The main signs of injury to the abdominal organs. Internal organ bruise: symptoms and treatment Signs and symptoms of bruise

In most cases, bruising of an internal organ occurs due to a blow with a blunt object. But it could also be:

injury sustained during sports(rugby, martial arts, football);
consequence of an accident. Since the passenger is usually positioned sideways to the vehicle, it is the rib, liver and thigh that are affected;
a fall . As a rule, a fall from a great height (at least 2-3 meters) leads to a liver bruise. But there are cases where the injury was even caused by a person slipping on ice;
sudden rise in weight;
pinching between two objects. For example, these could be elevator or bus doors.

Depending on the nature of the damage, there are:

liver hematoma. This is an accumulation of blood in the liver area, which is limited to the muscle layers;
ruptures - subcapsular (when hemorrhage occurs under the capsule) and transcapsular (when the fibrous membrane of the liver is disrupted).

Depending on the external manifestations and the formation of other symptoms associated with the well-being and general condition of the patient, narrower criteria are identified that conditionally divide liver injuries into several categories.

Depending on the cause of blood in the abdominal cavity:

Bile duct injuries.
Vessels passing inside the liver.
Vessels located outside the liver.

Depending on whether injuries occurred in the internal area or with violations of the integrity of the fibrous membrane, injuries are divided into two groups.

If the fibrous membrane of the abdominal organ has not been damaged, injuries are divided into categories:

bleeding is located under the liver capsule;
hematomas and bleeding form in the central region of the organ.

If the fibrous membrane of the abdominal organ is damaged, injuries are divided into categories:

formation of one or more cracks;
crushed liver;
division of the organ into functionally inferior segments;
formation of large damage to the bile ducts;
gallbladder damage;
damage to the gallbladder and biliary system of an individual nature (without injuries to the liver segment).

Signs that appear in the first hours after injury indicate the degree and severity of the injury, since, in addition to classification by location, injuries are divided according to the strength of the injury:

closed injuries of an internal organ, the depth of which does not exceed 2 cm;
the depth of damage reaches half of the entire thickness of the organ;
the depth of damage exceeds half the thickness of the organ;
there is a division of the liver into fragments due to multiple ruptures in a person.

A timely visit by an injured patient to a medical facility for examination or calling an ambulance is the most important stage in recovery and even saving a person’s life. Injuries in the abdominal area are especially dangerous due to the lack of protective skeletal structures and the presence of large blood vessels.

Trauma code according to ICD 10

ICD 10 is an international classification of infectious diseases, injuries and congenital pathologies of the human body. The latest changes to the classification characteristics were made in 2016.

According to ICD 10, liver injuries belong to the block “Injury of the abdominal organs (S36)”, and has its own section “S36.1 - Injury to the liver or gallbladder”.

The following types of bruises of internal organs are possible (the second name is blunt trauma to the abdomen or blunt trauma to the chest):

without violating the integrity of a parenchymal or hollow organ, as a rule, hemorrhage develops into the organ;

In medicine, it is customary to determine the severity of injury in degrees, starting from the first, the mildest degree, and up to the most serious, the fourth.

There are several types of bruises. Some of them pass quickly, some slowly. Each bruise requires special treatment. So, depending on the location, bruises are of the following types:

without violating the integrity of the parenchymal or hollow organ; as a rule, hemorrhage into the organ develops;
with a violation of integrity, including tears of the capsule, ruptures of the parenchyma, crushing in severe cases.

Causes

The human body is a very delicate and fragile mechanism, which makes many factors acting from the outside world detrimental to the health and general condition of people. Thus, liver contusion is possible as an independent phenomenon, and as an accompanying injury.

Causes of liver contusion:

impact when falling;
a blow to the abdomen with a blunt object (a blow to the abdomen without external damage to the skin);
squeezing a person's body between two objects;
excessive tension in the abdominal muscles in infants;
lifting heavy weights;
rib fracture;
internal disorders of the organ structure and liver diseases.

When, due to damage, hematomas (bruises) of various sizes form on the liver and neighboring tissues, such manifestations are associated with injury to the blood vessels and functional parts of the internal organ.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (musculoskeletal system) provoke the development of bone fragility; skeletal diseases are a common cause of disruption of the integrity of internal organs during fractures.

Bruised ribs develop in a person after a chest injury. The causes of damage can be various:

carelessness while playing sports;
fall damage;
traffic accident;
fight.

The cause of a bruise is most often a fall or a blow. The impact occurs with a blunt object, so the skin is not torn, but it is the soft tissue that suffers. It is important that the blow first falls on one place. And then the blood begins to spread further. Tissue compaction and hematoma may occur.

Treatment

As we have already said, the concept of bruise can apply to any part of the human body and to any organ, which determines the further actions of medical personnel. Depending on which organ was damaged to the maximum extent, the issue is decided with the specialized department where such a patient should be observed (meaning severe degrees that pose a threat to life).

Next, we will look at bruises of various organs or parts of the body, and the first aid that, if possible, should be provided to the victim before admission to a qualified or highly specialized medical institution.

When the patient is taken to the emergency room, the doctor examines the color of the skin and measures blood pressure and temperature. Then he performs a thorough palpation of the abdominal cavity. The final stage in making a diagnosis is ultrasound. It will show the location of the hematoma and its size.

X-rays are often also ordered. The picture shows: if the contours are clear, then everything is in order. If the diaphragm is displaced, the colon and stomach are deformed, and the contours of the liver are blurred, there is a high probability of a hematoma.

One of the diagnostic options is laparoscopy. The procedure is carried out under anesthesia: a small incision is made in the abdominal cavity, through which an endoscope is inserted.

Depending on the severity of the injury, the doctor chooses one of three rehabilitation methods:

surgery. Prolonged bleeding can only be stopped by surgery. In medical practice, ligation of damaged vessels and suturing of small cracks are widely used. In cases where an organ has been severely damaged, we will talk about its resection (partial removal);
drug treatment. If there is no serious blood loss, the doctor will prescribe conservative treatment using hemostatic, healing and cleansing drugs. It is possible to prescribe physiotherapeutic procedures that will accelerate the restoration of soft tissues: magnetic therapy, UHF, electrophoresis;
physiological recovery. If the damage is very minor and there is no internal bruising, the doctor may simply order rest at home and bed rest for a few days. Vitamin complexes and hepatoprotectors will not interfere.

In a hospital setting, after liver surgery, a blood transfusion or reinfusion (infusion of your own, but filtered) blood is often prescribed. It is also necessary to follow a strict diet with the exclusion of alcohol, fatty and fried foods, sweets, and citrus fruits.

Treatment with folk remedies for liver contusion only aggravates the problem. After all, every hour counts! And the longer the victim self-medicates, the less likely it is that doctors will be able to return him to a full life.

First medical aid after injury is an important step in preserving the life and health of the victim.

It often happens that after receiving a liver injury, the patient is in a state of severe painful shock, or unconscious - in this case, the first step is to return the patient to consciousness.

What to do if you have a liver injury:

Lay the victim down so that it is comfortable, but without putting pressure on the abdomen.
Apply cold to the bruised area.
Use anesthetic injections (you cannot take medications or liquids orally, as they can increase the load in the abdominal area).
After receiving an injury, blood begins to accumulate in the victim’s abdominal cavity, so to provide assistance and diagnose possible ruptures, it is necessary to call an ambulance or take the patient to a medical facility.

Hospitalization is necessary due to the use of an oxygen mask and other means of resuscitation. In case of a delay that lasts several days (depending on the severity of the injury, the time is reduced), the victim may be fatal.

Liver contusion and gallbladder damage are diagnosed in a medical facility using:

ultrasound examination (ultrasound);
computed tomography;
laparoscopy.

Treatment for liver contusion is determined after identifying the extent of damage.

After diagnosis, the doctor prescribes a treatment method:

Intravenous injection of fluid into the body.
Pain relief.
Surgery is being performed. During severe closed liver injuries, bleeding into the abdominal cavity is likely; in this case, surgical bleeding is stopped and, in some cases, even a section of the organ is removed. Reinfusion is performed (transfusion of the patient's own purified blood).
Therapy with medications (including taking antibiotics).
Rehabilitation course (observation at a dispensary for a month).

Indications for surgical intervention include:

formation of a closed injury with severe bleeding;
development of anemia within 3 days after injury;
hemobolia;
biligemia;
liver abscess;
separation of a segment of an internal organ.

Monitoring the patient’s condition in a hospital setting allows for quick assistance in the event of complications developing in the later stages of rehabilitation.

In conditions
first aid is only possible
temporary or preliminary stop
bleeding for the period required
to deliver the victim to a medical facility
institution.

For
emergency arterial arrest
bleeding method is widely used
pressing the arteries throughout. This
the method is based on the fact that a number of arteries
easily accessible to palpation and blood flow
according to them, it is possible that a number of arteries are easily
accessible for palpation and blood flow through
it can be completely blocked
pressing them to the underlying bone
formations.

Methods
temporary stop of bleeding:
pressing a bleeding vessel (with
using a bandage, fingers, bending
knee and pressing it to the stomach, compression
limbs with a tourniquet, application of a regular
or pressure bandage, etc. Compressed
the bandage quickly thromboses the vessels.

At
the patient has a nosebleed
plant, put an ice pack
(cold) on the back of the head and on the nose and pinch both
half of the nose. If this doesn't help, then
perform tamponade of the nasal passages (passage)
bandage soaked in hydrogen peroxide.

Gastrointestinal
bleeding can be reduced by creating
rest the patient by placing him on his back. On
you need to put an ice pack on your stomach,
completely prohibit the intake of food and liquids
and organize its delivery to a medical facility
institution.

Violation
integrity of skin, tissues and
organs as a result of mechanical
impacts are called damage
or wounds. Most common damage
caused by direct action
mechanical force (impact, compression,
stretching, etc.) on body tissue.

Mechanical damage may be
closed and open. Most often
when playing sports they meet
closed injuries (bruises, sprains,
subcutaneous ruptures of soft tissue-muscles,
tendons, blood vessels, etc.).

If you have all the symptoms of a abdominal bruise, you should definitely go to the doctor. Neither the victim’s relatives nor the patient himself correctly diagnoses the lesions and prescribes treatment, especially if the resulting abdominal injury is serious.

