How skin cancer starts on the face. What does skin cancer look like at the initial stage - the first symptoms

Skin cancer is a dangerous disease of malignant origin that goes through several stages of development. In total, it is customary to distinguish four stages of skin cancer, the rate of development of which depends on the form of the tumor and its aggressiveness. To identify the stage of the disease, it is necessary to undergo a thorough diagnosis, assess the condition of the lymph nodes and internal organs.

Skin cancer is considered the only cancer that can be seen without the use of instrumental methods. Characteristic external defects, their shape, color, density have significant differences from benign formations.

A special role is played by collecting anamnesis - the presence of precancerous conditions, scars, burns and mechanical damage to the skin increases the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, for experienced dermatologists, it is not difficult to identify an oncological lesion during a visual examination, determine the stage of skin cancer and prescribe appropriate treatment.

The concept of stages, how many are there?

The photo shows the stage of skin cancer spread

The stages of skin cancer are a conditional division of the stages of tumor development according to its size, damage to the lymph nodes and the presence of secondary malignant foci in the internal organs.

There are four main stages of skin cancer, which determine general and local symptoms, the patient’s well-being and survival prognosis. Sometimes a zero or precancerous stage is identified, in which there are completely no signs of the disease.

Precancerous stage or stage 0

When skin cancer first develops, a small number of cells undergo malignancy. A person may not even know that he is sick, since there are very few atypical cells and they do not extend beyond one layer of the epithelium. Therefore, there are no local or general manifestations.

If the patient’s immune system is fully functioning, it can destroy cancer cells, preventing tumor formation. But in patients with a decrease in the body’s defenses, the process of malignancy continues, the altered cells continue to divide, and a malignant neoplasm is formed.

The early stage responds well to treatment, and if a malignant focus is detected, it is enough to perform one operation so that the disease does not return. Precancerous skin cancer does not require radiation or chemotherapy to avoid recurrence.

Initial or stage 1 skin cancer - first symptoms and signs

Like the zero, the first stage of skin cancer does not pose a serious threat to the patient’s life. It differs from other stages of development in the absence of metastases, so only local manifestations appear.

What does early stage skin cancer look like? The appearance of the neoplasm depends on the morphological structure. The first changes on the skin may look like a mole with uneven edges, one or more fused nodes, a rough plaque or an ulcerative-erosive lesion.

At this stage, the size of the malignant formation is no more than 2 cm, it does not grow into deep tissues, therefore there are no general symptoms of skin cancer at stage 1. Some patients note that the development of the tumor was preceded by a slight increase in temperature, weakness and constant drowsiness. It is not always possible to determine whether these are symptoms of the initial stage of skin cancer or the body’s reaction to overwork. Grouping according to TNM classification - T1, T2, N0, M0.

The photo shows the development of skin cancer in the initial stages in the form of skin basal cell carcinoma

Stage 2 skin cancer

Stage 2 skin cancer is characterized by an increase in the size of the primary lesion. The neoplasm grows, affects several layers, but does not yet go beyond one anatomical zone.

Symptoms at stage 2 become more pronounced - signs of inflammation appear in the affected area - redness of the skin, swelling, soreness. General signs are also absent or insignificant, which can be attributed to fatigue or overwork.

At stage 2 of skin cancer, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination to exclude damage to regional lymph nodes. Often the disease recurs at this stage due to poor diagnosis. Grouping according to TNM classification - T2, T3, N0, M0.

Skin cancer stage 3, how not to miss it?

Unlike the previous ones, stage 3 skin cancer has a less optimistic prognosis. The size of the tumor is more than 5 cm, it spreads to neighboring anatomical areas, penetrates into deep tissues, affects blood vessels, nerve fibers, muscles, cartilage and bone structures. Regional metastases appear.

If the tumor is presented in the form of a plaque or ulcer, constant bleeding or exudate separation occurs. Bacterial microflora can attach to the affected area of the skin, which leads to suppuration.

Signs at stage 3 are characterized by a general deterioration of the condition, which is explained by a weakening of the immune system. The lymph nodes become denser and inflamed, and their mobility is impaired. Dysfunctions of some organs and systems appear, depending on where the tumor grows. Grouping by TNM classification - Any T, N0, N1, M0.

The photo shows the spread of skin cancer at stages 3 and 4

Stage 4 skin cancer, why is it dangerous?

The terminal or fourth stage of skin cancer is characterized by significant growth of the tumor and the formation of secondary tumors in the internal organs. This leads to the development of multiple organ failure and complete loss of strength.

Stage 4 symptoms:

chronic fatigue;
sleep disorders;
significant loss of body weight;
anemia;
increased temperature, fever;
depression.

Stage 4 skin cancer with metastases reduces the chances of a successful recovery to zero, since treatment for multiple metastases is difficult and is based only on symptomatic relief. Grouping by TNM classification - Any T, N, M.

Classification of stages according to the TNM system

The international classification for determining the prevalence of the process is easy to use and is used by oncologists around the world to make an accurate diagnosis.

T - indicates primary tumor:

Tx - means that for some reason it was not possible to evaluate the parameters of the tumor.
T0 - considered stage zero without detection of a malignant node as such.
T1 - the tumor is detected and measures no more than two centimeters.
T2 is a malignant node measuring two to five centimeters in diameter.
T3 - tumor larger than five centimeters.
T4 - formation of any size with damage to other organs and penetration deep into the tissue.

N - assesses damage to regional lymph nodes:

Nx - it is impossible to assess the state of the nodes.
N0 - there are no metastases in the lymph nodes.
N1 - the presence of metastases in the lymph nodes is confirmed.

M - characterizes the presence of secondary foci of neoplasm in distant organs:

Mx - for a number of reasons it was not possible to evaluate.
M0 - no distant metastases.
M1 - confirms the presence of distant metastases.

How to notice the emerging disease?

Many people are interested in a completely logical question: how does skin cancer begin and how not to miss it? On the body of each person there are unique nevi, they are better known as moles, and there may also be pigment spots or birthmarks. So, it is very important to monitor their possible changes and, if possible, prevent their damage.

It happens that a mole or age spot begins to change in color, becomes darker or more convex in shape, begins to grow, or may become covered with a crust that is unusual for them. All this cannot be ignored; this may be the first news of a possible diagnosis - skin cancer. Of course, no one is saying that this is definitely early-stage skin cancer (photo attached), but it definitely requires consulting a doctor.

Another option for the occurrence of a tumor may be the sudden formation of a small and sometimes completely inconspicuous pink spot, in some cases more than one. With the use of a drug that relieves inflammation, the spot may disappear for a while, but soon it returns with renewed vigor. The resulting neoplasm is usually slightly compacted and may have a dimple in the middle, in the form of a funnel. Peeling is possible, followed by the formation of a crust and bloody and bloody discharge from the wound.

