of the animal. The head is reinforced with two wooden beams. The chest and stomach are tied with a rope. Legs are left free. To the elongated end of the trough, the upper jaw is strengthened with a bandage. The cassette is placed between the upper jaw and the bottom of the trough. Use a portable x-ray machine type 781; x-rays 100-15 mA with 0.8-2 second exposure. The projection of the ventro is dorsal. On a radiograph of a healthy pig, the lines of nasal conchas are clearly visible; the absence of these lines in sick animals indicates the presence of more or less pronounced atrophic processes.
Differential Diagnosis. The disease must be differentiated from non-infectious, necrotizing rhinitis, fibrous dystrophy, influenza, enzootic pneumonia and Aujeszky's disease.
Immunity and means of specific prophylaxis poorly studied. Recovered and adult animals do not get sick, and the citrated blood of sows from affected herds can prevent the disease. Biological preparations prepared from Bordetella bronchiseptica are used in a number of countries, but the results of their use are contradictory.
Treatment it is advisable to carry out only in the initial stage of the disease. In such animals, treatment prevents the development of deformity of the facial skull, and they are well fattened in the future. Along with treatment, it is necessary to eliminate the influence of unfavorable external factors on the body of piglets, to organize exercise, complete feeding with the addition of minerals and vitamins to the feed.
Practical experience and experimental studies show that the best, although laborious, way is to use antibiotics to irrigate the nasal cavities. For this purpose, solutions of penicillin, biomycin, streptomycin and other antibiotics are used. In addition to the introduction of antibiotics, it is recommended to administer to animals daily intramuscularly vitamin D-2, D-3 at the rate of 100 units per 1 kg of animal weight.
Recovery of animals with such treatment occurs in terms of 3 days to 2-3 weeks. It all depends on how timely treatment is started. Recovered piglets cannot be considered safe in terms of dispersal of the infectious agent, and they cannot be taken out of the farm. Such piglets are fattened only on the spot.
Control and prevention measures. Measures for the control and prevention of infectious atrophic rhinitis are regulated by the "Temporary instructions on measures to combat infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs" and "Guidelines for the improvement of breeding and commercial pig farms from infectious atrophic rhinitis", approved by the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR on January 20, 1961 and 09/01/1965
To prevent the introduction of infection into prosperous farms, managers, veterinary and zootechnical specialists are required to strictly monitor compliance with the general veterinary, sanitary and zoohygienic rules for keeping and feeding pigs.
Pig farms that are unfavorable for infectious atrophic rhinitis are healed using two main methods of combating the disease:
- The slaughter of the entire unfavorable herd and its replacement with a healthy livestock, while at the same time carrying out reinforcing measures to decontaminate pigsties and the territory of the pig farm.
- Stepwise isolated rearing of healthy young animals for herd reproduction, based on biological testing of sows by offspring in relation to their well-being for infectious atrophic rhinitis.
The second method is recommended to be used for the improvement of breeding and industrial pig farms with the obligatory implementation of the entire range of recreational activities, namely: early diagnosis and isolation of sick and suspicious sows and their offspring; disinfection of the premises and territory of the farm (disinfection, disinsection and deratization); creation of optimal conditions for keeping and full feeding; summer camp keeping of pigs; separate keeping of pigs of different age and production groups; compacted tour farrowing; raising healthy young animals for herd reproduction only after biological testing of sows for offspring.
The farm (department, farm) is declared free from infectious atrophic rhinitis in the absence of this disease for one year and the receipt of a healthy offspring of piglets, safe in relation to infectious atrophic rhinitis with two farrowings from the main sows of conditionally free groups, and also after a full range of measures, provided by the instructions.
For emergency prevention of infectious atrophic rhinitis, it is recommended that suckling pigs be treated with long-acting antibiotics, in particular dibiomycin and detetracycline, according to the instructions for their use.
