Antibiotics for sore throat in children. New generation antibiotics
According to medical statistics, children suffer from sore throat much more often than adults. This is due to the unstable children's immunity, poorly adapted to combat such a serious ailment. However, do not despair and panic - sore throat in one-year-old children and younger and older children can be quickly cured. The main thing is not to delay treatment, but at the first signs of illness, contact an otolaryngologist.
Sore throat in a one-year-old child requires immediate treatment. Unfortunately, babies under one year old are not yet able to tell their parents about a sore throat and other symptoms of the disease, so mothers and fathers must themselves, based on external signs, determine whether the baby is unwell.
Most often, a sore throat in a child is expressed in the following symptoms:
- redness of the palate and posterior wall of the larynx;
- elevated temperature;
- poor appetite, as it may be painful for the baby to swallow food;
- lethargy, tearfulness and moodiness;
- with purulent sore throat - purulent plaque on the tonsils, etc.
If the baby has the symptoms described above, then parents should, without wasting a minute, call an ambulance or take the child to the doctor themselves. It is important to remember that the sooner treatment begins, the more serious health complications the baby will be able to avoid in the future.
Sore throat in a child and antibiotics
It should be noted that in one-year-old children, 2 forms of sore throat are most often observed - acute and chronic. Depending on the nature of the lesion, the disease can be:
- herpetic;
- atypical;
- fibrinous;
- follicular;
- viral;
- mixed;
- fungal;
- lacunar;
- ulcerative-necrotic, etc.
Which antibiotic is best for a child with a sore throat and is it even possible to give these drugs to a child? Yes, you can. Streptococcal sore throat, that is, caused by streptococci, is usually treated with penicillin antibiotics. These include Cloxacillin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin, Ampiox, Amoxicillin, Flucloxacillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, etc.
In case of complications of the disease, the baby develops intolerance to drugs of the penicillin group, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics of a different series. For example, penicillins can be replaced with cephalosporins and macrolides. Among cephalosporins, preference is given to such drugs as:
- Cefuroxime;
- Zinnat;
- Cefixime;
- Ceftriaxone;
- Cefotaxime.
Macrolide drugs prescribed to children aged 1 year are:
- Chemomycin;
- Azithromycin;
- Zithrolyl;
- Erythromycin;
- Azicide et al.
Parents need to remember that antibacterial therapy requires adherence to strict rules of administration. It is important to follow the regimen of taking medications prescribed by your doctor, follow the exact dosage and hours of administration. In no case should you independently, without consulting a doctor, add or reduce the dosage or number of medications taken per day, as well as prolong or shorten the intake of medications.
As a rule, treatment of sore throat in children lasts on average 5-10 days. It has been noticed that with proper use of antibiotics, the child’s well-being begins to improve within 2-3 days. But even so, you should not stop giving your baby medicine, otherwise the disease may return again.
Sumamed and sore throat in a one-year-old child
For a sore throat, what antibiotic should a child take? In modern medicine, the drug Sumamed has enjoyed great success. This is a macrolide antibiotic that can overcome a child’s sore throat in just 3 days. The advantage of the drug is that it tends to accumulate in the child’s body, exerting a continuous effect on the causative agent of the disease. Sumamed is taken once a day for 3 days.
Despite the fact that antibiotics can quickly rid a child of the disease, they at the same time have a detrimental effect on beneficial microorganisms. That is why after treatment it is necessary to work hard to restore the flora using special means. However, the attending physician should take care of this.
Sore throat and fever in a child
Fever is an integral symptom of sore throat in children aged 1 year and other ages. An interesting fact should be noted: the temperature of a child with sore throat depends on the type of disease. For example, with catarrhal angina it almost does not rise or rises slightly; with follicular and lacunar angina the temperature reaches 3°8-39° C. It can rise to 40° C. 
Temperature with a sore throat in a child - how many days does it last? As a rule, this period averages 2-3 days. Further, with proper and effective treatment, this symptom begins to gradually decrease. If a child’s temperature does not exceed 38° C, then it is not recommended to bring it down - the child’s body must overcome this symptom on its own. If the mark on the thermometer exceeds 38° C, then it is necessary to start giving the child antipyretic drugs.
Almost all diseases known to mankind can be cured if you consult a doctor in time for a diagnosis and prescription of medications.
A sore throat caused by a streptococcal infection usually causes pain and redness. Children from 4 years to adolescence are especially susceptible to the disease. Modern antibiotics for angina in children shorten the duration of the acute period and reduce the likelihood of complications in a sick child. Concomitant therapy, remedies and alternative medicine methods help reduce the intensity of inflammation and pain.
The oropharynx is the place of first contact of the internal environment of the body with infectious agents coming from the outside. Inflammation develops in the mucous membrane of the pharynx during pharyngitis, the palatine tonsils are affected during acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis). Most often, pharyngitis and acute tonsillitis are of a viral nature - up to 40% of cases; bacterial accounts for 30%, during epidemics - 50%. In other cases, the etiology of the disease cannot be established.
Antibiotics for sore throat in children are prescribed if the bacterial nature of the disease is proven. To accurately determine the pathogen, a swab is taken from the throat in the laboratory. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is responsible for most cases of bacterial tonsillitis in children. The bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes causes purulent sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia.
A complete blood count shows leukocytosis and an increase in ESR.
A bacterial infection is characterized by enlargement of the cervical nodes and the appearance of yellowish exudate on the tonsils. Runny nose, hoarseness and cough are rare.
Severe sore throat is often accompanied by ear pain and difficulty breathing. A few days after the onset of the disease, the tonsils become covered with a yellowish or white coating.
The drug "Augmentin" is suitable for angina in children due to its composition. The antibacterial agent contains two components - amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Based on the results of a large-scale study conducted in the Russian Federation, moderate resistance to amoxicillin was detected in only 0.4% of S. pyogenes strains.
Problems in diagnosing sore throat
Viruses play the main etiological role in pharyngitis/tonsillitis. However, in 95% of cases, doctors prescribe antibiotics for sore throat in children without justification, without bacteriological examination. The “gold standard” for diagnosing tonsillitis is considered to be a bacteriological analysis of a smear from the tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall. However, you have to wait 2-3 days for the result of the analysis; in addition, many factors influence the picture of bacterial culture in the laboratory.
If the etiology of the disease is unclear, then an experienced pediatrician will not prescribe antibiotic treatment until the results of the smear are obtained.
Parents are often worried about this and do not know whether it is possible to delay antibiotic therapy for sore throat. Scientists have found that this step helps trigger the body’s immune response, reducing the risk of repeated streptococcal tonsillitis. Recently, it has been possible to diagnose a sore throat with almost lightning speed using a rapid test for GABHS. Test strips "Streptatest" can be used on an outpatient basis when examining a sick child or adult, in schools and kindergartens, and at home.
In Russia, the prospects for introducing Streptatest were studied at the Research Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Smolensk). The sensitivity of express diagnostics in the experiments was 95%. The price of a set of 5 tests in specialized stores is from 1080 rubles (a set of 20 tests - from 3500 rubles).
