Age periods of a woman’s life and their characteristics. Physiological periods in a woman’s life

In a woman’s life, the following age periods are distinguished: embryonic period, childhood, puberty, puberty, menopause, menopause, old age.

What are the periods of a woman's life?

Embryonic (antenatal) period A woman’s life lasts from the moment of fertilization until the birth of the child. At the end of the first month of intrauterine development, the genital organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, upper part vagina). The paired Müllerian ducts come closer and unite during embryogenesis. Each Müllerian duct forms one half of the uterus, one vagina, and one fallopian tube. The external genitalia are formed from genitourinary sinus, ovaries - from the primary gonad.

From the seventh month intrauterine development The uterus grows rapidly under the influence of placental estrogens. At the time of birth, the length of the uterus is about 3.8 cm, and the length of the body of the uterus is only about 1/3 of the entire length of the organ. After birth, the amount of estrogen decreases sharply, the size of the uterus decreases to the level of a 7-month fetus. Further growth of the uterus begins after 2 years of age.

Childhood period (prepubertal) lasts from birth to 10 years.

The vagina of girls during this period is characterized by smoothness of the arches and has almost vertical direction due to the fact that the uterus with appendages is located outside the pelvis. The walls of the vagina are close to each other, its lumen looks like a slit. Gradually, as the uterus descends into the pelvis, the axis of the vagina changes. The length of the vagina also increases with age.

The mucous membrane of the vagina during childhood is thin, there are few folds, and they are not sufficiently pronounced. muscle layer and vasculature poorly developed.

As blood vessels and elastic fibers develop, the folds of the vagina become more pronounced. They are especially well developed in the lower two thirds of the anterior and rear walls vagina in the midline. The vaginal mucosa is covered with multilayer flat epithelium. In newborns, it consists of 30 or more layers of glycogen-rich epithelial cells.

There is no vaginal microflora in the first hours after birth. The vagina is colonized by microorganisms in the first days after the birth of the child. After 3-4 days, under the influence of Doderlein sticks, the process of self-cleaning of the vagina begins. Later, cocci appear in the vagina.

The uterus in girls is very mobile, in position an-teversio. With age, its position changes.

Blood and lymph circulation in the uterus during this period is reduced, the glandular apparatus is underdeveloped.

The mucous membrane of the uterus in girls has folds running from the fundus of the uterus to the cervical canal. With age, the folds of the uterine mucosa gradually smooth out and completely disappear by puberty.

The uterine pharynx in girls is not fully formed, which facilitates the penetration of infection.

The fallopian tubes in the prepubertal period are long, tortuous, thin, and poorly developed muscle layer, do not have a specific position in the pelvis. With age, they become thicker and their lumen expands.

The ovaries in girls are located above the entrance to the small pelvis, then they gradually descend and take their place in the small pelvis. The ovaries are fusiform in shape and have a smooth surface and contain large number primordial follicles. Some of them become atretic with age.

Puberty ( puberty) lasts from 10 to 16 years.

One of the signs of puberty is menstruation. The first menstruation (menarche) occurs on average at 13–14 years of age. In the beginning spotting are acyclic in nature, the cycle can be anovulatory. Then (after 1–2 years), under the influence of sex hormones, the discharge becomes cyclical. The menstrual cycle is on average 28–39 days, menstruation itself lasts 3–7 days. The volume of blood loss is no more than 30–80 ml.

During this period, the endometrium is divided into basal and functional layers. An angle is formed between the cervix and the body of the uterus. The vagina lengthens and changes its position. The fallopian tubes become shorter, thicker, and their lumen increases.

Puberty period ( reproductive period) lasts from 18 to 45 years. It is characterized by the activity of all functions of the reproductive apparatus aimed at childbirth.

The climacteric period (menopause) begins at 45–50 years of age and lasts 2–3 years. During this period, menstrual function stops. Menopause can occur without disturbances general condition women (physiological menopause) or with vegetative-vascular disorders (pathological menopause). During menopause it is lost reproductive function, but remains sexually active.

Menopause period (postmenopausal period) lasts up to 70 years. Characterized by persistent cessation of menstruation. During this period, ovarian function decreases, age-related involution of the genital organs occurs, skin turgor decreases, and metabolism is disrupted.

Senile (senile) period begins at age 70 and lasts until the end of life. The changes that began during menopause continue to develop. Gradual atrophy of the genital organs occurs.

Cyclic changes throughout the body

Cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterus, as well as fluctuations in the level of ovarian hormones are perceived nerve endings and transmitted to the central nervous system, affecting its functions and the condition of the entire organism. Before menstruation, many women experience:

1) irritability;

2) drowsiness;

3) increased fatigue;

4) increased tendon reflexes;

5) sweating.

After menstruation, these phenomena disappear.