How to marry a nurse on a leg than to treat when a piglet has elastic snot and. Anya, it happens that the problem is more serious than chronic rhinitis (They have a fused internal septum of the nose and pharynx and therefore have a runny nose all the time. Who treated you with what, please? (ascariasis of pigs).Symptoms and treatment of diseases in pigs is the prerogative of veterinary medicine.Change in the condition of the skin (dryness, color, damage).Treatment for intestinal disorders.How can you treat a runny nose in the 1st trimester of pregnancy Runny nose during pregnancy is a fairly common problem.Symptoms of the disease Piglets have a weak immune system and are prone to various ailments.The cause of rhinitis can be atrophic rhinitis - an infectious disease of pigs.Infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs (Rhinitis atrophica infectiosa), IAR.Epizootology.Using glucose, antibiotics, cardiac drugs.Infectious disease is mainly how to cure a runny nose, sinusitis Incubation period: 3-15 days. Adviсe. General preventive measures include fencing farms, sanitary arrangements to treat sneezing in piglets. Anemia of piglets (alimentary anemia) often occurs in suckling piglets of autumn and winter farrowing as a result of a lack of iron in mother's milk.
Post created: 24.02.2014 13:30:04
Diseases of the digestive system
These include, as a rule, acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines in adult pigs and young animals, as well as a simple and neurotoxic form of dyspepsia in piglets. The main signs of these diseases are diarrhea, lack of appetite, lethargy, and general weakness; piglets sometimes experience convulsions and vomiting. These diseases can be prevented by proper feeding of animals. Pigs need to be fed strictly according to the daily routine, at the same hours. A variety of feeds and mineral supplements (salt, chalk, charcoal, red clay) should be introduced into the diets. Feed must be well cooked and thoroughly crushed. Do not feed poor quality, moldy or hot feed to pigs. Feeders should be washed and dried regularly.
Metabolic diseases
Causes of diarrhea in piglets and how to treat diarrhea in piglets
Diarrhea (diarrhea) in piglets is an abnormal, frequent, unformed stool. In many cases, there is increased intestinal peristalsis. Diarrhea in piglets is most often a sign of bowel disease.
To understand how to treat piglets when diarrhea occurs, you should understand the causes of its occurrence. The main causes of diarrhea in piglets can be:
The occurrence of an infection.
· Toxic substances.
It started to rain, it will soon get colder, and then it will become completely cold. Like people, during this transition period from heat to cold, chickens get sick .
Preventive measures against diseases in chickens
Chickens need to be treated.
Other chicken diseases
Cold, unfortunately chicken diseases are not limited. Birds can also suffer from inflammation of the crop, intestines and stomach. The cause of the disease is sour or frozen food, the presence of dry unground hay and grain in the feed mixture, and a completely unnecessary admixture of sand. This leads to a delay in writing in the crop, the bird loses its appetite, sits, ruffled, in some even the tips of the scallops turn blue.
Pathogen: Mycoplasma gallisepticum from the genus Mycoplasma. Mycoplasmas resemble polymorphic cocci, 0.5-1 microns in size. Mycoplasmas are readily cultured in the yolk sac of 9-10 day old chick embryos, causing growth retardation.
The source of the pathogen; sick bird.
Pathological and anatomical changes. Muscle atrophy, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, catarrhal-fibrinous necrotizing rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, catarrhal-croupous pneumonia, serous-fibrinous aerosacculitis with the formation of fibrinous conglomerates in the posterior thoracic, interclavicular and other air sacs are found.
Diagnostics. The diagnosis is complex. To isolate mycoplasmas, inoculations are made on agar and Edward's broth, Marten's, Hottinger's medium. Infect chicken embryos (death occurs on 3-5 days), put a bioassay on chickens and turkey poults 1-2 months of age, infect intranasally, intratracheally. Serum drop agglutination is used.
Differential diagnosis. It is necessary to exclude:
Colisepticemia - a culture of pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli is isolated from the internal organs.
Hemophiliasis (contagious runny nose) - damage to the upper respiratory tract.
Aspergillosis - detection of specific nodules on the wall of the air sac and lungs.
Infectious bronchitis - damage to the trachea and bronchi in chickens and chickens, as well as growth retardation of the ovaries and oviducts.
Prevention and treatment. Treatment: broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.
