Antiseptics and disinfectants. How and why antiseptics are used
Any wound must be treated with an antiseptic
Antimicrobial agents for cuts and abrasions and wounds
In summer, the number of various injuries, especially in children, increases many times over. Abrasions, bruises, scratches, cuts, burns are unchangeable attributes of childhood; not a single child managed to grow up without them. And adults get more in the summer: working at their summer cottage, hiking and picnics, rollerblading and biking sometimes end in “battle wounds” of varying severity. How to provide first aid for wounds and abrasions? What bactericidal agents should be in your home medicine cabinet?
Everyone knows that any wound must first be thoroughly washed with clean water and soap, then treated with an antiseptic (antimicrobial, bactericidal) agent to prevent inflammation from developing. Among the most common drugs in this group are:
1. 5% alcohol solution of iodine. For many years it was the most popular means for treating the edges of wounds and abrasions. Now traditional iodine is increasingly being replaced by other modern iodine-based products, for example, iodoform(it is used externally in the form of powders and ointments to treat wounds and ulcers), iodonate(an aqueous solution of a complex of surfactant with iodine, it is used as a strong antiseptic, the drug has high bactericidal activity), ointment Betadine(active ingredient: povidone-iodine).
Preparations containing iodine are also indispensable in the treatment of diseases of the throat and nasopharynx, for example, it has long been known and is in demand Lugol's solution for lubricating the mucous membranes of the pharynx and larynx. For chronic tonsillitis, otitis, periodontitis, purulent wounds, trophic ulcers, burns Iodinol(product of the addition of iodine to polyvinyl alcohol), Yox.
2. Diamond Green, or “green stuff”, as most of us say. It is used externally as an antiseptic in the form of a 0.1-2% alcohol or aqueous solution. Unlike iodine, brilliant green does not burn (it just gets very dirty), so it is advisable to use it for children. Based on brilliant green Novikov liquid, it is used mainly for treating minor skin injuries (abrasions, scratches from insect bites, etc.) as an antiseptic. The liquid dries quickly, forming an antiseptic elastic film on the skin. But in case of extensive bleeding or infected wounds, Novikov liquid cannot be used.
Now iodine and brilliant green are sold not only in traditional small bottles. A great option is markers or pencils containing these antiseptic agents. They are much easier to take with you, they are convenient to use, they do not splash and do not stain your hands and bags. Put it in your cosmetic bag along with mascara and lipstick - and you will always have a reliable product at hand.
3. Hydrogen peroxide(perhydrol) is a “lifesaver” for many problems. This colorless transparent liquid, when applied to a sore spot, reacts with organic substances and alkalis, releasing oxygen gas. It is this white “foam” that has powerful antiseptic properties and helps cleanse and disinfect tissues. In everyday life, a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is used as an antiseptic when treating wounds, as well as for rinsing and washing for sore throats and stomatitis (per glass of water - 1 teaspoon of 3% solution). But remember that the antiseptic properties of peroxide (if the pharmacy package has already been opened) weaken over time, so it is better to buy fresh peroxide from the pharmacy every time to treat wounds.
You can prepare an antiseptic solution yourself by dissolving tablets in water. hydroperite(a combination of hydrogen peroxide and urea). To gargle, dissolve one tablet in a glass of water (1 tablet is equal to 1 tablespoon of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (15 ml).
4. Potassium permanganate, or potassium permanganate(potassium permanganate). Nowadays, however, potassium permanganate is not used so often; red-violet crystals with a metallic sheen are almost impossible to buy in pharmacies. However, you should not forget this remedy; in some cases, potassium permanganate can provide good effective help. Wounds are washed with a strong aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (0.1-0.5%), burns and ulcers are lubricated (2-5%), weak solutions (pale pink) are used for rinsing the mouth and throat, douching for gynecological and urological diseases (0.02-0.1%), in the same concentration (weak pink color) the stomach is washed in case of food poisoning.
5. Miramistin(a drug based on benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium chloride), originally developed for astronauts. This modern (now they say innovative) drug not only destroys most bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa (including herpes viruses), but also increases local immunity. Microorganisms do not become resistant to the action of this bactericide.
6. Methylene blue(methyl blue). A blue aqueous solution (Pyoctanin) is used externally as an antiseptic for wounds and burns, pyoderma, boils, etc.
7. Fukortsin(Castellani liquid, Castellani paint) is an excellent product with a strong antiseptic and antifungal effect. The fucorcin solution has a characteristic bright crimson color; it is often used for chickenpox, lubricating the emerging blisters with liquid.
8. Dioxidine(hydroxymethylquinoxylin dioxide). This is a strong antiseptic, available in the form of an aerosol and ointment, and is used for purulent and non-healing wounds, pustular skin diseases, and infected burns. Other trade names for this product are Dixin, Dioxyplast, Hindiox.
9. Dexpanthenol– B vitamin, a derivative of pantothenic acid. Cream and ointment for external use are used for scratches, abrasions, dermatitis, burns (including sunburn), cracks and inflammation of the nipples of the breast in nursing mothers. Other names of creams are Panthenol, D-Panthenol, Bepanten, Dexpanthenol, Korneregel, Panthenolspray, Pantoderm, etc.
10. Chlorhexidine (bigluconate). It also has excellent antimicrobial properties, is active against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, and herpes virus. It is used to treat and treat infected wounds: it helps relieve pain, inflammation and redness, stimulates skin regeneration and accelerates the healing process. Many ointments and solutions are made based on chlorhexidine and dexpanthenol: for example, cream Depantol(it can be used as a prophylactic agent for the treatment of various wounds - abrasions, cuts, scratches, cracks, scratching after insect bites, for the treatment of wounds, bedsores, burns (including sunburn), gel Hexicon.
11. Furacilin(nitrofural): an aqueous solution of furatsilin (crush two tablets, pour a glass of hot water, cool) is usually used to treat minor skin lesions, wounds, including purulent ones, ulcers and burns. They can also be used to gargle with sore throat and exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis.
12. Boric acid. An aqueous solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) is used to wash the eyes; an alcohol solution of boric acid (sold in a pharmacy) is suitable for the treatment of uncomplicated otitis (the solution is warm (!), instilled into the ear, 2-3 drops 2-3 times a day or insert turundas soaked in a warm solution into the ear canal).