A compact rapid test allows you to detect streptococcus directly in a smear from the oropharynx within 5–6 minutes. A negative result indicates that acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis is not caused by bacteria. Therefore, the pediatrician, together with the parents, has to solve the problem of how to cure a child’s sore throat without antibiotics. The same problem arises if there are contraindications to taking antibacterial drugs.
Therapy of acute tonsillitis in children
Systemic antibiotics will help with bacterial sore throat, but they are useless to treat viral infections. Therefore, you should not give them to your child at your own discretion or insist that the doctor prescribe them. Ampicillin and ciprofloxacin are not recommended for the treatment of streptococcal infections. Penicillins, macrolides and cephalosporins are used. The main antibacterial drugs for the treatment of bacterial sore throat in children contain amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.
The pediatrician and pediatric ENT doctor select antibiotics based on the results of microbiological culture or rapid test.
Every doctor is obliged to prescribe and prescribe medications using only international nonproprietary names (INN). This decision was made by the Russian Ministry of Health back in 2012. Trade names of antibiotics for sore throat in children may differ, as well as prices, even if the drugs are based on the same active ingredient. Domestic medicines are 2–10 times cheaper than foreign medicines.
Names of antibiotics for sore throat in children
| Group | INN | List of trade names of drugs |
|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid | 2. "Co-amoxiclav" 3. Clavamox 4. "Augmentin" 5. "Klavomed" |
| Cephalosporins | Ceftriaxone | "Ceftriaxone" |
| Cefixime | "Suprax" | |
| Cefuroxime | "Zinnat" | |
| Macrolides | Azithromycin | "Azithromycin", "Sumamed", "Azitrox" |
| Josamycin | "Wilprafen" | |
| Midecamycin | "Macropen" | |
| Spiramycin | "Spiramycin-Vero" | |
| Clarithromycin | "Klacid" | |
| Erythromycin | "Erythromycin" |
Penicillin or unprotected amoxicillin in the drug "Flemoxin" may not be effective for angina in children. There are bacteria that, in case of streptococcal tonsillitis, produce beta-lactamases that destroy unprotected antibiotics. Experts recommend taking not Flemoxin Solutab, but a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Semi-synthetic derivatives of cephalosporins have a wide spectrum of action.
Doctors prescribe macrolides for allergies to penicillins and cephalosporins, but GABHS has been shown to be resistant to this class of antibacterial agents.
A young patient should take antibiotics for as many days as indicated by the doctor, even if he already feels better. The recommended duration of antibiotic therapy is 10 days, although some researchers suggest reducing it to 5–7 days. Azithromycin is initially prescribed to be taken for 5 days, since this drug is stored in the tonsils for a long time.
Choosing a dosage form for children
Antibacterial drugs are produced in the form of suspensions and tablets, which are recommended to be taken two to three times a day. Tablet forms are more difficult to dose correctly, since you need to calculate and divide capsules or tablets into several parts depending on the child’s body weight. Experts recommend treating children under 8 years of age with antibiotics in the form of a suspension or syrup. Manufacturers include a measuring spoon or dosage pipette in the package along with the bottle.
Suspension "" is considered the "gold standard" of antibacterial therapy in children.
Doctors, having reviewed the results of clinical trials of new drugs, can recommend which antibiotic is best for a child with a sore throat. In Russia, a study was conducted on the effectiveness of treating acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children with the antibiotic josamycin, namely the tablet drug “ Vilprofen Solutab" 163 patients aged 5 to 16 years participated and were divided into two groups. The differences were in the duration of treatment - 10 and 7 days. The results of using josamycin are highly effective, regardless of the duration of treatment. The frequency of adverse events ranged from 3.5 to 9.0%, mainly gastrointestinal disorders.
It is convenient to use a local antibiotic in an aerosol package to treat a child’s sore throat. It can be combined with oral antibacterial drugs. Used for spraying into the nose or mouth, for which the can is equipped with two special nozzles. The drug is indicated for rhinitis, sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, sinusitis.
Can babies be treated with antibiotics?
Children are more susceptible to infection, they get sick a lot and more often receive antibacterial treatment. As a result, the immune system weakens and young children suffer from recurrent infections. Repeated use of antibiotics in the first 5 years of life leads to disruption of the intestinal microflora and prevents the formation of immunity.
Antibiotics kill harmful bacteria and, unfortunately, destroy myriads of opportunistic and beneficial microorganisms in the intestines. If the intestinal bacterial flora is affected, diarrhea and similar problems occur. That's why a good antibiotic is one after which the beneficial microflora is restored faster. Breastfed babies get everything they need through food. In all other cases, you need to give drugs that restore beneficial bacteria in the intestines.
Concomitant therapy
If the likelihood that a child has a streptococcal infection is low, then it is recommended to wait 2-3 days before deciding which antibiotic to take the child until the test result is received. Over-the-counter drugs are given as anti-inflammatory and painkillers - paracetamol, ibuprofen. In addition, often sick children are prescribed immunomodulators, vitamins. The child must be given plenty of fluids and be kept in bed all the time while the temperature persists.
Antihistamines "Fenistil" or "Loratadine" should be taken by the child before bed to reduce throat irritation and improve sleep.
For local treatment of sore throats, the antiseptic hexetidine is used in the form of a solution or spray. Trade names of the drugs are “Hexoral”, “Stopangin”. The propolis solution in the “Proposol” spray has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The product quickly relieves a sore throat, but has a burning taste, as parents write in reviews. Lugol's antimicrobial solution based on iodine and potassium iodide is also used to lubricate and irrigate a sore throat.
Antibiotics and probiotics
New generations of antibacterial drugs are successfully used in the treatment of bacterial infections of the oropharynx. They disrupt the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms and are resistant to beta-lactamases - enzymes that inactivate the active substance. However, there is a danger in terms of impact on the gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions in humans and aggravate dysbacteriosis. To reduce the negative impact of antibacterial treatment, the child is given drugs that normalize the intestinal microflora(“Linex”, “Subtil”, “Bifidumbacterin”, “Rotabiotic baby”, “Lactobacterin” and others).
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Angina is an acute infectious disease manifested by inflammation of the tonsils. Since inflammation of other tonsils (lingual, tubal and laryngeal) develops very rarely, the term sore throat always means inflammation of the palatine tonsils. If it is necessary to indicate that the inflammatory process has affected some other tonsil, then doctors talk about lingual, laryngeal or retronasal tonsillitis. Any sore throat is caused by the same pathogenic microorganisms that enter the mucous membrane of the pharynx and oral cavity, so the principles of their treatment are also the same. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the legality and necessity of using antibiotics for sore throats affecting any tonsils.
Antibiotic for sore throat - when should it be used?
General rules for the use of antibiotics for sore throat
The question of the need to use antibiotics for angina should be decided individually in each specific case based on the following factors:- The age of the person with tonsillitis;
- Type of sore throat - viral (catarrhal) or bacterial (purulent - follicular or lacunar);
- The nature of the course of sore throat (benign or with a tendency to develop complications.