Distinctive features of development

Not only what it looks like, but also its developmental characteristics depends on the morphological structure of cancer formation. It is customary to distinguish three main types of tumors that form on the skin -, and.

Squamous cell formations and basal cell carcinoma share the same stages described above, but there are minor differences. Squamous cell carcinoma develops very quickly and actively spreads throughout the body.

Basalioma, on the contrary, grows slowly, rarely penetrates into the deep subcutaneous layers and almost does not metastasize. But, if rare forms of basalioma develop - scleroderma-like or ulcerative, the tumor rapidly progresses, destroying cartilage and bone tissue.

The most aggressive and dangerous form is melanoma, the initial stage of which looks like a birthmark that changes its color and size. Melanoma often forms from existing moles, and less often forms on healthy areas of the body.

Stages of melanoma:

I – up to 2 mm., without manifestation
II – up to 4 mm, without manifestation.
III – any thickness of melanoma, with or without ulceration, but with damage to the lymph nodes.
IV – has gone beyond one anatomical zone, regional and distant metastases are present.

Even the early stage of melanoma causes unpleasant local symptoms - itching, burning, swelling of surrounding tissues, bleeding. But the most important sign is a significant difference in color and shape from other moles and nevi.

How to detect skin cancer at an early stage?

There are moles and age spots on every person’s body; with age, they become more numerous, and various skin defects appear. Therefore, many people have a question: how to detect skin cancer at the initial stage?

It is important to monitor your body and pay attention to all changes that may become the first signs of cancer:

the appearance of an uneven mole on the body;
change in color, size and shape of existing nevi;
the formation of dense nodules protruding above the skin;
painful swelling under the skin;
the appearance of ulcers with uneven raised borders;
exudative, bloody or purulent discharge from skin defects.

When examining the body, it is especially important to pay attention to open areas of the body - the face, neck, chest and shoulders. It is these areas that are most susceptible to negative factors that cause the development of cancer.

Diagnosis at stages 1, 2, 3 and 4

If signs of skin cancer appear, you should visit a dermatologist for an initial diagnosis. The doctor examines the patient's entire body, paying special attention to the affected area.

The area of changed skin is subject to detailed examination using a magnifying glass or dermatoscope. It is especially important to carry out dermatoscopy of suspicious moles - to determine the boundaries, symmetry and uniformity of pigmentation.

Further work is carried out by an oncologist using the following methods:

Cytological examination - scrape the surface layer from the surface of a scaly node or take a smear from weeping erosions. The resulting material is studied under a microscope.
Biopsy – performed to diagnose squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma. It is not recommended for suspected melanoma, since damage to the tumor can provoke its aggressive growth. During a biopsy, a small number of cells are removed from the lesion using special forceps or a puncture needle, and then sent for histological examination.
Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and lymph nodes is necessary to identify secondary cancers.
Mammography is performed if a tumor has formed in the area of the mammary glands, in order to exclude their damage.
X-rays – photographs of the chest and bone structures located in the area of the tumor, can detect secondary malignant foci.
CT, MRI, PET/CT - these methods necessarily include stage 4 diagnostics in order to identify even small foci of atypical cells that have spread throughout the body.

Diagnostics includes laboratory tests of blood and urine using general biochemical methods. The tests allow us to assess the patient’s general condition, the functioning of the body, the presence and severity of the inflammatory process.

Treatment

Treatment of stage 1 skin cancer is carried out using gentle methods that not only allow for maximum preservation of healthy tissue areas. The initial stage responds well to radiation therapy, which can achieve complete recovery without surgery.

The first stages of skin cancer must be removed using minimally invasive methods:

laser cauterization;
electrocoagulation;
cryodestruction.

The initial stages of skin cancer can be treated with a modern method - photodynamic therapy. The method consists of introducing photosensitizing agents into the patient’s body or applying photosensitizing agents to the affected area. After a few hours, laser beams are directed at the tumor, under the influence of which the tumor cells are destroyed.

Immune and targeted therapy are modern methods of treating oncology, which involve the use of drugs that are selected taking into account the genetic characteristics of the patient. These methods are effective, regardless of the morphological structure and aggressiveness of the cancer.

Treatment for stage 2 skin cancer involves surgical removal of the affected and surrounding tissue, followed by radiation or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Treatment for stage 3 begins with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to reduce the size of the primary tumor before surgery. Since the first signs of metastasis appear, surrounding tissues and lymph nodes are excised during the intervention. After surgery, one or more courses of radiation, targeted therapy, immune therapy, or chemotherapy are given.

Treatment of stage 4 skin cancer is aimed at alleviating the patient’s condition. Radiation therapy is administered in short courses to stop the progression of malignant tumors in size. Chemotherapy is prescribed for the same purpose, but it is much less tolerated, causing side effects in all organs and systems.

To improve well-being, palliative operations can be performed:

installation of nephrostomy for renal disorders;
drainage and stenting of bile ducts;
vein stenting for tumor obstructions;
removal of part of the intestine when its lumen narrows.

Since multiple secondary formations cause pain throughout the body, treatment for metastatic skin cancer includes strong painkillers. Initially, non-narcotic analgesics are used, but when they stop working, you have to resort to more powerful drugs.

At what stage does skin cancer metastasize?

When skin cancer develops, it affects not only the superficial layers, but also penetrates into the deep subcutaneous layers. When a tumor grows into blood vessels and lymphatic ducts, cancer cells are separated from it, which can settle in any organ, provoking the formation of new lesions.

Skin cancer at stage 3 begins to produce the first metastases in the nearest lymph nodes, and at the next stage, secondary tumors appear in internal organs or bone structures. The location of secondary lesions depends on the location of the primary tumor, but most often they are located in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract and brain.

What is the life prognosis for stages 1, 2, 3 and the last, 4 stages of cancer?

According to statistics, the most favorable prognosis for skin cancer is stage 1. If you detect the disease at this stage and undergo high-quality testing, you can achieve complete recovery in more than 90-95% of patients.

How long do people live with stage 2 skin cancer? Since the tumor has not yet affected deep tissues and does not metastasize, the prognosis is quite favorable - more than 70% of patients survive within five years.

When the nearest lymph nodes are affected, the life prognosis worsens - five-year survival at stage 3 is recorded in 50-55% of cases.

How long do people live with stage 4 skin cancer? At this stage of development, multiple metastases appear in the internal organs, disrupting their functioning. As a result, severe complications develop from the liver, lungs, and heart, leading to the death of the patient. Survival at the fourth stage of skin cancer for 5 years is recorded in no more than a quarter of patients.