13. Sodium borate(borax, sodium borate). An aqueous solution of borax (1 teaspoon per glass of warm water) is used to treat wounds and cuts, and is used for douching and rinsing. An oil solution of borax in glycerin is recommended to lubricate the oral mucosa for stomatitis. Bicarmint(tablets containing sodium borate, they are dissolved at the rate of 1 tablet in half a glass of water) are used externally as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent for washing, rinsing, and inhalation for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.
14. Balm “Rescuer”(“Ambulance”) based on natural essential oils, sea buckthorn oil, naphthalan, beeswax and other biologically active substances. This balm accelerates the healing of any traumatic injuries and can be used in the treatment of superficial and deep wounds, purulent processes, burns, bruises, abrasions, hematomas, sprains, and inflammation of the skin.
15. Vishnevsky balm(castor oil plus tar and xeroform). A long-time proven remedy for the treatment of purulent wounds, ulcers, bedsores, etc. It has strong antiseptic properties and promotes the regeneration process. True, one must keep in mind that Vishnevsky’s ointment has a very specific smell, perhaps not the most pleasant.
16. Another ointment is made based on tar - Wilkinson's ointment. It is used as an antiseptic for scabies and fungal skin diseases.
17. Imanin, an antimicrobial drug obtained from the extract of St. John's wort. Destroys many pathogenic microbes, dries the surface of the wound, stimulates tissue regeneration (restoration). Imanin is usually used in the form of ointments, solution, powder to treat various wounds, burns, ulcers, boils; this remedy can also be used to treat cracked nipples and mastitis. The affected areas are irrigated with the solution, then a bandage soaked in the solution is applied for several hours.
18. Calendula tincture. An alcohol tincture of calendula flowers (marigolds) is widely used for cuts, purulent wounds, burns, and for gargling for throat diseases (0.5 teaspoon in half a glass of water). Tinctures of eucalyptus, Japanese Sophora, onion, etc. also have bactericidal properties.
Antiseptics (antiseptics)
Antiseptics (from the Greek “against rotting”) are antimicrobial agents that inhibit the development of microorganisms, and disinfectants are substances that kill microbes. Accordingly, a distinction is made between a bacteriostatic effect, when the development of microorganisms stops, and a bactericidal effect, when the microorganisms completely die.
It is easy to see that there is no fundamental difference between antiseptic and disinfectant substances, as well as bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, since any antimicrobial agent, depending on the conditions of its use, in some cases can cause a delay in the development of microorganisms, and in others - their death. A large number of different antiseptics can be systematized according to many criteria. According to the methods of application, there are agents for antiseptic effects on the skin, mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, urinary tract, etc.
By chemical structure antiseptics are distributed according to the classes of chemical compounds to which they belong, which reflects their mechanism of action. This is a group of halogens (antiformin, iodoform, iodinol), oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate), acids (salicylic, benzoic, boric), alkalis (ammonia), aldehydes (formalin, lysoform), alcohols (ethyl), salts of heavy metals (preparations of mercury, silver, copper, zinc, lead), phenols (carbolic acid, lysol, resorcinol), dyes (methylene blue, brilliant green), soaps (green), tars, resins, petroleum products (ASD, ichthyol, petroleum naftalan, ozokerite), phytoncides and other herbal antibacterial drugs (urzaline, calendula tincture, imanin).
Antiseptics. Halide group:
Chloramine B. White or slightly yellowish powder with a faint odor of chlorine. Soluble in water, alcohol, contains 25-29% active chlorine. Has an antiseptic effect. Used in the treatment of infected wounds (rinsing, wetting tampons and napkins with 1-2% solutions), hand disinfection (0.25-0.5%), and disinfection of non-metallic instruments. To disinfect care items and secretions for typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera and other intestinal infections and for droplet infections (scarlet fever, diphtheria, influenza, etc.), 1-2-3% solutions are used, for tuberculosis infections - 5%.
Pantocide, release form - tablets, each containing 3 mg of active chlorine. Used as an antiseptic for hand disinfection (1-1.5% solutions), douching and wound treatment (0.10.5%), for water disinfection (1-2 tablets per 0.5-0.75 l of water), which occurs within 15 minutes.
Iodine- obtained from seaweed ash and drilling oil waters.
There are 4 groups of iodine preparations:
inorganic iodides (potassium iodide, sodium iodide);
organic substances that eliminate elemental iodine (iodoform, iodinol);
When absorbed, iodine as an antiseptic has an active effect on metabolism, especially on the functions of the thyroid gland. The body's daily need for iodine is 200-220 mcg. Iodine is released from the body mainly by the kidneys, partly by the gastrointestinal tract, sweat and mammary glands.
Internally, iodine preparations are used as an expectorant (increase the secretion of mucus by the glands of the respiratory tract), for atherosclerosis, tertiary syphilis, hypothyroidism, for the prevention and treatment of endemic goiter, and for chronic mercury and lead poisoning. With prolonged use of iodine preparations and hypersensitivity to them, symptoms of iodism (runny nose, urticaria, salivation, lacrimation, rash) are possible.
Contraindications for taking iodine preparations internally are: pulmonary tuberculosis, nephritis, nephrosis, furunculosis, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis, pregnancy.
Externally, iodine solutions are used as an antimicrobial antiseptic agent for treating wounds, preparing the surgical field, etc.; Having an irritating effect, they can cause reflex changes in the body’s activity.
Alcohol iodine solution- 5% or 10%, used externally as an antiseptic, irritating and distracting agent for inflammatory and other diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. It is used as a distraction for myositis and neuralgia.
Lugol's solution. Iodine in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide - composition: 1 part iodine, 2 parts potassium iodide, 17 parts water. Lugol's solution with glycerin - composition: 1 part iodine, 2 parts potassium iodide, 94 parts glycerin, 3 parts water. Used to lubricate the mucous membranes of the pharynx and larynx as an antiseptic.
Iodoform. Used externally as an antiseptic in the form of powders and ointments for the treatment of infected wounds and ulcers.