A runny nose in a teenager
Runny nose and its manifestations have been known since ancient times, at the same time the basic principles of its treatment were formed. But until now, the very concept of a runny nose does not have a strict description from a philistine point of view. This leads to the fact that often it is not defined quite correctly.
This especially often happens if a teenager with a runny nose is sick with his hypertrophied perception of the world around him. One teenager complains of a runny nose when he has mucous discharge from the nose, the second, if the nose is blocked, for the third, any sneeze is a reason to complain of rhinitis.
But none of these symptoms is not decisive for a runny nose. It is not at all that they are diagnosed and therapy is prescribed. There are many diseases that have similar symptoms. (For example, with hypertrophy of the nasal concha, the mucous membranes increase with climate change, alcohol consumption, and various irritating external factors.)
Rhinitis is not contagious. Several studies on this topic have not confirmed its contagiousness, as well as its own causative agents of the common cold have not been identified. However, this does not exclude its occurrence from many known bacteria. Some diseases of adolescents, such as acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections, scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles and others, may initially occur with symptoms characteristic of a common cold.
In adolescence, a person becomes sensitive to many external stimuli. Dust, hypothermia of the body area, harsh light or smell can cause, sometimes prolonged bouts of sneezing. Such conditions have nothing to do with acute rhinitis in adolescents, but are reflex or vasomotor in nature. As a rule, they are of short duration.
It is important to understand that it is necessary to increase immunity in the whole organism, and not try to harden some part of it. Sometimes mothers, having good intentions, try to harden the child's nose using contrasting temperatures, various injections, infusions, inhalations, etc. for this. At the same time, doing nothing but harm to your child. Water procedures for the nose reduce the bactericidal properties of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, leaving them unprotected against viruses and bacteria.
It should be understood that there is no causal treatment for the common cold, it can only be symptomatic. That is, aimed at reducing the subjective complaints of a teenager and preventing complications. If rhinitis is accompanied by fever, the child should be put to bed and given an antipyretic drug. This is accompanied by pathogenetic therapy in order to eliminate, relieve or alleviate the manifestations of the disease.
To counteract nasal congestion, there is a wide range of effective therapeutic agents, but they all have a common drawback - by reducing the volume of the cavernous tissue of the nose, medications cause severe irritation. Plus, they are addictive. Therefore, when it comes to a runny nose in adolescents, for whom a momentary result is more important than a prolonged action, one must strictly monitor the implementation of medical prescriptions without letting things take their course. Otherwise, the case may end with atrophy of the nasal mucosa and chronic rhinitis.
It is used 2-3 times a day. For this, the child is laid in a horizontal position and a few drops are instilled into each nostril. If it is not possible to lie down, or the teenager cannot bear to lie still, then a cotton swab can be moistened with menthol oil and inserted into the nose. In this case, you should carefully press the wings of the nose for a couple of seconds, allowing the oil to reach the posterior surfaces of the mucosa.
Often in adolescents, due to their restlessness and nihilistic attitude to treatment, complications arise in the form of the spread of the inflammation process to deeper sections (larynx, pharynx, nasal, maxillary and frontal sinuses, respiratory tract) and even to the auditory tubes and middle ear. Bed rest and strict adherence to medical prescriptions can prevent such an outcome, which is impossible to achieve from a teenager. At a minimum, it is necessary to ensure that the child does not smoke, does not drink alcohol, devotes enough time to sleep and, if possible, stays at home.
Cough in piglets: causes, symptoms, how to treat
Cough is a protective reaction of the body from the respiratory system in response to the harmful effects of microorganisms or foreign objects. This symptom accompanies many ailments, both in humans and in animals, including piglets.
The most common diseases in pigs
Animals, however, like people, can suffer from various diseases accompanied by coughing and other accompanying symptoms. Among the most common ailments are the following diseases.
Enzootic pneumonia in piglets
The main symptoms include the following signs: dry cough, variable intensity, fever, conjunctivitis, crusting on the surface of the skin. The carrier is the bacterium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. The pathogen can live in the litter for a long time, infecting other animals in the same room. Outwardly healthy pigs can also be carriers.