Skin cancer, like most cancers, is considered a multi-etiological condition. And it is not always possible to reliably determine the main trigger for the appearance of malignant cells.

At the same time, the pathogenetic role of a number of exo- and endogenous factors has been proven, and several precancerous diseases have been identified.

Main points of pathogenesis

Partial destruction of nucleic acids causes mutations, which leads to secondary changes in membrane lipids and key protein molecules. Predominantly basal epithelial cells are affected.

Various types of radiation and HPV have not only a mutagenic effect. They contribute to the appearance of relative immune deficiency.

This is explained by the disappearance of dermal Langerhans cells and the irreversible destruction of some membrane antigens that normally activate lymphocytes.

As a result, the functioning of the cellular immune system is disrupted and protective antitumor mechanisms are suppressed.

Immunodeficiency is combined with increased production of certain cytokines, which only worsens the situation. After all, these substances are responsible for cell apoptosis and regulate the processes of differentiation and proliferation.

The pathogenesis of melanoma has its own characteristics. The malignant degeneration of melanocytes is promoted not only by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, but also by hormonal changes.

Clinically significant for disruption of melanogenesis processes are changes in the level of estrogens, androgens and melanostimulating hormone. This is why melanomas are more common in women of reproductive age.

Moreover, hormone replacement therapy, taking contraceptive drugs and pregnancy can act as a provoking factor for them.

Another important factor in the appearance of melanomas is mechanical damage to existing nevi. For example, tissue malignancy often begins after the removal of a mole, accidental injury, and also in places where the skin is rubbed by the edges of clothing.

Reasons

The causes of skin cancer can be divided into external and internal.

External reasons

Causes are a condition or situation that is fertile ground for the development of a particular disease.

The causes of skin cancer are:

influence of direct ultraviolet and ionizing radiation;
long-term exposure to chemical carcinogens on the skin surface, such as tobacco smoke;
genetic predisposition of the body to cancer, in particular skin cancer;
prolonged thermal effects on any area of the skin;
occupational hazards, for example, many years of work associated with skin contact with arsenic and tar;
various diseases of the skin related to precancerous conditions, for example, chronic dermatitis, keratoacanthoma, senile dyskeratosis, a large number of warts, atheromas and papillomas, which are often injured;
scars left after illnesses, for example, lupus, syphilis, trophic ulcers or burns.

The presence of at least one or more possible factors raises suspicion of skin cancer. In order to have a clear example of what a precancerous condition is and what exactly you need to pay attention to, it is described in detail in our article.

You can also see an informative video about skin cancer in the “video” section. Another way to recognize skin cancer is to view photos of the affected areas of the skin in the photo gallery section, which also serves as a visual aid.

Classification

Depending on which layer of cells the tumor grows from, squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma are distinguished. In the first case, degeneration of superficially located epidermal cells occurs, in the second - of the deepest layer.

Melanoma is formed from special cells - melanocytes, which contain the pigment melanin and are located in the basal layer of the skin.

There are four forms of basal cell carcinoma: nodular, superficial, ulcerative and cicatricial. Squamous cell carcinoma may appear as an ulcer, nodule, or plaque. Melanoma can be superficial spreading, nodular or lentigo melanoma.

It has been found that there are skin lesions that can exist for years, but eventually undergo malignant transformation and subsequently acquire all the symptoms and signs of skin cancer.

They are called obligate precancerous conditions. There is also a group of facultative precancerous conditions, accompanied by impaired trophism and chronic inflammation of the skin.

This creates favorable conditions for cell degeneration, but it does not always occur.

It is important to promptly identify and carry out radical treatment of precancerous conditions. This can save the patient unnecessary suffering and save his life. The following pathologies are classified as obligate precancerous lesions.

Bowen's disease is a disorder of the process of keratinization of epidermal cells in a limited area. One or several red-brown spots appear on the surface, covered with horny scales, under which there is a granulating surface. If radical treatment (surgical or radiation) is not carried out, Bowen's disease develops into infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma, growing through the entire thickness of the skin and underlying structures.
Keir's erythroplasia - predominantly affects the skin of the glans penis, has the appearance of one or more red scaly spots with possible ulceration, and is treated surgically.
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a congenital condition characterized by increased sensitivity to sunlight. Red spots appear on the skin and begin to peel off. In this case, it is necessary to protect the body from exposure to direct sunlight and undergo regular examination by a dermatologist and oncologist.
Paget's disease - the lesion is most often located in the area of the nipples of the breast, reminiscent of eczema. The treatment is surgical, so girls should be especially alert to the first symptoms of skin cancer so that it is not too late.

There are 4 types of skin cancer:

Basalioma or basal cell skin cancer.

It got its name from the place where it “grows” - the basal layer of the epidermis. This tumor lacks the ability to metastasize and recur. Its migration is directed mainly into the depths of tissues with their inevitable destruction.

About 8 out of 10 all cases of skin cancer are of this type.

This is the least dangerous of all types of skin tumors. The exception is those cases when basal cell carcinoma is located on the face or ears: in such circumstances it can reach impressive volumes, affecting the nose, eyes, and damaging the brain. Most often found in older people.

Squamous cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma.

This type of skin cancer lies in the deeper layers of the skin - among the keratinocytes. It is prone to aggressive growth and metastasis to lymph nodes and internal organs. It does not always develop in open areas of the body: sometimes it can occur, for example, in the mouth.

Cancer of the skin appendages. Malignant neoplasm localized in the sebaceous and sweat glands or hair follicles. A very rare form of skin cancer. The clinical picture is identical to squamous cell carcinoma. An accurate diagnosis is established after a histological examination.

Melanoma.

Skin cancers come in different forms, but there are three most common forms.

Basal cell tumor-like neoplasms (basalioma). Occurs in 70-75% of cases. It is characterized by slow growth, damage to nearby tissues, but, fortunately, an almost complete absence of metastases. It is the last factor that makes it possible to consider basalioma as an intermediate disease between a benign tumor and a malignant one.
Squamous cell skin cancer. It is much less common. It is characterized by rapid tumor growth and metastases (mainly to the lymphatic system). Mainly affects the lungs.
Melanoma. The most dangerous malignant skin tumor. It is characterized by frequent relapses and metastases not only in the lymph nodes, but also in almost all organs of the body.

Most often, skin cancer refers to all non-melanoma malignant neoplasms that originate from various layers of the dermis. Their classification is based on their histological structure.

Melanoma (melanoblastoma) is often considered an almost independent form of carcinodermatosis, which is explained by the peculiarity of its origin and very high malignancy.