Iodinol, is a product of the addition of iodine to polyvinyl alcohol, which slows down the release of iodine and prolongs its interaction with body tissues, while simultaneously reducing the irritating effect of iodine on them. Used for chronic tonsillitis, purulent otitis, chronic periodontitis, purulent surgical diseases, trophic and varicose ulcers, thermal and chemical burns.
For chronic tonsillitis, the lacunae of the tonsils are washed (4-5 washes at intervals of 2-3 days), for purulent otitis, instillation (5-8 drops) and washes are used. For trophic and varicose ulcers, apply gauze napkins (in 3 layers) moistened with iodine to the surface of the ulcer (pre-wash the skin with warm water and soap and lubricate the skin around the ulcer with zinc ointment). Dressing is done 1-2 times a day, and the gauze lying on the surface of the ulcer is not removed, but only re-impregnated with iodinol. After 4-7 days, a local bath is prescribed, after which treatment is continued again. For purulent and infected burns, apply a loose gauze bandage soaked in the drug. For fresh thermal and chemical burns of the 1st-2nd degree, a gauze bandage soaked in iodinol is also applied, the inner layer is irrigated as needed. When using iodinol, phenomena of iodism may occur.
Iodonate, an aqueous solution of a surfactant complex with iodine (3%). Used as an antiseptic to disinfect the skin of the surgical field; the drug has high bactericidal activity
Antiseptics. Oxidizing agents:
Hydrogen peroxide(perhydrol) - two preparations are produced, representing a solution of hydrogen peroxide in water: a solution of hydrogen peroxide 3% and a solution of hydrogen peroxide 27.5-31% (concentrated). Both drugs are clear, colorless liquids with a faint, peculiar odor. When in contact with organic substances and alkalis, hydrogen peroxide decomposes, releasing oxygen gas, which has antiseptic properties and promotes mechanical cleaning of tissues. Used as an antiseptic for rinsing and washing with sore throat, stomatitis, otitis, as well as when treating wounds in solutions at the rate of 1 teaspoon or 1 tablespoon of 3% solution per glass of water.
Hydroperite- antiseptic tablets containing a complex compound of hydrogen peroxide and urea. The hydrogen peroxide content is about 35%. The tablets are white, easily soluble in water, each weighs 1.5 g. They are used as an antiseptic instead of hydrogen peroxide. To obtain a solution corresponding to approximately 1% hydrogen peroxide solution, dissolve 2 tablets in 100 ml of water. One tablet corresponds to 15 ml (1 tablespoon) of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. To gargle, dissolve one tablet in a glass of water.
Potassium permanganate(potassium permanganate, "potassium permanganate"), dark or red-violet crystals with a metallic luster, soluble in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent, which determines its antiseptic properties. Used in aqueous solutions for rinsing the mouth and throat (0.020.1%), for lubricating burn and ulcerative surfaces (2-5%), for washing wounds (0.1-0.5%), for douching for gynecological and urological diseases (0.02-0.1%), in the same concentration for gastric lavage in case of some poisonings as an antiseptic.
Antiseptics. Acids:
Salicylic acid, white small needle-shaped crystals, odorless. Slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water, easily soluble in alcohol. Used externally as an antiseptic in powders (2-5%) and 1-10% ointments, pastes, alcohol solutions for lubricating the skin (salicylic alcohol), rubbing - into the area of inflamed joints, for wiping the skin - for itching, seborrhea. Available in finished form under the name "Callus liquid" and "Callus plaster" (salicylic acid 20 parts, rosin 27 parts, paraffin 26 parts, petrolatum 27 parts), Galmanin powder containing salicylic acid, zinc oxide (10 parts), talc and starch , Lassara pastes,
Camphotsina(salicylic acid, castor oil, turpentine, methyl ether, camphor, tincture of capsicum) - for rubbing in for rheumatism, arthritis as an antiseptic.
Boric acid, shiny, slightly oily scales to the touch, soluble in cold water and alcohol. Used in the form of ointments and powders for antiseptic action for skin diseases (baby powder "Bolus"), a paste called "Bornozinko-naphthalan" is produced in finished form.
Vaseline boric- contains boric acid 5 parts, petroleum jelly 95 parts. Used externally as an antiseptic.
Boric alcohol, contains 0.5-5 g of boric acid, ethyl alcohol 70%. This antiseptic is used in the form of ear drops, 3-4 drops 2-3 times a day.
Pasta Teymurova- contains boric and salicylic acid, zinc oxide, formalin, lead acetate, talc, glycerin, peppermint oil. Used as a disinfectant, drying and deodorizing agent for sweating and diaper rash.
Antiseptics. Alkalis
Sodium borate(borax, sodium borate), colorless crystalline powder. Use externally as an antiseptic for douching, rinsing, and lubricating.
Bicarmint, tablets containing sodium borate 0.4 g, sodium bicarbonate 0.4 g, sodium chloride 0.2 g, menthol 0.004 g. Used externally as an antiseptic as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent for rinsing, washing, inhaling during inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory ways. Dissolve 1-2 tablets in 1/2 glass of water.
Ammonia(ammonia solution), 10% ammonia solution in water. Transparent, colorless liquid with a strong odor of ammonia. Used in surgery for washing hands and for inhalation during fainting conditions and intoxication with alcoholic beverages.
Antiseptics. Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
(formaldehyde), a clear, colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. Used as an antiseptic, as a disinfectant and deodorizing agent for washing hands, washing the skin during excessive sweating (0.5-1%), for disinfecting instruments (0.5%), for douching (1:2000 - 1:3000). Part of the lysoform. Formidron is a liquid containing a solution of formaldehyde 10 parts, ethyl alcohol 95% 40 parts, water 50 parts, cologne 0.5 parts. Used to wipe the skin with excessive sweating.
Formaldehyde ointment, white in color with a faint odor of formaldehyde and fragrance. Used for excessive sweating, rubbed into the armpits once a day, into the folds between the fingers.
Lysoform, formaldehyde soap solution. Ingredients: formaldehyde 40 parts, potassium soap 40 parts, alcohol 20 parts. Has a disinfectant and deodorizing effect. Used as an antiseptic for douching in gynecological practice, for hand disinfection (1-3% solutions).