So, to decide whether to take antibiotics, it is necessary to determine whether the sore throat is viral or bacterial. The fact is that viral tonsillitis occurs in 80 - 90% of cases and does not require the use of antibiotics. But bacterial tonsillitis occurs only in 10–20% of cases, and it is this that requires treatment with antibiotics. Therefore, it is very important to be able to distinguish between viral and bacterial sore throat.
Viral sore throat is manifested by the following symptoms:
- Sore throat is combined with nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, cough and sometimes ulcers on the oral mucosa;
- Sore throat began without temperature or against the background of its increase to no more than 38.0 o C;
- The throat is simply red, covered with mucus, but without pus on the tonsils.
- The disease began with a sharp increase in temperature to 39 - 40 o C, at the same time a sore throat and pus on the tonsils appeared;
- Simultaneously or shortly after the sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting appeared;
- Along with the sore throat, the cervical lymph nodes became enlarged;
- A week after the onset of sore throat, the person’s palms and fingers began to peel;
- Simultaneously with purulent tonsillitis, a small red rash appeared on the skin (in this case, the person fell ill with scarlet fever, which is also treated with antibiotics, like bacterial tonsillitis).
The second important factor that determines whether it is necessary to take antibiotics for angina in this particular case is the nature of the course of the disease. In this case, it is necessary to determine whether the sore throat proceeds favorably (without complications) or whether the person has begun to develop complications. Signs of the onset of complications of sore throat that require the use of antibiotics are the following symptoms:
- Some time after the onset of sore throat, ear pain appeared;
- The condition worsens rather than improves as the disease progresses;
- Sore throat increases as the disease progresses;
- A noticeable bulge appeared on one side of the throat;
- Pain appeared when turning the head to the side and when opening the mouth;
- On any day of the course of a sore throat, chest pain, headaches, and pain in one half of the face appeared.
Based on all of the above, we present situations in which it is and is not necessary to use antibiotics for sore throat for people of different ages.
From the point of view of the need to use antibiotics for sore throat, all people over 15 years of age, regardless of gender, are considered adults.Firstly, if the sore throat is viral and proceeds favorably, then antibiotics do not need to be used, regardless of the age of the patient. That is, if a child or adult gets sick with a viral sore throat, which proceeds favorably, without signs of complications, then none of them should use antibiotics for treatment. In such cases, a sore throat will go away on its own within 7 to 10 days. Only drinking plenty of fluids and using symptomatic remedies that relieve sore throats and reduce fever are justified.
However, if an adult or child has signs of complications with a viral sore throat, then antibiotics should be started as soon as possible. But you should not take antibiotics to “prevent” complications, since this is ineffective. It is necessary to start taking antibiotics for viral sore throat only when signs of complications appear.
Secondly, if the sore throat is bacterial (purulent) , then the need to use antibiotics is determined by the age of the patient and the nature of the disease.
If purulent sore throat develops in an adult or adolescent over 15 years of age, then antibiotics should be used only when signs of the complications listed above appear. If a sore throat in people over 15 years of age progresses favorably, then there is no need to use antibiotics, since the infection will go away without their use. It has been proven that antibiotics reduce the duration of uncomplicated bacterial sore throat in people over 15 years of age by only 1 day, so their use routinely is inappropriate in all cases. That is, all people over 15 years of age should use an antibiotic for a sore throat only if the signs of complications listed above appear.
Pregnant women and nursing mothers should take an antibiotic for sore throat in the same cases as other adults, that is, only if complications develop in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs.
From the point of view of the need to use antibiotics for sore throat, all people under 15 years of age, regardless of gender, are considered adults.If a child of any age under 15 years of age develops a viral sore throat, then there is no need to use antibiotics to treat it. For viral sore throat, you should start taking antibiotics only if there are signs of complications in the ears, respiratory and other ENT organs.
If a child aged 3–15 years has developed purulent tonsillitis, then it is imperative to use antibiotics to treat it. In children of this age category, the need to use antibiotics for purulent sore throat is not related to the treatment of the disease itself, but to the prevention of possible severe complications on the heart, joints and nervous system.
The fact is that bacterial tonsillitis in children under 15 years of age very often causes complications in the form of infection of the joints, heart and nervous system, causing much more severe diseases, such as rheumatism, arthritis and PANDAS syndrome. And the use of antibiotics for such sore throats in children under 15 years of age can almost 100% prevent the development of these complications from the heart, joints and nervous system. It is to prevent severe complications in children under 15 years of age that an antibiotic should be used for purulent sore throat.
Moreover, in order to prevent complications of bacterial tonsillitis on the heart, joints and nervous system, it is not necessary to start taking antibiotics from the first day of infection. As studies and clinical trials have shown, complications of bacterial sore throat in children are effectively prevented if antibiotics are started up to 9 days inclusive from the onset of the disease. This means it is not too late to start giving your child antibiotics on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 after the onset of a sore throat.
As for sore throats in children under 3 years of age, they should use antibiotics only if there is pus on the tonsils or if complications develop in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs. Since purulent bacterial tonsillitis practically does not occur in children under 3 years of age, then, in fact, antibiotics should be used in them to treat inflammation of the tonsils only if complications develop from the respiratory and ENT organs.
Thus, Antibiotics for sore throat in people of any age and gender should be used only in the following cases:
- Purulent (follicular or lacunar) tonsillitis, even with a favorable course, in children aged 3–15 years;
- Development of complications of sore throat in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs in people over 15 years of age;
- Complications of sore throat in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs in children under 3 years of age.
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Antibiotics for purulent tonsillitis (follicular and lacunar)
There are no differences in the rules for using antibiotics for the treatment of lacunar and follicular tonsillitis. Therefore, both of these types of sore throat are often combined with one general term “purulent”, and treatment tactics are considered together. The need to use antibiotics for follicular and lacunar tonsillitis is determined by the age of the patient and the nature of the infection. Thus, a person’s age is of decisive importance in deciding whether to take antibiotics for purulent tonsillitis. Moreover, a teenager over 15 years old, from the point of view of the need to use antibiotics for purulent sore throat, is considered an adult, and under 15 years old, accordingly, a child. Let's consider the rules for using antibiotics for sore throat in adults and children. Antibiotic for sore throat in adults
If follicular or lacunar tonsillitis has developed in a person over 15 years of age, then antibiotics should be used to treat it only in cases where there are signs of complications in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs. That is, if purulent tonsillitis in any person over 15 years of age, regardless of gender, proceeds favorably, without complications in the ears and other ENT organs, then there is no need to use antibiotics to treat it. In such situations, antibiotics are practically useless, since they do not reduce the risk of complications in the ears and ENT organs and do not speed up the recovery process.Accordingly, in people over 15 years of age of both sexes, antibiotics should be used for purulent sore throat only if complications develop in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs. Considering this rule on the use of antibiotics for purulent tonsillitis in people over 15 years of age, it is necessary to be able to distinguish the favorable course of the infection from the development of complications. To do this, you need to know the signs of the onset of complications in which you need to take antibiotics. So, the symptoms of complications of follicular or lacunar tonsillitis in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs, when they appear, you need to start taking antibiotics, are the following:
- Ear pain appeared;
- 2 – 4 days after the onset of sore throat, the state of health worsened;
- The sore throat has gotten worse;
- When examining the throat, a noticeable bulge is visible on one of its sides;
- Pain appeared when opening the mouth or turning the head to the right or left;
- After 2–3 days of antibiotic use, the condition did not improve;
- Sore throat and body temperature above 38 o C last longer than 7 – 10 days;
- Chest pain, headaches, and pain in one half of the face appeared.
