Mental disorders: various disorders of the human psyche. Types of mental disorders
Violations and their causes in alphabetical order:
mental disorder -
There are many various conditions, which are defined as a mental disorder. The most common types include the following disorders:
Anxiety Disorders: People with anxiety disorders react to certain objects or situations with fear or horror, as well as physical signs anxiety or nervousness, such as rapid heartbeat or sweating. An anxiety disorder is diagnosed when a person's response is inappropriate to the situation, if the person is unable to control the response, or if anxiety interferes with normal functioning. Anxiety disorders: generalized disorder anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic syndrome, disorder social anxiety and specific phobias.
Mood disorders: These disorders, also called affective disorders, include constant feeling sadness or periods of feeling excessively happy, or swinging from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. Most frequent disorders moods are depression, mania and bipolar disorder.
Psychotic disorders: Psychotic disorders involve distorted beliefs and thinking. Two of the most common symptoms psychotic disorders are hallucinations (perceiving sights or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices) and delusions (false beliefs that the person perceives as true despite evidence to the contrary). An example of a psychotic disorder is schizophrenia.
Eating Disorders: Eating disorders involve excessive emotions, attitudes and behaviors related to weight and food. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder are the most common eating disorders.
Impulse control disorder and addiction disorder: People with impulse control disorder are unable to resist urges or impulses and engage in behaviors that may be dangerous to themselves or others. Examples of impulse control disorders include pyromania (shooting fireworks), kleptomania (theft), and compulsive gambling. Often people with these disorders become so dependent on the objects of their dependence that they begin to neglect their responsibilities and relationships.
Personality Disorders: People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality characteristics that distress the person and/or cause problems at work, school, and social relationships. In addition, the individual's patterns of thinking and behavior differ significantly from the expectations of society, and are so rigid that they can interfere with the normal functioning of the person. Examples are antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and paranoid disorder personality.
What diseases cause mental disorders:
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Are you mentally impaired? It is necessary to take a very careful approach to your overall health. People don't pay enough attention symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific symptoms, characteristic external manifestations- the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you just need to do it several times a year. be examined by a doctor to not only prevent terrible disease, but also support healthy mind in the body and the organism as a whole.
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Neuropsychiatric disorders- these are human states in which consciousness changes and acquires the character of destructive behavior.
This term is controversial in some ways and is interpreted differently by lawyers, psychiatrists and psychologists.
According to the ICD, a mental disorder is not the same as mental illness or mental illness. This term generally characterizes various types of failures human psyche.
From the perspective of psychiatry, it is not possible to identify biological, medical and social symptoms of mental disorders in all cases. Only sometimes this disorder may be based on a physiological disorder in the functioning of the body. Hence, ICD-10 uses the term “mental disorder” rather than “mental illness.”
All disruptions in the human psyche are caused by malfunction brain, which can happen for two reasons:
- exogenous (external) cause - poisoning with toxic substances, alcohol, drugs, radiation, infectious and viral diseases, psychological trauma, physical impact on the brain (stroke), disruption of the vascular network.
- endogenous (internal) cause - disturbances in the number of chromosomes, hereditary diseases transmitted genetically.
However, science has not yet fully figured out why mental disorders occur. Although these diseases affect almost twenty-five percent of the world's inhabitants.
The main reasons for the development of mental disorders include biological and psychological factors. environment. Mental disorders are often passed from parents to children, making members of the same family often similar to each other. Psychological factors is a combination of genes and environment.
Some diseases are also provoking factors. This increased level blood sugar, infections, sclerosis cerebral vessels, circulatory disorders in the brain.
A great danger is posed by alcoholism and alcoholism, which negatively affect the central nervous system and completely change a person’s character.
Autumn dull weather or bad luck personal life can cause mental disturbances in any person, so during this period it is worth resorting to help vitamin complexes, which have a beneficial effect on the nervous system and the entire body as a whole.
Classification
For the convenience of psychiatrists, WHO has developed a system in which mental disorders are differentiated by cause and symptoms.