Urotropin(hexamethylenetetramine), colorless, odorless crystals, easily soluble in water. Aqueous solutions have an alkaline reaction. Used mainly for infectious processes of the urinary tract (cystitis, pyelitis). The action of the antiseptic is based on the ability of the drug to decompose in an acidic environment with the formation of formaldehyde. The drug is prescribed on an empty stomach. Indications for its use are cholecystitis, cholangitis, allergic diseases of the skin and eyes (keratitis, iridocyclitis, etc.). The drug may cause irritation of the renal parenchyma; if these signs occur, the drug should be discontinued.
Urosal, tablets containing 0.3 g of hexamethylenetetramine and phenyl salicylate.
Calcex- white tablets, salty-bitter taste, easily soluble in water. Contains 0.5 g of complex salt of hexamethylenetetramine and calcium chloride. Use 1-2 tablets 3-4 times a day for colds as an antiseptic. Cyminal inhibits (locally) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, promotes epithelization and wound healing. Used externally in the treatment of wounds, pyoderma, trophic ulcers, burns. Prescribed in the form of a powder (for powdering) or 1-3% suspension, which is applied to the damaged surface, dressing after 3-4 days. With prolonged use of the drug, dermatitis, burning sensation and itching may occur.
Ethanol(wine alcohol), according to its pharmacological properties, it is classified as a narcotic substance. By acting on the cerebral cortex, it causes characteristic alcoholic arousal, associated with a weakening of inhibition processes. In medical practice, it is used primarily as an external antiseptic and irritant for wiping, compresses, etc. It is sometimes administered intravenously for gangrene and lung abscess in a sterile isotonic solution. Ethyl alcohol is widely used for the manufacture of tinctures, extracts and dosage forms for external use.
Antiseptics. Heavy metal salts
Sublimate (mercury dichloride),
heavy white powder, is a very active antiseptic and is highly toxic. Great care must be taken when working with it. The drug and its solutions should not be allowed to get into the oral cavity, mucous membranes or skin. Solutions may be absorbed and cause poisoning. Mercury dichloride is used in solutions (1:1000 - 2:1000) to disinfect linen, clothing, for washing walls, patient care items, and for skin disinfection. Also used in the treatment of skin diseases.
White mercury ointment, used as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory for skin diseases (pyoderma, etc.).
Calomel (mercury monochloride), used externally in the form of ointments for diseases of the cornea, blenorrhea as an antiseptic. It has a toxic effect on the body, therefore at present it has no value as a laxative, diuretic and choleretic, it is used only externally.
Diocide, is a good detergent and antibacterial agent. It has bactericidal activity against various bacteria and bacterial spores, as well as fungistatic activity against fungi and mold. Used as a sterilizing agent for washing the hands of surgeons before surgery, cold sterilization of equipment (artificial circulation), and surgical instruments. Silver nitrate (lapis) - in small concentrations has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, in stronger solutions it cauterizes tissue and is bactericidal. Used externally for erosions, ulcers, excessive granulations, acute conjunctivitis. For chronic gastritis, it is prescribed orally in the form of a solution or pills. To prevent blenorrhea in newborns, immediately after birth, a 2% solution of silver nitrate is instilled into the eyes.
Collargol, colloidal silver. Used for washing purulent wounds (0.2-1%), for washing the bladder with cystitis (1-2%), purulent conjunctivitis and blenorrhea for an antiseptic effect.
Copper sulfate(copper sulfate, copper sulfate), blue crystals, easily soluble in water. Used as an antiseptic for conjunctivitis, for rinsing with urethritis and vaginitis (0.25%). For skin burns with phosphorus, moisten the burned area generously with a 5% solution of copper sulfate. In case of poisoning with white phosphorus taken orally, 0.3-0.5 g of copper sulfate is prescribed in 1/2 cup of warm water and gastric lavage with a 0.1% solution.
Plain lead plaster, contains a mixture of lead oxide, pork fat and sunflower oil in equal quantities with the addition of water until a plastic mass is formed. Used for purulent-inflammatory processes of the skin, boils, carbuncles as an antiseptic.
Zinc oxide, used externally as an astringent and disinfectant for skin diseases as an antiseptic.
Zinc ointment, composition: zinc oxide 1 part, petroleum jelly 9 parts.
Pasta Lassara, contains: salicylic acid 2 parts, zinc oxide and starch 25 parts each, petroleum jelly 48 parts.
Galmanin, contains: salicylic acid 2 parts, zinc oxide 10 parts, talc and starch 44 parts each. Used for sweating feet as an antiseptic.
Neoanuzole, suppositories, composition: bismuth nitrate, iodine, tannin, zinc oxide, resorcinol, methylene blue, fat base. Used for fissures and hemorrhoids of the anus as an antiseptic.
Antiseptics. Phenols
Phenol, carbolic acid. It is obtained by distilling coal tar. Phenol is pure, the solution has a strong bactericidal effect. Used for disinfection of household and hospital items, instruments, linen, and secretions. To disinfect premises, use a soap-carbolic solution. In medical practice, phenol is used for some skin diseases (sycosis, etc.) and for inflammation of the middle ear (ear drops). Phenol has an irritating and cauterizing effect on the skin and mucous membranes, is easily absorbed through them and can be toxic in large doses (dizziness, weakness, breathing problems, collapse).
Lysol, are made from commercially pure cresol and green potassium soap. Used to disinfect skin as an antiseptic.
Resorcinol, used for skin diseases (eczema, seborrhea, itching, fungal diseases) externally in the form of solutions (water and alcohol) and ointments. Benzonaphthol, an antiseptic for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Adults are prescribed 0.3-0.5 g 3-4 times a day as an antiseptic. Children under 1 year - 0.05 g per dose, up to 2 years - 0.1 g, 3-4 years - 0.15 g, 5-6 years - 0.2 g, 7 years - 0.25 g, 8 -14 years - 0.3 g.