Worm infestation in piglets
This ailment may accompany rapid breathing, decreased appetite, shortness of breath, fever, wheezing and cough after immigration of larvae. The carrier is sexually mature worms or their larvae, most often these are metastrongylus. Danger for piglets - in the faeces of sick pigs, worm eggs can persist for up to 1.5 years, being sources of infection for the herd. Earthworms remain carriers throughout the entire period of life (up to 7 years).
Diagnosis in piglets
To understand how to treat pigs and why the disease developed, it is necessary that the diagnosis must be made quickly and accurately. For its setting, a consultation with a veterinarian is necessary, however, for taking urgent measures, one should be aware of the differences in the course of diseases.
How to treat cough in pigs and little piglets
Pneumonia in pigs is diagnosed after a swab analysis, and the presence of worms is diagnosed by detecting their eggs using special veterinary methods.
When the cause is determined, you should immediately begin to treat the cough and the ailment that accompanies it. This is especially important for piglets, because both of these diseases develop quickly in them and can be fatal.
To get rid of the consequences of helminthic invasion, a single subcutaneous injection of a 1% solution of Novomek is used, choosing a dose equal to 1 ml for every 50 kg of pig body weight.
This drug has shown high efficiency against most worms and their larvae.
Antibiotic injections are given to prevent complications that often follow pneumonia:
Constipation in a piglet: how to treat pathology?
constipation in pigs a rare phenomenon, but, like other animals, it requires treatment. Intestinal upset in these livestock is generally infrequent. Pigs have an excellent immune system, and their stomach is able to digest even coal. But what if the problem with the bowel still appeared?
How do piglets behave when constipated
Suspecting a pig of any disease is very simple. A sick animal immediately stands out from the background of other piglets, as its behavior changes due to poor health. If the pig did not defecate for several days and the process of intoxication began. he has the following symptoms:
If the cause of stool retention has an infectious onset, then the symptoms are accompanied by fever, rash, and sometimes vomiting. Often, against the background of an infection, constipation alternates with diarrhea.
Who can experience constipation
If the piglet is separated from other animals, then it is possible to understand the presence of constipation by the absence of feces for more than a day. If emptying still occurs, then the feces have an unnatural consistency and shape for pigs: dry, too dense and large in volume.
If constipation in piglets than to treat, so as not to make the animal worse? Small pigs are best treated under the supervision of a veterinarian and therapy started as early as possible.
What causes pathology
Intestinal dysfunction in young piglets is often observed when they are transferred from a dairy diet to a more adult one. This is due to the unpreparedness of the intestines for a new meal, especially if the change in diet occurs abruptly.
Laxatives for constipation
Stool retention in pigs can occur due to constant overfeeding and improper diet. A common cause of lack of bowel movements is excess water in the body. Also, fecal stasis is often observed in piglets with a lack of movement, which occurs due to the cramped shed where they live.
If we talk about more serious causes of constipation in pigs, then these include:
- gastroenteritis;
- bronchopneumonia;
- poisoning;
- blockage of the intestinal passage;
- helminthiasis.
In the case of constipation in one pig, which appeared on the background of an infection, the main cause of the disease in other individuals is non-compliance with cleanliness standards. In this case, the disease is transmitted through the accumulated navoi, dirty bedding, general food, water, etc.
Treatment of constipation folk methods
Infectious constipation in pigs treatment requires a professional, laxatives alone are indispensable in this case. If the stool is delayed due to a change in diet or lack of water, then you can correct the situation yourself by resorting to medications.
How and how to treat constipation in pigs
Constipation in a piglet what to do And do I need to call the vet? Noticing the soreness of the animal, it must be immediately removed from other pigs. After all, if the cause of constipation is infectious, then all pigs can get sick.
A veterinarian must be called in order to exclude the same infection or blockage of the intestine. Otherwise, self-medication will lead to the death of one or more animals, since the infection among pigs spreads quite quickly.
If constipation is due to poor nutrition, then you need to reconsider the feeding of pigs. Piglets should only be fed fresh food and should not be overfed. It is important to ensure free access to water and prevent its stagnation.