In the premenstrual period, there is some increase in heart rate, increased blood pressure, an increase in temperature of several tenths of a degree. During and after menstruation, these indicators level out.

Noticeable changes during the menstrual cycle occur in the mammary glands. Before menstruation, there is a slight increase in their volume, engorgement, associated with the formation of new foci of glandular tissue under the influence of sex hormones. With the onset of menstruation, the newly formed glandular tissue undergoes reverse development and these phenomena pass.

U healthy women with a normal menstrual cycle, the cyclic changes occurring in the body do not affect general health and do not reduce ability to work.

Ovarian cycle

The ovarian cycle consists of two phases:

1) folliculin;

2) luteal.

The follicular phase begins with the end of menstruation and ends with ovulation, luteal phase begins after ovulation and ends with the onset next menstruation. The ovary also performs endocrine function, which is provided by a functioning follicle and corpus luteum.

The process of folliculogenesis begins in the ovary in the antenatal period and ends in postmenopause. In total, about 400,000–500,000 follicles are formed, of which only 400–500 undergo a full development cycle, the rest undergo atresia. Full cycle development includes the development of the follicle from primordial to preovulatory, ovulation and transformation into the corpus luteum.

Primordial (primary) follicle consists of an immature egg and is covered with a single layer epithelial cells and connective tissue membrane. The process of follicle maturation takes place during the first 12–14 days of the menstrual cycle.

During this period, the egg increases in size 5–6 times, becomes covered with a structureless membrane, and divides twice. During the first division, two unequal cells are formed: the smaller cell is discarded, and the larger one undergoes a second, reduction division. During this division, the cell loses half of its chromosomes, thus acquiring a haploid set of chromosomes and becomes suitable for fertilization and maturation.

The follicular epithelium changes from single-layered to multilayered and turns into the granular membrane of the egg. At first, the cells of the granular membrane completely fill the space between the egg and the connective tissue membrane, then voids form between them. They gradually merge into one cavity filled with fluid produced by the follicular membrane and containing estrogens. The cells of the granular membrane are moved by this cavity partly towards the egg, and partly towards the wall of the follicle. Those cells of the granular membrane that are adjacent to the egg form its corona radiata. The cells lying near the walls form the egg-bearing tubercle, in which the egg is located. By the time the follicle matures, the egg leaves the oviductal tubercle and is located in the follicular fluid.

The connective tissue membrane of the follicle sprouts blood vessels and differentiates into two thecae:

1) internal;

2) external.

The theca interna is rich cellular elements and capillaries. The theca externa is formed by dense connective tissue and contains more large vessels.

The maturing follicle increases in size and begins to protrude above the surface of the ovary, and the oviductal tubercle with the egg appears in this protrusion. The produced follicular fluid stretches the follicle, its wall and the adjacent ovarian tissue become thinner, and the mature follicle ruptures - ovulation. The released egg, surrounded by the corona radiata, enters the abdominal cavity, and then into the fallopian tube, where fertilization can occur.

Ovulation occurs approximately 12–14 days later in a 28-day cycle.

A gland forms at the site of the ruptured follicle internal secretion – yellow body, producing progesterone. Development corpus luteum lasts the second half of the menstrual cycle - from ovulation to the next menstruation.

The ruptured follicle collapses, its walls form folds, and a blood clot forms in the center due to slight bleeding from ruptured internal and external theca. The rupture site heals. Cells of the granular membrane multiply, increase in size and accumulate lipoid substance in the protoplasm yellow– lutein. The cells of the granular membrane turn into luteal cells of the corpus luteum. At the same time, the vascular network grows and new capillaries are formed.

If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum continues to function during the first months of pregnancy as the corpus luteum of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, then last day The menstrual cycle begins the reverse development of the corpus luteum - the corpus luteum of menstruation. Luteal cells die, blood vessels become empty, and the connective tissue, and a scar forms in place of the corpus luteum, which then disappears. From the beginning of reverse development, progesterone production stops. In the ovary, follicle maturation, ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum again occur.

Uterine cycle

Under the influence of estrogens and progesterone formed in the follicle and corpus luteum, cyclic changes in tone, excitability and blood supply occur in the uterus.

Especially significant changes occur in the endometrium. Endometrium- the lining of the uterus facing the lumen of the organ. From the point of view of cyclic processes, it consists of two layers:

1)basal;

2) functional.

The basal layer is adjacent to the muscular lining of the uterus - the myometrium and does not undergo cyclic changes. The functional layer faces the uterine cavity and changes during different phases of the menstrual cycle.

The uterine cycle, like the ovarian cycle, lasts on average 28 days and consists of the phases of desquamation, regeneration, proliferation and secretion.