The main types of non-melanoma skin cancer are:

Basal cell carcinoma (basal cell carcinoma) is a tumor whose cells originate from the basal layer of the skin. Can be differentiated or undifferentiated.
Squamous cell carcinoma (epithelioma, spinalioma) - occurs from the more superficial layers of the epidermis. It is divided into keratinizing and non-keratinizing forms.
Tumors originating from the skin appendages (adenocarcinoma of the sweat glands, adenocarcinoma of the sebaceous glands, carcinoma of the appendages and hair follicles).
Sarcoma, whose cells are of connective tissue origin.

When diagnosing each type of cancer, the WHO-recommended TNM clinical classification is also used. It allows you to encode various characteristics of the tumor using digital and alphabetic notations: its size and degree of invasion into surrounding tissues, signs of damage to regional lymph nodes and the presence of distant metastases.

All this determines the stages of skin cancer.

Each type of cancer has its own growth characteristics, which are additionally reflected when making the final diagnosis. For example, basalioma can be tumoral (large and small nodular), ulcerative (in the form of a perforating or corrosive ulcer) and superficial transitional.

Squamous cell carcinoma can also grow exophytically with the formation of papillary outgrowths or endophytically, that is, as an ulcerative-infiltrative tumor. Melanoma can be nodular or non-nodular (superficially widespread).

The disease is divided into several types: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma. In the photo of the types of skin cancer, you can easily find the differences between them. A photo of skin cancer on the nose shows that a basal cell tumor most often develops in this area and, less often, a squamous cell tumor.

Squamous cell carcinoma develops from flat skin cells. This is an aggressive tumor that grows quickly and forms metastases, destroying surrounding tissue. Occurs in old age. Most often localized on the face, head, palms, legs, scars.

In the photo of the symptoms of squamous cell skin cancer, several forms of the tumor are distinguished:

plaque. This is a dense neoplasm with small red bumps that bleeds and grows quickly;
node The tumor looks like a cauliflower: dense, red or brown, covered with erosions or ulcers, growing quickly;
ulcer. This tumor has an uneven bottom, from which liquid with a very unpleasant odor is constantly released. It dries out and forms crusts, pink-red in color, growing both in depth and to the sides.
melanoma. This is a tumor formed from pigment cells. Develops at the site of freckles, moles and birthmarks. This is the most aggressive tumor, forming multiple metastases throughout the body.

Stages of cancer

The papillary form of skin cancer manifests itself as a massive tumor in the form of a dense node with a bumpy surface.

The endophytic form of cancer is manifested by the appearance of a nodule on the skin, in the center of which an ulcer forms. Gradually it begins to deepen and increase in size, its edges become ridge-like.

The initial stage of skin cancer of the squamous cell variety has signs of a red lump, ulcer or bump up to 2 cm, which appears on an area of skin exposed to constant sunlight.

The formation could appear from healthy skin, or there were previously precancerous diseases in this place, scars after burns and radiation, chronic ulcers, inflammation.

Highly differentiated.

The tumor can take a long time to develop and be dense, have horny growths, and crusts on the surface. In this case, it is most likely a highly differentiated skin cancer, which is easier to detect at an early stage and cure.

On the other hand, prolonged growth and similarity to warts, solar keratoses, can weaken vigilance and delay diagnosis.

Diagnosis and self-diagnosis of skin cancer in the early stages is extremely important for successful treatment of the disease. The survival rate when cancer is detected before it metastasizes is about 90%.

Every person, especially if he is at risk, should know how to recognize a malignant neoplasm.

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Only a DOCTOR can give you an ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS!
We kindly ask you NOT to self-medicate, but to make an appointment with a specialist!
Health to you and your loved ones! Don't lose heart

In this regard, it is important:

monitor the appearance of new moles, spots and ulcers on the body;
visit a dermatologist regularly;
monitor the condition of existing moles and birthmarks.

In its early stages, facial skin cancer may look like a regular pimple, spot or mole. Of course, many newly emerging tumors are not malignant at all.

You should pay special attention to those tumors that do not go away for a long time, increase in size, change their shape, itch and bleed.

There are a number of first signs of skin cancer - the initial degeneration of a birthmark (nevus) into a malignant side:

increase in horizontal and vertical dimensions: begins to protrude above nearby tissues;
a previously regular mole becomes asymmetrical and takes on bizarre shapes, sometimes with torn edges;
discoloration, local depigmentation;
itching and burning in the mole area;
irritation of the skin over the mole up to the appearance of a small ulcer;
wet, weeping surface of the mole, sometimes bleeding;
if there was hair on the nevus, then it would fall out;
peeling of the surface of the mole with the formation of a dry cortical layer;
small pinpoint compactions on a mole;
the appearance of moles in the neighborhood;
change in the state of aggregation of the nevus - its softening or, on the contrary, hardening;
suspiciously shiny surface of the mole;
disappearance of the skin pattern from the surface of the mole.

According to the generally accepted classification, there are 4 stages of skin cancer. At the initial stage of skin cancer, the tumor does not exceed 2 cm, at the 2nd stage - no more than 5.

Stage 3, in addition to a tumor size of more than 5 cm, is characterized by metastases to nearby lymph nodes. Stage 4 is almost the end: metastases affect muscles, bones, and cartilage.

Today there are five stages.

Zero. At this stage, cancer cells are just forming and affecting the top layer of skin. If you pay attention to suspicious symptoms in time and consult a doctor, then in 99% of cases you can guarantee a complete and successful recovery. Internet resources can help you with self-diagnosis. There you can look at the photo - stage 1 skin cancer to understand what you should pay special attention to. But it’s better to contact a specialist.

in the photo the symptoms of skin cancer at the initial stage

According to statistics, in oncology, skin cancer is much easier to treat than cancer of internal organs, and subsequent prognosis is usually more favorable. Of course, the sooner the patient seeks help at the initial stage of the disease, the higher his chances of recovery, and the most preferable are superficial tumors rather than those located in the deeper layers of the skin.

As for dry figures, in the first and second stages of skin cancer, the probability of being completely cured is from 80 to 100%, which is considered a very good indicator.

To treat skin cancer in modern medicine, methods such as surgical excision, cryodestruction, electrocoagulation and radiation therapy are used.

The first visible symptom of the disease is the appearance of a nodule or wart-like formation on the skin, which begins to grow rapidly. The surface of this formation peels off, is easily injured and bleeds. Further development of the tumor leads to its growth, both deep and above the skin.

Like any cancer, basal cell carcinoma goes through four stages of development, with the early stage characterized by the absence of specific symptoms.

Stage 1

The onset of cancer is characterized by the appearance of a small nodule or a small convex spot of a light shiny color, in some cases covered with a thin crust. A special feature is the appearance of a vascular network around the nodule.

Stage 2

Gradually, the formation increases in size, changing its color. When removing the crust, a small defect in the epidermis is observed, which is accompanied by bloody discharge. In place of the old crust, a new, denser crust is formed.