Antibiotics for sore throat in children
If purulent tonsillitis (follicular or lacunar) has developed in a child of any sex between the ages of 3 and 15 years, then antibiotics must be used to treat it, regardless of the presence of complications in the ears, respiratory and ENT organs.The fact is that at this age, purulent tonsillitis can give much more severe complications compared to otitis, abscesses and others characteristic of adults over 15 years old, since due to the imperfection of lymphoid tissue, pathogenic bacteria from the tonsils can penetrate through the blood and lymph into kidneys, heart, joints and central nervous system, causing inflammatory processes in them, which are very difficult to treat and often cause chronic diseases of these organs.
If the pathogenic microorganism that provokes a purulent sore throat enters the kidneys, it causes glomerulonephritis, the outcome of which is often acute renal failure with transition to chronic. If the microbe enters the heart, it causes an inflammatory process in the tissues of the valves and partitions between the chambers, which lasts for years, as a result of which the structures of the heart change and defects are formed. From the moment the microbe that causes purulent tonsillitis enters the heart until the development of the defect takes from 20 to 40 years. And a person already in adulthood is faced with the consequences of a purulent sore throat suffered in childhood, which are rheumatic heart defects.
When a microbe gets from the tonsils into the joints, acute arthritis develops, which passes after some time, but creates favorable conditions for joint diseases in the future. And when a microbe enters the central nervous system from the tonsils, PANDAS syndrome develops, characterized by a sharp decrease in emotional stability and cognitive functions (memory, attention, etc.), as well as the appearance of spontaneous uncontrolled movements and actions, for example, involuntary urination, tongue twitching, etc. In some children, PANDAS syndrome goes away completely within 6–24 months, while in others it remains to varying degrees of severity for many years.
Thus, in children 3 to 15 years old, the most dangerous complications with purulent sore throat are complications on the kidneys, heart, joints and nervous system, and not on the ears, respiratory and ENT organs. Accordingly, treatment of sore throat should be aimed not so much at the infection itself, which in most cases goes away on its own without special therapy, but at preventing these complications from the heart, joints and central nervous system. And it is precisely to prevent these severe complications that the mandatory use of antibiotics for purulent sore throat in children aged 3 to 15 years is aimed.
The fact is that the use of antibiotics for purulent sore throat in children 3–15 years old can reduce the risk of developing these severe complications to the heart, joints and nervous system to almost zero. Therefore, doctors consider it necessary to give antibiotics to children aged 3–15 years with purulent sore throat.
You need to know that prevention and reduction of the risk of severe complications is achieved by starting the use of antibiotics not only from the first day of sore throat development. Thus, in the course of research and clinical observations, it was found that the prevention of complications is effective if antibiotics are started to be given to the child before the 9th day inclusive from the onset of sore throat. That is, to prevent complications on the heart, joints and central nervous system, you can start giving your child antibiotics on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 from the onset of sore throat. Delayed initiation of antibiotic use is no longer effective in preventing complications in the heart, joints and central nervous system.
If parents for some reason do not want to use antibiotics for purulent sore throat in a child aged 3–15 years, despite the high risk of complications in the heart, joints and central nervous system, then they may not do this. However, if a child shows signs of complications from the ears, respiratory and ENT organs (increased sore throat, deterioration in health, pain in the ear, chest, half of the face, etc.), then you should definitely resort to the use of antibiotics.
Rules for treating sore throat with antibiotics
If the sore throat is viral, then, regardless of the age of the patient, antibiotics should be taken only from the moment when signs of complications in the ears, respiratory and other ENT organs become noticeable (increased sore throat, pain in the ear, on one side of the face or in the chest, deterioration in health, increase in temperature, etc.). If signs of complications do not appear with a viral sore throat, then there is no need to take antibiotics. If the sore throat is bacterial (purulent), then a child aged 3–15 years should start giving antibiotics as early as possible. However, if it was not possible to start using antibiotics from the first days of a sore throat, then this can be done up to 9 days inclusive from the onset of the infectious disease. That is, for a purulent sore throat, a child 3–15 years old can start giving antibiotics on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the disease.
Adults over 15 years of age with purulent sore throat should use antibiotics only when there are signs of complications in the ears, respiratory and other ENT organs. That is, if a person over 15 years of age with purulent sore throat has no signs of complications, then there is no need to use antibiotics at all.
What antibiotics are needed for angina
Since in 90 - 95% of cases, bacterial sore throat or viral complications are provoked by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus or staphylococci, then for treatment it is necessary to use antibiotics that have a detrimental effect on these bacteria. Currently, the following groups of antibiotics are destructive against beta-hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci, and accordingly, effective for the treatment of sore throat:- Penicillins(for example, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin, Oxacillin, Ampiox, Flemoxin, etc.);
- Cephalosporins(for example, Cifran, Cephalexin, Ceftriaxone, etc.);
- Macrolides(for example, Azithromycin, Sumamed, Rulid, etc.);
- Tetracyclines(for example, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Macropen, etc.);
- Fluoroquinolones(for example, Sparfloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin, etc.).
If cephalosporins or penicillins are ineffective or a person is allergic to antibiotics of these groups, then macrolides, tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones should be used to treat sore throat. In this case, for angina of moderate and mild severity, antibiotics from the tetracycline or macrolide groups should be used, and for severe infection, fluoroquinolones should be used. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that macrolides are more effective than tetracyclines.
Thus, we can conclude that for severe angina, antibiotics from the groups of cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones are used, and for mild and moderate angina, macrolides, penicillins or tetracyclines are used. In this case, the drugs of choice are antibiotics from the groups of penicillins and cephalosporins, the first of which are optimal for the treatment of sore throat of moderate and mild severity, and the second for severe infection. If penicillins or cephalosporins are ineffective or cannot be used, then it is optimal to use antibiotics from the fluoroquinolone group for severe sore throat and macrolides for mild to moderate severity. The use of tetracyclines should be avoided whenever possible.
How many days should I take it?
For purulent sore throat or complications of infection, any antibiotics must be taken for 7–14 days, and optimally for 10 days. This means that any antibiotic must be taken within 10 days, regardless of what day from the onset of sore throat antibiotic therapy was started.The only exception is the antibiotic Sumamed, which needs to be taken for only 5 days. Other antibiotics should not be taken for less than 7 days, since shorter courses of antibiotic therapy may not kill all pathogenic bacteria, from which antibiotic-resistant varieties are subsequently formed. Due to the formation of such antibiotic-resistant varieties of bacteria, subsequent sore throats in the same person will be very difficult to treat, as a result of which it will be necessary to use drugs with a wide spectrum of action and high toxicity.