You can help the piglet to empty itself with laxatives. But before giving such funds, you should make sure that there is no foreign object in the intestines, otherwise you can only make the animal worse.
infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs(Rhinitis infectiosa atrophica suum), a chronic infectious disease predominantly of suckling piglets and weaners, characterized by serous-purulent rhinitis, atrophy of the turbinates and bones, and deformity of the facial part of the head. Distributed in many countries of Western Europe, in the USA and Canada; The disease is also registered in the USSR. The disease causes significant damage to pig production. Lethality 710%. Sick piglets under the same feeding conditions lag behind their healthy peers and by the age of 68 months give only 6070% of weight gain.
Etiology and epizootology I. a. R. With. not fully explored. There is evidence that the causative agent is a virus. Along with this, some microbes (pasteurella and bordetella) play a role in the occurrence of the disease. The source of the infectious agent is sick animals. Infection of healthy piglets occurs by airborne droplets. Transmission factors of the pathogen contaminated by the secretions of sick feed, water, bedding, manure, etc. The disease occurs under the influence of a complex of unfavorable factors: tightness and dampness in pigsties, lack of exercise, lack of minerals in food, and above all calcium and phosphorus salts, vitamins A and D. Piglets born in April June are more susceptible to the disease than those born in August September. Outbreaks of the disease are epizootic in nature. In the absence of control measures, an epizootic can last for several years.
Course and symptoms. Incubation period 315 days. In suckling pigs, the disease begins with inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Patients sneeze, snort, experience itching in the patch area. A serous, and then mucopurulent discharge is released from the nose. There is a blockage of the tear ducts, accompanied by lacrimation, swelling of the lower eyelids. Acute catarrhal rhinitis lasts 23 weeks; at the same time, 1020% of piglets have complications (pneumonia, enteritis), which lead to death. The disease can acquire a subclinical form and a chronic course. After 12 months, some piglets show a lag in the development of the upper jaw, it becomes shorter than the lower one, the normal bite of the incisor teeth is disturbed, and the lower lip protrudes. Some time later, characteristic signs of atrophy of the bones of the facial part of the head are found (Fig.). If the pathological process affects both nasal cavities, the nose protrudes upward (the so-called pug shape). With the defeat of one half of the nose, the upper jaw is bent to the right or to the left (the so-called torticollis). At the same time, breathing in patients becomes difficult, sniffling due to the accumulation of purulent masses in the nasal passages.
Pathological changes. An autopsy (a sagittal section of the head is required) reveals inflammation of the nasal mucosa, atrophy of the turbinates, and deformity of the bones of the facial part of the skull.
Diagnosis established on the basis of epidemiological data, clinical signs and autopsy results. For individual diagnosis, it is necessary to investigate malocclusion of the incisors, and radiography of the facial part of the skull is also shown. I. a. R. With. differentiate from influenza piglets and necrotizing rhinitis.
Treatment. In the initial stage of the disease, treatment is advisable, it prevents the development of deformation of the facial part of the skull. Apply solutions of streptomycin, chlortetracycline and other antibiotics that are injected into the nasal cavities. It is recommended to administer vitamin D intramuscularly daily to animals.
Prevention and control measures. Prevention of the disease is based on the correct selection of feed and the full feeding of sows. Closely related breeding of pigs should be excluded and the timely change of boars should be monitored. When I. a. R. With. in the farm animals are subjected to clinical examination. Sick animals are isolated, fattened and handed over for slaughter. A group of apparently healthy pigs is examined every 5-6 days. The economy is declared unfavorable. For preventive treatment of piglets born in disadvantaged farms, it is recommended to use dibiomycin, which is used intranasally in the form of a suspension (1.0 g of dibiomycin per 3035.0 g of a 20% aqueous solution of glycerol). The farm is declared safe 1 year after the cessation of isolation of sick animals and provided that there are no I. a. R. With. among piglets of the last two farrowings from the main sows of a conditionally prosperous herd.
