How many stages are there in the process of statistical research? Method of statistics and main stages of statistical research

Processing of collected primary data, including their grouping, generalization and presentation in tables, constitutes the second stage of statistical research, which is called summary.

There are 3 main forms of presenting processed statistical data: text, tabular and graphical.

At the third stage of the statistical study, based on the final data of the summary, scientific analysis of the phenomena under study: various generalizing indicators are calculated in the form of average and relative values, certain patterns in distributions, dynamics of indicators, etc. are identified. Based on the identified patterns, forecasts are made for the future.

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research. Almost always, in accordance, of course, with the goals and objectives of research, work begins with taking into account facts and collecting primary material. Primary material is the foundation of statistical research. The success of the entire study as a whole depends on the quality of statistical observation. It must be organized in such a way that the result is objective, accurate data about the phenomenon being studied. Incomplete, inaccurate data that does not sufficiently characterize the process, especially if it distorts it, leads to errors. And an analysis carried out on such a basis will be erroneous. It follows that the recording of facts and the collection of primary material must be carefully thought out and organized.

It should be noted once again that statistical observations are always massive. The law of large numbers comes into force - the larger the population, the more objective the results obtained will be.

Statistical observation can be divided into three stages: 1. Preparation of observation. This is the formulation of the observation program, the definition of indicators grouped into layouts of the final statistical tables.

The questions that make up the content of the program should follow from the purpose of the study or the hypothesis to which the study is supposed to be devoted to confirming. An important element is the layout of the final statistical tables. They are the project for developing observation results, and only if they are available it is possible to identify all the issues that need to be included in the program and avoid including unnecessary information.

2. Direct collection of material. This is the most labor-intensive stage of the study. Statistical reporting, as a special form of organizing data collection, is inherent only in state statistics. All other information is collected through a variety of static tools. It is necessary to point out two main requirements for the collected data: reliability and comparability. And what is extremely desirable (in market conditions it increases many times) is timeliness.

3. Control of the material before its analysis. No matter how carefully the observation tools are compiled and the instructions given to the performers, the observation materials always require control. This is explained by the massive nature of statistical work and the complexity of their content.

The object of any statistical study is a set of units of the phenomenon being studied. The object can be the population during the census, enterprises, cities, company personnel, etc. In short, the object of observation is the statistical population under study. It is very important to define the boundaries of the population being studied, which clearly define the population being studied. For example, if the goal is to study the activities of small enterprises in the region, then it is necessary to determine what form of ownership it belongs to (state, private, joint, etc.), by what criterion the enterprises will be selected: industry characteristics, sales volume, time since registration, status (active, inactive, temporarily idle), etc. The population must be homogeneous, otherwise additional difficulties will arise in the analysis process and errors are almost always inevitable.

Along with defining the object of observation and the boundaries, it is important to define the unit of population and the unit of observation. A population unit is an individual component element of a statistical population. An observation unit is a phenomenon, an object, the characteristics of which are subject to registration. The set of observation units constitutes the object of observation. For example, the goal: to study the influence of various factors on the productivity of workers at the mines of Ispat-Karmet OJSC. In this case, the population is determined by the goal itself - miners working at the Ispat-Karmet mines, the unit of the population is the miner, as a carrier of information, and the unit of observation is the mine. Briefly: the unit of the population is what is being examined, the unit of observation is the source of information.
To carry out statistical observation, it is necessary to collect data on a given basis, namely: to designate a statistical population that consists of materially existing objects, the unit and purpose of a one-time survey of the object, and to draw up a statistical observation program.

At the first stage, it is formed sample collected data according to the designated characteristics, the data is ordered in ascending order. Then you should draw up a table of frequency distributions and sequentially fill in the corresponding columns in the table.

At the second stage, in order to process the collected primary data, it is necessary to group and generalize the selected elements according to a given characteristic, and identify the numerical characteristics of the sample. This stage of statistical research is called summary. Summary – scientific processing of primary data in order to obtain generalized characteristics of the phenomenon being studied according to a number of characteristics essential for it, i.e. primary materials are brought together, forming statistical aggregates, which are characterized by final absolute generalizing indicators. At the summary stage, we move from the characterization of individual varying characteristics of units of the population - to the characteristics of the entire population as a whole or to the characteristics of their general manifestation in the mass.