Stage 3

Over the course of several months, basal cell carcinoma may simply change, but at a later stage it may be accompanied by itching and peeling. The area around the affected area becomes red and thickened.

Stage 4

Lack of treatment, as a rule, aggravates the pathological process and worsens the patient’s well-being (the appearance of persistent pain), since tumor cells grow deep into the skin of adjacent tissues, damage the lymph nodes, and also cause a cosmetic defect in the surface of the skin.

In children

Skin cancer usually develops in people of both sexes, but in some rare cases children are affected by this disease.

This is due to a hereditary predisposition or the presence of a “giant nevus” - a birthmark of considerable size.

It has been noticed that this pathology develops in children aged 8-9 years. The presence of a pale or pink growth or a bleeding mole should be a reason to visit an oncologist.

On the leg

Malignant skin lesions can develop on the extremities, especially the legs. This is mainly a basal cell or squamous cell form of cancer.

The reason for contacting a doctor should be bleeding and itchy moles, the appearance of new formations in the form of light growths, damage in the form of scars or small nodules.

Timely treatment will help avoid the disastrous consequences of cancer.

On the head

Cancerous lesions often appear on the scalp and develop from cells in the hair follicles or sebaceous glands. As a rule, this is associated with intense exposure to ultraviolet rays, in the summer or while visiting a solarium.

In older people, this is due to age-related changes in the body and skin.

On your back

The skin on a person’s back can also be susceptible to the formation of malignant tumors. This is due to the above reasons. But the most common form is melanoma - a form of cancer that is characterized by an aggressive course and metastasis at an early stage.

Zero. In the photo of the initial stage of skin cancer you can see that the changes are not visible to the naked eye, but there are suspicious elements. Cancer cells are located on the surface of the skin. Cure is possible in 100% of cases.

First. Cancer cells are located in the upper layers of the skin, the tumor is no more than 2 cm, the chance of cure is 100%.

Second. Thickness is up to 4 cm, the tumor grows on all layers of the skin, burning and itching appears, metastases in the nearest lymph node. Chances of cure are 50%.

Third. The tumor is more than 5 cm, there are ulcers on the surface of the skin, the tumor grows into nearby tissues. Metastases (tumor areas in other tissues and organs) in the lymphatic system. Clear visible changes and symptoms. Chances of survival are 30%.

Fourth. Multiple metastases throughout the body, deterioration of general condition, chances of recovery - 20%.

Photos of stage 1 skin cancer are extremely rare, because at this stage it rarely makes itself felt. The photo of scalp cancer shows that tumors in this area are often in late stages, because it is difficult to notice minor changes due to the localization of the pathological process.

You can read about other types of cancer, for example, lung cancer, its manifestations and types here. The signs of colorectal cancer are described in detail here.

The first signs of skin cancer

Clinical manifestations of the disease depend on the type of cancer. There are three types of skin cancer: melanoma, squamous carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.

The first signs of melanoma

After some time, the lymph nodes that are located next to the spot begin to enlarge. These symptoms are a reason to contact a specialist.

After all, the sooner the disease is detected, the easier it will be to cure it.

The first signs of squamous carcinoma

This cancer damages the cells that lie beneath the epidermis. As a result, swellings and swellings form under the skin. Outwardly, they look like non-healing wounds or warts.

The first signs of basal cell carcinoma

This form of cancer develops slowly and is often asymptomatic. Signs of the disease most often appear on the neck and face, but can affect any part of the body. The first symptoms of basal cell carcinoma include:

The appearance of ulcers.
In rare cases, bleeding is observed.
Soreness and itching of the skin.
The appearance of red, scaly spots on the skin.

If the above symptoms do not disappear within a month, you should urgently consult a dermatologist.

It is important to recognize skin cancer at an early stage, the signs of which need to be known not only to people at risk, but to everyone without exception. Naturally, in addition to the fact that you should regularly conduct self-examination, regular visits to a dermatologist should become an unshakable rule.

So, how can you recognize skin cancer, symptoms that should alert you and prompt an unscheduled visit to a specialist:

If melanoma is not detected in the early stages of its development, it can lead to the death of the patient. Clinically, melanoma is manifested by the formation of a pigmented spot that resembles a birthmark or hickey.

After some time, the lymph nodes begin to enlarge. which are located next to the spot.

These symptoms are a reason to contact a specialist. After all, the sooner the disease is detected, the easier it will be to cure it.

the presence of new moles or spots on the surface of the skin;
dark red growths that rise above the surface of the skin;
wound surfaces that do not heal for a long time;
moles that have been present on the body for a long time began to change shape, color and size.

What skin cancer looks like is shown in the photo, which will also help you understand and answer the question “how to recognize skin cancer?”

How skin cancer manifests itself in each individual form:

Be healthy!

Symptoms

How does skin cancer manifest? This largely depends on the form of the disease.

The main symptoms of skin cancer are:

Feeling tired and overworked.
Loss of appetite, refusal to eat.
Unreasonable weight loss.
Increased temperature for a long time.
Enlarged lymph nodes.
Enlargement of moles, changes in their shape and color.
Pain.

The most common form of skin cancer is superficial. Its clinical manifestation begins with the formation of several small, merging nodules.

They are painless, have a dense consistency, white or yellowish color, and slightly rise above the skin surface. Unfortunately, only a few go to the doctor during this period.

In addition to superficial, there are also papillary and infiltrating forms of skin cancer. The first is relatively rare and is characterized by the formation of a tumor in the form of a bleeding, dense node. The second is more common and is manifested by the formation of an ulcerated tumor with a bumpy and uneven bottom.

The only symptom in the initial stages of skin cancer is the presence of a skin pathological lesion. Depending on the form of the disease, it may appear as a spot, wart, ulcer or erosion.

Appearance of a lesion with basal cell carcinoma

Nodular basalioma has the appearance of a dense nodule of pearlescent pink color with a depression in the center, rising above the surface of the skin and bleeding easily when an injury is caused.

The main symptoms of the initial stage of skin cancer, diagnosed as superficial basal cell carcinoma, are red-brown plaques of round or irregular shape with shiny, waxy edges raised above the surrounding skin. Several lesions may appear at once, grow slowly, and rarely deepen.

Cicatricial basalioma has the appearance of a depression with waxy raised edges, at the bottom of which there is dense scar tissue. Ulcerations periodically appear along the periphery, which gradually scar and merge with the primary lesion.

The prognosis for ulcerative basal cell carcinoma is unfavorable; it grows into the underlying tissues like infiltrative forms. The bottom of the ulcer is characterized by a red-brown color and a lumpy surface covered with black crusts. The pink shiny edges of the ulcerative basal cell carcinoma are raised.