- Disorders caused by brain lesions
These are the states in which a person remains after a head injury, stroke and some others. systemic diseases. Possible defeat as the highest brain functions(the ability to remember, think and learn new things), and the occurrence of “plus symptoms” (delirium, mood swings).
- Mental disturbances as a result of alcohol or drug use
Conditions that occur when taking drugs that are not related to drugs (sedatives, barbiturates, hallucinogens, some chemical compounds).
- Schizophrenia and schizoid-like disorders
Symptoms of mental disorders
- Sensopathy - abnormal nervous and tactile sensitivity:
- (increased sensitivity to normal stimuli);
- (reduced sensitivity to normal stimuli);
- senestopathy (feelings of pressure, burning, scratching in various areas organism);
- Hallucinations:
- true (the patient sees an object “outside himself”);
- false (the patient sees the object “within himself”);
- (the patient perceives a real object with distortions);
- metamorphopsia (change in perception of the size of your body).
The thinking process may change: become fast and incoherent or, conversely, slow.
Sometimes it seems that a loved one has gone crazy.
Or it starts to go away. How to determine that “the roof has gone crazy” and it’s not your imagination?
In this article, you will learn about the 10 main symptoms of mental disorders.
There is a joke among people: “There are no mentally healthy people, there are underexamined ones.” This means that individual signs Mental disorders can be found in the behavior of any person, and the main thing is not to fall into a manic search for corresponding symptoms in others.
And the point is not even that a person can become dangerous to society or himself. Some mental disorders arise as a consequence organic damage brain, which requires immediate treatment. Delay can cost a person not only mental health, but also life.
Some symptoms, on the contrary, are sometimes regarded by others as manifestations of bad character, promiscuity or laziness, when in fact they are manifestations of illness.
In particular, depression is not considered by many to be a disease requiring serious treatment. “Pull yourself together! Stop whining! You are a weakling, you should be ashamed! Stop digging into yourself and everything will pass!” - this is how relatives and friends exhort the patient. But he needs the help of a specialist and long-term treatment, otherwise he won’t get out.
Offensive senile dementia or early symptoms Alzheimer's disease can also be mistaken for age-related decline intelligence or bad character, but in fact it’s time to start looking for a nurse to look after the patient.
How can you determine whether you should worry about a relative, colleague, or friend?
Signs of a mental disorder
This condition can accompany any mental disorder and many somatic diseases. Asthenia is expressed in weakness, low performance, mood swings, hypersensitivity. A person begins to cry easily, becomes instantly irritated and loses self-control. Asthenia is often accompanied by sleep disturbances.
Obsessive states
IN wide range Obsessions include many manifestations: from constant doubts, fears that a person is not able to cope with, to an irresistible desire for cleanliness or performing certain actions.
Under the power of an obsessive state, a person may return home several times to check whether he has turned off the iron, gas, water, or whether he has locked the door. Obsessive fear an accident may force the patient to perform certain rituals, which, according to the sufferer, can ward off trouble. If you notice that your friend or relative washes their hands for hours, has become overly squeamish and is always afraid of getting infected with something, this is also an obsession. The desire not to step on cracks in the asphalt, tile joints, avoidance certain types transport or people wearing clothes of a certain color or type is also an obsessive state.
Mood changes
Melancholy, depression, a desire for self-recrimination, talk about one’s own worthlessness or sinfulness, and about death can also be symptoms of the disease. You should also pay attention to other manifestations of inadequacy:
- Unnatural frivolity, carelessness.
- Foolishness, not typical of age and character.
- A euphoric state, optimism that has no basis.
- Fussiness, talkativeness, inability to concentrate, chaotic thinking.
- Inflated self-esteem.
- Projecting.
- Increased sexuality, extinction of natural shyness, inability to restrain sexual desires.
You have cause for concern if your loved one begins to complain about the appearance of unusual sensations in the body. They can be extremely unpleasant or downright annoying. These are sensations of squeezing, burning, moving “something inside”, “rustling in the head”. Sometimes such sensations can be a consequence of very real somatic diseases, but often senestopathies indicate the presence of hypochondriacal syndrome.