Should be found scope according to the formula:

R=x(max) – x(min);

fashion M(0), which shows the value that occurs most often, median M(e), which characterizes the average value (it does not exceed half of the members of the series), corresponds to the option in the middle of the ranked variation series. The position of the median is determined by its number: Nme = (n+1) /2, where n is the number of units in the aggregate and arithmetic mean for the designated group, which is calculated by the formula:

The results of the work can be presented graphically in the form of a histogram and frequency distribution polygon.

The data obtained reflect what is common to all units of the population under study. As a result of statistical observation, objective, comparable, complete information should be obtained, allowing at subsequent stages of the study to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the phenomenon being studied.

Practical task

Conduct a statistical study to find out information about growth 2 5 randomly selected students of Tomsk Polytechnic University.

Make a frequency distribution table, find the range, mode, median and arithmetic mean value of height (in cm) for the designated young men.

The result of the first stage of statistical research - statistical observation - is information characterizing each unit of the statistical population. However, the ability to reflect patterns and trends in the dynamics of the phenomena under study using even the most complete characterization of individual facts is limited. Such data is obtained only as a result of statistical summaries. A summary is the arrangement, systematization and generalization of statistical data obtained during statistical observation. Only proper processing of statistical material makes it possible to identify the essence of socio-economic phenomena, the characteristic features and essential features of individual types, and to discover patterns and trends in their development. There are simple and group reports, or reports in the narrow and broad sense. A simple summary is the calculation of the overall results in groups and subgroups and the presentation of this material in tables. As a result of a simple summary of statistical data, it is possible to determine the number of enterprises, the total number of personnel, and the volume of products produced in monetary terms. These overall results are primarily for informational purposes. They provide a generalized characteristic of the population in the form of absolute values.

Group summary, or summary in a broad sense, is a complex process of multilateral processing of primary statistical data, i.e. data obtained as a result of observation. It includes grouping statistical data, developing a system of indicators to characterize groups, calculating group and overall results, and calculating generalizing indicators. The task of the statistical summary as the second stage of statistical research is to obtain general indicators for information, reference and analytical purposes. The summary of mass statistical data is carried out according to a pre-developed program and plan. During the program development process, the subject and predicate of the summary are determined. The subject is the object of study, divided into groups and subgroups. Predicate - indicators that characterize the subject of the summary. The summary program is determined by the objectives of the statistical study.

The statistical summary is carried out according to a pre-drawn plan. In terms of summaries, questions are addressed about how to carry out the work of summarizing information - manually or mechanically, and about the sequence of individual summation operations. The deadlines for completing each stage and the summary as a whole are established, as well as methods for presenting the results of the summary. These can be distribution series, statistical tables and statistical graphs.

1. STAGES OF STATISTICAL RESEARCH

The process of studying socio-economic phenomena through a system of statistical methods and quantitative characteristics - a system of indicators - is called statistical research.

The main stages of conducting a statistical study are:

1) statistical observation;

2) summary of the data obtained;

3) statistical analysis.

If necessary, a statistical study may contain an additional stage - a statistical forecast.

Statistical observation is a scientifically organized collection of data about the phenomena and processes of social life through registration according to a pre-developed observation program of their essential features. Observation data represents primary statistical information about the observed objects, which is the basis for obtaining their general characteristics. Observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research.

Conducting a statistical study is impossible without a high-quality information base obtained during statistical observation. Therefore, since the change in ideas about statistics as a descriptive science, special rules for conducting observations and special requirements for its results - statistical data - have been developed. That is, observation is one of the main methods of statistics.

Observation is the first stage of statistical research, the quality of which determines the achievement of the final objectives of the study.

1.1. Observation is carried out according to a specially prepared program.

The program includes a list of characteristics of the research object, data about which must be obtained as a result of observation.

When preparing an observation, it is necessary to determine in advance:

1. An observation program in which:

a) the object of observation is determined, i.e. that set of units of a phenomenon that needs to be investigated. Moreover, it is necessary to distinguish the observation unit from the reporting unit. A reporting unit is a unit providing statistical data; it may consist of several population units, or may coincide with a population unit. For example, in a population survey, the unit might be the household member and the reporting unit might be the household.

b) the boundaries of the observation object are determined.

c) the characteristics of the object of observation are identified, information about which must be obtained as a result of observation.

2. The time of observation of an object is the time as of which or for which information about the object being studied is recorded.

3. Timing of observation. That is, the period of time for data collection and the date of completion of observation are determined. The observation period affects the completion time of the overall statistical study and the timeliness of its conclusions.

