A white dot on a child's iris. Pigment spots on the iris of the eye

Vision is an indispensable ability to communicate with the outside world. Therefore, we must protect the organ responsible for it, reacting sensitively to changes in its well-being or appearance. The eye is an extension of the nervous system, it contains many nerve endings, blood vessels and tissues connected to other organs of the body. Sometimes spots and dots appear on the iris of the eye.

Dot on the iris of the eye

Photo 1: The science of iridology believes that the eye is a miniature screen on which you can see the condition of all organs of the body. Small dark spots are indicators of toxins found in the tissues of various organs. They get there as a result of taking medications or negative environmental influences. Source: flickr (Isabelle Puaut).

Detoxification measures and moderate work and rest schedule are able to remove toxic substances from the body, then the spots will become less noticeable or disappear completely.

To avoid mistakes in diagnosis, you need to contact a specialist., because spots on the iris can be caused by other reasons.

Reasons for the appearance of a dark dot on the iris of the eye

Dark red spots - small hematomas on the iris - are a sign of sudden changes in pressure. They have no cure and may soon go away on their own, but their appearance is a reason to monitor your blood pressure. Microtraumas that occur when pressure increases during childbirth have similar manifestations.. This situation is usually temporary. After some time, the spots disappear on their own.

Increased eye pressure also leads to the appearance of dark spots on the iris. If spots appear, consult a doctor. The ophthalmologist will make a diagnosis and prescribe the right treatment.

Floating spots on the eyeball- a sign of incipient retinal detachment. Sometimes they feel like discomfort from a speck getting into the eye. The diagnosis, in this case, will be made by an ophthalmologist. If retinal detachment is confirmed, you will have to resort to laser correction.

N evus is a benign pigmented neoplasm in the eye, a relative of a freckle or mole. A nevus can appear at any age. Most often observed in fair-skinned people. The point can be flat or convex, measuring 1-2 mm in diameter. The danger of a nevus is that it can deform the pupil.

Why do dark spots appear?

Factors contributing to their formation: accumulation of melanin, changes in hormonal levels (for example, in adolescents and pregnant women, women during menopause and taking hormonal contraceptives).

May cause excess pigmentation stress and infections.

Nevi may remain unchanged or progress.

Those that do not change their size, are of a benign nature. Progressive can impair vision and become malignant.

Attention! The following situations require immediate consultation with an ophthalmologist: a sudden and rapidly growing nevus, a sharp change in its color, blurred vision, discomfort in the eye.

Reasons for the appearance of a white dot on the iris of the eye

White spots on the eye associated with changes occurring in the lens and may indicate leukoma and cataracts.

If the problem is in the cornea- it's leukoma, if the lens becomes cloudy- cataract.

Photo 2: You can notice spots on the eye with the naked eye; it looks like a white spot or dot. Source: flickr (National Eye Institute).

Leukoma appears as a consequence of inflammatory processes, injuries, unsuccessful surgical interventions. Leukoma is also called a thorn. It can be congenital or acquired. Today laser technologies and surgery are used to treat cataracts.

This is important! Chemical burns also lead to the appearance of white spots, often leading to significant impairment of vision.

Cataract - clouding of the lens. It may be complete or appear as white dots. The disease can be congenital or acquired. Most often occurs due to age-related lens degeneration. Treatment is aimed at normalizing metabolic processes and improving tissue nutrition.

What measures need to be taken

Prevention is aimed at strengthening eye tissues. Vitamin A, blueberry extract, eye gymnastics, and elimination of excessive stress are useful for the retina.

To understand whether a dark spot is dangerous, you need to determine how long ago it appeared. Old close-up photographs are a good help for determining the timing of the appearance of the dots.

If the spot appeared on the eye in childhood, it could be an ordinary mole, if recently- may be a sign of a dangerous disease.

Homeopathic treatment of points on the iris of the eye

Important! With the help of homeopathic medicines you can get rid of cosmetic defects and preserve your vision.

Appointments	Drugs
When a cataract or inflammation appears.
For intoxication, cysts and neoplasms.
Relaxes the nervous system, helps with stress, spasms, and neoplasms.

The appearance of white spots, dots, and “gnats” in front of the eyes and in the structures of the eyes are often symptoms of serious diseases. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are extremely important.