Antiseptics. Dyes
Methylene blue, soluble in water (1:30), difficult in alcohol, aqueous solution is blue. Used externally as an antiseptic for burns, pyoderma, folliculitis, etc. For cystitis and urethritis, wash with aqueous solutions (0.02%). Solutions of methylene blue are injected into a vein for poisoning with cyanide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
Diamond green, golden-green powder, difficult to dissolve in water and alcohol. Used externally as an antiseptic in the form of a 0.1-2% alcohol or aqueous solution for pyoderma, blepharitis to lubricate the edges of the eyelids.
Antiseptic liquid Novikov, composition: tannin 1 part, brilliant green 0.2 parts, alcohol 95% 0.2 parts, castor oil 0.5 parts, collodion 20 parts. A colloidal mass that dries quickly and forms an elastic film on the skin. Used as an antiseptic to treat minor skin lesions. Do not use the liquid in case of extensive bleeding or infected wounds.
Rivanol(ethacridine lactate), yellow crystalline powder, bitter taste, odorless. Slightly soluble in cold water and alcohol; aqueous solutions are unstable in light and become brown in color. Freshly prepared solutions should be used. They have an antimicrobial effect, mainly against infections caused by cocci, especially streptococci. The drug is slightly toxic and does not cause tissue irritation. Used as an external preventive and therapeutic agent in surgery, gynecology, urology, ophthalmology, and otolaryngology. To treat fresh and infected wounds, aqueous solutions of 0.05% are used, for washing the pleural and abdominal cavities for purulent pleurisy and peritonitis, as well as for purulent arthritis and cystitis - 0.5-0.1%. For boils, carbuncles, and abscesses, 0.1-0.2% solutions are prescribed in the form of lotions and tampons. To wash the uterus in the postpartum period, use a 0.1% solution, for coccal conjunctivitis - 0.1% in the form of eye drops. For inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, nose - rinse with a 0.1% solution or lubricate with a 1% solution. In dermatology, ointments, powders, and pastes of various concentrations are used as an antiseptic.
Konkov ointment, composition: ethacridine 0.3 g, fish oil 33.5 g, bee honey 62 g, birch tar 3 g, distilled water 1.2 g.
Antiseptics. Tars, resins, petroleum products, herbal balms
Birch tar- a product of processing the outer part of birch bark. Thick oily liquid containing phenol, toluene, xylene, resins and other substances. Used externally in the treatment of skin diseases in the form of 10-30% ointments and liniments. The therapeutic effect as an antiseptic occurs not only as a result of local action (improved blood supply to tissues, increased keratinization processes), but also in connection with reactions that occur when skin receptors are irritated. As an integral part it is included in the ointments of Wilkinson, Vishnevsky and others. With prolonged use of tar, skin irritation and exacerbation of the eczematous process may occur.
Balm Vishnevsky- composition: tar 3 parts, xeroform 3 parts, castor oil 94 parts. It is used in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, bedsores, etc. It has antiseptic properties, has a mild irritant effect, and promotes the regeneration process. Wilkinson's ointment - liquid tar 15 parts, calcium carbonate (precipitated chalk) 10 parts, purified sulfur 15 parts, naphthalene ointment 30 parts, green soap 30 parts, water 4 parts. Used externally as an antiseptic for scabies and fungal skin diseases.
Drug ASD, obtained from animal tissues. The action is similar to tar, but has a less harsh effect on the skin. Used as an antiseptic in the treatment of eczema, in the first hours it can cause itching and burning.
Forest liquid, a product of heat treatment (dry distillation) of certain wood species (hazel and alder). Used as an antiseptic for eczema, neurodermatitis and other skin diseases.
Ichthyol- ammonium salt of shale oil sulfonic acids. Almost black syrupy liquid, contains 10.5% bound sulfur. It has an anti-inflammatory effect, local anesthetic and some antiseptic. Used as an antiseptic for skin diseases, neuralgia, arthritis, etc. in the form of ointments or hydroalcoholic lotions. For diseases of the pelvic organs (prostatitis, metritis, etc.), ichthyol suppositories or tampons moistened with a 10% glycerin solution of ichthyol are prescribed.
Mothball ointment- a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and resins - naftalan oil (70 parts) and paraffin (18 parts) with petrolatum (12 parts). Naftalan oil and its preparations, when exposed to the skin and mucous membranes, have a softening, absorbable, disinfectant and some analgesic effect. Used externally as an antiseptic for various skin diseases, inflammation of joints and muscles (arthritis, myalgia, etc.), neuritis, neuralgia, radiculitis, burns, ulcers, bedsores. Prescribed alone or in combination with other drugs in the form of ointments, pastes, suppositories. Naphthalan emulsion is also used for douching, compresses, tampons, and baths.
Paraffin paraffin(ceresin) - a mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from the processing of petroleum and shale oil. White semi-translucent mass, slightly greasy to the touch. Melting point 50-57bC. Used as a base for ointments. Due to its high heat capacity and low thermal conductivity, paraffin is used for heat treatment for neuralgia, neuritis, etc. Ozokerite is used for the same purpose. Compresses soaked in molten paraffin or paraffin cakes are prescribed as an antiseptic.
Ozokerite- a waxy black mass, a fossil substance of petroleum origin. Contains ceresin, paraffin, mineral oils, resins and other substances. It is used as an antiseptic, as a remedy with high heat capacity and low thermal conductivity, for heat treatment for neuritis, neuralgia and other diseases. Prescribed in the form of compresses (gauze pads soaked in ozokerite, temperature 45-50°C, covered with waxed paper, oilcloth, cotton wool) and cakes (molten ozokerite poured into a cuvette and cooled to a temperature of 45-50°C). A compress or cake is applied for 40-60 minutes. The course of treatment consists of 15-20 procedures, which are carried out daily or every other day. The ozokerite is heated in a water bath. Sterilize by heating at 100°C for 30-40 minutes.
Shostakovsky Balm(vanillin), polyvinyl butyl alcohol, is used for boils, carbuncles, trophic ulcers, purulent wounds, mastitis, burns, frostbite and inflammatory diseases. Promotes wound cleansing, tissue regeneration and epithelization. Prescribed as an antiseptic externally for wetting napkins and direct application to the wound surface and in the form of 20% solutions in oil, as well as ointments. It is prescribed internally for stomach ulcers, gastritis, and colitis. It has an enveloping, anti-inflammatory, as well as bacteriostatic effect (gelatin capsules). They are taken once a day 5-6 hours after meals (it is recommended to take them at 11-12 am after a light dinner at 6 pm). On the first day, take 3 capsules, then 5 capsules, the course of treatment is 16-18 days.