4. Funds and resources required for monitoring: number of qualified specialists; material resources; means for processing observation results.

5. Requirements for statistical data. The main requirements are: a) reliability, i.e. information about the object of research should reflect its real state at the time of observation; b) comparability of data, i.e. information obtained as a result of observation must be comparable, which is ensured by a unified methodology for collecting and analyzing data, by units of measurement, etc.

1.2. There are several types of statistical observation.

1. By coverage of population units:

a) solid;

b) non-continuous (selective, monographic, based on the bulk method)

2. According to the time of registration of facts: a) current (continuous); b) discontinuous (periodic, one-time)

3. By the method of collecting information: a) direct observation; b) documentary observation; c) survey (questionnaire, correspondent, etc.)

Summary is the process of bringing the received data into the system, processing it and calculating intermediate and general results, calculating interrelated quantities of an analytical nature.

The next stage of statistical research is the preparation of information obtained during observation for analysis. This stage is called summary.

Summary includes:

— systematization of information obtained during observations;

— their grouping;

— development of a system of indicators characterizing educated groups;

— creation of development tables for grouped data;

— calculation of derived quantities using development tables.

In the literature on the theory of statistics, one often encounters consideration of summary and grouping as independent stages of research. However, it should be noted that the concept of summary includes actions to group statistical data, so here the concept of “summary” is adopted as the name of the research stage.

Statistical analysis is a study of the characteristic features of the structure, relationships of phenomena, trends, patterns of development of socio-economic phenomena, for which specific economic-statistical and mathematical-statistical methods are used. Statistical analysis concludes with the interpretation of the results obtained.

Statistical forecast is a scientific identification of the state and probable paths of development of phenomena and processes, based on a system of established cause-and-effect relationships and patterns.

TASK 1

As a result of a sample survey of wages of 60 employees of an industrial enterprise, the following data were obtained (Table 1).

Construct an interval distribution series based on the effective attribute, forming five groups with equal intervals.

Determine the main indicators of variation (variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation), the average power value (the average value of the characteristic) and structural averages. Represent it graphically in the form of: a) a histogram; b) cumulates; c) ogives. Draw a conclusion.

SOLUTION

1. Let us determine the scope of variation according to the effective attribute - according to production experience using the formula:

R = Хmax – Хmin = 36 – 5 = 31

where Xmax is the maximum size of assets

Хmin – minimum asset size

2. Determine the size of the interval

i = R/n = 31/5 = 6.2

Taking into account the obtained intervals, we group the banks and obtain

3. Let's build an auxiliary table

Recognition group	Meaning of values in a group x i	Quantity of characteristic frequency (frequency) f i	in % of total ω	Cumulative frequency S i	Middle of the interval	*fi	ω
I 5 – 11,2	6,8,7,5,8,6,10,9,9,7, 6,6,9,10,7,9,10,10, 11,8,9,8, 7, 6, 9, 10		43,3	43,3		210,6	350,73		46,24	1202,24
II 11,2 – 17,4	16,15,13,12,14,14, 12,14,17,13,15,17, 14		21,7		14,3	185,9	310,31		0,36	4,68
III 17,4 – 23,6	18,21,20,20,21,18, 19,22,21,21,21,18, 19		21,7	86,7	20,5	266,5	444,85		31,36	407,68
IV 23,6 –29,8	28,29,25,28, 24				26,7	133,5	221,61	11,8	139,24	696,2
V 29,8 – 36	36,35,33,				32,9	98,7	164,5
TOTAL						895,2	1492		541,2	3282,8

4. The average value of a characteristic in the population under study is determined by the arithmetic weighted formula:

year

5. The variance and standard deviation of the characteristic are determined by the formula

Determination of variability

Thus, V>33.3%, therefore, the population is heterogeneous.

6. Definition of fashion

Mode is the value of a characteristic that occurs most frequently in the population being studied. In the interval variation series under study, the mode is calculated using the formula:

Where

x M0
– lower limit of the modal interval:

i M0– the value of the modal interval;

f M0-1 f M0 f M0+1– frequencies (frequencies) of modal, pre-modal and post-modal intervals, respectively.

A modal interval is the interval that has the greatest frequency (frequency). In our problem, this is the first interval.

7. Calculate the median.

Median is an option located in the middle of an ordered variation series, dividing it into two equal parts, such that half of the population units have attribute values less than the median, and half more than the median.