Before the ambulance arrives, for minor bruises, pre-medical first aid is provided for abdominal bruises. It is allowed only in case of blunt closed injuries.

The affected person is given the following measures to relieve symptoms:

Without any sudden movements, place the victim on level ground;
Hold the patient so that he does not lose consciousness;
Apply cold to the damaged area to relieve tension and acute pain.

As a cooling compress, you can take a heating pad and pour cold water, or just a piece of cloth soaked in ice water. You need to apply cold for 10 or 20 minutes, then take a break for five minutes, and repeat the procedure again.

In total, first aid should not last more than two and a half hours. If the measures taken do not alleviate the patient’s condition, then only doctors can eliminate the negative feelings. Bleeding, pallor of the patient, loss of consciousness and increasing pain - these are the symptoms that only emergency specialists can do.

After a blow or bruise, it is forbidden to give the patient food, painkillers or water.

First aid for a bruised abdomen is very important, because before the doctors arrive, the hematoma of the internal organs grows and complicates an already difficult situation.

In order for a traumatologist to tell how to treat a rib bruise, he must diagnose the bruise, and not more serious injuries. The doctor conducts an initial examination, where he visually assesses the integrity of the bones, the size of the hematoma, and the condition of the skin.

Based on the examination results, the doctor prescribes the most effective therapy. Treatment for a rib bruise depends on the specific situation (symptoms and severity of injury).

Treatment with medications involves the use of analgesics and drugs (most often ointments) with an analgesic effect. In case of hyperemia, antipyretic drugs are prescribed.
Breathing exercises develop injured ribs and relieve aching pain.
Physiotherapy is recommended after the patient's condition has improved slightly. It helps restore natural body movements. Physiotherapeutic procedures include: electrophoresis, ultra-high frequency therapy, as well as heating with a blue lamp or electric heating pad.

When a rib or several ribs are bruised, the following symptoms appear:

pain, discomfort, which may intensify when inhaling;
pain when palpating damaged ribs;
the rib hurts when moving, in particular when turning the body;
swelling of the skin, hematoma over the area of damaged ribs.

With a bruise, the same symptoms develop as with a crack and fracture. Therefore, it is important to accurately diagnose the pathology. For an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo a chest x-ray examination.

It is not difficult to identify bruised ribs, but to rule out a fracture and damage to internal organs, an X-ray examination will be needed. It allows the doctor to assess the condition of the bones and their integrity, and see damage to internal organs.

Before starting treatment, the doctor collects an anamnesis of the disease. How should this be done?

Find out how the injury was caused. First, the doctor questions the patient. He finds out how the patient received bruised ribs. If a person is injured due to an attack, it is important to know the force of the blow. He fell - he must remember from what height.

Examination of the patient. The doctor must conduct an examination; palpation is needed from both the back and chest. He needs to make sure that there are no extraneous noises in the lungs or heart.

Perform an x-ray or fluoroscopy of the chest. It is done in two projections: lateral and direct. This is mandatory, because Before starting to treat a patient, the doctor must make sure that there are no rib fractures. At first, it can be difficult even for a specialist to make a diagnosis, because if the fracture was not displaced, the symptoms are very similar.

Additional examination to distinguish rib bruises from fractures. It is not always possible to send the patient for an X-ray examination. What to do in this situation? There is a special technique that can be used to distinguish between a bruise and a fracture.

The doctor should press on the chest from the sides and front. If it is a rib fracture, the patient will feel severe pain in this area. With bruises there is no such pain.

After this, the doctor may tap your chest. If there was a fracture, the patient will begin to cough and produce sputum containing blood. These symptoms indicate that the lung is affected. When they are not present during examination, we are talking about a bruise.

The primary differential diagnosis of rib bruises is carried out taking into account the patient’s condition and examination data. To definitively exclude severe injuries, a chest x-ray is prescribed.

With lung contusions, foci of darkening are detected that do not coincide with the boundaries of the lobes and segments; ribbon-like stripes of darkening may appear along the course of some bronchi. With hemothorax, a clearly visible, contrasting homogeneous darkening with a horizontal upper border appears in the lower sections.

With pneumothorax, the pulmonary pattern in the areas of collapse of the lung is absent, the shadow of the mediastinum is shifted to the healthy side, and sometimes layers of air are visible under the skin. In doubtful cases, in addition to radiography, an MRI of the lungs may be prescribed, which allows identifying small areas of lung collapse, small foci of hemorrhage, etc. In case of cardiac dysfunction, a cardiologist is invited for consultation; in case of severe respiratory disorders, a pulmonologist or thoracic surgeon is invited.

If there are no pathological manifestations of the ribs and internal organs, a diagnosis of rib bruise is made.

If you feel that you have a lot of pain in the bruised area around the ribs, you need to make the correct diagnosis as quickly as possible. Modern diagnostic methods will help you with this, making it easy to distinguish a fracture from a bruise. The main ones are X-ray examination and ultrasound.

But when you come to your appointment, the doctor will first conduct a preliminary examination, ask you exactly where it hurts and examine the site of the suspected injury. Sometimes, due to similar symptoms, it can be difficult to distinguish between a fracture and a bruise, so you will have to visit an x-ray office.

An image or ultrasound examination will allow you to prescribe the correct treatment, in which you can quickly return to your normal lifestyle.

Due to the high degree of pain experienced when a rib is bruised, this damage can hardly be neglected. In addition to visual inspection of the integrity of the ribs, the appearance of uncharacteristic bulges and dents in the chest area, there are humane, effective diagnostic methods. These are:

X-ray examination of the chest organs in its different projections will give a holistic picture of the condition of the ribs and internal organs;
computed tomography - will determine the presence of any defects in the affected area;
MRI – will project the condition of both the ribs and internal organs in all planes and sections.

Indications from an X-ray examination are needed to obtain a general picture of anxiety, and for a more detailed examination, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are prescribed.

In case of complicated injuries, additional diagnostics of internal organs are prescribed, from measuring the heart rate to ultrasound. Timely diagnosis will save you from serious injury and death.

It is important to consult a specialist if you experience persistent, acute pain in the rib area, when breathing, coughing, or during any physical activity or rest. A routine examination by a doctor will benefit your recovery.

First aid

To reduce pain and avoid complications, you need to know what to do immediately after an injury.

Examine the area of the injury and make sure there are no dents or bulges. If they are present, you need to urgently consult a doctor; rib fractures are possible.
Maintain bed rest. Limit physical activity; sudden movements in case of bruised ribs are strictly prohibited.
Take painkillers for severe pain. For example, Ibuprofen or Diclofenac.
Lie on the injured side. This will make breathing easier.
Apply cold to the damaged area. It will reduce pain and swelling. First, apply a pressure bandage to the ribs, then cover it with a towel soaked in cold water or place an ice pack.

If after an injury you experience dizziness, coughing up blood, poor coordination of movements, or a change in heart rate, you should urgently seek medical help.

Occupational therapy

The doctor prescribes treatment depending on the severity of the injury and symptoms:

Drug treatment: the use of analgesics and pain-relieving ointments; if the temperature rises, antipyretic drugs are prescribed.
Breathing exercises will help relieve bruised ribs and get rid of aching pain.
Physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed after the patient’s condition improves and will return him to his usual physical activity.
UHF, amplipulse, electrophoresis, electric heating pad and blue lamp.

Folk remedies

Treatment for bruises involves relieving tension in the affected area. This needs to be done first.

Various cooling compresses are used for this purpose. Then medications can be used in the form of gels and ointments, as well as folk remedies, which contain exclusively natural ingredients.

Let's consider each treatment method separately.

Medicines

As noted earlier, you first need to apply something cold to the sore spot, for example, ice, frozen meat, and so on. Be sure to wrap it in a towel so as not to get frostbite in addition to the bruise. It is advisable to apply cooling compresses for no more than 15 minutes.

Local agents produced in the form of gels or ointments, for example, Indomethacin, are also often used. The recovery period is a special time during which the patient must follow a gentle regimen.

During the first 2-3 days, it is not advisable to get out of bed at all, unless, of course, the damage was severe. Try to avoid intense loads and sudden movements if you are seriously injured, as this will only aggravate the situation and the recovery period will be greatly delayed.

If your loved one has been injured, they need help. What to do?

It is advisable to immediately take him to the hospital so that the doctor can make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

Of course, only a doctor can give a final diagnosis, but some signs will help suspect a fracture:

elements of the ribs protrude from under the skin;
strong bulges and dents appear on the chest;
the ribs “crunch” a little when inhaling and exhaling;
The pain after the injury is very strong.

If all these symptoms are present, it is necessary to take the victim to a doctor as quickly as possible in order to begin treatment as soon as possible.

The victim should be given an analgesic, cold should be applied to the area of injury - this will help reduce swelling, hemorrhages and hematomas. Even if the condition is satisfactory and there are no signs of severe chest injuries, the patient must be urgently taken to an emergency room or trauma hospital, since in the initial stages severe injuries may be asymptomatic.

It is better to carry out delivery in a sitting or semi-sitting position - this will help the victim breathe easier.

Chest bandaging should be used with caution, only in case of severe pain and for a short time, since the bandage not only reduces pain, but also limits chest excursion.

This entails deterioration of lung ventilation and increases the likelihood of developing post-traumatic bronchitis and pneumonia, especially in older people and patients suffering from diseases of the respiratory system.

For intense pain, analgesics are prescribed. Patients are referred for UHF and then for electrophoresis.

It is advised to perform breathing exercises to prevent hypoventilation. For coughs, expectorants with a bronchodilator effect are prescribed.

Repeated examinations are carried out regularly to detect complications in a timely manner. For long-term non-absorbing soft tissue hematomas, opening and drainage are performed.

Recovery usually occurs within 1 month.

Many people are interested in the question, how long does treatment last? In general, recovery from damage is successful and there are no side effects. However, it is impossible to say exactly how long rehabilitation will last.

It depends on the nature of the injury and the individual characteristics of the body. It is necessary to treat the disease at home for as long as possible until the symptoms of the injury pass and the person regains full mobility.

On average, therapy lasts 2–3 weeks.