Zigerol, a clear oily liquid, is used as an antiseptic to treat ulcers, granulating wounds, burns, etc. Moisten a sterile bandage (gauze pad), which is applied to the wound surface and covered with compress paper. For large wound surfaces and copious discharge, compress paper is not applied. Dressing is done after 1-2 days, for burns after 4-5 days.
Automatic ointment- composition: machine or autol oil 85 parts, stearin 12 parts, zinc oxide 3 parts. Used as an antiseptic in the treatment of ulcers, wounds, burns and as a base for other ointments.
Sulsen, contains about 55% selenium and 45% sulfur. Used as an antiseptic in the treatment of seborrhea of the scalp. Sulsen soap contains 2.5% sulsen, the same amount of sulsen paste mixed with a special foaming base. Use sulsen soap or paste after regular hair washing. Then lather damp hair with sulsen soap and thoroughly rub it into the scalp. Use 2-3 g of soap for washing (one bar of soap for 8-10 procedures). The foam is left on the hair for 5-10 minutes, after which it is thoroughly washed off with warm water (not higher than 40°C) and the hair is wiped dry. A tube of sulsen paste is designed for 6-8 procedures, one teaspoon per dose. Sulsen preparations are used once a week (for oily seborrhea in the first 2 weeks, twice a week) for 1-1.5 months. In case of relapse, the course of treatment is repeated. Foam and rinsed water should not get into the eyes. After the procedure, you should wash your hands thoroughly with warm water. Sulsen soap should be stored in tight packaging, protected from light.
Antiseptics. Phytoncides and other herbal antibacterial drugs
Phytoncides are called bactericidal, fungicidal substances contained in plants. There are especially many of them in the juices and volatile fractions of onions, garlic, radishes, and horseradish. Preparations made from them can also act as an antiseptic on the body, enhance the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract, and stimulate cardiac activity.
Garlic tincture- used mainly to suppress the processes of putrefaction and fermentation in the intestines, with intestinal atony and colitis, prescribed as an antiseptic also for hypertension and atherosclerosis. Take 10-20 drops orally (for adults) 2-3 times a day before meals.
Allilsat- alcohol (40%) extract from garlic bulbs. Prescribed as an antiseptic for adults, 10-20 drops (in milk) 2-3 times a day. Garlic preparations are contraindicated for kidney diseases, as they can cause irritation of the renal parenchyma.
Allilchen- alcohol extract from onions. Used as an antiseptic orally, 15-20 drops 3 times a day for several days for intestinal atony and diarrhea.
Urzaline- essential oil obtained from bear onion. Used as an antiseptic in the treatment of purulent wounds, ulcers, bedsores, etc. 0.3% Vaseline ointment is applied to gauze and applied to the damaged surface. The dressing is changed every 2-3 days.
Sodium usinate- sodium salt of usnic acid isolated from lichens. It is an antibacterial substance. Prescribed as an antiseptic in the form of a 1% aqueous-alcohol or 0.5% oil solution (castor oil), as well as a solution in glycerin, fir balsam. The solutions are generously lubricated with gauze bandages, which are applied to the affected surface of the skin. When dusting wounds with powder, use 0.1-0.2 g per wound measuring about 16 sq. cm.
Imanin- an antibacterial drug obtained from St. John's wort. It also has the ability to dry the wound surface and stimulate tissue regeneration. Used as an antiseptic in the form of solutions, ointments, powders for the treatment of fresh and infected wounds, burns, ulcers, abscesses, cracked nipples, mastitis, boils, carbuncles. Also used for acute laryngitis, sinusitis, rhinitis. The affected areas are irrigated or washed with the solution, then a damp bandage is applied, soaked in the same solution, changing daily or every other day. 5-10% ointment is also used.
Tincture of calendula, alcohol tincture of flowers and flower baskets of marigolds. Used as an antiseptic for cuts, purulent wounds, burns, and for rinsing with sore throat (1 teaspoon per glass of water). It is also taken orally as a choleretic agent (10-20 drops per dose).
Tincture of Sophora japonica- used as an antiseptic for purulent inflammatory processes (wounds, burns, trophic ulcers) in the form of irrigation, rinsing, and for wet dressings.
Medical encyclopedia: use knowledge for health
- all these are very common phenomena in the life of every person. They also do not bypass ardent adherents of a healthy lifestyle. To cope with all these troubles, each of us, of course, is in a hurry to take the help of certain pharmaceuticals. In this case, as a rule, antiseptic drugs come to the rescue, since they have a fairly powerful antimicrobial effect..site) I decided to dedicate to universal antiseptics. You can find out which antiseptics are classified as universal, and in the fight against which conditions they can be used, by reading this article.
What are antiseptics?
First, let's figure it out - What exactly are antiseptic drugs?
Antiseptics are pharmaceutical products that have a very strong antimicrobial effect. Medicines in this group are used externally in most cases. With their help, it is possible to destroy all microorganisms located both on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as on medical instruments. Very often they are used for treating water and food. You cannot do without their help even when it is necessary to treat the bed linen of a sick person.
What antiseptic agents are universal?
Phenol or carboxylic acid - in fact, this drug was the first antiseptic that began to be used in one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five during surgical interventions. Phenol was used to treat not only the skin, but also the surgeon’s hands, as well as all the instruments necessary for the operation.Boric acid is another universal antiseptic that is used not only for treating wounds, but also for washing and rinsing the mucous membranes of both the eyes and genitals. We draw your attention to the fact that a two, three or four percent solution of boric acid should be used as an antiseptic, since such solutions are not capable of causing irritation. If you are tormented by otitis media, then use a three percent solution of boric acid in ethyl alcohol. The therapeutic effect when using it is guaranteed.