Appearance of lesions in squamous cell skin cancer

Photos of signs of skin cancer can be found on any website. Of course, this dangerous disease can hide for a long time, so it is important to monitor your health and undergo medical examination. inspections.

Photos of symptoms of facial skin cancer are especially frightening, because not only a person’s appearance changes, but also vital organs are quickly damaged due to their close location to the tumor (eyes, brain, etc.).

Main symptoms of cancer:

constant fatigue and overwork;
sudden weight loss;
lack of appetite;
low-grade fever (37 o C);
enlarged lymph nodes;
changes in the size, shape and appearance of moles or warts;
pain (a sign of the final stages).

Diagnosis of skin cancer

If the presence of a cancerous lesion is suspected, a full examination of the patient’s body is carried out, identifying all suspicious lesions and formations, and palpating regional lymph nodes. Then they move on to instrumental research methods.

Dermatoscopy is an examination of the skin with magnification, performed using a manual or digital dermatoscope. In the first case, the doctor examines the surface of the skin through the lens of a portable microscope; in the second, the enlarged image is transmitted to the monitor screen and subjected to automatic analysis.

The shape of the edges and the microstructure of the surface of the neoplasm are assessed - based on these data, a preliminary diagnosis can be made.

Ultrasound of the skin is performed using high-frequency ultrasound machines operating at a frequency of 20 MHz. Using this research method, you can see how deep the lesion spreads and clarify its boundaries in area. Enlarged lymph nodes are also examined using ultrasound.

Siascopy is used to diagnose melanoma; the procedure is based on the principle of spectrophotometry. Using siascopy, it is possible to determine the content of melanin, hemoglobin and collagen in the neoplasm tissue and visualize its internal three-dimensional structure to a depth of 2–4 mm.

The final diagnosis can only be established on the basis of histological examination. You can obtain material for it using a fingerprint smear or scraping. In this case, a cytological analysis is performed: the presence of atypical cells and the general cellular composition of the smear are determined.

The material obtained from a biopsy (partial - incisional or complete - excisional) is subjected to histological examination. In this case, the doctor can evaluate not only the cellular composition, but also the structure of the tumor at the tissue level.

If a malignant tumor is suspected, an excisional biopsy is attempted, since additional trauma to the tumor can stimulate its growth.

In addition to the characteristics of the main focus, the diagnosis of a malignant tumor includes information about enlarged regional lymph nodes and distant metastases.

If an enlarged lymph node is detected during a clinical examination, a puncture or excisional biopsy is performed.

If distant metastases are suspected, an ultrasound, CT or MRI of the chest and abdominal cavity, kidneys and brain is performed.

First, the oncologist carefully examines the mole under a magnifying glass. Then, if there is suspicion, the patient is subjected to radioisotope testing.

In cancer, the accumulation of radioactive phosphorus in the damaged area of the skin is 300-400% compared to normal skin. The “gold standard” for testing for skin cancer is a cytological examination of impressions from an ulcer or a small amount of tissue taken from a tumor.

Another common method is a biopsy, when a piece of tumor is excised and a section of healthy tissue is captured for clarity.

Metastases are identified using ultrasound and computed tomography.

Therefore, the most important point in the examination is a biopsy. It can be carried out using different methods: scraping, smear, incision or excision.

Regional lymph nodes can also be subjected to histological examination. If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy is performed immediately before treatment, since a biopsy can provoke rampant metastasis.

Reliable methods for diagnosing metastases are the radioisotope method and bone scintigraphy. To assess the condition of the internal organs, X-rays of the skeleton and chest organs, ultrasound of the lymph nodes and abdominal organs, CT and MRI are performed.

General clinical and biochemical blood tests and other studies are also indicated to assess the functioning of internal organs.

The diagnosis of melanoma is also confirmed by testing for tumor markers TA 90 and SU 100. Such a blood test for skin cancer can be carried out already in the early stages of the disease, although it is most informative in the presence of metastases.

Additional diagnostic methods for melanoma are thermometry and the Yaksha reaction.

Photos of skin cancer fully characterize the severity of the disease, its symptoms and complications. It is very important to diagnose the pathology in time, because the sooner the correct diagnosis is made, the higher the chances of recovery.

Diagnosis of cancer is based on examination, history taking and additional laboratory methods: biopsy of the affected area, cytological and histological studies, blood tests. feces and urine, radioisotope studies, ultrasound, CT, MRI.

Therapeutic measures depend on the form of cancer, its stage of development, as well as the age of the patient, his general condition and the presence of chronic pathology.

Main methods of treatment:

radiation therapy. Helps with the initial stages;
chemotherapy;
drug therapy (as part of complex treatment);
surgical intervention;
modern methods (cryodestruction of the lesion, laser excision, etc.).

Principles of treatment

This cancer is most often treated with radiation therapy. The average course of radiation is a month. As a result, the cancerous tissue dies and scarring of the skin begins.

In case of low sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation therapy, as well as in case of high prevalence of cancer, surgical intervention is indicated. In this case, preoperative irradiation is first performed, then a wide excision of the tumor is performed.

Extensive wounds that form as a result of surgery are closed using skin grafting.

Chemotherapy for skin cancer is rarely used, although treatment of early stages with ointments with cytostatics has led to good results. For inoperable forms of skin cancer, external irradiation in combination with intra-arterial chemotherapy is indicated.

Laser destruction and cryotherapy are indicated for damage to bones and cartilage tissue. To treat facial skin cancer, it is sometimes necessary to perform mutilation operations in the form of severe excision of facial tissue with bone resection.

It should be remembered that the effectiveness of treatment of any type of cancer depends on the timely detection of pathology.

Treatment depends on the type, stage and extent of the process.

Surgical removal of the tumor focus within healthy tissues, followed by histological examination, is used independently when there is no infiltrative growth of the tumor and screening in the lymph nodes - signs that characterize the initial stage of skin cancer. In later stages, it may be the final stage of treatment after radiation and chemotherapy.
Radiation therapy is used as an independent method, as well as to prevent relapse after surgical treatment. As a rule, repeated irradiation is carried out with relatively small doses. In this case, the tumor receives the maximum radiation dose, while surrounding tissues are spared. This therapy is often used when skin cancer is diagnosed in women.
Chemotherapy is used for metastatic and disseminated skin cancer (if there are multiple lesions in different parts of the body). It can be combined with radiation therapy and precede surgical removal of tumor foci.

Treatment of skin cancer, one way or another, involves surgery. Objectively, surgical removal of the tumor is the most effective treatment option, allowing not only to survive, but also to avoid the return of the tumor.

The operation to remove the tumor involves its excision and removal of adjacent lymph nodes (if, of course, they are affected). After a successful operation, radiation or drug therapy, or even all at once, is prescribed.