In an interval series, the median is determined by the formula:

where is the beginning of the median interval;

– value of the median interval

– frequency of the median interval;

– the sum of accumulated frequencies in the pre-median interval.

The median interval is the interval in which the serial number of the median is located. To determine it, it is necessary to calculate the sum of the accumulated frequencies to a number exceeding half of the totality.

According to gr. 5 of the auxiliary table we find the interval in which the amount of accumulated amounts often exceeds 50%. This is the second interval - from 11.6 to 18.4, and it is the median.

Then

Consequently, half of the workers with work experience are less than 13.25 years, and half have more than this value.

6. Let us depict the series in the form of a polygon, a histogram, a cumulative line, or an ogive.

Graphic representation plays an important role in the study of variation series, as it allows one to analyze statistical data in a simple and visual form.

There are several ways to graphically display series (histogram, polygon, cumulate, ogive), the choice of which depends on the purpose of the study and on the type of variation series.

A distribution polygon is mainly used to depict a discrete series, but you can also construct a polygon for an interval series if you first convert it to a discrete series. The distribution polygon is a closed broken line in a rectangular coordinate system with coordinates (x i, q i), where x i is the value of the i-th feature, q i is the frequency or frequency of the i-ro feature.

A distribution histogram is used to display an interval series. To construct a histogram, segments equal to the intervals of the characteristic are laid out sequentially on the horizontal axis, and on these segments, as on bases, rectangles are constructed, the heights of which are equal to the frequencies or particulars for a series with equal intervals, densities; for a series with unequal intervals.

Cumulates are a graphical representation of a variation series, when accumulated frequencies or particulars are plotted on the vertical axis, and characteristic values are plotted on the horizontal axis. The cumulate is used for graphical representation of both discrete and interval variation series.

Conclusion: Thus, the main indicators of variation of the series under study were calculated: the average value of the attribute - production experience is 14.9 years, the dispersion was calculated to be 54.713, in turn, the standard deviation of the attribute is 7.397. The mode has a value of 9.13, and the modal interval is the first interval of the series being studied. The median of the series, equal to 13.108, divides the series into two equal parts, indicating that in the organization under study, half of the employees have less than 13.108 years of work experience, and half have more.

TASK 2

The following initial data are available that characterize the dynamics for 1997 – 2001. (Table 2).

Table 2 Initial data

Year	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Production of granulated sugar, thousand tons	1620	1660	1700	1680	1700

Determine the main indicators of the dynamics series. Present the calculation in the form of a table. Calculate the average annual values of the indicators. In the form of a graphic image - a polygon, indicate the dynamics of the analyzed indicator. Draw a conclusion.

SOLUTION

Given

Year	Years
Year	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
	1620	1660	1700	1680	1700

1) The average level of dynamics is calculated using the formula

2) Chain and base growth rates are calculated as follows:

1. Absolute growth is determined by the formula:

Аib = yi – y0

Aic = yi – yi-1

2. The growth rate is determined by the formula: (%)

Trb = (yi / y0) *100

Trc = (yi / yi-1)*100

3. The growth rate is determined by the formula: (%)

Тnрb = Трb –100%:

Tnrts = Trts – 100%

4. Average absolute increase:

y n
– final level of the dynamic series;

y 0
– initial level of the dynamic series;

n c
– number of chain absolute increases.

5. Average annual growth rate:

6. Average annual growth rate:

3) Absolute content of 1% increase:

A = Xi-1/100

We summarize all calculated indicators in a table.

Indicators	Years
Indicators	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Number of surgical operations during the period	1620	1660	1700	1680	1700
2. Absolute increase

Aic
3. Growth rate
Trib		102,5	104,9	103,7	104,9
Trits		102,5	102,4	98,8	101,2
4. Growth rate
Тпib
Tpitz
5. Value of 1% increase		16,2	16,6	17,0	16,8

5) Average annual value

7. Let's depict it graphically in the form of a polygon.

Thus, the following is obtained. The largest absolute and relative increase in surgical operations for the period was in 1999 and amounted to 1700, the absolute increase compared to the base year was 80 operations, the growth rate compared to the base year 1997 was 104.9%, and the base growth rate was 4.9 %. The largest chain absolute increases were in 1998 and 1999 – 40 operations each. The highest chain growth rate was observed in 1998 - 102.5%, and the lowest chain growth rate in the number of transactions was in 2000 - 98.8%.