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In order for a rib fracture or bruise to quickly become just an unpleasant memory for you, you must strictly follow all the specialist’s recommendations. If there is only a bruise, follow these procedures:

Applying a cold compress or ice bottle to the injury site will help reduce swelling and reduce pain.
There is no need to do anything in such a situation: you only need peace and bed rest. Otherwise, you will have to treat the bruise for quite a long time, and the pain will not leave you for several weeks.
Try to reduce the severity of the discomfort by using an ointment with an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

If you have a rib fracture that is very painful, traumatologists usually resort to local anesthesia, which alleviates the patient’s condition. It should only be done in a hospital setting.

A fixative bandage is required only for multiple serious rib injuries. Also, a special approach is required for pneumothorax and hemothorax.

Conservative treatment, for example, the use of ointment, is ineffective, so a specialist performs a puncture to remove blood or air from the pleural cavity.

Treatment of a bruise should be immediate; severe bruises require special attention. Basically, the physical pain of bruised ribs is unbearable.

Therefore, every effort is made to reduce the painful discomfort of any movements. Injuries are accompanied by contusions, hematomas, bruises, cracks and fractures.

In these cases, all efforts are aimed at reducing swelling, redness, and pain in the damaged area. Cases with a fracture of a rib or even several ribs are much more complicated.

In such a situation, it is necessary to rigidly fix the position of the rib. This is possible with the help of various corsets, but sometimes a tight bandage of the chest is used, which is fraught with consequences.

Treating a rib bruise on your own is life-threatening. Professional therapy is very important in this case.

Treatment is used depending on the severity of the injury. Thus, both inpatient and outpatient treatment of patients is possible.

After receiving x-ray images and clarifying the general picture of the disease, the traumatologist prescribes appropriate treatment. The use of drug treatment is accompanied by a number of physiotherapeutic procedures and gymnastics.

For example, all medicinal efforts are aimed at eliminating painful breathing and body mobility. Painkillers, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and decongestant drugs are used, both in the form of tablets and in the form of various syrups and ointments.

These could be:

paracetamol;
ibuprofen;
heparin;
voltaren emulgel;
other tablets and pain-relieving ointments.

In the presence of cracks and fractures of the ribs, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed in the form of electrophoresis, UHF therapy and amplipulse therapy, as well as an electric heating pad.

Electrophoresis as a method of physiotherapy is quite relevant in this case, as it can strengthen the body’s protective functions and deliver medications to hard-to-reach places.

Ultrahigh frequency therapy has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It can have a beneficial effect on tissue restoration and increases the body's protective functions.

Amplipulse therapy is prescribed for a deep effect on tissue, reducing swelling and pain in the affected area of the body, as well as restoring normal blood supply. An electric heating pad is also used for this, but only at the final stage of recovery.

In addition to all medical prescriptions, it is important to maintain physical calm and bed rest. Reducing physical activity will reduce pain and prevent possible risks of complications.

Wearing additional corsets or tight bandaging should only be done by a specialist who can professionally assess the tension force and the required degree of fixation of the rib position.

You should refrain from active movement or any physical activity, especially in the first days of the injury. An exception is therapeutic exercises to restore the muscular corset of the thoracic region and stretching.

Gradual, uniform physical activity promotes a quick return to the normal rhythm of life.

To avoid the formation of bone adhesions, it is necessary to follow the intended therapy. These formations cause both external aesthetic defects and internal pleurisy.

Traditional methods of treatment should not be neglected. You should remember the compatibility of some medications with herbs, carefully read the package insert, and consult your doctor.

The first independent aid consists of cooling the damaged area of the body and reducing physical activity. It should be remembered that not all bruises are accompanied by hematomas and bruises.

It all depends on the severity of the blow in the event of defeat. Particular attention should be paid to bruises in the area of the heart and lungs in order to prevent damage to internal organs and further development of diseases.

Possible complications include pneumonia, the development of infectious diseases, prolonged pain, oxygen starvation, accumulation of air and blood in the pleural zone.

To protect yourself from the possible development of complications, you should urgently visit a traumatologist, undergo diagnostics and begin therapy. It is necessary to carefully study the instructions for the drug, as some cause excessive drowsiness and digestive disturbances.

Compliance with all medical prescriptions, the complex effect of medications with physiotherapy, and then with physical gymnastics, traditional medicine can speed up the healing process of the body.

You can treat a rib bruise yourself using home remedies only if the bruise is minor. If the bruise is severe, then you cannot do without a traumatologist. To alleviate your condition before visiting a doctor, you need to know what to do if you bruise your ribs.

Examine the bruised side for bulges and dents;
Take the most comfortable position and do not move;
To ease breathing, lie on your injured side;
Take a pain reliever;
Instead of a pillow, make a cushion out of dense material and place it under your head;
Lubricate the injury site with absorbable ointment or cream with a similar effect;
Bandage the chest with an elastic bandage;
Apply something cold to the ribs (on a pressure bandage).

If you have dizziness, confusion (incoherent thinking, usually combined with decreased attention and disorientation), coughing up blood, weakness, heart pain, changes in heartbeat and other important symptoms, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Treatment of damage must begin with first aid. The person should be at rest and not move. A tight bandage must be applied to the chest. Cold is applied to the injury site: ice, snow, a bottle of cold water, or simply compresses are made with a cloth soaked in cold water.

The patient needs to have an x-ray taken to make sure there are no rib fractures. Only after this can you begin to treat the bruise.

Treatment for bruises at home

Treatment can be carried out at home. For the treatment of bruised ribs, traditional medicine is used. Products for external use promote blood flow to the site of injury and speedy recovery after injury. With their use, the bruise will go away faster.

It is necessary to make applications with folk remedies daily. Compresses are best done in the evening before bed.

Bandages with leaves of medicinal plants are left for the whole day, the leaves themselves are changed twice a day. It is best to treat the injury with various folk remedies; in this case, the therapy will be more effective and the symptoms will go away faster.

Bruise is considered the most common type of all injuries and occurs most often in everyday conditions due to elementary human negligence.

With such an injury, only the external and internal soft tissues (skin, blood vessels, nerve endings, muscles, subcutaneous tissue and ligaments) are damaged; this is the main difference between a bruise and a fracture.

A very common case in medical practice and statistics is a back bruise.

The results of medical research have confirmed that women, the elderly, athletes and overly active children are most often exposed to severe back bruises.

Classification

There are several types of spinal injuries:

with existing spinal cord damage;
without compromising the integrity of the spinal cord;
with injury to internal and external soft tissues;
without the formation of wounds;
accompanied by vertebral dislocation;
with a violation of the integrity of the vertebral bones.

As you know, no person is immune from injuries. In terms of severity, a back bruise after a fall is considered one of the mildest injuries.

However, the consequences of this injury can be quite serious.

A back bruise is rightfully considered one of the most dangerous injuries, because this injury is associated with extensive bruising of soft tissues.

One of the most dangerous injuries is a back injury. Mechanical shock, accidents, accidents, falls, impacts on the surface of the water are the main causes of back injuries.

This type occupies a special place in the list of injuries due to the severity of the consequences. After a fall, soft tissues, muscles, and the spinal cord are often damaged.

Treatment and its duration depend on the area that is most affected and the severity of the injury. Much of the treatment is determined by the patient’s compliance with all medical recommendations.

Degree of damage: what you need to prepare for

A bruise in any part of the back can result in the most unpleasant consequences for health, as evidenced by several special sections formed in ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision), where each type of injury is assigned a separate code.

ICD-10 describes symptoms and additional characteristics of the condition for each department, first aid and systemic treatment. Therefore, when determining the severity of injury to the cervical spine, lower back, the level of damage to soft or bone tissue, specialists are guided by ICD-10.

Back contusion is considered in class S00-T98, where for each type of open and closed injury a code is indicated, recommendations and prognosis are given.

If internal organs are injured, the patient requires urgent medical attention. It is necessary to resort to intensive care measures as quickly as possible.

Typically, such patients have to be urgently operated on to stop internal bleeding. In addition, only during surgery can the doctor carefully examine and accurately determine the extent of damage to the internal organs.

Stopping bleeding depends on the degree of damage and its location; for example, damaged blood vessels may be cauterized with electrocautery, tightened, or sutured with threads.

Stop bleeding

In case of damage to internal organs, the patient almost always has to be injected with canned blood and resort to measures to stabilize blood circulation. In addition, it is extremely important to ensure the vital functions of the body (breathing, heart function).

First aid for internal injuries

If the lungs are damaged, the patient should be placed on his back so that the upper body is slightly elevated. All other therapeutic measures can only be applied by a doctor.

In the absence of indications for surgical treatment, bruises of internal organs are treated conservatively. The basic principles of treatment are as follows:

meals are carried out in fractions, but often; plant foods and fiber are recommended, eliminating constipation; the prescription of laxatives is indicated;

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A bruise can happen anywhere, and doctors cannot follow you around day and night. In this case, first aid is applied. The rules for providing first aid are quite simple, but they must be followed strictly.

Firstly, if the bruise is severe, it is worth immobilizing the place and taking the victim to the hospital, where he will have an x-ray. The same should be done if there are signs of a concussion (bruises under the eyes, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, nosebleeds), for which any unprofessional assistance can be fatal.

Secondly, you should apply something cold to the damaged area; this will help reduce swelling and pain by constricting blood vessels. Usually a pressure bandage is applied for these purposes, but if you know very little about it, it’s not worth it - it can cause harm.

In such cases, a simple bubble or ice pack, special cooling spray, or snow from the street will work well.

It is worth reminding the patient or yourself that now any hot baths or massage are contraindicated and prohibited for 3-4 days. If a wound or abrasion occurs during an impact, it should be washed with running water and hydrogen peroxide, and then treated with brilliant green or iodine, but only in cases where the wound is small.

For large injuries, such assistance can cause severe pain shock. To reduce pain, you can take a painkiller, such as aspirin.

When first aid has been provided, the patient should be taken to the emergency room, where he will be injected with anti-tetanus serum and the bruise will be examined and correctly diagnosed, because similar symptoms are also typical for serious injuries.

After all the measures, it is worth providing the patient with complete bed rest; doctors should apply a bandage to the injured limb, limiting its mobility.

There are many types of bruises, and after first aid, which is the same for everyone, traditional treatment begins, which varies for different injuries. When a finger is bruised, it is mandatory to take painkillers; sometimes sedatives are also used, especially if this injury occurs in a child.

If such a bruise is not serious, the patient is usually sent home with some anti-inflammatory ointment prescribed. When the hematoma and pain begin to subside little by little, you need to stretch your finger without causing yourself pain.