Also, you cannot use an antibiotic for a sore throat for more than 14 days, because if the drug does not lead to a complete cure within 2 weeks, this means that it is not effective enough in this particular case. In such a situation, it is necessary to conduct an additional examination (culture of throat discharge with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics), based on the results of which, select another drug to which the sore throat pathogen is sensitive.
Names of antibiotics for sore throat
We present the names of antibiotics for the treatment of sore throat in several lists, formed on the basis of each specific drug belonging to a particular group (penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones). In this case, the list will first indicate the international name of the antibiotic, and next to it in brackets the commercial names under which drugs containing this antibiotic as an active substance are sold in pharmacies are listed.Names of penicillins
So, among the antibiotics of the penicillin group, the following are used to treat sore throat:- Amoxicillin (Amoxicillin, Amosin, Gramox-D, Ospamox, Flemoxin Solutab, Hiconcil, Ecobol);
- Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (Amovicombe, Amoxivan, Amoxiclav, Arlet, Augmentin, Bactoclav, Verklav, Klamosar, Liklav, Medoclav, Panclave, Ranclave, Rapiclav, Fibell, Flemoclav Solutab, Foraclave, Ecoclave);
- Ampicillin (Ampicillin, Standacillin);
- Ampicillin + Oxacillin (Ampiox, Oksamp, Oksampicin, Oksamsar);
- Benzylpenicillin (Benzylpenicillin, Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3 and Bicillin-5);
- Oxacillin (Oxacillin);
- Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Star-Pen, Ospen 750).
Names of cephalosporins
Among the antibiotics of the cephalosporin group, the following drugs are used to treat angina: - Cefazolin (Zolin, Intrazolin, Lizolin, Natsef, Orizolin, Orpin, Totacef, Cesolin, Cefazolin, Cefamezin);
- Cephalexin (Cephalexin, Ecocephron);
- Ceftriaxone (Azaran, Axone, Betasporin, Biotraxone, Ificef, Lendacin, Lifaxone, Loraxone, Medaxone, Movigip, Oframax, Roceferin, Rocephin, Stericef, Tercef, Torocef, Triaxone, Hizon, Cephaxone, Cephatrin, Cefogram, Cefson, Ceftriabol, Ceftriaxone) ;
- Ceftazidime (Bestum, Vicef, Lorazidim, Orzid, Tizim, Fortazim, Fortoferin, Fortum, Cefzid, Ceftazidime, Ceftidine);
- Cefoperazone (Dardum, Medocef, Movoperiz, Operaz, Ceperon, Cefobid, Cefoperabol, Cefoperazone, Cefoperus, Cefpar);
- Cefotaxime (Intrataxime, Kefotex, Clafobrine, Claforan, Liforan, Oritax, Oritaxim, Resibelacta, Tax-o-bid, Talcef, Tarcefoxime, Cetax, Cephabol, Cephantral, Cefosin, Cefotaxime).
Names of macrolides
The following macrolide antibiotics are used to treat angina:- Erythromycin (Eomycin, Erythromycin);
- Clarithromycin (Arvicin, Zimbaktar, Kispar, Klabax, Clarbact, Clarexid, Clarithromycin, Clarithrosin, Claricin, Claricit, Claromin, Klasine, Klatsid, Clerimed, Coater, Lekoklar, Romiclar, Seydon-Sanovel, Fromilid, Ecositrin);
- Azithromycin (Azivok, Azimicin, Azitral, Azitrox, Azithromycin, Azithrocin, AzitRus, Azicide, Zetamax, Zitnob, Zi-factor, Zitrolide, Zitrocin, Sumaclid, Sumamed, Sumametcin, Sumamox, Sumatrolide Solutab, Sumatrolide Solution, Tremak-Sanovel, Hemomycin, Ecomed);
- Midecamycin (Macropen);
- Josamycin (Vilprafen, Vilprafen Solutab);
- Spiramycin (Rovamycin, Spiramisar, Spiramycin-Vero);
- Roxithromycin (Xitrocin, Remora, Roxeptin, RoxyHexal, Roxithromycin, Roxolit, Romik, Rulid, Rulitsin, Elrox, Esparoxi).
Names of fluoroquinolones
The following fluoroquinolone antibiotics are used to treat sore throat:- Levofloxacin (Ashlev, Glevo, Ivacin, Lebel, Levolet R, Levostar, Levotek, Levoflox, Levofloxabol, Levofloxacin, Leobeg, Leflobakt, Lefoksin, Maklevo, OD-Levox, Remedia, Signicef, Tavanik, Tanflomed, Flexid, Floracid, Hyleflox, Ecolevid , Eleflox);
- Lomefloxacin (Xenaquin, Lomacin, Lomefloxacin, Lomflox, Lofox);
- Norfloxacin (Lokson-400, Nolicin, Norbactin, Norilet, Normax, Norfacin, Norfloxacin);
- Ofloxacin (Aschof, Geoflox, Zanotsin, Zoflox, Oflo, Oflox, Ofloxabol, Ofloxacin, Ofloxin, Oflomak, Oflocid, Tarivid, Tariferid, Taritsin);
- Ciprofloxacin (Basijen, Ificipro, Quintor, Procipro, Ceprova, Ciplox, Cipraz, Ciprex, Ciprinol, Ciprobay, Ciprobid, Ciprodox, Ciprolacare, Ciprolet, Cipronate, Cipropan, Ciprofloxabol, Ciprofloxacin, Cifloxinal, Cifran, Cifracid, Ecotsifol).
Names of tetracyclines
The following tetracycline antibiotics are used to treat sore throat:- Minocycline (Minolexin).
Names of antibiotics for sore throat in children
The following antibiotics can be used in children of different ages:
1.
Penicillins:
- Amoxicillin (Amoxicillin, Amosin, Gramox-D, Ospamox, Flemoxin Solutab, Hiconcil) – from birth;
- Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (Amovicombe, Amoxiclav, Augmentin, Verklav, Klamosar, Liklav, Fibell, Flemoklav Solutab, Ecoclave) – from 3 months or from birth;
- Ampicillin – from 1 month;
- Ampioks – from 3 years;
- Ampicillin + Oxacillin (Oxamp, Oxampicin, Oksamsar) – from birth;
- Benzylpenicillin (Benzylpenicillin, Bicillin-1, Bicillin-3 and Bicillin-5) – from birth;
- Oxacillin – from 3 months;
- Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Star-Pen) – from 3 months;
- Ospen 750 – from 1 year.