Hypochondria
Expressed in manic preoccupation with the state of one’s own health. Examinations and test results may indicate the absence of diseases, but the patient does not believe it and requires more and more examinations and serious treatment. A person talks almost exclusively about his well-being, does not leave clinics and demands to be treated as a patient. Hypochondria often goes hand in hand with depression.
Illusions
There is no need to confuse illusions and hallucinations. Illusions force a person to perceive real objects and phenomena in a distorted form, while with hallucinations a person perceives something that does not really exist.
Examples of illusions:
- the pattern on the wallpaper seems to be a tangle of snakes or worms;
- the size of objects is perceived in a distorted form;
- the patter of raindrops on the windowsill seems like the careful steps of someone scary;
- the shadows of the trees turn into terrible creatures creeping up with frightening intentions, etc.
If outsiders may not be aware of the presence of illusions, then the susceptibility to hallucinations may manifest itself more noticeably.
Hallucinations can affect all senses, that is, be visual and auditory, tactile and gustatory, olfactory and general, and also be combined in any combination. To the patient, everything he sees, hears and feels seems completely real. He may not believe that those around him do not feel, hear, or see all this. He may perceive their bewilderment as a conspiracy, deception, mockery, and become annoyed that he is not understood.
With auditory hallucinations, a person hears various kinds of noise, fragments of words or coherent phrases. “Voices” can give commands or comment on the patient’s every action, laugh at him or discuss his thoughts.
Flavoring and olfactory hallucinations often cause a feeling unpleasant properties: disgusting taste or smell.
With tactile hallucinations, the patient thinks that someone is biting, touching, strangling him, that insects are crawling on him, that some creatures are inserting themselves into his body and moving there or eating the body from the inside.
Externally, susceptibility to hallucinations is expressed in conversations with an invisible interlocutor, sudden laughter or constant intense listening to something. The patient may constantly shake something off himself, scream, look around himself with a worried look, or ask others if they see something on his body or in the surrounding area.
Rave
Delusional states often accompany psychosis. Delusion is based on erroneous judgments, and the patient stubbornly maintains his false belief, even if there are obvious contradictions with reality. Delusional ideas acquire super-value, significance that determines all behavior.
Delusional disorders can be expressed in erotic form, or in conviction of one's great mission, in descent from a noble family or aliens. The patient may feel that someone is trying to kill or poison him, rob or kidnap him. Sometimes the development of a delusional state is preceded by a feeling of unreality of the surrounding world or one’s own personality.
Hoarding or excessive generosity
Yes, any collector can be under suspicion. Especially in cases where collecting becomes obsession, subjugates a person’s entire life. This can be expressed in the desire to drag things found in garbage dumps into the house, accumulate food without paying attention to expiration dates, or pick up stray animals in quantities that exceed the ability to provide them with normal care and proper maintenance.
The desire to give away all your property and excessive spending can also be regarded as a suspicious symptom. Especially in the case when a person has not previously been distinguished by generosity or altruism.
There are people who are unsociable and unsociable due to their character. This is normal and should not raise suspicions of schizophrenia or other mental disorders. But if a born cheerful person, the life of the party, a family man and good friend suddenly starts to destroy social connections, becomes unsociable, shows coldness towards those who were recently dear to him - this is a reason to worry about his mental health.
A person becomes sloppy, stops taking care of himself, and in society can begin to behave shockingly - commit acts that are considered indecent and unacceptable.
What to do?
Very hard to accept the right decision in the event that there are suspicions of a mental disorder in someone close to you. Perhaps the person is simply going through a difficult period in his life, and that is why his behavior has changed. Things will get better - and everything will return to normal.
But it may turn out that the symptoms you notice are a manifestation of a serious illness that needs to be treated. In particular, oncological diseases brain in most cases lead to one or another mental disorders. Delay in starting treatment can be fatal in this case.