"Flies" before the eyes

There are several reasons for the occurrence of “flies”:

Changes in the vitreous body. The leading reason why white spots and “flying spots” appear in the eyes are destructive changes in the vitreous body. This substance has a homogeneous gel-like transparent consistency. It occupies the entire cavity of the eye and is responsible for its tone and maintaining its spherical shape. Gradually, on average, by the age of 40, age-related changes begin. In the presence of concomitant vascular pathologies, they are aggravated. Gradually, the vitreous body ceases to be transparent, connective tissue fibers form in it. They cast a shadow on the retina, which is perceived as a spot. In this case, as a rule, visual acuity does not suffer. Spots or white spots before the eyes become visible to the patient when looking at a uniform, light-colored surface. They move with the eyeball.
Vascular disorders. If the vessels of the brain, namely, the blood supplying structures of the eye, already have any disturbances due to, for example, osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, atherosclerosis, hypertension, then physical activity (lifting weights, exercise, a sharp change in body position) can cause through which the blood supply to the eye will suffer. They provoke vascular pathologies in the structures of the eye:

retinal detachment;
avitaminosis;
hemorrhage into the vitreous substance;
eye injury or .

More often, older people complain of white spots before their eyes, the reason for this is that there is a greater tendency for vascular disorders in older people.

White spots

White spots in the eyes, spots, opacities can be a primary disease, or they can be a symptom of pathological changes in different structures of the eye: lens, cornea, retina.

Lens changes

Pathology of the lens, the main manifestation of which is white spots on the eyes, is cataract. It manifests itself as clouding of varying degrees. It looks like a white grayish spot on the pupil. Cataracts can be congenital or acquired pathologies.

The mechanism of cataract development lies in degenerative changes in the lens itself. This explains the fact that this pathology mainly affects older people.

Treatment of cataracts can be conservative. It is used in the initial stages and consists of the use of drugs aimed at improving metabolic processes in the structures of the eye. In later stages, surgery is performed to remove the affected lens and replace it with an intraocular lens.

Corneal changes

Cloudiness on the cornea, which appears as white spots, is called a cataract (leukoma). The functional transparency of the cornea is replaced by its opacity. It can be total or involve only part of the cornea. Over time, it acquires a denser yellowish tint. White dots and spots that appear before the eyes can be of different sizes: microscopic or spots visible to the naked eye. The clouding may not cause visual impairment, but may result in blindness.

Cloudiness occurs for the following reasons:

Keratitis that occurs with tuberculosis, syphilis or other infectious pathology. In this case, after inflammatory phenomena, scar changes remain on the cornea. They are the source of leukemia.
In case of eye contact with toxic substances.
Due to injury.

Treatment of the disease is surgical. But first it is necessary to cure the pathology that led to the clouding of the cornea, and only then the affected cornea is removed with its subsequent plastic surgery.

Retinal changes

Spots on the eyes due to pathologies of the retina occur when its normal blood supply is insufficient. Retinal angiopathy is a manifestation of various pathologies (hypertension, vascular atherosclerosis, hypotension, toxic effects of injury). Suffering from malnutrition, the retina becomes thinner and weakens. This leads to its depletion, rupture, and detachment.

Retinal angiopathy as a primary disease occurs in newborns due to their trauma during childbirth and hypoxia. In adults, it is caused by impaired vascular tone, including VSD.

Secondary angiopathy, which is a symptom of other diseases, is characteristic of diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. It also occurs when protein metabolism in blood vessels is disrupted. This is the so-called Morel angiopathy. It is diagnosed in the elderly when... There is also juvenile retinal angiopathy (Eales disease). The cause has not been reliably established. Promote the formation of retinal vascular angiopathy:

age;
toxic effects;
smoking;
scoliosis and osteochondrosis;
vascular abnormalities.

Manifestations of retinal angiopathy include the appearance of floaters, dark spots, and spots before the eyes. Painful sensations are possible. Visual acuity is also impaired. Over time and in the absence of treatment, loss of visual acuity occurs until it is completely lost.

Other reasons

Spots before the eyes may be a symptom with visual aura. The appearance of white spots before the eyes can also be explained by visual overload on the eyes. Sometimes it is enough to postpone reading and working with documents, both paper and on the monitor screen. And then the white dots before the eyes turn pale and soon disappear completely.

Thus, if white spots appear under the eyes, the reasons for this may be different. In any case, the visit to the ophthalmologist should not be delayed, since delay in some cases threatens vision loss.

Attention! The eyes of a premature baby require special attention. He is at risk for a dangerous eye disease - retinopathy of prematurity. It is recommended for parents of premature babies Necessarily read information about this disease.