Literature:
Pritulin P. I., Infectious atrophic rhinitis, in the book: Diseases of pigs (comp. F. M. Orlov), 3rd ed., M., 1970;
Sosov R. F., Infectious atrophic rhinitis, in the book: Epizootology, 2nd ed., M., 1974.
Hot food in any animal can cause gastric atony, a dangerous and often fatal condition. And I can say about Vietnamese pigs that if they have hay, they can spend the night in Siberia on the street. This, of course, is extreme, but somehow I was visiting a friend, and he breeds Vietnamese pigs for sale. They have a couple of producers and four mothers, and so we celebrated my arrival a little, and went to look at the pigs and close the pigsty. It was winter, the Vietnamese and Vietnamese were not afraid to walk around the snow-covered paddock. During the day it was a little less than 10 degrees of frost, but by the night they promised 20. In general, we closed them, but we forgot one Vietnamese on the street. And nothing, she spent the night, without any consequences for herself, buried herself in a haystack, he stood right in their paddock, and spent the night.
Infectious atrophic rhinitis affects mainly young pigs. When the disease occurs in piglets, a serous or purulent-bloody runny nose is observed, in older pigs - a curvature of the facial bones of the skull, called torticollis. The disease is often complicated by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, lungs, middle and inner ear, meninges. Piglets get sick from the first days of life. The course of the disease is chronic. Patients often sneeze, rub their nose on surrounding objects. From the age of one month, the formation of skin folds on the nose and protrusion of the lower lip are noticeable. The curvature of the bones of the nose begins at 2 months of age. In crooked-nosed pigs, snorting, mucopurulent discharge from the leg, cough, nosebleeds, and sniffling are observed. Such pigs lag behind in growth and development, graze poorly. Prolonged accumulation of pus in the nasal concha leads to the destruction of the nasal septum, which causes a curvature of the facial bones - torticollis.
Infectious atrophic rhinitis is a contagious disease and is transmitted when patients are kept together with healthy ones. Factors predisposing to the disease are inadequate feeding, dirty and crowded keeping of pigs, dampness in pigsties, related breeding of pigs.
Identified pigs with rhinitis must be immediately isolated and sent for slaughter. After the withdrawal of patients, machines and equipment should be disinfected with a 5% solution of creolin, 2% sodium hydroxide solution or 20% freshly slaked lime. The area around pigsties should be regularly cleared of manure, food residues, and at the beginning of summer, plowed up and sown with succulent fodder grasses.
In livestock recovery from infectious atrophic rhinitis the most effective is a systematic check, identification of patients, their immediate isolation and slaughter, replenishment of the diet of feeding pigs with protein, vitamin and mineral feed, periodic disinfection of pigsties, summer camp keeping of pigs and feeding piglets with antibiotics. The farm is considered safe if during the year there were no patients with infectious atrophic rhinitis of the pig.
How does the virus spread between pigs?
What are the symptoms of swine flu in pigs?
Signs of illness in pigs include fever, lethargy, coughing, discharge from the eyes and nose, sneezing, difficulty breathing, red or inflamed eyes, and refusal to eat.
How common is swine flu in pigs?
In the United States, h2N1 and H3N2 swine influenza viruses often cause epidemics in pigs. Outbreaks tend to occur during the colder months and occasionally when new pigs are introduced into a susceptible herd. Studies have shown that the h2N1 swine flu virus is characteristic of pigs throughout the world, antibodies of this infection were detected in 25% of animals. Research has also shown that about 30% of US pigs have antibodies to the virus. In the north-central United States, these figures are 51%. Human infection with the swine flu virus is rare.
While the h2N1 virus has been circulating between animals since 1930, the H3N2 virus was first reported in 1998. This virus was transmitted to pigs from humans and today it is very similar to the human H3N2 virus.
Is there a swine flu vaccine?
A vaccine is available to prevent swine flu disease in pigs.
Questions and answers about swine flu
How does swine flu spread between animals?
The swine flu virus is spread between pigs through close contact and through contact with objects that are near infected and healthy pigs. Herds that consistently have a viral infection and herds that are vaccinated against influenza may have isolated cases or mild signs of infection.
Signs of swine flu may include:
labored breathing,
Refusal to eat.