Other diseases also need to be treated in a timely manner, but the patient himself may not notice the changes happening to him, and only those close to him will be able to influence the state of affairs.
However, there is another option: the tendency to see everyone around as potential patients of a psychiatric clinic may also turn out to be a mental disorder. Before calling an ambulance psychiatric care for a neighbor or relative, try to analyze your own condition. What if you have to start with yourself? Remember the joke about the under-examined?
“Every joke has some humor in it” ©
Panic attacks are seizures strong fear that arise in the absence of real danger and...Curative treatment should begin before the development of complete clinical picture, already when the harbingers of psychosis appear, since in this case it will be shorter and more effective, and in addition, the severity of personality changes against the background of negative symptoms will also be minimal, which will allow the person to work or do any household chores. Hospitalization in a hospital is necessary only for the period of relief of the attack; all other stages of therapy can be carried out on an outpatient basis, that is, at home. However, if it is possible to achieve long-term remission, then once a year the person should still be hospitalized in a hospital for examination and correction of maintenance anti-relapse therapy.
After an attack of schizophrenia, treatment lasts at least a year, since it will take from 4 to 10 weeks to completely relieve psychosis, another 6 months to stabilize the achieved effect, and 5 to 8 months to form a stable remission. Therefore, close people or guardians of a patient with schizophrenia need to be mentally prepared for such long-term treatment necessary for the formation of stable remission. In the future, the patient should take medicines and undergo other courses of treatment aimed at preventing another relapse of an attack of psychosis.
Schizophrenia - treatment methods (treatment methods)
The entire range of treatment methods for schizophrenia is divided into two large groups:1. Biological methods , which include all medical manipulations, procedures and medications such as:
- Taking medications that affect the central nervous system;
- Insulin comatose therapy;
- Electroconvulsive therapy;
- Craniocerebral hypothermia;
- Lateral therapy;
- Pair polarization therapy;
- Detoxification therapy;
- Transcranial micropolarization of the brain;
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation;
- Phototherapy;
- Surgical treatment (lobotomy, leucotomy);
- Sleep deprivation.
- Psychotherapy;
- Cognitive behavioral therapy;
- Family therapy.
However, despite the importance of psychosocial therapy, biological methods remain the main ones in the treatment of schizophrenia, since only they make it possible to stop psychosis, eliminate disturbances in thinking, emotions, will, and achieve stable remission, during which a person can lead normal image life. Let us consider the characteristics, as well as the rules for the use of methods of treating schizophrenia, adopted at international congresses and recorded in the recommendations World Organization healthcare.
Currently the most important and effective biological method The treatment of schizophrenia are medications (psychopharmacology). Therefore, we will dwell on their classifications and rules of application in detail.
Modern treatment of schizophrenia during an attack
When a person begins an attack of schizophrenia (psychosis), you need to see a doctor as soon as possible, who will begin the necessary relief treatment. Currently, various drugs from the group of neuroleptics (antipsychotics) are primarily used to relieve psychosis. Most effective drugs The first line for relief therapy of schizophrenic psychosis are atypical antipsychotics, since they are able to eliminate productive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) and, at the same time, minimize disturbances in speech, thinking, emotions, memory, will, facial expressions and behavior patterns. That is, drugs in this group can not only stop the productive symptoms of schizophrenia, but also eliminate the negative symptoms of the disease, which is very important for the rehabilitation of a person and maintaining him in a state of remission. In addition, atypical antipsychotics are effective in cases where a person cannot tolerate other antipsychotics or is resistant to their effects.
Treatment of psychotic disorder (delusions, hallucinations, illusions and other productive symptoms)
So, the treatment of a psychotic disorder (delusions, hallucinations, illusions and other productive symptoms) is carried out with atypical antipsychotics, taking into account the clinical variants for which each drug is most effective. Other antipsychotic drugs are prescribed only when atypical antipsychotics are ineffective.Most a strong drug group is Olanzapine, which can be prescribed to all patients with schizophrenia during an attack.
