Ideal donor. Which groups can be transfused to different people?

There are frequent cases when large blood loss the patient needs to undergo a transfusion of liquid connective tissue from a donor. In practice, it is customary to use biological material that matches the group and Rh factor. However, some people's blood is considered universal, and in a critical situation, its transfusion can save the patient's life. There are also individuals who can be transfused with liquid connective tissue of any group. They are considered universal recipients.

Why is blood group compatibility important?

Transfusion of fluid connective tissue is a serious medical procedure. It must be carried out in accordance with certain conditions. As a rule, blood transfusion is indicated for seriously ill patients, people who have complications after surgical intervention etc.

Before carrying out a transfusion, it is important to select a donor whose blood is compatible with the recipient’s biomaterial group. There are four of them: I (O), II (A), III (B) and IV (AB). Each of them also has a negative or positive Rh factor. If the compatibility conditions are not met during blood transfusion, an agglutination reaction occurs. It involves the gluing of red blood cells with their subsequent destruction.

The consequences of such a transfusion are extremely dangerous:

hematopoietic function is impaired;
malfunctions occur in the functioning of most organs and systems;
metabolic processes slow down.

The natural result is post-transfusion shock (manifested by fever, vomiting, shortness of breath, rapid pulse), which can be fatal.

Rh factor compatibility. Its meaning during transfusion

During transfusion, not only the blood type, but also the Rh factor should be taken into account. It is a protein present on the membranes of red blood cells. The overwhelming majority of the Earth's inhabitants (85%) have it, the remaining 15% do not. Accordingly, the former have a positive Rh factor, the latter - negative. When giving blood transfusions, they should not be mixed.

Thus, a patient who has Rh negative-factor, should not receive liquid connective tissue in the erythrocytes of which this protein is present. If this rule do not comply, the recipient's immune system will begin powerful fight with foreign substances. As a result, the Rh factor will be destroyed. If the situation repeats, the red blood cells will begin to stick together, thereby causing serious complications.

The Rh factor remains unchanged throughout life. In this regard, people who do not have it need to pay special attention during blood transfusion. Women who have a negative Rh factor should notify their doctor and obstetrician-gynecologist about this upon pregnancy. A note containing this information is entered into the outpatient card.

Universal recipient

Give your blood, i.e. Anyone can be a donor for people in need. But when transfusing, it is important to consider the compatibility of the biomaterial.

At the beginning of the 19th century, a scientist from Austria suggested, and soon proved, that the process of gluing red blood cells (agglutination) is a sign of activity immune system, caused by the presence in the blood of 2 reacting substances (agglutinogens) and 2 that can interact with them (agglutinins). The first were given the designations A and B, the second - a and b. Blood is incompatible if substances of the same name come into contact: A and a, B and b. Thus, the liquid connective tissue of each person must contain agglutinogens that do not stick together with agglutinins.

Each blood group has its own characteristics. Special attention deserves IV (AB). The red blood cells contained in it contain both A and B agglutinogens, but plasma does not contain agglutinins, which contribute to the gluing of red blood cells during transfusion donated blood. People with group IV are considered universal recipients. The transfusion process rarely causes complications in them.

A universal recipient is a person who can receive a blood transfusion from any donor. In this case, an agglutination reaction will not occur. But meanwhile, blood of group IV is allowed to be transfused only to people with it.

Universal donor

In practice, doctors select a donor who best suits the recipient. Blood transfusions are of the same type. But this is not always possible. In a critical situation, the patient may be transfused with group I blood. Its peculiarity is the absence of agglutinogens, but there are a and b agglutinins in the plasma. This makes its owner a universal donor. During transfusion, red blood cells will also not stick together.

This feature is taken into account when transfusion of a small amount of connective tissue. If a large volume needs to be transfused, only the same group is taken, just as a universal recipient cannot accept a lot of donor blood from a different group.

In conclusion

Blood transfusion is medical procedure which can save lives seriously ill patients. Some people are universal blood recipients or donors. In the first case, they can take liquid connective tissue any group. In the second, their blood is transfused to all people. Thus, universal donors and recipients have special groups of connective tissue.