Fever is a common symptom in pigs and can cause reduced reproduction and increased miscarriages in sows.
Tag: colds in babies
Spread of the influenza virus in indoor air
A special role in the speed and mass distribution of influenza infection belongs to the airborne mechanism of transmission of the pathogen from a sick person to a healthy one. Its unique features - mass infection of people in a short time - are due to the formation of "biological" aerosols in indoor air.
The epidemiological significance of particles of different phases in the dispersion of the swine flu pathogen through the air will be further determined by 3 main factors: 1) the number of aerosol particles that can create a high concentration of swine flu viruses in indoor air for a sufficiently long time; 2) terms of survival in such particles of the swine flu virus under the influence of unfavorable environmental factors; 3) the ability of particles of various phases of the viral aerosol to penetrate into various sections of the human respiratory tract, causing infection.
swine flu viruses
Swine flu viruses spread through the air with particles of all aerosol phases. But the epidemiological role of the particles of each phase is very different.
Particles of the coarse-drop phase. They linger in the air for seconds or fractions of a second. For example, particles with a size of 00 µm settle at a speed of 760 cm/s, and a size of 100 µm at a speed of 30 cm/s. In epidemiological terms, such particles pose the highest danger only at the time of the formation of a viral aerosol and only in the immediate vicinity of the patient.
Infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs
Infectious atrophic rhinitis of pigs, IAR
Pathogen: Bordetella bronchiseptica, small, mobile, G bacillus, does not form spores and capsules. The disease is first described in Germany; the infectivity of rhinitis was proved only in 1938. B. bronchiseptica is very sensitive to tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfonamides. Freezing preserves up to 4 months. Solutions of caustic soda, formaldehyde inactivate the pathogen for 3 hours.
Epizootology. Course and symptoms. Susceptible: suckling pigs and weaners.
Incubation period: 3-15 days.
Source of pathogen: sick and recovered animals.
Ways of transmission of the pathogen: aerogenic.
Symptoms: sneezing, mucopurulent discharge, conjunctivitis, blockage of the lacrimal ducts, black crusts in the corners of the eyes, development of crookedness, malocclusion, loss of appetite, epistaxis, often pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, ear drooping, strabismus.
Pathological and anatomical changes. Damage to the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, turbinates and bones. The nasal bones and the upper jaw are deformed, and under the snout there is a wrinkling of the skin. In pigs that fall ill at the age of 8-10 days, by 3-5 months, curvature is detected. In chronic course, the nasal mucosa is hyperemic and covered with diphtheria films. Mucopurulent exudate with blood clots in the nasal cavity. The lymph nodes of the head are enlarged, with purulent-necrotic foci. In some cases, the disease is complicated by inflammatory processes in the lungs or on the pleura.
Diagnostics. If infectious atrophic rhinitis is suspected, the head is sent to the laboratory. Produce diagnostic slaughter of sick animals.
Differential diagnosis. From influenza, necrotizing rhinitis.
Influenza outbreaks are acute; with necrotizing rhinitis, there is a breakdown of the soft tissues, cartilage and bones of the nose with the formation of ulcers.
Prevention and treatment. Treatment. In the initial stage, treatment is advisable, which prevents the development of deformation of the facial part of the skull. Apply solutions of streptomycin, chlortetracycline, and other antibiotics, which are injected into the nasal cavities. It is recommended to inject vitamin D intramuscularly.
Veterinary and sanitary examination. If infectious atrophic rhinitis is suspected, the airways are examined on a crushed along the head, in case of detection of changes characteristic of this disease, the head with the tongue, trachea and lungs are sent for disposal, and the carcass and other internal organs, in the absence of degenerative changes in them, are released without restrictions. Skins from sick animals are disinfected.
For disinfection of premises and equipment, a 3% sodium hydroxide solution, a clarified bleach solution with 2% active chlorine, and a 1% formaldehyde solution are used. In all cases, the solution is applied once with a 3-hour exposure, and when using bleach - 6 hours.
Sources: www.agroxxi.ru, farmer1.ru, www.eurolab.ua, pigflumap.com, www.allvet.ru
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