Amisulpride and Risperidone are most effective in suppressing delusions and hallucinations associated with depression and severe negative symptoms. Therefore, this drug is used to relieve repeated episodes of psychosis.
Quetiapine is prescribed for hallucinations and delusions combined with speech disorders, manic behavior and strong psychomotor agitation.
If Olanzapine, Amisulpride, Risperidone or Quetiapine are ineffective, then they are replaced with conventional antipsychotics, which are effective for prolonged psychoses, as well as for poorly treatable catatonic, hebephrenic and undifferentiated forms of schizophrenia.
Majeptyl is the most effective means for catatonic and hebephrenic schizophrenia, and Trisedil for paranoid schizophrenia.
If Majeptil or Trisedil are ineffective, or the person cannot tolerate them, then conventional neuroleptics with by selective action, the main representative of which is Haloperidol. Haloperidol suppresses speech hallucinations, automatisms, and all types of delusions.
Triftazin is used for unsystematic delusions associated with paranoid schizophrenia. For systematized delirium, Meterazine is used. Moditene is used for paranoid schizophrenia with severe negative symptoms (impaired speech, emotions, will, thinking).
In addition to atypical antipsychotics and conventional neuroleptics, atypical neuroleptics are used in the treatment of psychosis in schizophrenia, which in their properties occupy intermediate position between the first two indicated groups of drugs. Currently among atypical antipsychotics the most widely used are Clozapine and Piportil, which are often used as first-line drugs instead of atypical antipsychotics.
All drugs for the treatment of psychosis are used for 4–8 weeks, after which the person is transferred to a maintenance dosage or replaced medicine. In addition to the main drug that relieves delusions and hallucinations, 1–2 medications may be prescribed, the action of which is aimed at suppressing psychomotor agitation.
People suffering from anorexia lose weight by refusing to eat or taking only non-caloric foods, as well as by tormenting themselves with heavy, long-term, daily exercise. physical activity, enemas, inducing vomiting after eating or taking diuretics and fat burners.
As weight loss progresses and body weight becomes too low, a person develops various disorders menstrual cycle, muscle spasms, pale skin, arrhythmia and other pathologies internal organs, the functioning of which is impaired due to a lack of nutrients. In severe cases, changes in the structure and functioning of internal organs become irreversible, resulting in death.
Anorexia - general characteristics and types of disease
The term anorexia is derived from the Greek word "orexis", which is translated as appetite or desire to eat, and the prefix "an", which negates, that is, replaces the meaning of the main word with the opposite. Thus, an interlinear translation of the term "anorexia" means lack of desire to eat. This means that the very name of the disease encodes its main manifestation - refusal of food and reluctance to eat, which, accordingly, leads to strong and dramatic weight loss, up to extreme exhaustion and death.Since anorexia refers to the state of refusing food of various origins, this term reflects only the most common feature several isolated diseases. And therefore strict medical definition anorexia is quite vague as it sounds as follows: refusal of food in the presence of a physiological need for food, provoked by disruptions in the functioning of the food center in the brain.
Women are most susceptible to anorexia; in males, this disease is extremely rare. Currently, according to statistics from developed countries, the ratio of women to men suffering from anorexia is 10: 1. That is, for every ten women suffering from anorexia, there is only one man with the same disease. Such a predisposition and susceptibility to anorexia in females is explained by the peculiarities of their functioning. nervous system, stronger emotionality and impressionability.
It should also be noted that anorexia usually develops in people who have high level intelligence, sensitivity and some personality traits, such as perseverance in achieving goals, pedantry, punctuality, inertia, uncompromisingness, painful pride, etc.
The assumption that anorexia develops in people with hereditary predisposition To this disease, not confirmed. However, it has been found that in people suffering from anorexia, the number of relatives with mental illness, character abnormalities (for example, despotism, etc.) or alcoholism reaches 17%, which is much higher than the population average.
The causes of anorexia are varied and include both personal characteristics a person, as well as the influence of the environment, the behavior of loved ones (primarily mothers) and certain stereotypes and attitudes existing in society.