A joint bruise is quite dangerous and therefore it is often treated under the supervision of specialists. In order to relieve pain, use camphor oil, bruise ointment and other means.

In such cases, fixing bandages are necessarily applied, and physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises and magnetic therapy are also prescribed, which eliminate the possibility of complications.

When a face is bruised, nothing other than first aid is usually used. It's another matter if it is accompanied by a bruised nose. With it, for 2 days, every 2 hours you need to apply cold compresses for a quarter of a minute. After this, the cold is replaced by warmth, for example, warm sand in a bag or a heating pad is applied to the nose. At the same time, physiotherapy is prescribed.

Sometimes vasoconstrictor drops are prescribed, especially if the nose is stuffy. If the hematoma does not go away, this means that the blood is stagnating inside, and in this case it is removed artificially. Even with mild, first degree, bed rest is observed for at least 7 days.

Bruises of internal organs require immediate hospitalization. The treatment regimen for such bruises is quite complex and poorly understood by ordinary people, and also varies for different organs.

Any help from a non-doctor in such cases means an unforgivable delay, because these bruises often entail internal bleeding that is invisible to the naked eye, which will kill the victim.

Sometimes alternative medicine is just as good and fights a bruise in time. But it is worth remembering: all folk methods and remedies are used only after and together with the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor.

Very often, bruises are treated with self-prepared ointments. For this method you need to take:

75 g freshly picked burdock roots, washed and dried;
200 ml olive or sunflower oil.

The use of ointments is based on their proven effectiveness, as well as on the fact that these are preparations for external use, provide local assistance, which means their harmful effects on the body are minimal.

Frequent types of bruises are bruises of the knee joint and bruises of the elbow joint and shoulder.

These types of bruises are not severe. Often found in children involved in active sports: running, cycling, skiing, etc. In most cases, the outcomes are favorable - complete recovery.

Knee injury: what to do?

First of all, the main symptom is pain in the place where you hit yourself. After a few hours, subcutaneous hemorrhages appear, and hematoma and edema form.

The size of the bruise may not reflect the degree of soft tissue contusion. In older people, with a minor blow, a huge bruise and thickening immediately appear, since the body is no longer as strong as before: fragility of blood vessels and slower thrombus formation are observed.

The doctor first examines the area where the blow occurred. Then, depending on the type, x-rays may be ordered. If there is a suspicion that a certain organ has been damaged, then an ultrasound is prescribed.

If there is a suspicion that it was the abdomen that was injured, then the patient needs to undergo a blood, urine, and urine amylase test. In addition to ultrasound and x-rays, tomography may be prescribed. Ultrasound helps quickly and painlessly determine whether a person needs surgery. It shows the presence of bleeding and damage.

Laparoscopy may also be used. An endoscope is inserted through a small incision. This procedure allows you to determine the presence of bleeding and make a conclusion about whether to perform surgery or not.

Every person needs to know what to do if they are bruised. First you need to apply an ice compress to the bruise.

This will help reduce blood flow to the area and reduce compaction, resulting in a smaller bruise in the future. Ice is applied for 15-20 minutes several times a day.

Do not put ice directly on the skin; place any cloth under it. Otherwise you may get frostbite.

If the bruise causes pain, you need to take paracetamol. After the swelling subsides, you can move on to warm compresses.

They are applied for 10 minutes no more than 3 times a day. This is necessary to relax the muscles and allow blood to drain faster.

Treatment of bruises can be carried out using massage, which will stimulate the circulatory system. An ordinary hematoma resolves in 7-10 days.

But there are also more serious bruises. In such situations, a person needs to call an ambulance and provide first aid.

Treatment of eye bruises

If you bruise your eye, you should immediately consult an ophthalmologist. When a person is hospitalized, he needs to limit eye movement as much as possible and not move his neck and head in different directions.

He is also not allowed to lift weights. After the blow, the eye must be covered with a sterile bandage, which is attached to the head with gauze.

The doctor will independently diagnose and prescribe treatment for bruises.

Help with bruises of internal organs

Everyone knows how to provide assistance for bruises, but not everyone knows how to provide assistance for bruises correctly. First aid for a bruise is to examine the damaged area, if it is a limb, then check its functions (flexion-extension, other movements).

If there are only symptoms of a bruise, and not a more serious injury, it is necessary to apply cold to the injured area. This causes spasm of the microvasculature and helps stop internal hemorrhage.

It is better not to use painkillers so as not to miss the deterioration of the condition in case of additional complications. However, if you are sure that the bruise has not damaged the internal organs, you can give an anesthetic drug, with the exception of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).

Aspirin should not be used to treat bruises, as it increases bleeding.

If there is a severe bruise of the head with loss of consciousness, a severe bruise of the lower back, abdomen or chest, in addition to applying a cold compress, the victim must be laid down and called an ambulance, or taken to the emergency room on your own, trying, if possible, to immobilize the bruised area and maintain peace.

It must be remembered that cold is effective only during the first thirty minutes. Then the necessary help for a bruise consists of giving rest to the bruised area.

Two days after the injury, gentle heat is required on the damaged area. Applying a warm compress during this period ensures blood flow to the site of the bruise, which accelerates the resorption of the hematoma without the risk of renewed bleeding.

Treatment of bruises is required when a significant injury occurs. Bruises of the head, abdomen, lower back and chest require hospitalization in the surgical department, where, after appropriate diagnostics, a decision is made on further treatment of the bruise.

In severe cases, surgical treatment of the bruise is performed. Access to the damaged area is carried out either endoscopically or openly, ruptures of large vessels, ruptures of parenchymal organs are sutured, and spilled blood is removed.

Then the wound is drained. In parallel, anti-inflammatory and painkillers are prescribed.

Treatment of a bruise in the regeneration stage consists of the use of physiotherapy in order to accelerate the resorption of the hematoma and the speedy restoration of damaged tissues.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

on the first day it is possible to use cold, in the form of an ice pack;
it is necessary to provide rest to the affected organ;
pain relief is carried out only with the complete exclusion of peritonitis and the development of intestinal obstruction;
according to indications, infusions are carried out with drugs that improve blood clotting (Vikasol, Aminocaproic acid);
meals are given in small portions, but often; plant foods and fiber are recommended to prevent constipation; the use of laxatives is indicated;
in the subacute period, the use of physiotherapeutic procedures is recommended.

A traumatologist diagnoses bruised ribs, bruised arms or bruised tailbones externally, but after examination he must check the integrity of the internal organs and the absence of fractures. This is especially important in case of brain contusion.

Often, a victim may mistake a fracture for a bruise, this especially often happens when the ribs or shoulder are bruised. In this case, the patient does not treat the fracture, which can lead to complications.

Only a doctor should treat blows and injuries, with the exception of rare, mild forms. Even with such simple injuries as a bruised chest, bruised tailbone and bruised knee, hand or shoulder, neglect of the problem can lead to serious consequences. A fracture is often confused with a regular bruised toe, which can result in complications for the victim.

Treatment begins with an examination. If the elbow, hand or little finger, as well as other limbs are bruised, the absence of a fracture is checked, that is, the function of the limb.

After the signs of injury have been eliminated and the bruise has resolved, the consequences need to be treated with special ointments, compresses and gymnastics. A bruised heel, a bruised nose, and even a bruised tailbone or hand will not lead to serious consequences, however, they must be treated as carefully as eye and brain injuries.

Symptoms

The symptoms of the disease can vary significantly depending on which organ is affected. But the main signs of damage are:

Severe pain in the area of injury;
The appearance of a hematoma (most often it is of impressive size);
Edema. In most cases, it indicates the presence of internal hemorrhage;
Deterioration in the functioning of the affected organ.

Very often, with such a lesion, patients also suffer from nausea and low blood pressure.

Since the nerve endings in the liver area are unevenly distributed, the pain syndrome can be either very pronounced or practically absent. In most cases, local pain is observed at the site of injury, incl.

hours from damage to deep muscles.

The discomfort may spread to the lumbar and groin area. Doctors often notice the patient's difficulty breathing, tension during palpation, Kulenkampf's symptom, increased blood pressure and skin abrasions.

Liver bruise is characterized by noticeable symptoms, the identification of which allows you to save a person’s life.

Severe and sharp pain when injured

What symptoms indicate that the patient has a bruised rib? How to understand what to do?

Main symptoms

If the following symptoms appear after an injury, you should visit a doctor:

Strong pain.
Tense anterior abdominal wall.
Feeling of fullness in the stomach.
Hemoptysis.
Symptoms of shock.

The organs of the chest or abdomen can be injured by a sharp or blunt object during a traffic accident, for example, when a driver hits the steering wheel with his chest or stomach, or when a person falls on his chest or back. In addition, gunshot or puncture wounds are possible.

Common complaints with lung contusions include chest pain, shortness of breath, and possibly hemoptysis. In case of rib fractures, there is severe pain when breathing, which can be relieved with novocaine blockades.

When spontaneous pneumothorax or pulmonary contusion occurs, acute respiratory failure develops. Along with cyanosis, pallor, cyanosis of the skin, the patient’s anxiety increases, and a drop in blood pressure is possible.

Most often, lung bruises occur when hitting the steering wheel, as well as falling on a hard surface.

Consequences of a bruise

Regardless of which internal organ was damaged, immediately after the injury it is necessary to see a doctor, who, after conducting a diagnosis, will identify what the patient is faced with.

In approximately 40% of cases, lesions of this kind require surgery. If hemorrhage or tissue rupture is not repaired in time, the consequences for the patient can be dire, even death.

Liver contusion has serious consequences if treatment rules are not followed or assistance is not provided in a timely manner.

Possible complications:

Tissue necrosis, sepsis.
Hemobilia, biligemia.
Development of an abscess (suppuration in the area of the hematoma).
Cyst formation in liver tissue.
Subphrenic abscess.
Liver failure, intrahepatic abscess, bleeding of liver vessels.
Bleeding in the first 3 days after surgery or diagnosis.
Fibrinolysis.
Peritonitis.
Decreased mobility of the diaphragm dome in the right area.
Changes in the position of the colon and stomach.

Serious consequences can also be caused by home treatment and reluctance to see a specialist. It is important to remember that complications from a liver contusion must be treated immediately after the first signs appear, otherwise death is possible.

A liver injury does not provoke the development of cancer.