TASK 3

There is data on sales of goods (see table 3)

Table 3 Initial data on sales of goods

Product	Base year		Reporting year
Product	quantity	price	quantity	price

	1100		1000

		1350		1300

	1650		1700

Determine: a) individual indices ( i p , i q); b) general indices (I p, I q, I pq); c) absolute change in trade turnover due to: 1) the number of goods; 2) prices.

Draw a conclusion based on the calculated indicators.

SOLUTION

Let's create an auxiliary table

View	Basic		Reporting		Work		Indexes
View	Quantity, q 0	Price, p 0	Quantity, q 1	Price, p 1	q 0 * p 0	q 1 * p 1	i q =q 1 /q 0	i p =p 1 /p 0	q 1 * p 0
					44000	35000	0,875	0,909	38500
	1100		1000		41800	40000	0,909	1,053	38000
					7500	8400	1,200	0,933	9000
		1350		1300	40500	26000	0,667	0,963	27000
					45000	44000	1,100	0,889	49500
	1650		1700		26400	25500	1,030	0,938	27200
TOTAL					205200	178900			189200

Conclusion: As we can see, the total increase in trade turnover for the year was (-26,300) conventional units, including the impact of a change in the quantity of goods sold by - 16,000 and due to changes in the price of goods - 10,300 conventional units. The overall increase in trade turnover was 87.2%. It should be noted that according to the calculated indices of the quantity of goods by assortment, there is a slight increase in turnover for product “P” by 120% and product “C” by 110%, a slight increase in sales of product “T” is only 103%. Sales of goods “P” decreased quite significantly - only 66.7% of sales in the base year, sales of goods “N” were slightly higher - 87.5% and goods “O” - 90.9% of the corresponding indicator for the base year. The individual price index shows that the price increased only for product “O” - by 105.3%, while at the same time for all other product names - “N”, “P”, “R”, “S”, “T” the individual price index indicates negative dynamics (decrease), respectively – 90.9%; 93.3%;, 96.3%, 88.9; 93.8.

The general index of physical sales volume indicates a slight decrease in total sales volume by 94.6%; the general price index indicates a general decrease in the price of goods sold by 92.2%, and the general trade turnover index indicates a general decrease in trade turnover by 87.2%.

TASK 4

From the initial data of table No. 1 (select rows from 14 to 23) based on two criteria - length of service and wages - conduct a correlation-regression analysis, determine the parameters of correlation and determination. Construct a graph of the correlation between two characteristics (resultative and factorial). Draw a conclusion.

SOLUTION

Initial data

Production experience	Salary amount
	1800
	2500
	1750
	1580
	1750
	1560
	1210
	1860
	1355
	1480

Straight-line dependence

The parameters of the equation are determined using the least squares method, using the system of normal equations

To solve the system we use the method of determinants.

Parameters are calculated using formulas

QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM

In the discipline "Statistics"

Section 1. General statistics

The subject of statistical science and the tasks of statistics at the present stage.

Complete and reliable statistical information is the necessary basis on which the process of economic management is based. Making management decisions at all levels - from national or regional to the level of an individual corporation or private firm - is impossible without proper statistical support. It is statistical data that makes it possible to determine the volume of gross domestic product and national income, identify the main trends in the development of economic sectors, estimate the level of inflation, analyze the state of financial and commodity markets, study the standard of living of the population and other socio-economic phenomena and processes.

Statistics is a science that studies the quantitative side of mass phenomena and processes in inextricable connection with their qualitative side, the quantitative expression of the laws of social development in specific conditions of place and time.

The techniques and methods of collecting, processing and analyzing data used at all stages of the study are the subject of study of the general theory of statistics, which is a basic branch of statistical science. The methodology she developed is used in macroeconomic statistics, sectoral statistics (industry, agriculture, trade and others), population statistics, social statistics and other statistical fields.

Statistical population, its types. Units of the population and classification of their characteristics.

A statistical aggregate is the natural resources of peoples, populations and natural phenomena, taken together within certain boundaries of place and time, influencing the economic life of society. It is a single whole consisting of its individual units. Each of which can be described by a number of properties and features that they possess. Each of the features of the properties of units of a statistical population reflects a specific feature characterizing a given unit of the population.

A sign is a feature of a unit. totality. Unit selection aggregate, the list of characteristics that characterize depends on the purpose and objectives of this statistical study.