Blood transfusion can be compared to an organ transplant, so many compatibility tests are performed before the procedure. Nowadays, blood that is strictly suitable for such parameters as group and Rh factor is used for transfusion. Usage incompatible blood in large quantities can result in the death of the patient.

It is believed that the first one suits everyone. According to modern doctors, this compatibility is very conditional and as such universal group blood does not exist.

A little history

Attempts at blood transfusion began several centuries ago. In those days, they did not yet know about possible blood incompatibility. Therefore, many transfusions ended unsuccessfully, and one could only hope for a lucky break. And only at the beginning of the last century one of the most important discoveries in hematology was made. In 1900, after numerous studies, an immunologist from Austria, K. Landsteiner, discovered that all people can be divided by blood into three types (A, B, C) and, in this regard, proposed his own transfusion scheme. A little later, his student described the fourth group. In 1940, Landsteiner made another discovery - the Rh factor. Thus, it became possible to avoid incompatibility and save many human lives.

However, there are cases when a transfusion is needed urgently, and there is no time or opportunity to look for a suitable donor, for example, this was the case at the front during the war. Therefore, doctors have always been interested in the question of which blood group is universal.

What is universality based on?

Until the mid-20th century, it was assumed that group I was universal. It was considered compatible with any other, so its carrier could, on occasion, be used as universal donor.

Indeed, cases of its incompatibility with others during transfusion were observed quite rarely. However for a long time failed transfusions were not taken into account.

Compatibility was based on the fact that some combinations produce flakes, while others do not. Coagulation occurs as a result of red blood cells sticking together, which in medicine is called agglutination. It was because of the clumping of red cells and the formation of blood clots that the death of patients occurred.

The division of blood into groups is based on the presence or absence of antigens (A and B) and antibodies (α and β) in it.

There are various proteins on the surface of red blood cells, and their composition is determined genetically. The molecules by which a group is determined are called antigens. In carriers of the first group, this antigen is completely absent. In people with the second, red cells contain antigen A, in the third - B, in the fourth - both A and B. At the same time, the plasma contains antibodies against foreign antigens. Against antigen A - agglutinin α and against antigen B - agglutinin β. The first group has antibodies of both types (α and β). The second has only β antibodies. People whose group is third have agglutinin α in their plasma. People with fourth level have no antibodies in their blood at all.

Only single-type blood can be used for transfusion

If the donor has an antigen of the same name as the recipient's plasma antibodies, then red blood cells will stick together as a result of the attack of agglutinins on the foreign element. The coagulation process begins, blockage of blood vessels occurs, the supply of oxygen stops, and death is possible.

Since there are no antigens in group I blood, when it is transfused to a person from any other blood, red blood cells do not stick together. For this reason, it was believed that it suits everyone.

In conclusion

Today, the recipient receives blood from a donor strictly with the same group and Rh factor. The use of the so-called universal blood can only be justified in in case of emergency and when transfused in limited quantities, when there is a question of saving life, and in the storeroom in at the moment the one needed is missing.

In addition, medical scientists have found that there are many more types of blood. Therefore, the topic of compatibility is much broader and continues to be the subject of study.

Blood type (AB0): essence, definition in a child, compatibility, what does it affect?

Some life situations(upcoming surgery, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we used to call simply: “blood type”. Meanwhile, in the broad understanding of this term, there is some inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known erythrocyte AB0 system, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore say “blood test for group”, thus separating another important system.

Karl Landsteiner, awarded for this discovery Nobel Prize, throughout his life he continued to work on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which ranks second in importance. In addition, scientists in 1927 found protein substances isolated in the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that it could lead to the death of the body, and that someone else’s blood could save a life, so they attempted to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science has confidently moved forward to the present day We only talk about blood group out of habit, meaning the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

Determination of blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific to certain pathological formations (tumors) or proteins that cause infections that enter the body from the outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific characteristics that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases, red blood cells stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), 4 blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard sera containing specific antibodies (agglutinins) that determine group affiliation. In Russia, the blood group according to the AB0 system began to be determined in 1919, but digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were introduced into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated by Latin letters (A and B), and antibodies - Greek (α and β).