Depending on the leading mechanism of development and type causative factor, which provoked the disease, there are three types of anorexia:
- Neurotic – due to overexcitement cerebral cortex with strong experienced emotions, especially negative ones;
- Neurodynamic – caused by inhibition of the appetite center in the brain under the influence of stimuli of extreme strength of a non-emotional nature, for example, pain;
- Neuropsychiatric (also called nervous or cachexia) - caused by persistent volitional refusal to eat or a sharp limitation in the amount of food consumed, provoked by a mental disorder varying degrees severity and character.
Anorexia nervosa stands apart, since it is provoked not so much by the impact of extreme force, but by an already developed and manifested disorder mental sphere. This does not mean that anorexia develops only in people with pronounced and severe mental illnesses, such as, for example, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, hypochondriacal syndrome etc. After all, such mental disorders are relatively rare, and much more often psychiatrists are faced with so-called borderline disorders, which in the medical environment are classified as mental illnesses, but at the everyday level they are often considered simply characteristics of a person’s character. Thus, borderline mental disorders are considered severe reactions to stress, short-term depressive reactions, dissociative disorder, neurasthenia, various phobias and variants of anxiety disorders, etc. It is against the background borderline disorders Anorexia nervosa most often develops, which is the most severe, long-lasting and common.
Neurotic and neurodynamic anorexia are usually recognized by a person who actively asks for help and consults doctors, as a result of which their treatment does not present any particular difficulties and is successful in almost all cases.
And anorexia nervosa, like drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling addiction and other addictions, is not recognized by a person; he stubbornly believes that “everything is under control” and he does not need the help of doctors. A person suffering from anorexia nervosa does not want to eat; on the contrary, he is tormented by hunger quite severely, but by an effort of will he refuses food under any pretext. If for some reason a person had to eat something, then after a while he may induce vomiting. To increase the effect of refusing food, sufferers of anorexia nervosa often torture themselves. exercise, take diuretics and laxatives, a variety of “fat burners,” and also regularly induce vomiting after eating in order to empty the stomach.
Besides, this form The disease is caused not only by the influence of external factors, but also by the characteristics of a person’s personality, and therefore its treatment presents the greatest difficulties, since it is necessary not only to adjust the process of eating, but also to correct the psyche, forming the correct worldview and eliminating false stereotypes and attitudes. This task is complex and complex, and therefore in treatment anorexia nervosa A huge role belongs to psychologists and psychotherapists.
In addition to the indicated division of anorexia into three types, depending on the nature of the causative fact and the mechanism of development of the disease, there is another widely used classification. According to the second classification, Anorexia is divided into two types:
- Primary (true) anorexia;
- Secondary (nervosa) anorexia.
Secondary anorexia, or anorexia nervosa, is caused by a conscious refusal or limitation of the amount of food consumed, which is provoked by borderline mental disorders in combination with attitudes existing in society and relationships between close people. With secondary anorexia, it is not the diseases that cause the disorders that come to the fore eating behavior, but a volitional refusal to eat, associated with the desire to lose weight or change one’s appearance. That is, with secondary anorexia there are no diseases that interfere with appetite and normal eating behavior.
Secondary anorexia, in fact, fully corresponds to the neuropsychic mechanism of formation. And the primary one combines neurodynamic, neurotic, and anorexia caused by somatic, endocrine or other diseases. In the further text of the article we will call secondary anorexia nervous, since this is its name that is the most frequently used, widespread and, accordingly, understandable. We will call neurodynamic and neurotic anorexia primary or true, combining them into one type, since their course and principles of therapy are very similar.
Thus, taking into account all the signs and features various types pathology, we can say that primary anorexia is a somatic disease (such as gastritis, duodenitis, ischemic heart disease, etc.), and nervous anorexia is a mental one. Therefore, these two types of anorexia are quite different from each other.
Since it is currently most common and represents big problem anorexia nervosa, then we will consider this type of disease in as much detail as possible.