It is quite difficult to examine the eyes of a newborn on the 1st day of his life - they are closed. Due to the fact that the baby squeezed his eyelids tightly during childbirth, they become slightly swollen and red.

A healthy full-term baby has clear eyes, a transparent cornea, and round pupils with a diameter of about 3 mm. The whites of the eyes have a bluer tint than in older children. The conjunctivae are smooth, shiny, pink. The baby reacts quickly to light.

In very premature babies, the pupil is covered, as it were, with a “fleur” - the pupillary membrane.

The lacrimal glands are still underdeveloped at the time of birth, and therefore in the first days of life your baby screams and cries without tears. Only when the conjunctiva is irritated by eye drops does a secretion similar to tears form. Real tears appear in a newborn only at 3 weeks of age.

In the first days after birth, a child may experience conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyelids and eyeballs. It occurs as a reaction to the instillation of silver nitrate into the eyes of a newborn for prophylactic purposes (against blenorrhea caused by gonococcus). However, conjunctivitis can also be of infectious origin. The child’s mucous membranes of the eyes and conjunctiva turn red, tears flow, pus is secreted, and crusts and films form along the edges of the eyelids. Follicles and hemorrhages can be seen on the mucous membrane. If you have these symptoms, you need to see a doctor. Before he arrives, wipe the child’s eyes with cotton balls soaked in a weak (pale pink) solution of potassium permanganate. If conjunctivitis is not treated in time, it can cause complications leading to loss of visual acuity.

Sometimes newborns exhibit abnormalities in the pupils and iris. Different sizes of the pupils of the left and right eyes, their non-round shape, displacement from the center of the iris, absence of the latter - a solid pupil, different colors of the iris of the right and left eyes, as well as areas of the iris of different colors (two-color iris) - all these are reasons for mandatory contact with an ophthalmologist.

A healthy child has a black pupil. But sometimes a newborn can have white or yellow stripes on the pupil, which sometimes completely cover it. Minor lens opacities are normal and do not affect vision. In particular, they are often found in premature babies and usually disappear without a trace.

The white color of the pupil may be due to clouding of the lens - cataract. In itself, it requires surgical treatment at an early age in order to prevent the development of blindness. This defect in infants greatly affects their mental development. At the same time, cataracts can be a consequence of other diseases, such as phenylketonuria or galactosemia. Therefore, a child with symptoms of cataracts must be examined.

Be sure to examine the eyes of a newborn even if a white spot is found in the depths of the pupil.

Malformations of the eyes are also found in newborns. For example, with a congenital disorder of the outflow of intraocular fluid, the pressure in the eye increases, and glaucoma occurs. Externally, this is expressed in an increase in the size of the eyeball, dilation of the pupil, and a bluish color of the sclera. The child may be afraid of light and close his eyes. His tears are flowing, the baby is crying. Corneal edema often occurs. Congenital glaucoma is a serious disease that causes vision loss if left untreated..

If your child has drooping eyelids (ptosis), you should definitely contact a neurologist. The eyelid may droop completely or partially in one or both eyes. The reasons for this disorder are various.

Sometimes in children the eyelids do not close completely (lagophthalmos). The consequence of this may be dryness and dystrophy of the cornea, its ulceration. The causes of this pathology are also different. You need to consult an ophthalmologist and a pediatric neurologist.

The inner corner of a child's eye may be covered by a crescent-shaped fold of skin called the epicanthus. For children of the Mongoloid race, this is a variant of the norm. But among Europeans, epicanthus may be a sign of intrauterine development disorders. It also occurs in chromosomal diseases. Minor epicanthus disappears spontaneously.

Like the eyes of an adult, the organ of vision in a newborn is a complex optical system consisting of several parts. One part is responsible for conducting light, it is represented by and. Having passed through the refractive media, the light is on a special photosensitive film made from many nerve cells. Visual information enters the brain through nerve fibers, where it is perceived and analyzed.

The vision of a newborn child has its own characteristics: the eye of a child in the first year of life is not yet able to work in the same way as that of an adult. From the moment of conception until approximately the seventh year of life, the child’s visual system develops and improves. A newly born child is not able to see the world (in the understanding of an adult), since his vision is imperfect. a newborn is negligibly small; it is at the level of perception of light and shadow, but not visual images. With each week of life, a child's vision improves and by about 12 months the child's eye perceives about a third to half of what an adult eye can see. Children's vision develops most rapidly within a few months after birth, and it is during this period that it is important to pay attention to the slightest changes occurring in the eyes. The development of the child’s visual organ directly depends on regular visual stimulation: an image focused on contributes to the formation of the visual center in the cerebral cortex. Any abnormalities that occur in utero or in the first days after birth (impaired transparency of the optical media, changes in the retina or) can delay the development of the visual analyzer.