Unit stat. aggregates form together a single whole according to a number of properties and features that differ from each other. These differences are called trait variation. Variation is possible under the influence of external causes.

Classification of signs:

Qualitative (attributed) are determined by the presence or absence of some quality

Quantitative are expressed in numbers

Discrete ones take an integer value - continuous ones take any real value.

Method of statistics and main stages of statistical research.

Statistics has its own system of techniques and research methods aimed at the methods of commercial patterns, manifestation in the structure, dynamics (development) and interrelationships of social phenomena.

The main technique of statistical research. 3 stages:

1) stat. observation

2) summary and grouping of results

3) analysis of the obtained data

The method of mass observation (law of large numbers) is carried out by scientific and organizational collection of information, study of socio-economic processes or phenomena (population census).

The grouping method distributes the entire mass into disposable groups and subgroups. The totals for each group and subgroup are calculated and the results are presented in the form of tables. Processing of statistical indicators and analysis of the results is carried out to obtain substantiated conclusions about the state of the study of phenomena and patterns of economic development. Conclusions are presented in text form and accompanied by graphs and tables.

The Ministry of Statistics includes: regional, city statistics department, district statistics department. The composition of the Min. stat. includes: analytical, information resource and registration standards and classifications of the organization of statistics. observations and balances, stat. finance balance of payments, stat. prices, goods, markets, services.

To obtain statistical information, state and departmental statistics bodies, as well as commercial structures, conduct various types of statistical research. The process of statistical research includes three main stages: data collection, their summary and grouping, analysis and calculation of general indicators.

The results and quality of all subsequent work largely depend on how the primary statistical material is collected, how it is processed and grouped. Insufficient elaboration of programmatic, methodological and organizational aspects of statistical observation, lack of logical and arithmetic control of the collected data, non-compliance with the principles of group formation can ultimately lead to completely erroneous conclusions.

The final, analytical stage of the study is no less complex, time-consuming and responsible. At this stage, average indicators and distribution indicators are calculated, the structure of the population is analyzed, and the dynamics and relationships between the phenomena and processes being studied are studied.

Any statistical study is based on three interrelated stages of work:

1) statistical observation;

2) summary and grouping of observation data;

3) scientific processing and analysis of the summary results. Each subsequent stage of a statistical study can be carried out provided that the previous (preceding) stages of work have been carried out.

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research.

Statistical observation- this is a systematic, scientifically organized collection of information about a particular set of social and, in particular, economic phenomena or processes.

Statistical observations are very diverse and differ in the nature of the phenomena being studied, the form of organization, the time of observation, and the completeness of coverage of the phenomena being studied. In this regard, it was carried out classification of statistical observations according to individual characteristics .

1. According to the form of organization statistical observations are divided into reporting and specially organized statistical observations.

Reporting– this is the main organizational form of statistical observation, which boils down to collecting information from enterprises, institutions and organizations about various aspects of their activities on special forms called reports. Reporting is mandatory. Reporting is divided into basic and current depending on the duration of the period for which it is prepared.

Basic reporting also called annual and contains the widest range of indicators covering all aspects of the enterprise’s activities.

Current reporting presented throughout the year for periods of varying duration.

However, there are data that are fundamentally impossible to obtain from reporting and data that are inappropriate to include in it. It is to obtain these two types of data that specially organized statistical observations are used - various types of surveys and censuses.

Statistical surveys- these are specially organized observations in which the studied set of phenomena is observed over a certain period of time.

Census– this is a form of specially organized statistical observation in which the studied set of phenomena is observed on some date (at some moment).

2. Based on time All statistical observations are divided into continuous and discontinuous.

Continuous (current) statistical observation- This is an observation that is carried out continuously over time. With this type of observation, individual phenomena, facts, and events are recorded as they occur.

Intermittent statistical observation– this is an observation in which the observed phenomena, facts, events are recorded not continuously, but through periods of time of equal or unequal duration. There are two types of continuous monitoring – periodic and one-time. Periodic called discontinuous observation, which is carried out over periods of time of equal duration. One-time is called observation that is carried out over periods of time of unequal duration or of a one-time nature.

3. Based on the completeness of coverage of the studied mass phenomena, facts, events, statistical observations are divided into continuous and non-continuous, or partial.

Continuous observation aims to take into account all, without exception, phenomena, facts, events that form the population under study.

Partial observation aims to take into account only a certain part of the phenomena, facts, events that form the population under study.