After bruises in the abdominal area, treatment is often prescribed by a surgeon. For a correct diagnosis, the patient will be asked to undergo an X-ray and ultrasound examination, computer tomography or laparoscopy.

This is done to determine whether the patient needs surgical intervention. A less serious injury may require bed rest, cold treatment, or physical therapy to eliminate swelling, bruises and abrasions.

Do not forget that complications may develop later after an abdominal injury. One of the most common is a hernia formed after a muscle rupture. The most dangerous consequence of a bruise is internal bleeding. It is always considered as a direct threat to the patient’s life.

Complications such as peritonitis are common after surgery. This inflammation can cause blood poisoning and can be fatal for the patient.

In the vast majority of cases, mild and even severe bruises pass without consequences, or the consequences of the bruise disappear without a trace within two to three weeks. However, there are situations when the consequences of a bruise can be quite serious.

First of all, this applies to the already mentioned head contusions. The fact is that the skull is a closed space, and the hematoma, which in any other place of the body would resolve over time without causing significant concern, in the skull leads to compression of vital brain structures.

In this case, the consequence of a bruise can be neurological disorders of varying severity and localization, severe headache accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and even death.

One of the consequences of a bruise, although quite rare, can be the calcification of a hematoma. In this case, a compaction remains in the soft tissues, which can cause quite significant pain when moving.

In some cases, a long-term consequence of bruising the soft tissue of the mammary gland in women or testicles in men may be the development of a malignant tumor of these organs.

A serious consequence of a bruise is a violation of the integrity of a large vessel. In this case, significant hemorrhage and even internal bleeding is possible, the formation of a blood clot is possible, followed by a serious complication - thromboembolism, when a blood clot with the movement of blood enters a vessel of a smaller diameter and blocks it.

Thromboembolism can lead to heart attack, stroke, necrosis of an internal organ, and death.

Also of significant danger are the consequences of bruises of internal organs, for example, bruise of the heart, bruise of the kidneys, liver, spleen. In this case, various damages and disruptions of their functions are possible, which pose a danger to life.

Considering all of the above, do not underestimate bruises, especially serious ones.

A brain contusion is a consequence of a traumatic brain injury that damages brain tissue. If a bruised toe or hand causes only external consequences, then everything is much more serious.

Brain contusion is a serious problem that requires special treatment and monitoring. Unlike, for example, a bruised finger, such an injury can lead to serious consequences.

Preventive measures

The first preventive method for severe pain in the ribs is to limit a person’s physical activity. Then you should undergo certain physiotherapeutic procedures.

It would not be superfluous to purchase a fixing rib in the form of a special vest. It is important not only to wear such a design, but also to install it correctly.

This will reduce physical stress on sore ribs.

Do not ignore the increase in body temperature and the manifestation of allergic reactions, as these phenomena indicate the development of an inflammatory process in the body.

For treatment, use various painkillers and anti-inflammatory ointments. They are excellent as a preventive measure, and besides, you can purchase such drugs not only with a doctor’s prescription, but also without it.

Trauma to the chest, and in particular to the ribs, does not pose a serious danger to human health and quite rarely leads to serious complications.

But incorrect or inattentive treatment of a bruise is another step towards unpleasant consequences for the patient’s health. Do not ignore such injuries.

The causes of bruises can be rooted in normal human activities. You may accidentally trip, drop a heavy object, or bump into the corner of a hard object. People leading an active lifestyle and athletes are more susceptible to such injuries. During the icy season, you can get multiple bruises.

We are used to getting up if we fall, and, rubbing the bruise, continue doing what we did before the injury. After a fall, collision, push, we don’t think about how to treat bruises. But this is fundamentally wrong. This injury can be accompanied by quite serious damage and lead to serious complications. It is very important to recognize the severity of the injury and promptly seek medical help.

Types of bruises

According to localization, the following bruises of internal organs and accompanying symptoms are distinguished:

Liver bruise. Causes a feeling of sharp pain at the site of impact. The body experiences stress, the limbs cool down, the heartbeat quickens, and the blood pressure drops. The abdomen is depressed or protruded. Changing body position causes pain.
Lung contusion. Symptoms: increased pain when inhaling, coughing up blood, tachycardia, pale skin, bruising in the area of impact, swelling. A similar bruise to internal organs can be caused by a sharp fall on your back.
When the spleen is bruised, the patient tries to take a certain position to relieve suffering: squat down, lie on his left side and bend his legs. The pulse is increased, blood pressure is low, there is severe pain in the left hypochondrium area, radiating to the forearm and shoulder blade. Internal bleeding is possible, accompanied by bloating.
Kidney bruise. The injury causes paroxysmal pain in the lower back, spreading to the stomach and groin. Nausea or vomiting is present. Body temperature rises. Blood is detected in the urine. The number of clots indicates the severity of the condition. Injury to these paired internal organs can occur when falling from a height, as a result of unsuccessful sports activities, or accidents.
Heart contusion is accompanied by tachycardia, pain in the area of the organ, shortness of breath (suffocation), a gradual decrease in pressure, and pallor of the skin.
A bladder bruise makes it impossible to urinate. The urge is frequent, but without results. Instead of urine, blood is released. In the lower abdomen there is pain, swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin.

A weak or severe bruise can be one of the following types based on the organ or part of the body affected by the injury:

chest (can damage internal organs);
brain (with possible severe consequences);
shoulder (temporary joint dysfunction, likelihood of developing arthrosis);
kidneys (probably internal bleeding);
knee (rarely - hemarthrosis);
ankle joint (causes arthrosis with age);
elbow joint (with subsequent arthrosis or arthritis);
hands or arms;
heels;
finger or toe;
nose (with possible displacement of the septum);
ribs (with the possibility of injury to internal organs);
lung (with possible rupture or hemorrhage).

Bruises associated with internal organs are more serious than superficial wounds. The following types of bruises are distinguished according to severity:

first degree - a slight bruise with a scratch without a bruise or with a small bruise that passes quickly;
the second degree is accompanied by the appearance of pain, tumor, hematoma;
the third degree is associated with damage to soft tissues, as well as tendons and ligaments;
fourth degree - with damage to internal organs.

How to treat a bruise depends on its severity. Minor injuries resolve without external intervention. The higher the degree, the more urgent the medical help. Brain injuries require the most rapid and serious attention from doctors.

Depending on the location of the damage, bruises are distinguished:

brushes;
finger;
elbow;
shoulder;
forearms;
brain;
heads;
backs;
chest;
abdominal cavity;
coccyx;
knee;
hips;
shins;
feet.

Depending on the nature of the damage, bruises are:

1st degree – minor bruise – manifested by scratches and abrasions, practically painless; heals within a few days without care;
2nd degree - a rather painful bruise in which muscle tissue is damaged, accompanied by hematomas and swelling;
3rd degree – ligaments and tendons are damaged;
4th degree - severe injury that can threaten health; the functioning of damaged organs may be disrupted.

Tissue damage is divided into types depending on their location:

Chest contusion. Chest bruise can lead to malfunction of internal organs
Shoulder injury. Leads to temporary incapacity of the shoulder joint, and serious bruises of the shoulder can cause arthrosis
Knee bruise. Sometimes leads to the development of hemarthrosis
Bruised ankle joint. Severe bruises of large joints lead to the development of arthrosis in old age
Bruised arm or hand. Has no serious consequences
Stubbed finger or bruised toe. Usually the little finger or thumb is affected. Does not have serious or dangerous consequences, but can cause a fracture
Bruised ribs. If the ribs are bruised, internal organs can also be injured.
Bruised nose. The consequence is displacement of the septum
Bruised elbow joint. Causes arthritis and arthrosis as a consequence
Kidney bruise. May lead to internal bleeding
Brain contusion. Such an injury can be almost painless for the victim, but a slight swelling forms at the site of the impact. If additional symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and loss of consciousness are present, the injury should be treated immediately
Lung contusion. Very dangerous injury, can lead to lung rupture and internal hemorrhage
Bruised heel. A heel bruise is also always very painful, but there is no danger.

Contusions to the kidney, brain, and lung are more serious injuries than superficial contusions. And if the treatment of some external bruises can sometimes be carried out at home, then such injuries as a bruise of the lung or kidney, as well as other internal organs, require professional intervention.

31Question: Fractured ribs. Signs, first aid.

Sick
with a fracture of the first cervical vertebra presents
complaints of pain in the back of the head, parietal
area and upper neck. In every
in the second case, fracture of the first cervical vertebra
accompanied by damage to the spinal cord,
less often – medulla oblongata or fracture
other vertebrae.

At
fractures of the second cervical vertebra II
degree, the tooth fragment moves anteriorly
or posteriorly. Anterior displacement of the fragment
may cause neurological disorders
varying degrees of severity: from local
disturbances of sensitivity to paresis
and paralysis. When a tooth moves posteriorly
neurological disorders are usually
less pronounced.

Usually
with rib fractures, a sharp sensation is felt
pain. It manifests itself especially clearly
when feeling the injured area,
as well as when taking a deep breath or coughing.
It can be painful for a person to laugh, in
sometimes even talk. Victim
spares the damaged part of the chest;
breathing on this side is shallow.

Anesthetize
(non-narcotic analgesics; in severe
cases - narcotic drugs, except drugs
opium).

supraclavicular
the fossa is smoothed, it is palpable
proximal clavicle fragment.

omission
shoulder joint from the side of the fracture
and its inward displacement

limitation
active movements of the arm in the shoulder
joint

pain,
soft tissue swelling

head
the victim is tilted into the damaged area
side

often
displacement of bone fragments of the clavicle and
swelling in the area of the fracture is caused
compression or damage to nerves
fibers and vessels. It leads to
impaired sensitivity and mobility
fingers

V
axilla from the side of the fracture
put a dense lump of soft cloth, cotton wool,
a lump of plastic bags, etc.

hand
bend at the elbow so that the area from
hand to elbow (forearm) was parallel
semi

forearm
hung on a scarf or scarf. Can
fold the edge of the T-shirt and pin it
his pin.

The piece of matter must be
so wide that the forearm and
the brush was placed entirely in it. On
a thin rope or belt will not hold your hand
keep in a stable position.

This
will lead to its excessive mobility, and
means increased pain due to mobility
bone fragments. Reach,
dice cannot be compared.

preferably
arm, starting from the shoulder joint,
bandage completely to the body.