At the everyday level, it is quite simple to distinguish anorexia nervosa from primary. The fact is that people suffering from anorexia nervosa hide their illness and condition; they stubbornly refuse medical help, believing that everything is fine with them. They try not to advertise their refusal to eat, reducing its consumption by various methods, for example, discreetly transferring pieces from their plate to neighboring ones, throwing food in the trash or bags, ordering only light salads in cafes and restaurants, citing the fact that they are “not hungry.” etc. And people suffering from primary anorexia realize that they need help because they are trying to eat, but they are unable to do so. That is, if a person refuses the help of a doctor and stubbornly refuses to admit the existence of a problem, then we're talking about about anorexia nervosa. If, on the contrary, a person actively seeks ways to eliminate the problem, turns to doctors and gets treatment, then we are talking about primary anorexia.
What is gambling addiction?
Gambling addiction is a mental disorder, the essence of which is the presence of a pathological addiction to any form of gambling. At its core, gambling addiction is drug-like addiction or alcohol addiction, in which a person is unable to control and suppress their desire to take drugs or drink alcoholic drink. Only with gambling addiction is a person unable to suppress and control the desire to play. Gambling addiction is pathological precisely because a person is unable to control his behavior and suppress the desire to play, when external life circumstances require focusing on other matters. That is, if a person goes to play, no matter what, being unable to resist the desire to play due to a complete “shutdown” common sense, then this is precisely an addiction – gambling addiction.
Gambling addiction must be distinguished from ordinary, episodic participation in gambling, which is normal behavior people in different countries and cultures. After all, certain gambling games are available in different countries; people periodically play them for the purpose of having fun. But with normal participation in gambling, a person does not experience any harmful, negative consequences, since an individual plays only when he has free time and funds, without risking everything, without going into debt and without making the game a life priority.
Normally, participation in a gambling game is just a form of entertainment, a type of recreation, by taking part in which a person is distracted from ordinary everyday activities and worries, is psychologically discharged and leaves after playing with positive emotions And good mood, which allows him to continue to work productively at work, take care of his family and participate in public life.
Gambling as a form of recreation and entertainment is very popular because of its mental components, such as gradually increasing psychological stress followed by release. While participating in the game, a person experiences strong tension because of the risk and worries about a possible loss mixed with the hope of winning. Moreover, this tension gradually increases, reaching a maximum towards the final stage of the game, after which there is a release when everything ends and it becomes clear who lost and who won. Discharge occurs necessarily, because mental stress is removed due to clarification of the situation with the winners and losers, that is, the moment of uncertainty is eliminated. Moreover, discharge can bring positive and negative emotions, depending on whether a person wins or loses. But, regardless of the success of the game, after its completion a person feels well rested and distracted from the usual routine, as a result of which he can again begin to perform everyday duties with new strength and enthusiasm that appeared after good entertainment and a complete switch to another area - the game.
When it comes to mental disorder, people usually imagine a disheveled person with a crazy, wandering gaze, committing actions that defy any logic. However, in reality this is not entirely true. The most common mental disorders do not have clear manifestations for others, and their owners themselves often do not even suspect that they need help. specialized assistance if not in a psychiatric hospital, then at least in a psychotherapist’s chair. Psychiatrists have compiled a kind of rating of the most common mental disorders that amaze our contemporaries.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
This borderline state between health and illness. Characterized by nervousness, insomnia, emotional instability and a feeling of hopelessness. The peculiarity is that by taking a step in the direction of the disease, the patient can receive, in addition to neurosis or psychosis, any somatic disease- as you know, it breaks where it is thin, and a problem will arise with what there is a predisposition to. This condition differs from ordinary fatigue in that a person can no longer help himself simply by properly resting.
Nervous breakdown
The human psyche is capable of bearing significant loads without harm to itself, provided that they alternate with relaxation. If there is stress for a long time and there is no rest, a nervous breakdown occurs. Its manifestations are varied, but the name speaks for itself: a person’s nerves cannot stand it, and he begins to lash out at everyone and everything, commit rash acts that he would never allow in life. in good condition. Nervous breakdown - very dangerous condition, as it can become a trigger for more severe mental illness.