It turns out there are so many of them...

To date, immunohematology has been replenished with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. The main erythrocyte antigen systems include:

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where the main role still belongs to AB0 and Rh, most often remind of themselves in obstetric practice(miscarriages, stillbirths, birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except AB0, Rh), which is due to the lack of typing sera, the production of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood group 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system red blood cells, called the ABO system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, approximately from the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, but with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which have opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some genetic problems (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
Plasma proteins (number of described genetic systems has already exceeded ten).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to take a different approach to determining the blood group, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of fight against various pathological processes, made it possible to safely and also transplant organs and tissues.

Main system dividing people into 4 groups

The group affiliation of erythrocytes depends on group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

Containing protein and polysaccharides;
Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
Not related to hemoglobin, which is not involved in any way in the agglutination reaction.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in body tissues and fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are detected in significantly smaller quantities.

Thus, antigens A and B can be found on the stroma of a particular person’s red blood cells(together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or they cannot be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) float in the blood plasma. compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α), called natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies will be present - α and β. In the fourth group, normally there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (glue) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on combinations of variants and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of human blood can be represented in the following form:

Blood group 1 0αβ(I): antigens – 00(I), antibodies – α and β;
Blood group 2 Aβ(II): antigens – AA or A0(II), antibodies – β;
Blood group 3 Bα(III): antigens – BB or B0(III), antibodies – α
4 blood group AB0(IV): antigens only A and B, no antibodies.

The reader may be surprised to learn that there is a blood type that does not fit this classification . It was discovered in 1952 by a Bombay resident, which is why it is called “Bombay”. Antigenic-serological variant of red blood cells type « Bombay» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H are detected(antibodies directed at substance H, differentiating antigens A and B and preventing their presence on the stroma of red blood cells). Subsequently, “Bombay” and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the planet. Of course, you cannot envy such people, because in the event of massive blood loss, they need to look for a life-saving environment all over the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The blood group of each person according to the AB0 system is the result of inheriting one antigen from the mother and another from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood group of the parents and the child is a combination of two characteristics, and therefore may not coincide with the blood group of the father or mother.

Discrepancies between the blood groups of parents and the child give rise to doubts and suspicions of their spouse’s infidelity in the minds of some men. This happens due to the lack of basic knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male sex, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again explain where a child’s blood group according to the ABO system comes from and give examples of the expected results.

Option 1. If both parents have blood type O: 00(I) x 00(I), then the child will only have the first 0(I) group, all others are excluded. This happens because the genes that synthesize antigens of the first blood group - recessive, they can only manifest themselves in homozygous a state when no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2. Both parents have the second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when two characters are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

AA(II) x AA(II) → AA(II);
AA(II) x A0(II) → AA(II);
A0(II) x A0(II) → AA(II), A0(II), 00(I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and second groups are probable, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3. One of the parents has the first group 0(I), the other has the second:

AA(II) x 00(I) → A0(II);
A0(II) x 00(I) → A0 (II), 00(I).

Possible groups for a child are A(II) and 0(I), excluded - B(III) and AB(IV).

Option 4. In the case of a combination of two third groups inheritance will go according to option 2: possible membership will be the third or first group, whereas the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5. When one of the parents has the first group, and the second the third, inheritance is similar option 3– the child has possible B(III) and 0(I), but excluded A(II) and AB(IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A(II) and B(III ) when inherited, they can give any group affiliation of the AB0 system(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood groups is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens are equal in the phenotype and equally manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

AA(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV);
A0(II) x B0(III) → AB(IV), 00(I), A0(II), B0(III);
A0(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV), B0(III);
B0(III) x AA(II) → AB(IV), A0(II).

Option 7. When combining the second and fourth groups possible for parents second, third and fourth groups in a child, the first one is excluded:

AA(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), AB(IV);
A0(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), A0(II), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 8. A similar situation arises in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: A(II), B(III) and AB(IV) will be possible, and the first is excluded.