Fine
an immobilized limb will allow
for the victim to relax the sore arm,
which in turn will significantly reduce
painful sensations. Application
improvised tires and intricate
Deso type dressings are difficult to
extreme conditions.

First, the tires
you have to make something out of it. And not just
do it, but do it right.

Secondly,
they need to be bandaged with something. Third,
you need to know how to bandage correctly.

The most
simple and “economical” from the point of view
saving dressing material
the method would be immobilization by
tightly bandaging the arm to the body.

Traumatic
response is called shock
generalized to severe
mechanical injury.

erectile
(excitation phase). Always shorter than a phase
braking, characterizes the initial
manifestations of TS: motor and
psycho-emotional agitation, running
restless look, hyperesthesia,
pale skin, tachypnea,
tachycardia, increased blood pressure
pressure;

Symptoms of bruise

The main signs of a bruise are damage:

muscle tissue;
skin;
fatty tissue under the skin.

Vessels with capillaries are often injured. The damaged area may swell due to hemorrhage and a hematoma appears on it. These are the most common symptoms of bruises. If the joint is affected, the bruise may turn purple or even black. Then the shade changes to green, yellow-green. Also, when a joint is injured, the damaged area swells.

If a person has received serious bruises, then the main symptoms are serious pain.

When they become unbearable, there is every reason to fear a fracture. In this case, as well as if there is suspicion of damage to internal organs, it is necessary to undergo a control check with doctors. Doctors know all the morphological signs of a bruised wound. They will be able to conduct detailed diagnostics and make an accurate diagnosis.

How to determine a bruise of internal organs?

The task of doctors is to determine the degree of injury to internal organs based on symptoms and diagnostic test data:

Electrocardiogram - shows a violation of cardiac impulses.
Echocardiography is prescribed to detect hemodynamic disorders.
Holter - measures pulse, heart rate, and blood pressure within 24 hours.
X-ray - allows you to detect associated injuries (fractures of the chest, ribs)

If there are symptoms of injury to internal organs, especially the genitourinary organs, blood and urine tests are prescribed to monitor changes in chemical reactions in the body.

The degree of damage and assessment of kidney performance are determined using the following methods:

Chromocystoscopy - abnormalities are detected by staining urine. A special substance is used - contrast, which is injected into the urethra.
An X-ray examination allows you to see the outline of the kidneys and examine the bruise of a contusion due to a bruise of an internal organ.

In the case of liver contusion, the results of a biochemical blood test indicate a halving of total protein, a drop in albumin, and an increase in ALT and AST. Instrumental methods for examining the organ include computed tomography and MRI; they determine the degree and depth of damage and the amount of blood accumulated in the abdominal cavity.

Treatment of bruise

The obtained results of hardware studies and analyzes are taken by doctors as a basis in choosing a method of treating bruised internal organs.

UHF therapy expands capillaries, enhances lymph flow and the flow of leukocytes to the site of injury. The procedure resolves accumulated fluid and stimulates regeneration processes. Microwave expands capillaries and increases their permeability. Magnetotherapy enhances the phagocytic activity of leukocytes. Manual massage is very effective in resolving hematomas.

Several groups of medications are used in home therapy:

Troxevasin, Rescuer, Lyoton - a group of heparin-based drugs that resolve hematomas.
Capsicam or Arpisatron are ointments that allow you to dilate blood vessels.
Wobenzym or Phlogenzym are enzyme preparations that relieve swelling and pain.
Fastum or Indovazin are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The use of herbal decoctions resolves fluid accumulated from the impact of internal organs, restores injured blood vessels, and enhances tissue regeneration.

After a bruise, with the exception of the mildest cases, the help of a doctor is necessary, otherwise complications can be serious. Treatment of bruises and hematomas starts with an examination. It is mandatory to check for fractures and other associated injuries. They are treated additionally.

Treatment of bruises of soft tissues and joints is carried out using gels and ointments containing NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). They are applied to the damaged area four times a day.

The number of treatments depends on the degree of damage. You can also make a compress to help with bruises.

If there are abrasions or scratches, NSAIDs are contraindicated. In case of serious pain, the same drugs are taken orally.

If the pain does not subside, urgent consultation with a specialist is necessary.

The bruise usually heals within a week and a half or less. If recovery is delayed, you can undergo physical therapy as prescribed by your therapist. To cure a bruise, prescribe:

electrophoresis with drugs;
magnetic therapy with high-frequency fields;

Traditional methods

Treatment is also possible at home. There are many folk remedies for this. For example, you can grind flax into fine powder and mix it with vegetable oil (1 to 4). The mixture is applied to the injured area for an hour and covered with film.

First aid for bruises consists of examining the damaged area. If a limb is damaged, its functions (extension, flexion and other movements) must be checked.

If there are only signs of a bruise, and not more significant damage, cold should be applied to the injured area. As a result of this procedure, the microcirculatory vessels spasm and internal hemorrhage stops.

It is better not to use painkillers, as this can only worsen the victim’s condition. But if you are sure that the internal organs are not damaged, you can give one of the painkillers. Do not use aspirin for bruises - it will only increase bleeding.

In the event that a head injury occurs and a person loses consciousness, a severe injury to the chest, lower back or abdomen, in addition to applying cold, it is necessary to maintain rest, immobilize the site of the injury as much as possible and take the patient to the emergency room.

Cold is effective only for half an hour. 2-3 days after the injury, the damaged area needs gentle warmth. A warm compress during this period will ensure blood flow to the bruised area, as a result of which the resorption of the hematoma is accelerated without the possible risk of renewed bleeding.

If a limb is bruised, a pressure bandage is applied to the affected area. In case of extensive bruises of the extremities, it is necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis with dislocations and fractures.

In such cases, a transport splint is applied and the victim is hospitalized in a hospital. After the hemorrhage resolves, therapeutic exercises and massage are prescribed to prevent the possibility of contractures forming.

This is especially important for bruises of large joints or periarticular areas. In case of hemarthrosis, a puncture is performed and the blood is removed.

Inpatient treatment is indicated for significant bruises, as well as bruises of the head, chest, lower back and abdomen. In severe cases, surgical treatment is performed.

Prevention

Treatment begins with an examination. If the elbow, hand or little finger, as well as other limbs are bruised, the absence of a fracture is checked, that is, the function of the limb.

After the signs of injury have been eliminated and the bruise has resolved, the consequences need to be treated with special ointments, compresses and gymnastics. A bruised heel, a bruised nose, and even a bruised tailbone or hand will not lead to serious consequences, however, they must be treated as carefully as eye and brain injuries.

You need to be prepared that the treatment of bruises and sprains will take an average of 2-3 weeks. During this period, it is very important to avoid any stress to ensure maximum rapid healing of damaged tissue.

Important! Before treating bruises at home, it is necessary to take an x-ray to confirm the diagnosis, and also make sure that there are no contraindications to each specific remedy.

Physiotherapy for those diagnosed with a bruise

Under the guidance of a physiotherapist, you can also engage in physical therapy. The necessary exercises are selected individually for each patient, based on where the bruise is located and how severe it is.

Knowing what a bruise is and how to treat it, you can forget about the pain for several days. And regular use of home remedies will eliminate cosmetic defects in just one week.

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First aid for bruises

Impacts from a blunt object or a blow from a fall from a height often cause bruises to internal organs. Symptoms may not appear immediately. If the consequence is internal bleeding, then pallor, cold sweat, dizziness and weakness appear after 10-30 minutes as blood accumulates in the abdominal cavity or chest.

It is impossible to stop internal bleeding without medical help. Before the arrival of a team of specialists, the victim is provided with first aid aimed at stopping the bleeding.

The person must be placed on his back so that the head and shoulders are higher than the back, and a cold compress must be applied to the stomach.

After bruising your ankle, elbow, heel, knee, or tailbone, you can apply a cold compress to relieve swelling and pain. This assistance is undesirable for injuries to the eye or brain and is completely prohibited if the chest is injured. If joints or limbs are injured, a pressure bandage is applied to the affected area.

If the injury is severe, it is better to apply a splint, as in this case a fracture is possible. Also, with such an injury, it is necessary to provide the person with peace and immobility, and take him to a medical facility as quickly as possible. Doctors will advise how to treat a bruise. It is forbidden:

massage the damaged area;
drink alcohol;
warm a bruise;
move a lot.

A person can hurt himself anywhere: at home, on the street, on an expedition, etc. There is not always a doctor nearby, so everyone should be able to help the victim. Often the victim himself can provide this help.

First aid for bruises and sprains should be aimed at eliminating pain.

When there is a bruise, the first step is to cool the injured area. To do this, wrap a small amount of dry ice in natural fabric and press it onto the injured area for 10-15 minutes.

If the damaged area is quite large, then you can repeat the procedure no more than once an hour. But in the case of spot cooling of the elbow or shoulder, it is better to apply a second compress no earlier than after 3-4 hours.

Important! In the first few days after injury, heating the bruise is strictly prohibited.

If possible, you need to take a position so that the bruise is above the level of the heart (raise your arm, leg). This will help prevent the development of tumors and edema.

To quickly eliminate painful symptoms, it is recommended to take a drug based on paracetamol. But it is better to avoid Ibuprofen, because it can provoke new subcutaneous bleeding. In consultation with your doctor, drug treatment can be supplemented with stronger painkillers.

The above actions are all that can be done in case of a bruise. Further treatment must be coordinated with a traumatologist. If your head has been injured, self-medication is generally prohibited.

Prevention

The best prevention of bruises is being careful in everyday life. Most injuries people get are due to inattention. Recommended:

do not hurry;
look around;
walk along icy paths with a shuffling “ski” gait;
handle heavy things carefully.

Attention and caution can protect everyone from the vast majority of injuries that lead to bruises.

megan92 2 weeks ago

Tell me, how does anyone deal with joint pain? My knees hurt terribly ((I take painkillers, but I understand that I’m fighting the effect, not the cause... They don’t help at all!

Daria 2 weeks ago

I struggled with my painful joints for several years until I read this article by some Chinese doctor. And I forgot about “incurable” joints a long time ago. That's how things are

megan92 13 days ago

Daria 12 days ago

megan92, that’s what I wrote in my first comment) Well, I’ll duplicate it, it’s not difficult for me, catch it - link to professor's article.