The vision of a newborn child has its own characteristics: the eye of a child in the first year of life is not yet able to work in the same way as that of an adult. From the moment of conception until approximately the seventh year of life, the child’s visual system develops and improves.

Newborn visual acuity

As already mentioned, soon after birth and within another month or two, the visual acuity of a child is approximately a thousandth of the visual acuity of an adult. In addition, the newborn's eye is flattened in anteroposterior dimension, its visual axis is approximately 6 mm shorter. As a result, an infant is normally farsighted, and simultaneously with the growth of the eyeball, its degree constantly decreases.

Assessment of vision in newborns

In order to promptly identify abnormalities in the development of the visual organ in a newborn, it is necessary to show the child to a specialist in a timely manner. The first examination of the organ of vision usually takes place in the maternity hospital; in the absence of obvious deviations, scheduled visits to the ophthalmologist must be completed every month, six months and a year. The specialist examines the child’s fundus, studies the size and symmetry of the pupils, as well as the reaction of the pupil to light stimulation, assesses the state of visual function and lacrimal ducts.

What parents can do

First, pay attention to the size of your child's eyeballs. The eyes are normally almost the same size; they should not be too large or small. If a child's eyeballs at the age of one month are slightly bulging and enlarged, this is a signal for an urgent consultation with an ophthalmologist. The cause of enlarged eyes at this age may be congenital (increased intraocular pressure), which can lead to an irreversible decrease in vision up to complete vision.

Secondly, look at the child's pupils. Normally, the shape of the pupils is round, both pupils are equal in diameter, and narrow under the influence of light. If, when examining the pupils, you are not sure of your findings, this is also a reason to unscheduledly consult an ophthalmologist.

Pay attention to eye color. Usually both eyes have the same color, this will become final at around three months of age.

Monitor whether your child is able to fix his gaze on any nearby object (starting from two months of age), whether he can actively follow a moving object (from the third month of life). At the age of six months or a little older, a child is able to distinguish simple figures; by the age of one year he can already see drawings.

How does a newborn's eye work?

However, the visual system of a newborn is not similar to the visual system of an adult. The anatomical structure of the organs of vision, which provides visual functions, undergoes significant changes in the process of maturation of the body. The visual system of a newborn is still imperfect, and it will undergo rapid development.

As the baby grows, the eyeball changes very slowly. Its strongest development occurs in the first year of life. The eyeball of a newborn is 6 mm shorter than the eye of an adult (i.e., it has a shortened anteroposterior axis). This circumstance is the reason that the eye of a recently born child is farsighted, that is, the baby does not see close objects well. Both the optic nerve and the muscles that move the eyeball are not fully formed in a newborn. Such immaturity of the oculomotor muscles forms a physiological, i.e. Strabismus is completely normal for the newborn period.

The size of the cornea also increases very slowly. The cornea is the anterior part of the fibrous membrane of the eyeball, which determines the shape of the eye, performs a protective function and is the refractive medium of the eye, providing vision. In newborns it has a relatively greater thickness than in an adult, is sharply demarcated from the tunica albuginea and protrudes strongly forward in the form of a roller. The absence of blood vessels in the cornea of the eye explains its transparency. However, in children in the first week of life, the cornea may not be completely transparent due to temporary swelling - this is a normal phenomenon, but if it persists after 7 days of life, then this should be alarming.

The lens is a lens that can shrink and expand, focusing our gaze at different distances near and far. The lens has neither blood vessels nor nerves. In children and adults up to 25-30 years of age, the lens is elastic and is a transparent mass of semi-liquid consistency, enclosed in a capsule. In newborns, the lens has a number of characteristic features: it is almost round in shape, the radii of curvature of the anterior and its surfaces are almost the same. With age, the lens becomes denser, elongates, and takes on the shape of a lentil grain. It grows especially strongly during the first year of life (the diameter of the lens of a child’s eye at the age of 0-7 days is 6.0 mm, and at the age of 1 year -7.1 mm).