BB (III) x AB (IV) → BB (III), AB (IV);
B0(III) x AB(IV) → A0(II), ВB(III), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 9 - most interesting. Parents have blood groups 1 and 4 as a result, the child develops a second or third blood group, but never – first and fourth:

AB(IV) x 00(I);
A + 0 = A0(II);
B + 0 = B0 (III).

Table: child’s blood type based on parents’ blood groups

Obviously, the statement about the same group affiliation between parents and children is a fallacy, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for determining the child’s blood type based on the group affiliation of the parents, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic traits(2 or 3 group), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days, for the birth of an heir in the family, the reins were placed under the pillow, but now everything is almost at stake. scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and “order” the gender of the child in advance, future parents produce simple arithmetic operations: divide the father's age by 4, and the mother's by 3; whoever has the larger remainder wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it disappoints, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, so it is up to everyone to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, what if you get lucky?

for reference: what really affects the gender of the child is the combination of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the parents’ blood type is a completely different matter, not in terms of the child’s gender, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. Education immune antibodies(anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere normal course pregnancy (IgG) and even breastfeeding (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction processes so often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with, the best consequence which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determination of blood group according to the AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In case negative Rh factor the expectant mother and the same result for the future father of the child, you don’t have to worry, since the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

A “negative” woman should not immediately panic when first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancy. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body only recognizes “foreign”, but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman’s body does not “remember” the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor is positive), a special anti-Rhesus serum is administered to the postpartum woman on the first day after birth, protecting subsequent pregnancies. In the case of strong immunization of a “negative” woman with a “positive” antigen (Rh+), compatibility for conception is in big question, therefore, without looking at long-term treatment, the woman is haunted by failures (miscarriages). A woman’s body, which has a negative Rhesus, having once “remembered” someone else’s protein (“memory cell”), will respond with the active production of immune antibodies during subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will in every possible way reject it, that is, its own desired and long-awaited child, if it turns out to be positive Rh factor.

Compatibility for conception should sometimes be kept in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of strangers and rarely gives immunization. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women during ABO-incompatible pregnancy, when a damaged placenta allows fetal red blood cells to enter the mother’s blood. It is generally accepted that highest probability For isoimmunization, women receive vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, this feature was noticed in substance A.

Probably, second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then - Kell. In general, each of them is capable of sometimes presenting a surprise. This happens because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a certain man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization. The only question is to what level sensitization will reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, we will be talking about incompatibility, requiring huge efforts doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, are often in vain. A decrease in titer over time also does little to reassure, the “memory cell” knows its task...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, no less important has transfusion compatible, where the ABO system plays a dominant role (transfusion of blood incompatible with the ABO system is very dangerous and can lead to fatal outcome!). Often a person believes that the 1st (2, 3, 4) blood group of him and his neighbor must necessarily be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in case of certain circumstances they (neighbors) can help each other to a friend. It would seem that a recipient with blood group 2 should accept a donor of the same group, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allospecific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is slightly inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be compatible, even though when testing blood for group the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, taking into account such heterogeneity, one can imagine how many varieties a 4th blood group can have, containing both A and B antigens?

The statement that blood type 1 is the best, as it suits everyone without exception, and blood group 4 can accept anyone, is also outdated. For example, some people with blood type 1 are for some reason called “dangerous” universal donors. And the danger lies in the fact that without having antigens A and B on their erythrocytes, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, entering the bloodstream of the recipient of other groups (except the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and/or IN).

compatibility of blood groups during transfusion

Currently, mixed blood transfusions are not practiced, with the exception of only some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first one is considered universal Rh negative group blood, the red blood cells of which, in order to avoid immunological reactions washed 3 or 5 times. First blood group with Rh positive can be universal only in relation to Rh(+) erythrocytes, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing of red blood cells can be transfused to a Rh-positive recipient with any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is considered to be the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest is blood group 4 with negative Rh. In blood banks, the latter has a particularly reverent attitude, because a person with a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find him required quantity red blood cells or plasma. By the way, plasmaAB(IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it contains nothing (0), but this question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of blood group 4 with negative Rhesus.