- Cefazolin (Zolin, Intrazolin, Lizolin, Natsef, Orizolin, Orpin, Totacef, Cesolin, Cefamezin) – from 1 month;
- Cephalexin (Cephalexin, Ecocephron) – from 6 months;
- Ceftriaxone (Azaran, Axone, Betasporin, Biotraxone, Ificef, Lendacin, Lifaxone, Loraxone, Medaxone, Movigip, Oframax, Roceferin, Rocephin, Stericef, Tercef, Torocef, Triaxone, Hizon, Cephaxone, Cephatrin, Cefogram, Cefson, Ceftriabol, Ceftriaxone) – for full-term babies from birth, and for premature babies from the 15th day of life;
- Ceftazidime (Bestum, Vicef, Lorazidim, Orzid, Tizim, Fortazim, Fortoferin, Fortum, Cefzid, Ceftazidime, Ceftidine) – from birth;
- Cefoperazone (Dardum, Medocef, Movoperiz, Operaz, Ceperon, Cefobid, Cefoperabol, Cefoperazone, Cefoperus, Cefpar) – from the 8th day of life;
- Cefotaxime (Intrataxime, Kefotex, Clafobrine, Claforan, Liforan, Oritax, Oritaxim, Resibelacta, Tax-o-bid, Talcef, Tarcefoxime, Cetax, Cephabol, Cephantral, Cefosin, Cefotaxime) - from birth, including for premature babies.
- Erythromycin (Eomycin, Erythromycin) – from birth;
- Azithromycin (injections Sumamed and AzitRus) – from the moment the child’s body weight exceeds 10 kg;
- Azithromycin (suspension for oral administration Zitrocin, Hemomycin, Ecomed) – from 6 months;
- Macropen in the form of a suspension for oral administration – from birth;
- Spiramycin (Spiramisar, Spiromycin-Vero) – from the moment the child’s body weight becomes more than 20 kg;
- Roxithromycin (Xitrocin, Remora, Roxeptin, RoxyHexal, Roxithromycin, Roxolit, Romik, Rulid, Rulitsin, Elrox, Esparoxi) - from 4 years.
- Minocycline - from 8 years.
It should be remembered that fluoroquinolones should not be used for children under 18 years of age, and other antibiotics, as a rule, can be used from 12 or 14 years of age.
Antibiotic for adults with sore throat in tablets
Antibiotics for the treatment of sore throat from various groups intended for adults are shown in the table.| Penicillins | Cephalosporins | Macrolides | Fluoroquinolones | Tetracyclines |
| Amoxicillin:
Amoxicillin Amosin Ospamox Flemoxin Solutab Hiconcil Ecoball | Cephalexin | Erythromycin:
Eomycin Erythromycin | Levofloxacin:
Glevo Lebel Levostar Levotek Levoflox Levofloxacin Leflobakt Lefoccin Maklevo OD-Levox Remedia Tavanik Tanflomed Flexid Floracid Hyleflox Eleflox Ecolevid | Minocycline |
| Ecocephron | ||||
| Clarithromycin:
Arvitsin Clubax Klarbakt Clarexide Clarithromycin Claricin Claricite Claromine Klasine Klacid Clerimed Coater Seydon-Sanovel Lecoclar Fromilid Ecositrin | ||||
| Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid: Amoxiclav Augmentin Arlet Bactoclav Honeyclave Panclave Ranklav Rapiklav Flemoklav Solutab Ecoclave | ||||
| Lomefloxacin:
Xenaquin Lomacin Lomefloxacin Lomflox Lofox | ||||
| Azithromycin:
Zimbaktar Kispar SR-Klaren Sumamed Macropen Azivok Azimicin Azitral Azitrox Azithromycin Azitrocin AzitRus Azicide Z factor Zitrolide Sumaclid Sumamecin Sumamox Sumatrolide Solutab Tremak-Sanovel Hemomycin Ecomed Zitnob Sumatrolide Solution | ||||
| Ampicillin:
Ampicillin Standacillin | ||||
| Ampicillin + Oxacillin: Ampioks Oxamp | Norfloxacin:
Loxon-400 Nolitsin Norbactin Norilet Normax Norfacin Norfloxacin | |||
| Oxacillin | ||||
| Phenoxymethylpe- nicillin | ||||
| Ofloxacin:
Geoflox Zanotsin Zoflox Oflo Oflox Ofloxacin Ofloxin Oflomak Oflocide Tariwid Tariferid | ||||
| Ciprofloxacin:
Ificipro Quintor Procipro Tseprova Ciplox Tsipraz Cyprex Tsiprinol Tsiprobay Ciprobid Ciprodox Tsiprolet Cypronate Cypropane Ciprofloxacin Tsifran | ||||
| Josamycin:
Vilprafen Vilprafen Solutab | ||||
| Spiramycin:
Rovamycin Spiramisar Spiramycin-Vero | ||||
| Roxithromycin:
Xytrocin Remora Roxeptine RoxyHexal Roxithromycin Roxolit Romik Rulid Rulitsin | ||||
| Midecamycin:
Macropen | ||||
The best antibiotic for sore throat
Since purulent sore throats are most often caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus type A and viridans staphylococcus, the best antibiotics for treating the infection will be those that have a detrimental effect on these pathogenic microorganisms. Currently, the most effective antibiotics of different groups for the treatment of sore throat are the following:Tonsillitis or tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, treated with antimicrobial agents. Only a pediatrician prescribes antibiotics for tonsillitis for children after laboratory determination of the pathogen.
What is angina and how does it manifest in children?
According to statistics for 2019, the incidence of children with sore throat of any complexity increases by 2-3% every year, which is associated with the uncontrolled use of antibiotics.
Tonsillitis is an acute infectious lesion. It is diagnosed with a sharp increase in temperature, sore throat, hyperemia and swelling of the pharynx, weakness, lack of appetite, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes are also noted. Vomiting or diarrhea rarely occurs. The cause is streptococci and staphylococci, less commonly fungi and viruses. The method of spread is airborne, household, fecal-oral.
A separate, dangerous and severe type of sore throat is herpetic. It is caused by the Coxsackie virus. This virus is accompanied by a sharp rise in temperature to 40 °C, muscle pain, severe intoxication and malaise. When examining the throat, red blisters are visible. Requires immediate consultation with a specialist and hospitalization.
Classification of sore throat:
- Catarrhal;
- Follicular;
- Lacunarnaya;
- Fibrinous;
- Phlegmonous;
- Herpetic;
- Ulcerative-membranous;
The statistically common type is follicular. With reduced immunity, bacteria attack the respiratory tract, acute purulent inflammation of the follicles occurs, the temperature rises, and malaise occurs.
Antibiotics for the treatment of sore throat in children are a priority if they are bacterial in nature. A list of additional measures will be prescribed after determining the etiology of the disease and collecting additional information about the symptoms.
When is antibiotic therapy indicated for a child?
In the absence of drug therapy, the patient's condition will worsen. The infection will spread to the lower respiratory tract, and complications will arise in the form of tracheitis, bronchitis or pneumonia.
Based on the characteristic symptoms, the doctor can visually recognize the type of tonsillitis. Severe inflammation of the tonsils and enlarged lymph nodes are a symptom of bacterial origin.
With sore throat without antibiotics in children, the temperature does not fall for several days and does not respond to antipyretic drugs.
Note: Self-medication leads to complications and subsequent hospitalization.
With other pathogens of the inflammatory process, the symptoms will be less pronounced.
The viral type is amenable to antiviral and immunomodulators. For fungal infections, antimycotic agents.
Why take a throat swab before starting treatment.