Professional burnout syndrome
This disorder may seem frivolous to some, because it is associated with professional activity, and it is just one of the aspects of life. But in fact, although this disease arises due to the situation at work, it negatively affects a person’s entire life, leading to irritability, a feeling of hopelessness, eating disorders, autonomic disorders, depression and personality changes. Syndrome professional burnout overtakes those people whose work involves emotional involvement in the problems of their clients. These are doctors, psychologists, teachers, social service workers, customer service managers at large industries etc. The disease is associated with the inability to protect one's mental space and the inability to relax.
Post-dissertation syndrome
One more thing occupational disease, associated with overstrain, only this time not emotional, but mental. The name of the syndrome suggests its cause: excessive prolonged effort, ending with the delivery of responsible work. This is not necessarily a dissertation; the reason can be any important task that requires full dedication. The strength is given away, and when the work is completed, the meaning of life is lost along with it. A person does not find a place for himself, does not know where to put his strength, he is overtaken by apathy and a feeling of emptiness, and at the same time he does not take on a new task, fearing to re-experience the difficulties associated with it. In severe cases, post-dissertation syndrome can lead to feelings of worthlessness and suicidal thoughts.
Neurasthenia
The term "neurasthenia" can be translated as " nervous exhaustion" It is a consequence of the inability to assess one’s capabilities and distribute one’s forces. Neurosthenics lose the ability to concentrate on a task, grab at one thing or another, realizing the unproductiveness of such behavior, become irritable, conflictual, aggressive or whiny. They are not able to adequately perceive criticism addressed to them, even the mildest. This disorder is characterized by outbreaks flurry of activity, interspersed with periods of complete apathy, as well as intolerance loud sounds, smells, bright light - any strong irritants. Lack of appetite or excessive appetite, headaches, insomnia and deterioration of sexual function are also symptoms of neurasthenia.
Abulia
Abulia is a mental disorder in which a person cannot bring himself to perform necessary actions. While fully understanding the importance of action, such people are incapable of action itself; they watch in horror as, as a result of their passivity, their lives go downhill, without doing anything. Abulia may be secondary, i.e. a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, but can also act as an independent disorder. Where the fine line lies between weak will and abulia is not known for certain. Experts consider stress to be the main cause of the disease, as well as the vast majority of other abnormalities. 
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
This term sometimes refers to one of the types of neurosis - neurosis obsessive states. It occurs in people whose activities are associated with the need for constant concentration, increased attentiveness and responsibility. The disease is manifested by obsessive repetition of any monotonous actions or anxious thoughts: washing hands after contact with any object, checking whether electrical appliances are turned off, constantly checking email, page refresh in social networks etc.
Depression
Depression is the scourge of our time. As a matter of fact, it is now customary to greatly abuse this term, calling it both a depressed mood that occurs as a result of completely objective reasons, and a serious mental illness that can lead to alcoholism, suicide or other unpleasant consequences. Depression in the medical sense is, of course, the second option. The disease can be characterized as a loss of the ability to enjoy life and experience pleasant moments. The life of a depressed person becomes grey, dull and monotonous; this state is extremely painful for a person and lasts unbearably long. Advice to unwind, become positive or rethink life will not help in this case; the person needs the help of a psychotherapist, and sometimes a course of drug therapy.
Panic attacks
Panic attacks are another type of neuroses, characterized by sudden attacks of irrational fear, with all the accompanying reactions: heart palpitations, cold sweat, trembling hands, jumps blood pressure etc. Panic attacks people are susceptible long time those who are in a state of fear of not doing something or not being in time, haunted by the fear of failure. The reason is simple – stress, overwork associated with heightened feeling responsibility and inability to work in a team, trust people, and transfer part of their workload to other employees. “If you want everything done right, do it yourself” - this is the motto proclaimed by these people, and this is the main reason for their mental disorder.