How is blood type determined?

Blood group determination according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from your finger. By the way, every health worker who has a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of their profile. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for the group is taken from a vein and, following the procedure, the affiliation is determined. Such studies are already within the competence of the doctor. laboratory diagnostics, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special preparation.

A blood group test is done using standard serums, manufactured in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using zoliclones, obtained in the factory. In this way, the group affiliation of red blood cells is determined ( direct method). To eliminate the error and get full confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, at blood transfusion stations or in laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals, the blood type is determined cross method, where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard red blood cells go as a reagent. By the way, In newborns, it is very difficult to determine group affiliation using a cross-sectional method; although agglutinins α and β are called natural antibodies (given from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood type and character

Does blood type affect character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected from a one-year-old pink-cheeked toddler in the future? Official medicine considers group affiliation from such a perspective with little or no attention paid to these issues. A person has many genes, as well as group systems, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine the character of a person in advance. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So, astrology says that:

Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing irrepressible energy, they not only achieve great heights themselves, but also carry others along with them, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not devoid negative traits: They can suddenly flare up and show aggression in a fit of anger.
People with the second blood group are patient, balanced, calm, slightly shy, empathetic and taking everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thriftiness, the desire for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere with solving many professional and everyday problems.
The third blood group suggests a search for the unknown, a creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, he could move mountains, but bad luck - poor tolerance routine and monotony do not allow this. Holders of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconsistency in their views, judgments, and actions, and dream a lot, which prevents them from achieving their intended goal. And their goals change quickly...
Regarding individuals with the fourth blood group, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are the most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, and therefore has a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers, with enviable intuition and communication skills, representatives of group AB (IV), at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and original, their mind leads constant struggle with heart, but which side will win is a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins and they show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood types

The concept of the blood type diet owes its appearance to the American Peter D’Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations proper nutrition depending on group affiliation according to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashion trend penetrated into Russia and was classified as alternative.

According to the vast majority of doctors who have medical education, this direction unscientific and contrary to established ideas based on numerous studies. The author shares the view official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose who to believe.

The statement that at first all people had only the first group, its owners “hunters living in a cave”, are obligatory meat eaters having healthy digestive tract, you can safely question it. Group substances A and B were identified in preserved tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), which are more than 5000 years old. Proponents of the concept of “Eat Right for Your Type” (the title of D’Adamo’s book) do not point out that the presence of O(I) antigens is considered a risk factor for diseases of the stomach and intestines (peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with blood pressure ( ).
Holders of the second group were recognized as clean by Mr. D’Adamo vegetarians. Considering that this group affiliation is prevalent in Europe and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. The mental hospitals will probably be overcrowded, because modern man- an established predator.

Unfortunately, the blood group A(II) diet does not draw the attention of those interested to the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes make up the majority of patients , . It happens to them more often than others. So, maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least keep in mind the risk of such problems?

Food for thought

An interesting question: when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age comes knocking? Here we have the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and teenagers should not be deprived essential microelements and vitamins, you cannot prefer one and ignore the other.

Young people like some things and don’t like others, but if healthy person is ready, only after reaching adulthood, to follow all nutritional recommendations in accordance with group affiliation, then this is his right. I would just like to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the life of the human body. Ignore them or keep them in mind? Then diets also need to be developed for them, and it is not a fact that they will coincide with current trends promoting healthy eating for certain categories of people with one or another group affiliation. Let's say leukocyte HLA system more than others associated with various diseases, it can be used to calculate in advance hereditary predisposition to one or another pathology. So why not engage in just such, more realistic prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

Donated blood saves millions of human lives. To select a biomaterial for blood transfusion (blood transfusion) in each specific case, doctors have to take into account a number of parameters. And this despite the fact that there are universal donors, whose blood is considered to suit everyone.

Who is a universal donor?