The well-known iodine can also be considered a universal antiseptic drug. Tincture of iodine can be used to lubricate the edges of any cuts. It is this antiseptic that is used to treat such common ailments as: acute sore throat, otitis media, tonsillitis, periodontitis, dysentery, as well as various stomach disorders.
It is worth drawing your attention to the fact that iodine causes very strong allergic reactions in some people. In this case, it is best to replace it with potassium permanganate, that is, potassium permanganate, which is also a representative of universal antiseptic drugs. Aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate can be used both for rinsing and washing the stomach, all kinds of wounds, burns, and ulcers. Proper use of potassium permanganate solution is safe, which is why it can also be used in the fight against diaper rash on the skin of newborns.
Surely many of you have more than once turned for help to such a universal antiseptic as hydrogen peroxide. This pharmaceutical product has not only antimicrobial, but also hemostatic, bleaching, and disinfectant effects. By rinsing your mouth with a three percent solution of hydrogen peroxide, you can not only overcome an existing infectious disease, but also protect yourself from bad breath.
It is also important to draw your attention to the fact that antimicrobial effects are typical not only of certain pharmaceuticals, but also of numerous medicinal plants that grow right next to you. Antiseptic plants include Chinese rose, aloe, kalanchoe, plantain, hibiscus, tradescantia and many others. They are very effective in combating harmful microorganisms and essential oils of bergamot, rose damask, rosemary, chamomile, pine.
Scratches, abrasions and wounds... Summer is the time for movement and active recreation in nature. Therefore, each of us should know what is the best way to treat wounds in various situations. To do this, let's figure out which statements about antiseptics are false and which are true, and consider modern antiseptics.
What are antiseptics?
Antiseptics- these are agents whose action is aimed at destroying bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogens. They are usually used for processing wounds, mucous membranes and skin. The use of antiseptics prevents the development of infections in wounds.
Antiseptics are based on various substances (for example, iodine, ethyl alcohol, chlorine) and have different mechanisms of action. They are available in the form of solutions, ointments, sprays and other forms.
Myth No. 1: the wound needs to be smeared with brilliant green
This is probably the most common misconception. Many of us are accustomed to using brilliant green (diamond green) to treat wounds. This remedy is well known to us since childhood. However, is the use of this remedy relevant in modern times?
Reality
The positive effects of brilliant green in treating wounds to this day remain only theoretical, as does the assumption of its possible toxicity and even carcinogenicity. Currently, brilliant green is used as an antiseptic mainly in the territory of the former USSR. In the European Union and the USA, this remedy has not been used for these purposes for a long time. due to the lack of evidence of its clinical effectiveness. In addition, not many people like to have a bright green mark on their body.
For those who are still accustomed to treating wounds the old fashioned way, we recommend paying attention to a more convenient form of brilliant green - a marker (pencil). In this form, you can easily take the antiseptic with you without fear that it will stain your bag. In addition, no additional materials are required to apply the product to the wound.
Povisep used for acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, Jason Pharmaceuticals Ltd., check the price.
Povidone-iodine used to prevent infections in abrasions, wounds, burns; treats fungal and bacterial skin infections, bedsores, trophic ulcers, Borshchagovsky Chemical Plant, Scientific and Practical Center, PJSC, 22.80 UAH.
Myth No. 2: a wound can also be smeared with iodine
It happens when you need to treat a wound, and iodine is at hand. How to act in this case so as not to harm your health?
Reality
Iodine is indeed an effective antiseptic and is used to treat wounds. However, it is extremely important to know that It is allowed to treat only the edges of the wound with iodine. Under no circumstances should iodine be applied to the wound surface itself, as it is a rather aggressive agent and can also slow down the healing process.
Iodine is also available as a marker. This pencil has the same antiseptic, antiviral, antimicrobial and antifungal effect, plus convenient packaging.
As an iodine substitute, in some cases it can be used Povisep, which is available in the form of a solution for rinsing the mouth and throat, as well as a cream for treating wounds and treating infected skin lesions.
Another analogue Povidone-iodine has a gentler effect on the wound than iodine, so it is better suited for However, remember that, like iodine, this drug can only be used to treat the edges of the wound.
Myth No. 3: the same antiseptics are used to treat wounds of the mucous membranes as for skin wounds
Reality
In fact, if the mucous membranes, such as the oral cavity, are damaged, it is recommended to rinse with solutions based on antiseptics such as chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine or sodium hypochlorite.
Myth #4: You need to use peroxide to treat wounds.
Reality
Hydrogen peroxide promotes and, most importantly, ensures cleansing of the wound. Hydrogen peroxide is a suitable treatment for puncture and deep wounds. However, it is recommended to use it only for the first treatment of the wound, and for subsequent treatments, use other antiseptics, as it can prolong the healing time of the wound.
Hydrogen peroxide can also be purchased in convenient travel form. It is used to stop capillary bleeding in case of superficial tissue damage, nosebleeds, for treating the mucous membrane in cases of stomatitis, periodontitis, tonsillitis, gynecological diseases, as well as purulent wounds. To use the product, you need to remove the cap and apply the solution using a push-button sprayer to the surface of the affected skin area.
Another antiseptic pencil produced by the same brand is fukortsin. It is intended for treating skin with superficial wounds, cracks, abrasions, pustular and fungal skin lesions. It has antiseptic, drying properties and has an antifungal effect.
What is antiseptic used for? This is one of those topics that require a special, careful approach. The fact is that there are many types of antiseptics. All of them must be used for their intended purpose, in a strictly defined dosage. The article presents the main types of antiseptics and their areas of application. Let's start with a definition.
What is an antiseptic?
This is a product that destroys putrefactive bacteria and prevents decomposition. The origin of the word is Greek. In translation, “άντί” means “against”, and “σηπτικός” is translated as “putrefactive” or “putrid.”-
Some antiseptics are germicidal and can destroy microbes, others are bacteriostatic and can only prevent or suppress their growth. An antiseptic is a drug whose effectiveness has already been proven. Microbicides that have the ability to destroy viral particles are called “antiviral drugs.”
Action
In order for bacteria to grow, they require a favorable nutrient environment (temperature, oxygen, moisture). Every housewife in life encounters these conditions when canning food. Another example is the ancient practice of embalming the dead. Why do scientists find perfectly preserved mummies after many centuries? The answer is simple: antiseptics were already used then.