Sonya 10 days ago

Isn't this a scam? Why do they sell on the Internet?

Yulek26 10 days ago

Sonya, what country do you live in?.. They sell it on the Internet because stores and pharmacies charge a brutal markup. In addition, payment is only after receipt, that is, they first looked, checked and only then paid. And now everything is sold on the Internet - from clothes to TVs, furniture and cars

Editor's response 10 days ago

Sonya, hello. This drug for the treatment of joints is indeed not sold through the pharmacy chain in order to avoid inflated prices. Currently you can only order from Official website. Be healthy!

Sonya 10 days ago

I apologize, I didn’t notice the information about cash on delivery at first. Then, it's OK! Everything is fine - for sure, if payment is made upon receipt. Thanks a lot!!))

Margo 8 days ago

Has anyone tried traditional methods of treating joints? Grandma doesn’t trust pills, the poor thing has been suffering from pain for many years...

Andrey A week ago

No matter what folk remedies I tried, nothing helped, it only got worse...

Ekaterina A week ago

I tried drinking a decoction of bay leaves, it didn’t do any good, I just ruined my stomach!! I no longer believe in these folk methods - complete nonsense!!

Maria 5 days ago

I recently watched a program on Channel One, it was also about this Federal program to combat joint diseases talked. It is also headed by some famous Chinese professor. They say that they have found a way to permanently cure joints and back, and the state fully finances the treatment for each patient

Damage to internal organs, causes, signs. PMP.

Brain concussion.

A concussion is a traumatic injury to brain tissue and disruption of its activity. Occurring from a fall from a height onto the head, from blows, bruises to the head. Despite the fact that in most external disorders of the skull bones there is no evidence, however, as a result of injury, damage to the brain itself occurs, as a result of which minor bleeding occurs in the brain, as a result of rupture of blood vessels and brain tissue flows away.

Concussions can range from mild to severe.

With a mild degree of severity, the victim’s pulse quickens, the feeling of nausea increases, breathing is shallow, the skin is pale, and there is a headache.

After an injury, they experience a saline condition and are buried. Many people regard this symptom as “Sleep and everything will pass” as erroneous behavior.

Often the victim experiences dilation of the pupils. Impaired neurological functions, double vision, minor strabismus, impaired eye movement may occur, a person cannot reach the tip of the nose, and straight walking movement is impaired. In severe cases, after a tramp, a person loses consciousness, as a rule, memory loss (amnesia) appears. In severe cases, it may be accompanied by a fracture of the skull bones and the base of the skull.

First aid for head injuries. For any head injury, consult a doctor, even if the condition is satisfactory. The doctor is called in, and before the doctor arrives, the victim is placed in bed on his back, his head slightly raised when transporting the victim, his head is protected from additional concussions.

Before the doctor arrives, it is not recommended to feed and water the victim if the unconscious victim is placed on his back with his head turned on his side in order to facilitate breathing. The position in Baku is beneficial because it prevents the victim from getting worse by sticking his tongue or vomiting.

Compresses on the head have a good effect. If breathing stops, begin resuscitation. It is impossible to numb the victim until examined by a doctor.

Strict bed rest for 10 days and special nutrition.

Damage to the chest and abdomen. These injuries most often occur due to a fall from a height or transport injuries. Damage can be open or closed. In closed injuries, the walls of the cavity in which the organs are located are not damaged. With open injuries, there is a wound connecting the chest cavity with the external environment.

One of the most common chest injuries is fracture of the ribs and collarbones. In this case, bone fragments can injure the lung tissue, in this case into the pleural cavity and bleeding occurs, and the patient begins to cough up blood.

In children with fractures of the ribs and collarbone, there is pain when inhaling

With a subcutaneous rupture, there is a retraction of the chest and its protrusion at the exit.

At this site of injury, the skin may be bluish in color. There may be minor bleeding from the nose and ears.

When there is an open injury to the chest, air begins to penetrate through the holes, displacing its organs, irritating the nerves, and a silky state may occur.

As a rule, these injuries occur due to puncture wounds. An open wound to the chest is called an open pneumothorax.

Aspirated victims experience a feeling of tightness in the chest, a feeling of death, and shortness of breath. To do this, you need to apply a bandage that is as airtight as possible, apply plenty of Vaseline around the wound, and apply cellophane. You can use an adhesive plaster if it’s small early.

If a cough occurs, you need to relieve it and give antitussives. Transport in a semi-sitting position, legs bent at the knees. You can put dry cold on your chest.

Closed injuries are often accompanied by rupture of internal organs and bleeding.

Signs: – Pain; – Swelling; – Muscle tension in the area of the rupture; – Development of traumatic shock; + signs of bleeding.

With an open injury to the abdomen, parts of the internal organs may fall out: the omentum, intestinal loops, and the contents of the intestines may spill out.

First aid. The area around the wound is treated with an antiseptic. Do not send the organs back. Not

Cover with a clean towel and take to the doctor.

First aid in case of accidents and emergency situations. Accident. Foreign bodies are bodies foreign to the body that have penetrated into it through natural openings or through a wound; these are various objects, insects. Small objects that enter the gastrointestinal tract can freely pass upward and exit naturally. Large items

may become lodged in the gastrointestinal tract and require surgery. Some foreign objects can become embedded in soft tissue and remain there. And folk objects can be splinters, glass shards, small parts of toys.

Aspiration is sometimes difficult to diagnose, so foreign objects remain for a long time. For example, seeds swell, crumble and decompose.

Burns. Accidents include burns caused by exposure to high temperatures, the sun, quartz, or exposure to chemicals on the skin. They are distinguished by different factors: – Thermally; – Chemical; – Electric. Thermal burns occur as a result of open flames and also when exposed to radiant energy.

Chemical burns occur due to careless handling of acids and alkalis. Electric burns when a person is near a short circuit or lightning. Depending on the depth of the wound, the degree of severity can be distinguished: 1. Redness and swelling; 2. Bubbles filled with tissue fluid; 3. Formation of Strucs, formation of necrosis; 4. Carbonization of tissue (death of tissue down to the bones) With burns of any degree, changes occur not only at the site of the burn but throughout the entire body. Extensive and deep burns cause significant changes in the body.

In burned areas, toxic tissue breakdown products are formed which are absorbed into the blood. A significant amount of bacteria enters the burned areas, it is known early on.

As the integrity of the skin is compromised, the blood begins to lose plasma. It thickens and ceases to perform many of its functions. Even with second-degree burns on more than half the body, there is a serious danger to human life. Burn shock. Occurs in the first two hours after injury. - At first, the victim is excited, talks a lot, moves, gesticulates; – The second phase is lethargy, the victim is passive, decreased blood pressure, rapid pulse, pale skin. Sometimes a step may occur after one day. This is a secondary step; intoxication also develops.

First aid for burns. Thermal. 1. Pain, swelling, burning, redness, itching. It is forbidden to lubricate burns with oils and creams. Place the burned area in cold water, you can use anti-burn sprays (Panthenol). Sunburn occurs in the first and second degrees. Covers a large area of skin. 2. Pain, burning, swelling, redness, itching, blisters. If bubbles appear, do not cool with water, and do not apply oil or Cremo. It is forbidden to puncture the bubbles. In the hospital, the doctor cuts off the bladder, numbs it, disinfects it, and applies a bandage. 3 - 4. Appears when a person is exposed to an open flame. This is a deep burn. These burns are life-threatening. Clothes often stick to the body. Burning clothes cannot be extinguished with water. Yulyok, don’t extinguish them, you can’t extinguish them, cover them with a cloth. When a person runs, you need to knock him down and roll him on the ground. Afterwards, dry bandages are applied and pain relief is given.

Chemical burns. Red lines occur due to careless handling of concentrated acids and alkalis. In everyday life, acid burns can occur from vinegar. It has a sharp sour odor, is similar in appearance to water, and can be confused with water. In case of burns with acids, a burn spot with clear edges is formed on the surface of the skin. This burn field has a sharp sour smell, if the acid gets inside a person you can see

whitish burns. If acid gets on the skin, wash the burn surface under running water for 15-20 minutes. It is necessary to neutralize the remains with a weak alkali solution: One glass of water, one tablespoon of soda, stir and rinse the burn wound. You can neutralize it with a soap solution. You can rinse the mineral water, if the acid was swallowed there is no need to try to rinse, give mineral water, milk or ice, jelly, raw egg white, flax seed or rice decoction to swallow in small sips.

Alkali burns. There are no clear boundaries, very deep. Rinse with water, neutralize the remaining alkali with a weak acid solution: one tablespoon of water, one tablespoon of six percent vinegar or a little citric acid, you can survive the lemon. If a person swallows alkali, the mucous membranes are burned, vomiting appears, severe salivation, pain in the throat, in the stomach area, the swallowing process slows down.

Rinse with acidified water, then give milk, orange juice, pieces of ice. Other poisonings. Poisoning is an accident, a painful condition caused by toxic substances. A large amount of poison enters through the nose, mouth, and skin and can be life-threatening. Substances that fight berries are called antidote.

It is often difficult to determine which substance caused the poisoning, so certain rules are used to provide first aid in case of poisoning with poisons. In any case, regardless of the time of the incident, it is necessary to rinse the stomach or induce vomiting. If it was not possible to rinse the stomach, they still give him milk and so on. Signs of food poisoning. - Nausea; - Vomit; – Diarrhea; - Weakness; - Headache; – Chills; – Pain appears in the epigastric region. First aid for poisoning. 1. It is necessary to remove bad foods from the diet. 2. Gastric lavage. 3. Next, the victim is given a drink, not hot. 4. Bed rest. Drug poisoning. In adults, this most often occurs due to self-medication, without a doctor’s prescription, without taking into account the dose, etc. In children they occur as a result of drug overdose and also when drugs are available to children. Modern medicines have beautiful packaging that attracts children; they have a bright, sweet shell and children perceive them as candy.

(9) Injury causes, types.

The human body can be affected to a greater or lesser extent by harmful environmental factors. Their impact can be sudden and rapid.

Trauma is damage or disruption of vital processes and functions of the body, under the influence of strong environmental factors. Depending on environmental factors, injuries are divided into:

Occupational and industrial injuries;

Agricultural injuries;

Domestic injuries;

Transport injuries;

Sports injuries;

Childhood trauma;

War injuries;

Mental trauma;

Minor and fatal injuries;

Any injury causes a response from the entire body, but in most cases at the site of injury.