The iris has the shape of a disk, in the center of which there is a hole (pupil). The function of the iris is to participate in light and dark adaptation of the eye. In bright light the pupil constricts, in low light it dilates. The iris is colored and shines through the cornea. The color of the iris depends on the amount of pigment. When there is a lot of it, the eyes are dark or light brown, and when there is little, they are gray, greenish or blue. The iris in newborns contains little pigment (the eye color is usually blue), is convex and has a funnel shape. With age, the iris becomes thicker, richer in pigment and loses its original funnel-shaped shape.

The retina is the most complex shell in terms of structure and functions. It lines the walls of the eye cavity with a thin film. The retina consists of different types of cells, the main ones being rods, cones and nerve cells. Rods and cones, when exposed to light, produce electrical impulses that are transmitted to nerve cells. The rods are responsible for black-and-white or twilight vision, and also help control the peripheral space relative to the point of fixation of the eye. Cones determine color vision and due to the fact that their maximum number is located in the central part of the retina (yellow spot), where rays focused by all lenses of the eye arrive, they play an exceptional role in the perception of objects located at the point of fixation of the gaze.

Nerve fibers extend from the rods and cones, forming the optic nerve, which leaves the eyeball and goes to the brain. The retina of newborns shows signs of incomplete development. The characteristics and development of color vision in children will be discussed further.

The specificity of a newborn's vision is the blink reflex. Its essence lies in the fact that no matter how much you wave objects near the eyes, the baby does not blink, but he reacts to a bright and sudden beam of light. This is explained by the fact that at birth the child’s visual analyzer is still at the very beginning of its development. A newborn's vision is assessed at the level of light sensation. That is, the baby is able to perceive only the light itself without perceiving the structure of the image.

Baby's vision development

The intrauterine vision of a child has been studied very little, but it is known that even a baby born at the 28th week of pregnancy reacts to bright light. A baby born at the 32nd week of pregnancy closes his eyes to the light, and a baby born at term (at 37-40 weeks) turns his eyes, and a little later his head, towards the light source and moving objects.

The process of improving vision begins immediately after birth. During the first year, areas of the cerebral cortex actively develop, in which the centers of vision are located (they are located in the back of the head), receiving information about the outside world. The friendly (simultaneous) movement of the eyes is “honed”, the experience of visual perception is gained and the “library” of visual images is replenished. A newborn's vision is assessed at the level of light perception. Infants who are a few days old see, instead of faces, unclear silhouettes and blurred contours with spots where eyes and mouth should be. Subsequently, visual acuity increases, increasing hundreds of times, and by the end of the first year of life it is 1/3-1/2 of the adult norm. The fastest development of the visual system occurs in the first months of a baby’s life. At the same time, the act of vision itself stimulates its development. Only the eye, onto the retina of which the surrounding world is constantly projected, is capable of developing normally.

First or second weeks of life. Newborns practically do not react to visual stimuli: under the influence of bright light, their pupils narrow, their eyelids close, and their eyes wander aimlessly. However, it has been noticed that from the first days a newborn is attracted to the oval shape and moving objects with shiny spots. This is not a rebus at all, it’s just that such an oval corresponds to a human face. The child can follow the movements of such a “face”, and if someone is talking to him, he blinks. But although the child pays attention to the shape, which is similar to a human face, this does not mean that he recognizes any of the people around him. This will take him a lot of time. In the first or second week of life, the baby’s vision is still weakly connected with consciousness. It is known that the visual acuity of a newborn is much weaker than that of an adult. Such poor vision is explained by the fact that the retina is still developing, and the macula (that part of the retina where vision of 1.0 is achieved - i.e. 100%) has not even formed yet. If such vision were observed in an adult, he would experience serious difficulties, but for a newborn, the most important thing is what is large and close: mother’s face and chest. The baby's field of vision is sharply narrowed, so a person standing to the side of the baby or behind the mother is not perceived by the baby.

Second to fifth weeks of life. The baby can fix his gaze on any light source. Around the fifth week of life, coordinated eye movements in the horizontal direction appear. However, these movements are not yet perfect - lowering and raising the eyes begins later. The baby is only able to fix his gaze on a slowly moving object for a short time and follow its movement. A child's field of vision at the age of about a month is still sharply narrowed; the baby reacts only to those objects that are at a close distance from him and within only 20-30°. In addition, visual acuity remains very weak.

First month. The baby is able to steadily fix his gaze on the eyes of an adult. However A child's vision up to the fourth month of life is still considered underdeveloped.