Before the concept of microbes was developed, attention was focused on preventing rot. Initially, the amount of the required agent was determined, as they say, “by eye.” This method was inaccurate, but experience, as we know, comes with time and practice.
Today, antiseptics are evaluated by their effect on the pure culture of a certain type of microbe or spore and vegetative forms. To compare the strength of action, a phenol solution (aqueous) taken as a standard is used.
So what is an antiseptic? It is an anti-putrefactive disinfectant. Now let's figure out in which areas it is most often used.
Antiseptic in medicine
In this area, disinfection is especially important. Before the advent of modern high-quality antiseptics, “mechanical cleaning” was widely used, which involved opening purulent formations. By the second half of the 18th century. Lister studied the "microbial theory of putrefaction" written by Louis Pasteur.
Inspired by the idea, he soon published a work revealing antiseptic principles in surgery. Particular attention was paid to carbolic acid. This was a new way to treat pustules and open fractures. Its essence was to apply bandages with a solution of this acid. Lister became the founder of antiseptics, which helps effectively fight infection.
Moreover, a five percent solution was applied to wounds, and a two percent solution was used to treat sutures and dressings, surgical fields, and hands.
Lister's antiseptics had not only supporters, but also ardent opponents. This was due to pronounced irritating and toxic effects both on the patient’s tissue and on the hands of the surgeon himself. Therefore, work in this area continued intensively. A quarter of a century later, the aseptic method was discovered. The results of the discovery were impressive. And so much so that proposals were made to abandon antiseptics.
However, this turned out to be impossible. Work continued. Soon new antiseptic agents were proposed that were less toxic to the body. Surgical instruments and objects surrounding the patient began to be treated with the same substances. Thus, antiseptics and asepsis are intertwined, and very tightly.
Types of antiseptics
Mechanical. Allows you to clean wounds and non-viable tissues from microbes (washing the purulent cavity, excision (treatment) of the wound bottom and its edges).
Physical(applying bandages, using drying powders, laser, ultraviolet rays).
Chemical. It is very important not only in the treatment of wound infections, but also in their prevention. Has a detrimental effect on microorganisms.
Biological. It is based on the use of a fairly diverse and large group of drugs that affect both the microbial cell itself and its toxins, thereby increasing the defenses of the entire organism (bacteriophages, antibiotics, antitoxins (most often serums), proteolytic enzymes).
Mixed. The most common, includes several types at once (for example, primary treatment of wound surfaces (mechanical), and the introduction of anti-tetanus serum (biological)).
The number of antiseptics today is huge. But their application is almost always complex. In other words, the statement “an antiseptic is an antibiotic” is essentially correct. However, today’s medicine cannot do without “additional support” in the form of treating wounds and disinfecting premises.
Now let's look at the most common antiseptics in medicine.
Alcohols
Ethanol, isopropyl, propyl. Concentration from 60% to 90%. They are used both in pure form and in mixed form. Allows you to disinfect the skin before injection and surgery. Often these alcohols are combined with tincture of iodine or with cationic surfactants (chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, octenidine dihydrochloride).
Ammonium compounds
Another common name is HOUR. Contains a number of chemicals (benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMB), benzethonium chloride (BZT), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC or Cetrim)). Benzalkonium chloride is added to some disinfectants. Necessary for skin treatment before surgery. Used to impregnate antiseptic towels. The antimicrobial effects of QAC are inactivated by anionic surfactants (for example, soap).
Boric acid
Added to suppositories intended to treat vaginal fungal infections. Boric acid perfectly fights herpes viral attacks. It is also added to burn creams and lens solutions.
Chlorgeskidine gluconate
Diamond green
Popularly called “green stuff”. A very common drug. Used to treat wounds and small abscesses. Has a detrimental effect on gram-positive bacteria.
Hydrogen peroxide
It is an antiseptic used to deodorize and clean sores and wounds. In everyday life, it is most often used to treat scratches and the umbilical cord. 6% and 3% solutions are available.
Iodine
Most often used in alcohol solutions, Lugol solution. Pre- and postoperative antiseptic. It is not recommended to disinfect small wounds with it, as it promotes the formation of scars. Among the main advantages is high antimicrobial activity. With prolonged exposure, it kills major pathogens, including spores of complex forms of microorganisms.
Miramistin product
This is a new generation drug. The drug "Miramistin" is an antiseptic that is used in the treatment (or for the prevention) of fungal, viral and bacterial infections. Russian production. This antiseptic is often recommended for the treatment of a number of infectious (cold) diseases. Reviews about it are mostly very positive.
The drug is active against a wide range of microbes that cause inflammation and suppuration of wounds, sore throat, fungal diseases, chlamydia, herpes, etc. The activity of Miramistin does not depend on the location of the pathogen.
ASD
The second name is antiseptic stimulant. It has pronounced antimicrobial and stimulating properties. Helps increase overall tone, reduces intoxication. It is active against staphylococci, tubercle bacilli, etc. It has a rather unpleasant, pungent odor, which is why it is often used for veterinary purposes.
Phenol
In the form of a solution, it is used to treat the doctor’s hands immediately before surgery. Recommended for rinsing the throat and mouth. Phenol powder is sprinkled on the navel during healing. It has both an antiseptic and analgesic effect.
Antiseptics outside of medicine
They are in demand in the food industry. As a rule, these are antiseptic preservatives, most often acids (for example, the well-known acetic acid). It is thanks to them that it is possible to store canned foods for a long time. Antiseptics are very actively used in construction. They are added to most paints and varnishes.
This allows you to neutralize saprophytic microflora. Wood antiseptic is a powerful weapon against blue stains, mold, rot, and fire. In addition, it increases the shelf life of freshly cut trees. Glazing antiseptic is especially in demand. What it is? This is the name of the drug that allows you to preserve the texture of wood and at the same time emphasizes its beauty.
A glazing antiseptic reduces the harmful effects of moisture, ultraviolet rays, temperature changes, and is effective against insects. Antiseptics are also used in everyday life. They are added to detergents and used to treat premises.