Without collecting biomaterial from the tonsils, it is impossible to correctly determine the type of causative agent of the disease. The complex is selected based on the results of tests that determine the type of microorganisms inhabiting the pharynx and sensitivity to the class.
After confirming the bacterial origin of the infection, the healthcare professional will prescribe an antibiotic that is best suited for your child.
Antibacterial agents are recommended for any child of any age.
Antibiotics.
When antibiotic therapy is indicated by a pediatrician, it is prohibited to change prescriptions, adjust the dose and duration.
The best antibiotic will be useless and sometimes even harmful if taken incorrectly. Each strain of bacteria is sensitive to a specific group of bactericidal agents. If the duration is shorter, the surviving microorganisms develop resistance and medications of a different effect will be needed; this will delay recovery and thereby negatively affect the child’s well-being.
For the treatment of inflammatory processes of the tonsils, depending on the severity and areas of spread, the attending physician will select a convenient method of application. A targeted complex effect on microbes quickly relieves unpleasant symptoms. For school-aged patients, rinsing with antiseptic solutions will be prescribed as an additional measure. Children are recommended to irrigate the throat with sprays with a targeted effect on pathogenic flora.
The following forms are produced:
- For oral administration (suspensions, tablets, capsules);
- For injection;
- Sprays;
- Solutions for inhalation.
Preparations for oral administration.
When prescribing a medicine, the doctor relies on the child’s age, weight, and symptoms. The choice of active substance depends on the pathogen, which will be determined by laboratory analysis of the patient’s mucus.
New generations actively affect the vital activity of microorganisms and cause less damage due to low toxicity and a short course.
Classification of antibacterial drugs by class:
Penicillins. First generation. Effective, but toxic, and more often than others causes allergic reactions. Bacteria have been recorded that have developed resistance to it. List of drugs: Benzylpenicillin, Ampicillin trihydrate, extended spectrum group Amoxicillin.
Cephalosporins. Varied structure. Used for infectious and inflammatory diseases of all parts of the respiratory tract. Drugs: Cefazolin, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime and Cefepime.
Macrolides. Least toxic with high activity against pathogenic microorganisms. According to the results of studies and independent examinations, it is a safe group, well tolerated, and rarely causes unwanted effects. Prescribed for intolerance to the Penicillin class. Trade names: Erythromycin and Roxithromycin,
Clarithromycin, Midecamycin, Spiramycin, Josamycin, Azithromycin, Sumamed, Azitrox and Azitral.
Tetracyclines. Multidirectional action. Destroy strains of bacilli that cause inflammation in the respiratory tract. Used in medical practice since 1950. Highly active against all known bacteria. Categories of microorganisms that exhibit resistance to this group have been recorded. First choice when bacterial tonsillitis is diagnosed. Often cause digestive disorders and diarrhea. The main representative is Tetracycline.
Lincosamides. Low bactericidal activity. The most common side effect is allergic reactions.
Fluoroquinols. Strong bactericides. They have great toxicity and many contraindications, so they are rarely prescribed to children. Contraindicated for children under 12 years of age. These include the following trade names: Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Tsiprolet, Tsifran, Moxifloxacin, Zinnat and Glevo.
Sumamed.
Representative of the macrolide group. It has a stabilized formula and high bioavailability. The short course sets it apart from other classes. Active ingredient: Azithromycin. Analogs of Sumamed on the market: Hemomycin, Zi-factor, Azitrox, Azitral and Zitrolide.
Available in the following forms:
- Capsules;
- Dispersible tablets (soluble in water).
It is well absorbed and distributed, so after 12 hours it reaches the required concentration at the site of inflammation. Long half-life, high bioavailability in infected organs.
Contraindications include severe dysfunction of the liver and kidneys, hypersensitivity to the components.
For tonsillitis, a short course of three days is prescribed once a day.
The dosage is calculated at 20 mg per 1 kilogram of body weight.
For babies weighing less than 10 kg, the doctor will prescribe Sumamed 100 mg/5 mg.
Side effects are rare and temporary. Research has revealed the following disorders: candidiasis, rhinitis, allergic reactions, dizziness, taste disturbances, nervousness, visual disturbances, tachycardia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and constipation.
Overdose symptoms are similar. Lighten with activated carbon and other sorbents.
Amoxiclav.
Penicillin group. Contains Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid to stabilize the formula and enhance the effect. Trade names of analogues based on the active substance: Augmentin, Flemoklav, Flemoxin, Flemoxin Solutab and Amoxicillin.
Dosage forms:
- Powder for preparing a suspension;
- Dispersible tablets;
- Film-coated tablets.
Both components of the drug are quickly absorbed and are also well distributed in tissues affected by bacteria.
Indicated starting from three months of age at 30 mg per kilogram of body weight. Over three years old, take 20-40 mg per kilogram of body weight, depending on the severity of the disease, twice a day with an interval of 12 hours at the same time. The course of therapy ranges from 5 to 14 days. The duration of the course is regulated only by the attending physician.
Negative effects are rarely recorded. The instructions indicate the following disorders: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria, dizziness, headaches, development of candidiasis. All disorders disappear after discontinuation of the drug.
Contraindications for use: hypersensitivity and a history of allergic reactions to penicillins or components, as well as severe liver dysfunction and infectious mononucleosis.
No life-threatening cases of overdose have been identified.
Klacid.
Group of macrolides. Active substance clarithromycin. Analogs: Fromilid, Klabaks and Clarithromycin-Teva.
Laboratory studies have recorded high activity in the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms that cause purulent inflammatory processes. This drug quickly penetrates into the affected tissues and organs.
Contraindications: individual intolerance, simultaneous use of cardiac medications.
The following forms are produced:
- Powder for preparing a suspension;
- Pills.
Suspensions are used from 6 to 12 months of age.
Klacid 125 ml/5 mg is prescribed according to the child’s body weight (milliliters):
- body weight 8-11 kg 2.5;
- 12-19 kg 5;
- 20-29 kg 7.5;
- 30-40 kg 10.
For a suspension with a dosage of 250 mg/5 ml, the serving size is doubled.
If you weigh less than 8 kg, the dose is calculated using the formula 7.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight 2 times a day.
The course is continued until complete recovery occurs, but no more than 14 days.
Side effects are mild or not noticeable. Studies have revealed the following undesirable effects: diarrhea, nausea, headache, urticaria.
If these symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.
Suprax.
The first of the third generation of cephalosporins. The main active ingredient is Cefixime. There are no analogues for the main component. It is highly resistant to microbial enzymes that destroy the active components of other classes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and certain types of staphylococci have shown resistance to the action of Suprax in laboratory studies.
Of the contraindications, the manufacturer indicates only individual intolerance.
The main characteristics of Suprax are high bioavailability and a long half-life, which is why it is so convenient for use in children. This drug quickly penetrates into the foci of infection.
Suprax in powder form for the preparation of a suspension is prescribed from birth to 12 years. Dosage is 8 mg per 1 kilogram of body weight every 12 hours.
The dosage form in the form of capsules is used from 12 years of age, weighing more than 50 kg.
The course of treatment for tonsillitis is at least 10 days.
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, urticaria, impaired renal and liver function.