Second month. The child begins to master the nearby space. He focuses his eyes on the toys. In this case, vision, hearing and touch are involved, which mutually complement and control each other. The child develops his first ideas about the volume of an object. If colorful toys “float” past him, he will follow them with his eyes in all directions: up, down, left, right. During this period, a preference arises to look at contrasting simple figures (black and white stripes, circles and rings, etc.), moving contrasting objects and generally new objects. The child begins to examine the details of the adult’s face, objects, and patterns.

Thus, one of the most important achievements of the first two to three months will be the gradual development of the ability to smoothly follow an object moving in different directions and at different speeds.

Third or fourth month. The level of development of eye movements in the child is already quite good. However, it is still difficult for him to smoothly and continuously follow an object moving in a circle or describing a figure eight in the air. Visual acuity continues to improve.

By three months, children begin to really enjoy bright colors and moving toys, such as hanging rattles. Such toys are excellent for the development of a child’s vision. From this period, the baby is able to smile when he sees something familiar. He follows an adult's face or an object moving in all directions at a distance of 20 to 80 cm, and also looks at his hand and the object he holds in it.

When a child reaches for an object, he, as a rule, incorrectly estimates the distance to it; in addition, the baby often makes mistakes in determining the volume of objects. He tries to “take” a flower from his mother’s dress, not realizing that this flower is part of a flat design. This is explained by the fact that until the end of the fourth month of life, the world reflected on the retina still remains two-dimensional. When the baby opens the third dimension and can estimate the distance to his favorite rattle, he will learn to make an aimed grasp. By analyzing the slightest discrepancies between the visual images of both eyes, the brain gets an idea of the depth of space. In newborns, signals enter the brain in a mixed form. But gradually the nerve cells that perceive the picture become delimited, and the signals become clear. The perception of volume in children develops when they begin to move in space.

At the age of four months, the child is able to predict events that are about to happen. Just a few weeks ago he kept screaming from hunger until the nipple fell into his mouth. Now, when he sees his mother, he immediately reacts in one way or another. He can either become silent or start screaming even louder. Obviously, a connection is established in the child’s mind based on a certain stereotype. Thus, one can notice the establishment of a connection between visual abilities and co-knowledge. Along with the fact that the child begins to understand the functions of surrounding objects (what these objects are intended for), he acquires the ability to react to their disappearance. The baby will follow the rattle moving and look closely at the place where he last saw it. The child is trying to restore in his memory the trajectory of the rattle.

Somewhere between three and six months of a child's life, the retina of his eyes develops so much that he can distinguish small details of objects. The baby is already able to move his gaze from a close object to a distant one and back again, without losing sight of it. From this period, the baby develops the following reactions: blinking when an object quickly approaches, examining himself in the reflection of the mirror, recognizing breasts.

Sixth month. The child actively examines and examines his immediate environment. He may get scared when he finds himself in a new place. Now the visual images that he encounters are especially important for the child. Before this, the baby, playing with his favorite toy, hit the object in search of interesting sensations, then grabbed it to put it in his mouth. A six-month-old baby is already picking up objects to examine them. Grasping becomes more and more precise. Based on this, a visual idea of distance is formed, which, in turn, develops three-dimensional perception in the baby. A child is able to choose his favorite toy with his eyes. He already manages to focus his eyes on an object located at a distance of 7-8 cm from his nose.

Seventh month. One of the most characteristic features of a child during this period is the ability to notice the smallest details of the environment. The baby immediately discovers the pattern on the new sheet. In addition, he begins to become interested in the interrelationship of surrounding objects.

Eighth to twelfth months. During this period, the child perceives an object not only as a whole, but also in its parts. He actively begins to look for objects that suddenly disappear from his field of vision, because... understands that the object has not ceased to exist, but is located in another place. The baby's facial expression changes depending on the adult's facial expression. He is able to distinguish “his own” from “strangers”. Visual acuity further increases.

From one year to 2 years. Almost complete coordination of eye and hand movements is achieved. A child watches an adult write or draw with a pencil. He is able to understand 2-3 gestures (“bye”, “no”, etc.)

At the age of 3 to 4 years, a child's vision becomes almost the same as that of an adult.

Newborns do not distinguish colors, since their visual analyzer is not yet fully developed. The ability to differentiate colors appears in babies between six weeks and two months. It is noted that the difference in colors begins, first of all, with the perception of yellow and red colors, and the ability to recognize blue and green colors appears later. Typically, the formation of color vision is completed by 4-5 years.