Injuries happen:

Chemical;

Biological;

Physical;

The main cause of injuries in children is neglect during their leisure hours. In children, the most common injuries are street, household and sports injuries. Therefore, prevention is aimed at improving and improving the situation, eliminating all kinds of technical reasons.

The main factors for street injuries are playing on the roadway, poor condition of roads, lack of places equipped for children to play, and insufficient control while on the street.

Causes, signs of bruises, sprains, dislocations. First aid.

A bruise is a closed injury to tissue or organs without visible anatomical disturbances. The most common causes of bruises are falls, blows, bruises combined with bone fractures and severe tissue damage.

The dermis and subcutaneous tissue are often bruised, and in severe cases the muscles.

Hematomas are:

Spot;

Large clusters.

Signs of a hematoma: pain, swelling, tension. A hematoma is dangerous due to its complications; they can fester.

PMP for hematomas:

To wash hands;

Apply cold to the injury site for 10-15 minutes;

If the bruise is extensive or there are several of them, you should consult a doctor.

During accidents, not only external injuries are possible, which are diagnosed by the sight of a wound or an unnatural position of the limb, but also injuries to internal organs, which pose a threat to the life of the victim due to the difficulty in diagnosing them. Sometimes they can only be diagnosed after a significant period of time has passed after the injury.

Injuries often cause ruptures of internal organs, accompanied by severe internal bleeding. This occurs if internal organs that contain large amounts of blood, such as the liver, kidneys or spleen, are damaged. However, there are also injuries in which, as a result of the blow, severe tissue damage occurs, cells die, and the organ cannot function normally.

Symptoms

Strong pain.
Tense anterior abdominal wall.
Feeling of fullness in the stomach.
Hemoptysis.
Symptoms of shock.

Treatment

If internal organs are injured, the patient requires urgent medical attention. It is necessary to resort to intensive care measures as quickly as possible. Typically, such patients have to be urgently operated on to stop internal bleeding. In addition, only during surgery can the doctor carefully examine and accurately determine the extent of damage to the internal organs. Stopping bleeding depends on the degree of damage and its location; for example, damaged blood vessels may be cauterized with electrocautery, tightened, or sutured with threads.

Stop bleeding

Bleeding (if the wound area is large) can be stopped with medication, such as fibrin glue, or cauterization using electricity. If the tissues are so severely damaged that they are not capable of regeneration, then the organ must be urgently removed, without waiting for tissue death (necrosis) and poisoning of the entire body with decay products. In case of damage to internal organs, the patient almost always has to be injected with canned blood and resort to measures to stabilize blood circulation. In addition, it is extremely important to ensure the vital functions of the body (breathing, heart function).

First aid for internal injuries

The first aid provider can put the victim’s body in a “jackknife” position (put the victim on his back with his legs slightly elevated). If the patient is excited and frightened, then it is necessary to try to calm him down. If the lungs are damaged, the patient should be placed on his back so that the upper body is slightly elevated. All other therapeutic measures can only be applied by a doctor.

If you have pain in the abdomen or chest and the slightest suspicion of damage to the thoracic or abdominal organs after an accident, you should immediately consult a doctor. If you have symptoms of shock, you should immediately call an ambulance. Symptoms of shock may include paleness, cold sweat, rapid heartbeat, and shallow, shallow breathing. A fairly important symptom of internal organ injuries is severe pain. The presence of damage to the abdominal organs can also be assumed by the tense anterior abdominal wall. If the lungs are damaged, the victim vomits or coughs up foamy, light-colored blood. With gastric bleeding, the patient feels fullness in the stomach and nausea.

Having learned the circumstances of the incident and assessed the symptoms of the injury, the doctor will make a diagnosis and resort to appropriate treatment measures.

If emergency surgery is necessary, the doctor tries to take all necessary measures to save the damaged organ. However, during a subsequent reoperation, the dead parts of the organ often have to be removed.

- a wide group of severe injuries, in most cases posing a threat to the patient’s life. They can be either closed or open. Open wounds most often occur as a result of knife wounds, although other causes are also possible (falling on a sharp object, gunshot wound). Closed injuries are usually caused by falls from heights, car accidents, work-related accidents, etc. The severity of damage for open and closed abdominal injuries can vary, but closed injuries are a particular problem. In this case, due to the absence of a wound and external bleeding, as well as due to the traumatic shock accompanying such injuries or the serious condition of the patient, difficulties often arise at the stage of primary diagnosis. If an abdominal injury is suspected, urgent delivery of the patient to a specialized medical facility is necessary. Treatment is usually surgical.

ICD-10

S36 S30 S31 S37

General information

Abdominal trauma is a closed or open injury to the abdominal area, either with or without violating the integrity of the internal organs. Any abdominal injury should be considered a serious injury that requires immediate examination and treatment in a hospital setting, since in such cases there is a high risk of bleeding and/or peritonitis, which pose an immediate danger to the patient’s life.

Classification of abdominal injuries

Colon rupture The symptoms resemble ruptures of the small intestine, however, tension in the abdominal wall and signs of intra-abdominal bleeding are often detected. Shock develops more often than with ruptures of the small intestine.

Liver damage occurs with abdominal trauma quite often. Both subcapsular cracks or ruptures and complete separation of individual parts of the liver are possible. In the vast majority of cases, such liver injury is accompanied by heavy internal bleeding. The patient's condition is serious, loss of consciousness is possible. With preserved consciousness, the patient complains of pain in the right hypochondrium, which can radiate to the right supraclavicular region. The skin is pale, pulse and breathing are rapid, blood pressure is reduced. Signs of traumatic shock.

Damage to the spleen– the most common injury in blunt abdominal trauma, accounting for 30% of the total number of injuries involving violation of the integrity of the abdominal organs. It can be primary (symptoms appear immediately after the injury) or secondary (symptoms appear days or even weeks later). Secondary splenic ruptures are usually observed in children.

With small ruptures, bleeding stops due to the formation of a blood clot. With major injuries, profuse internal bleeding occurs with accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The condition is serious, shock, drop in pressure, increased heart rate and breathing. The patient experiences pain in the left hypochondrium, possibly radiating to the left shoulder. The pain is relieved by lying on the left side with the legs bent and pulled towards the stomach.

Damage to the pancreas. They usually occur with severe abdominal injuries and are often combined with damage to other organs (intestines, liver, kidneys and spleen). Possible concussion of the pancreas, its bruise or rupture. The patient complains of sharp pain in the epigastric region. The condition is serious, the stomach is swollen, the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are tense, the pulse is increased, blood pressure is reduced.

Kidney damage It is quite rare in cases of blunt abdominal trauma. This is due to the location of the organ, which lies in the retroperitoneal space and is surrounded on all sides by other organs and tissues. When a bruise or concussion occurs, pain in the lumbar region, gross hematuria (excretion of bloody urine) and fever appear. More severe kidney injuries (crushed or ruptured) usually occur with severe abdominal trauma and are combined with damage to other organs. Characterized by shock, pain, muscle tension in the lumbar region and hypochondrium on the side of the damaged kidney, drop in blood pressure, tachycardia.

Bladder rupture may be extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal. The cause is blunt trauma to the abdomen with a full bladder. An extraperitoneal rupture is characterized by a false urge to urinate, pain and swelling of the perineum. It is possible to pass a small amount of bloody urine.

Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder is accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen and frequent false urge to urinate. Due to urine spilled into the abdominal cavity, peritonitis develops. The abdomen is soft, moderately painful on palpation, bloating and weakening of intestinal peristalsis are noted.

Diagnosis of abdominal trauma

Suspicion of abdominal injury is an indication for immediate delivery of the patient to the hospital for diagnosis and further treatment. In such a situation, it is extremely important to assess the nature of the damage as quickly as possible and, first of all, to identify bleeding, which may threaten the patient’s life.

Upon admission, in all cases, blood and urine tests are required, and the blood type and Rh factor are determined. Other research methods are selected individually, taking into account the clinical manifestations and severity of the patient’s condition.

With the advent of modern, more accurate research methods, radiography of the abdominal cavity in abdominal trauma has partially lost its diagnostic value. However, it can be used to detect ruptures of hollow organs. X-ray examination is also indicated for gunshot wounds (to determine the location of foreign bodies - bullets or shot) and if there is a suspicion of concomitant pelvic fracture or chest injury.

An accessible and informative research method is ultrasound, which allows you to diagnose intra-abdominal bleeding and detect subcapsular damage to organs that may become a source of bleeding in the future.

If appropriate equipment is available, computed tomography is used to examine a patient with abdominal trauma, which allows a detailed study of the structure and condition of the internal organs, revealing even minor injuries and minor bleeding.

If a bladder rupture is suspected, catheterization is indicated - the diagnosis is confirmed by a small amount of bloody urine released through the catheter. In doubtful cases, it is necessary to perform ascending cystography, which reveals the presence of a radiopaque solution in the peri-vesical tissue.

One of the most effective diagnostic methods for abdominal trauma is laparoscopy. An endoscope is inserted into the abdominal cavity through a small incision, through which you can directly see the internal organs, assess the degree of their confirmation and clearly determine the indications for surgery. In some cases, laparoscopy is not only a diagnostic, but also a therapeutic technique, with which you can stop bleeding and remove blood from the abdominal cavity.

Treatment of abdominal injuries

Open wounds are an indication for emergency surgery. For superficial wounds that do not penetrate the abdominal cavity, the usual primary surgical treatment is performed with washing the wound cavity, excision of non-viable and heavily contaminated tissue and suturing. For penetrating wounds, the nature of the surgical intervention depends on the presence of damage to any organs.

Bruises of the abdominal wall, as well as ruptures of muscles and fascia are treated conservatively. Bed rest, cold and physiotherapy are prescribed. For large hematomas, puncture or opening and drainage of the hematoma may be necessary.

Ruptures of parenchymal and hollow organs, as well as intra-abdominal bleeding are indications for emergency surgery. A midline laparotomy is performed under general anesthesia. Through a wide incision, the surgeon carefully examines the abdominal organs, identifies and repairs damage. In the postoperative period, in case of abdominal trauma, analgesics are prescribed and antibiotic therapy is carried out. If necessary, blood and blood substitutes are transfused during the operation and in the postoperative period.