Macropen.
Representative of the macrolide genus. There are no analogues for the active substance. The active ingredient is midecamycin. Available in two forms: granules for preparing a suspension for infants from 2 months, tablets for adults and adolescents from 12 years.
Quickly penetrates the site of inflammation and reaches maximum concentration after 1-2 hours. Macropen has a long half-life.
The pediatrician will calculate the dosage using the formula 50 mg per kilogram of body weight, divided by 3 times a day.
The manufacturer indicated only hypersensitivity to components and liver failure as contraindications.
The list of side effects is short: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash and weakness.
No severe or dangerous cases have been identified in cases of overdose. Treatment is symptomatic.
Vilprafen.
Representative of the macrolide group. There are no analogues for the active substance. The active ingredient is josamycin. Vilprafen is available in the form of dispersible (soluble) tablets. High antimicrobial activity, low toxicity and a minimal list of side effects make it safe for severe respiratory tract infections, as well as chronic and acute tonsillitis.
Patients weighing less than 10 kilograms are prohibited from taking Vilprafen.
Contraindications are minimal and therefore limited to hypersensitivity to components and liver dysfunction.
Dosage:
- Infants weighing from 10 kg to 20 kg take 250 mg 2 times a day;
- Children from 20 kg to 40 kg 500 mg every 12 hours;
- Adolescents weighing more than 40 kg and over 14 years of age are prescribed 1000 mg 2 times a day.
Bacterial sore throat is treated from 14 to 21 days.
Side effects: nausea, diarrhea, urticaria, liver dysfunction, headache.
In case of overdose, the side effects intensify and disappear after discontinuation.
Antibiotic nasal spray.
With bacterial infection of the tonsils, a common complication is sinusitis or rhinitis. After diagnosing concomitant diseases, the medical professional will prescribe additional measures in the form of nasal sprays containing antibacterial substances.
There are only two trade names on the nasal spray market that contain bactericidal components: Isofra and Polydexa. They are used as part of complex therapy for sinus infections.
The strong bactericidal effect of Isofra and Polydex helps prevent the spread of infection and complications in the form of sinusitis. Dosing according to instructions: one spray into each nostril 3 times a day.
The Polydex spray includes the additional ingredient Phenylephrine, which has vasoconstrictor properties and makes breathing easier. Use no more than 7 days. Side effects in the form of allergic reactions develop very rarely.
Antibiotics for injection.
In severe cases of the disease, in order to urgently improve the patient’s condition, relieve inflammation and improve well-being, the introduction of fast-acting drugs in the form of injections intramuscularly or intravenously is indicated. With this method, the active substance reaches the site of inflammation 5-10 minutes after the injection.
These medications include: Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Cefazolin, Ceftazidime, Bicillin and Amikacin.
Characteristics of solutions for injections:
- High bioavailability;
- Quick action in emergency cases;
- Use in patients who cannot take the medicine orally;
- Treatment of patients with impaired absorption through the gastrointestinal tract.
Ceftriaxone is a member of the cephalosporin family, which is used for acute illness. The half-life is longer than its analogues, and it also quickly eliminates inflammation.
To prepare a solution for intramuscular administration per 1 gram of medication, the manufacturer recommends using 2 ml of water for injection and 2 ml of lidocaine.
The amount of active substance is calculated only by a medical specialist.
Treatment with injections usually takes place in a hospital setting.
Inhalations with antibiotics.
Therapy with inhalation antibacterial agents is carried out after consultation with the attending physician. At home, the solution is added to a nebulizer. There are many inhalation forms on the market: Dioxidine, Ceftriaxone, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Fluimucil-Antibiotic.
Note: Choosing an antibiotic for inhalation based on reviews on the Internet or advice from people without medical education is prohibited!
Doctors recognize Fluimucil-Antibiotic as safe and effective for bacterial tonsillitis in children, since this medicine destroys the causative agents of sore throat. Analogs for the active substance are not commercially available. This drug can be used from birth. Doctors prescribe it for complications in the lower respiratory tract: bronchitis, pneumonia.
Among the adverse reactions, the instructions indicate allergies.
Rules for taking antibiotics.
Drug treatment is indicated after consultation with a pediatrician, who examines the history of the disease, having the results of mucus tests.
The basis of the correct approach is to take medications at regular intervals and follow the prescribed duration.
The child may feel better the very next day, but this is not a reason to stop the course, since the infection still remains in the child’s body. When treating children with antibiotics, doctors note the likelihood of developing allergic reactions, often to the Penicillin group.
To exclude manifestations of allergies, the doctor will prescribe antihistamines. At the first symptoms of serious side effects, stop the course and seek advice from specialists. Antibiotics often cause digestive disorders, diarrhea, bloating, constipation and dysbiosis.
Antibacterial drugs kill microbes, both pathogenic and beneficial. Therefore, in addition to therapy, a course of probiotics is indicated to restore normal intestinal microflora: Linex, Acipol, Hilak Forte, Bak Set, Normobact, Lactobacterin and Bifidumbacterin.
What if your child is allergic to antibiotics.
Infectious and inflammatory diseases are treated with the use of antihistamines, which reduce the likelihood of developing allergies. Life-threatening allergic reactions: angioedema and angioedema. At the first sign, you must urgently call an ambulance. If a child is diagnosed with hypersensitivity to a drug, they will hospitalize the patient and change the drug.
Preferred forms of drugs
For oral administration, children will be prescribed a convenient suspension form or a dispersible form (soluble in water). Tablets and capsules are produced for adults and adolescents from 12 years of age.
Proper therapy is based on bed rest and a full course of all necessary medications. Without an examination by a pediatrician and a smear test for the presence of pathogenic flora, it is impossible to make a correct diagnosis. It is not allowed to replace what is prescribed with others without consulting a doctor, this will cause irreparable harm to health.
During illness, children need to be given more warm drinks.
Note: Drinking hot drinks for a sore throat is prohibited. A high temperature will irritate an already sore throat.
Normally, bacteria live in every person in an inactive form. When hypothermia occurs, the infection enters the active phase and causes inflammatory diseases.
Folk remedies in combination with medications will speed up the relief of unpleasant symptoms.
A good addition would be multivitamins that will boost your immunity. It is necessary to ventilate the room more often and carry out wet cleaning.
When the temperature rises, antipyretics are given in the form of release that is indicated for each age. There are candles for infants, and sweet syrups are produced for slightly older children. Pharmaceutical companies have developed a separate line of drugs for schoolchildren. At high temperatures, you cannot take hot baths, and it is also prohibited to use mustard plasters. If the temperature does not decrease after taking antipyretic drugs, you should immediately call a doctor and the ambulance team will quickly bring down the temperature by giving an injection. Medical workers will examine the patient and decide on hospitalization.
Some interesting facts.
Parental care, attention and love speed up the baby's recovery. Hug and kiss your children more often and you will see how the child will quickly recover. Positive emotions strengthen the psyche and immunity. Teach your children to a healthy lifestyle, exercise, and of course, dress your child according to the weather. Well-ventilated rooms will prevent frequent colds.