Radiation therapy is irradiation of the area of skin where the tumor was located. It allows you to destroy cancer cells that remain after surgery. On average, the patient is irradiated for 3-4 weeks.

Drug treatment of skin cancer (chemotherapy) involves the use of various drugs, the action of which is aimed both at destroying tumor cells and at increasing the overall immunity of the body. By the way, chemotherapy for skin cancer is rarely used.

The likelihood of a favorable outcome for skin cancer is relatively high (this does not apply to melanoma). The only thing is that in advanced stages, even surgery does not always help. Unfortunately, relapses are common with skin cancer, especially after errors in radiation therapy or incomplete removal of the tumor.

The choice of treatment for cancer depends on various factors:

the course of the disease is non-aggressive or rapid;
tumor type;
stage of the disease;
histological structure of the cancer tumor;
tumor localization;
condition of the adjacent skin.

Based on the analyzed and summarized data, the oncologist will prescribe radiation therapy, surgery, medications, cryogenic or laser treatment. In the case of facial skin cancer, do not forget about the cosmetic consequences.

Surgery involves excision (cutting out) the affected area of skin and adjacent tissue. If the outcome is successful, restoration of the injured area using plastic surgery is possible in the future.

If it is not possible to cut out the affected tissue, then other types of treatment are used. Although, as practice shows, in most cases doctors recommend combined treatment, which does not exclude traditional medicine methods.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

regular examination by a dermatologist or oncologist (especially for people at risk);
timely and complete treatment of precancerous diseases;
compliance with careful safety measures when working with carcinogenic substances;
protecting the skin from exposure to ultraviolet rays (refusing tanning), using nourishing, moisturizing and sunscreen creams.

Prevention includes limiting exposure to carcinogenic factors. And in the first place in importance is protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation.

Basic recommendations include the use of SPF creams even for those with dark or already tanned skin, limiting the use of tanning beds, and using hats, visors and capes to shade the face, neck and décolleté.

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Content

Skin cancer is a type of malignant tumor that affects men, women and children equally, regardless of age. According to medical observations, those at increased risk include white-skinned and fair-haired people who have reached sixty years of age and like to spend a lot of time in the sun. The initial stage of skin cancer, a photo of which you will see below, develops from an ordinary mole or an inconspicuous pigment spot, which can be activated at any time. Oncology of this type looks completely harmless at first, but this is a deceptive impression.

Types of skin cancer and their symptoms

This type of oncology develops from squamous stratified epithelium, which is a malignant tumor. Doctors more often observe its appearance on the face - in particular, the forehead, nose, corners of the eyes and areas near the ears are affected. These formations are very rare on the body - only in 10% of cases malignant formations appeared on the leg, arm or torso of the sick person. Skin cancer happens:

squamous;
basal cell;
melanoma.

There are general symptoms that characterize all types of this malignant tumor:

Weight loss not related to diet or increased physical activity.
Decreased appetite without gastrointestinal diseases.
Chronic fatigue for no apparent reason.
Enlarged lymph nodes, which are easy to feel upon palpation.
A slight increase in temperature that persists constantly.
The advanced stage of cancer is characterized by constant pain.

Squamous cell skin cancer is a malignant formation characterized by active growth and rapid appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes. The most important factor contributing to its appearance is the effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body. The second place is occupied by: chemical or thermal burns, radiation exposure, frequent or prolonged contact with resins, soot, arsenic, tar.

Squamous cell skin cancer comes in three forms:

Ulcerative, when ulcers that resemble craters form on the skin. They have edges in the shape of a roller that surrounds the formation along the entire perimeter. The surface of the tumor bleeds, emitting an unpleasant odor. Ulcers grow very quickly in breadth and depth.
Nodular is externally manifested by nodules formed on the skin that quickly progress. They resemble cauliflower inflorescences with a pronounced lumpy red-brown surface and a dense consistency. Various ulcers and erosions often form on this surface.
Plaque, characterized by the appearance of red plaques on the skin. It often bleeds, and small bumps form on the surface. Plaques first affect the superficial layers of the epidermis, and then the internal ones.

Basal cell (basal cell carcinoma)

Basalioma often develops in areas of the skin damaged by thermal, chemical or other agents. The disease can also be caused by long-term use of medications or products containing inorganic arsenic salts or chronic skin diseases. In approximately 80% of patients, the tumor is located on the face. As a rule, basal cell carcinoma occurs in an apparently healthy area and is not accompanied by any sensations.

The initial stage of basalioma is a small element in the form of a small round pearl on the surface of the epidermis. It is sometimes mistakenly regarded as irritation from glasses, but any minor injury, be it a cut while shaving or using a hard towel, leads to bleeding erosions with ichorous crusts. There are two types of basalioma: ulcerative and tumor.

The most common type is tumor, when a nodule appears on the body and bleeds when removed. Description of ulcerative basalioma is ulcers with such ragged edges, as if the wounds were inflicted by the teeth of an animal. They are observed near the border of the lips, in the nasolabial folds or near the ears. The initial stage of the ulcerative form is similar to a varicose wound, which does not cause pain, and its edges have a pearly sheen.

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most aggressive tumor among all of the above. It is capable of growing through several layers of skin already at the initial stage, destroying them with lightning speed. Melanoma quickly spreads to internal organs through the lymphatic tract and blood vessels, metastasizing to the brain, lungs, and liver. More often, this type of oncology is diagnosed in people with a hereditary disease, with a tendency to form moles, or in elderly patients.

Melanoma does not necessarily occur in the same location as a mole or birthmark. It can appear on absolutely any part of the epidermis in the form of a brown-colored neoplasm. At first it does not rise above the surface of the body, but after some time it changes color, turning into a gray, white or red tumor. This is the initial stage of melanoma.

Causes of skin cancer

The initial stage of skin cancer on the face is quite amenable to analysis. Firstly, it is the impact of irritating factors of the epidermis: ultraviolet radiation, living in unfavorable weather conditions, uncomfortable synthetic clothing. Secondly, skin cancer is often observed in year-round tanners who often visit solariums. Thirdly, when getting complex colored tattoos, aluminum-based dyes get under the skin, causing inflammation of the epidermis, which can lead to cancer.

Diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer

Diagnosing the disease at the initial stage increases a person’s chances of a favorable outcome, so if you notice the appearance of suspicious moles or lumps, consult a doctor immediately. Modern medicine has several methods for early diagnosis of oncology, which include:

Study of venous blood for tumor markers. Doctors resort to this method when the location of the disease is known.
Screening studies: visual examination, tests, computer diagnostics.
Dermatoscopy. Studies of the epidermis are carried out using a special apparatus that allows you to measure the thickness and size of the neoplasm and determine how safe it is.
Biopsy. A sample of tissue is taken to be examined for disease.
Histological and cystological studies - study under a microscope of the structural features of cells, the nature of the lesion, the type of tumor.