This term refers to people whose blood and its components can be transfused regardless of what group the recipient (recipient) will have. Blood transfusion is essentially comparable to organ transplantation. To avoid rejection, high biocompatibility is important. To determine it, preliminary tests are carried out.

IN medical practice It often happens that patients lose a critical amount of blood due to injury or surgical operations. In such cases, an emergency transfusion is required to maintain the natural volume in the body and save the person’s life. Great when available sufficient quantity material from the same group. If not, blood that is obtained from universal donors is used.

What is the blood type of universal donors and how many are there?

This is blood of the first group, whose antigenic type according to the ABO system is defined as “0”. The Rh factor (Rh), which must be negative, also matters. People with the first group are the majority, when compared with the number of carriers II, III and IV, but individuals with blood O (I) (Rh-) make up less than 5% of the total population of the Earth.

Is this blood really suitable for everyone?

It was considered completely unique in terms of compatibility almost until the end of the last century, but with the discovery of antigens that promote the formation of agglutinins, this opinion was considered not entirely correct.

Why is group IV called universal?

Because it is considered ideal from the point of view of recipient. In other words, people who are carriers:

O(I)(Rh-) - can give their blood to everyone;
AB (IV)(Rh+) – accept blood from everyone.

Such is the different versatility.

In practice, in most situations, the victim is infused with blood of his exact type and Rh factor. Universal options are used only in particularly severe cases, when blood of the required characteristics is not available, and delay in transfusion threatens the death of the patient.

People with blood group IV are universal recipients. Group II contains agglutinogen (antigen) A and agglutinin β (antibodies to agglutinogen B). Therefore, it can be transfused only to those groups that do not contain antigen B - these are groups I and II. Today, the recipient receives blood from a donor strictly with the same group and Rh factor.

In Russia, blood types are traditionally numbered using Roman numerals: group O is designated as I, A as II, B as III and AB as IV. Double designations are also used: O(I), A(II), B(III) and AB(IV). When transfusing blood components, the Rh affiliation of the donor and recipient is also taken into account.

Blood group according to the AB0 system is a sign that is given to a person at birth and will accompany him throughout his life, so it is worth knowing more about it. Nowadays, blood that is strictly suitable for such parameters as group and Rh factor is used for transfusion.

It is believed that the first one suits everyone. According to modern doctors, this compatibility is very conditional and as such a universal blood group does not exist. It was considered compatible with any other, so its carrier could, on occasion, be used as a universal donor.

In carriers of the first group, this antigen is completely absent. If the donor has an antigen of the same name as the recipient's plasma antibodies, then red blood cells will stick together as a result of the attack of agglutinins on the foreign element. Since there are no antigens in group I blood, when it is transfused to a person from any other blood, red blood cells do not stick together.

Blood typesEveryone knows that blood can be different groups, but few people know what this means. As was established in lately, blood groups are a trait that we inherited from very distant ancestors.

One’s own blood type is something that a person must know. IN shaped elements(erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and the blood plasma of every person contains such antigens. Antigens are grouped into groups called AB0, Rhesus and many others systems. People with the first blood group have leadership qualities. This group appeared later than the first, between 25,000 and 15,000 BC, when man began to master agriculture.

This blood group first appeared in the Mongoloid race. Over time, the group's carriers began to move to the European continent. And today there are a lot of people with such blood in Asia and Eastern Europe. People with this blood type are usually patient and very efficient. The fourth group is the newest of the four groups human blood. It appeared less than 1000 years ago as a result of the mixing of Indo-Europeans, carriers of group I, and Mongoloids, carriers of group III.

Blood groups (ABO system)

Here, a universal donor should be considered a person whose organs can be transplanted to any other person without causing a rejection reaction. Therefore, the chance of the existence of a universal donor is extremely small. But it can be created artificially - as a result of selection over many generations or using genetic engineering methods.

Nowadays, transfusions are performed almost exclusively “group to group”, i.e. The donor must have the same blood type as the recipient. Until the mid-20th century, it was assumed that group I was universal. Therefore, doctors have always been interested in the question of which blood group is universal.