Treatment for early stage skin cancer includes drug therapy, surgery, laser, cryogenic or radiation therapy. The method is selected by the doctor after studying diagnostic studies, taking into account the shape, growth rate of the tumor, stage, location, and condition of the skin around the malignant tumor. Typically, a combination of drugs and chemotherapy is used in the early stages of cancer.

Video: first signs of skin cancer

The first sign of skin cancer is a change in the size, color and shape of an existing mole. To diagnose the disease in time, you just need to carefully monitor your age spots and moles. The initial stage of cancer is the asymmetry of the shape of the mole, its increase by two or more times in six months, unclear boundaries, pain, hair loss at its location.

You also need to be careful about new formations that appear on the surface of the skin. A growth may appear that does not cause pain, but inside there is rapid growth into the depths of the epidermis, so it is better to immediately consult a doctor if it occurs. Watch the video in which dermatovenerologist, candidate of medical sciences Eva Vasilevskaya will talk in more detail about the initial stage of this type of oncology:

Photo: what early stage skin cancer looks like

Cancer on the surface of the body does not always arise from a modified mole. Often, oncology patients come to see a discreet pink spot on the body, which flakes off for several years without causing any further inconvenience to the person. And at one moment it begins to develop rapidly, bleed and hurt. See our photo selection, which shows skin cancer at the initial stage of the disease.

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. In the Russian Federation, this pathology accounts for about 11% of the total morbidity, and in the last decade there has been a persistent trend towards an increase in the number of new diagnosed cases in all regions.

The most malignant and prognostically unfavorable form of skin cancer is melanoma. Fortunately, other types of oncodermatoses that have less dire consequences are more often diagnosed. The decision on how to treat skin cancer is made by the doctor depending on the stage of the disease and the histological type of the primary tumor.

Why does the pathological process develop?

Skin cancer, like most cancers, is considered a multi-etiological condition. And it is not always possible to reliably determine the main trigger for the appearance of malignant cells. At the same time, the pathogenetic role of a number of exo- and endogenous factors has been proven, and several precancerous diseases have been identified.

The main causes of skin cancer:

exposure to UV rays, their origin can be natural or artificial (from a solarium);
the influence of ionizing (X-ray and gamma) radiation, which leads to the development of early or late radiation dermatitis;
exposure to infrared rays, which is usually associated with occupational hazards in the glassblowing and metallurgical industries;
infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV);
regular or prolonged contact with certain substances that have a carcinogenic effect (petroleum products, coal, insecticides, herbicides, mineral oils), frequent use of hair dyes;
chronic arsenic intoxication;
mechanical damage to the skin, accompanied by pathological scarring or triggering latent post-traumatic carcinogenesis;
thermal burns, especially repeated ones;
chronic inflammatory processes of various etiologies, involving the skin and underlying tissues (fistulas, leprosy, deep mycosis, trophic ulcers, gummous form of syphilis, systemic lupus erythematosus and others).

The most significant etiological factor is considered to be ultraviolet radiation, obtained mainly from the sun. This explains the increase in the incidence of skin cancer in people who moved for permanent residence closer to the equator or often vacation in southern countries.

Predisposing factors

People who spend a lot of time outdoors or visit solariums are at risk for developing skin cancer. The likelihood of dermato-oncology also increases when taking medications with a photosensitizing effect: griseofulvin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, phenothiazines, thiazides, coumarin-based products. Albinos, representatives of the white race and people with photosensitivity skin types 1 and 2 are also highly sensitive to UV rays.

The genetic factor plays a fairly large role - for some forms of skin cancer, family predisposition is noted in 28% of cases. In this case, not only oncodermatological pathology is important, but also the general tendency to carcinogenesis of any localization in relatives of the 1st and 2nd line of kinship. Carcinogens and especially ultraviolet radiation can cause so-called induced genetic instability, which leads to the appearance of a significant number of pathological genes.

In the last decade, scientists have proven that the mutations responsible for the appearance of pathology in the vast majority of cases are localized on chromosome 9q22.3. The genes responsible for the formation of blood groups of the AB0 system are also located here. Indeed, clinical and epidemiological studies conducted in 2008 showed an increased risk of dermatocarcinogenesis in individuals with groups 1 (0) and 3 (0B).

General predisposing factors include age over 50 years, living in environmentally unfavorable regions, working in hazardous industries, and the presence of chronic dermatitis of any etiology.

Main points of pathogenesis

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation and other causative factors leads in most cases to direct damage to skin cells. In this case, it is not the destruction of cell membranes that is pathogenetically important, but the effect on DNA. Partial destruction of nucleic acids causes mutations, which leads to secondary changes in membrane lipids and key protein molecules. Predominantly basal epithelial cells are affected.

Various types of radiation and HPV have not only a mutagenic effect. They contribute to the appearance of relative immune deficiency. This is explained by the disappearance of dermal Langerhans cells and the irreversible destruction of some membrane antigens that normally activate lymphocytes. As a result, the functioning of the cellular immune system is disrupted and protective antitumor mechanisms are suppressed.

Immunodeficiency is combined with increased production of certain cytokines, which only worsens the situation. After all, these substances are responsible for cell apoptosis and regulate the processes of differentiation and proliferation.

Squamous cell skin cancer

Melanoma

This is a pigmented, highly malignant tumor, in the vast majority of cases appearing at the site of the nevus. The first signs of malignancy may be uneven darkening of the mole, its uneven growth with the formation of a fuzzy spot or nodule, the appearance of a rim of redness or hyperpigmentation on the periphery, and a tendency to bleed. Subsequently, nodes, extensive infiltrated pigmented spots, ulcers, and multiple tumors of different sizes may appear. Melanoma is characterized by rapid extensive metastasis, which can be triggered by the slightest injury.

Melanoma

How to recognize skin cancer: key diagnostic points

Diagnosis of oncopathology is based primarily on histological and cytological examination of areas suspicious for malignancy. This allows us to reliably determine the nature of existing changes and predict the prospects of treatment. Therefore, the most important point in the examination is a biopsy. It can be carried out using different methods: scraping, smear, incision or excision. Regional lymph nodes can also be subjected to histological examination. If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy is performed immediately before treatment, since a biopsy can provoke rampant metastasis.

Reliable methods for diagnosing metastases are the radioisotope method and bone scintigraphy. To assess the condition of the internal organs, X-rays of the skeleton and chest organs, ultrasound of the lymph nodes and abdominal organs, CT and MRI are performed. General clinical and biochemical blood tests and other studies are also indicated to assess the functioning of internal organs.