Desquamation phase manifests itself menstrual bleeding and lasts on average 3–4 days. During this period functional layer The mucous membrane of the uterus is torn away and released out along with the contents of the uterine glands and blood from ruptured vessels. The phase of endometrial desquamation coincides with the beginning of the death of the corpus luteum in the ovary.

Regeneration phase The endometrium begins during the period of desquamation and ends 5–6 days after the start of menstruation. The restoration of the endometrium occurs due to the cells of the basal layer, its vessels and nerves.

Proliferation phase corresponds to the maturation of the follicle in the ovary and occurs under the influence of the estrogen produced by it. The cycle lasts 14 days. The stroma and endometrial glands grow. The glands elongate and twist like a corkscrew, but do not contain secretions. During this phase, the uterine mucosa thickens 4–5 times.

Secretion phase continues until the end of the cycle. Coincides with the flowering of the corpus luteum, under the influence of which hormone (progesterone) occurs. Glycogen accumulates in the epithelium of the glands, the endometrial stroma swells, and its blood supply improves. Pseudodecidual cells appear in the endometrial stroma. As a result, conditions are created in the endometrium that are favorable for the development of the embryo in the event of pregnancy.

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum dies, the functional layer of the endometrium is rejected and menstruation occurs.

Cyclic changes in other parts of the reproductive system

In the cervix, vagina and other parts of the reproductive system, cyclic changes are much less pronounced.

Changes in the cervix during the menstrual cycle are associated with the secretion of the glands of the cervical canal.

In the first half of the menstrual cycle they produce clear mucus. During the period of ovulation, its quantity increases, it becomes viscous, less viscous, which contributes to better movement of sperm along cervical canal. After ovulation, these changes disappear.

IN fallopian tubes In the follicular phase of the cycle, some thickening of the mucous membrane is noted, and in the luteal phase, epithelial cells secrete a secretion containing proteins and glycogen.

Influenced by fluctuations in the level of sex hormones during the menstrual cycle cellular composition changes in smears from the vaginal mucosa. IN stratified epithelium There are four types of cells in the vagina:

1)basal;

2) parabasal;

3) intermediate;

4) superficial.

The predominance of superficial cells in smears indicates a sufficient level of estrogen and is characteristic of the preovulatory period. After ovulation, under the influence of progesterone from the corpus luteum, predominantly intermediate cells are detected in smears.

In special medical literature There are reports of pregnancy in a six-year-old girl with premature sexual development and in a 113-year-old woman, who was apparently particularly well preserved and active. endocrine system.

Of course, such cases belong to the category of casuistic, that is, exceptional, falling out of social patterns. But even within the limits of the laws, individual fluctuations are very large, and therefore it is impossible to say with absolute accuracy from what age and ending with what age a woman is able to become pregnant and give birth to a child.

In development female body There are six periods. This is the period of childhood (up to 8 years), the period preceding puberty (prepubertal - 8-11 years); period of puberty (puberty – 12-18 years); childbearing (reproductive – 19-45 years); transitional (menopause 45-55 years): period of withering (postmenopause - after 55 years).
Their change is determined by those changes that occur in the gonads, in the cerebral cortex, its subcortical structures (hypothalamus), in the leading endocrine gland– pituitary gland.

The female sex glands are the ovaries. An egg matures in them, capable of merging with a male reproductive cell - a sperm - to give rise to a new life. But the maturation of the egg occurs only if there is a clear interaction between the functions of the ovary and the mechanisms that regulate its activity. In the most general form, it goes like this: the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland, and pituitary hormones awaken the activity of the ovaries.

In the first years of a girl's life, the regulatory systems and especially the ovaries are almost inactive. This period is rightly called “rest of the reproductive system.” Only within a few days after the birth of a girl, under the influence of placental and maternal hormones, she may develop the phenomenon of the so-called sexual crisis (bloody discharge from the vagina, engorgement of the mammary glands).

Only in the prepubertal period does the formation of the complex system hypothalamus - pituitary gland - ovaries begin. For some time, her activities proceed chaotically, with many disruptions and dissonances. Sex cell As a rule, it does not yet mature, but under the influence of hormones produced by the pituitary gland and ovaries, signs of puberty appear - a female physique is formed, and the mammary glands develop. From 11 to 15 years of age, girls experience a period rapid growth, it seems to “stretch out”, from 15 to 19 years the processes of fatty tissue deposition predominate; The girl doesn’t stretch out so much as she gets fatter and takes shape.

From the moment the first menstruation appears, and this can happen from 11 to 16 years, puberty begins (that is, the period of puberty). Now a clearer relationship is being established between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries. Menstruation gradually becomes regular. The time of onset and course of puberty is influenced by external and internal factors. TO internal factors include hereditary and constitutional factors, health status and body weight; to external – climatic (illumination, geographical location, altitude), nature of nutrition (content of food proteins, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, microelements).

The normal menstrual cycle has two phases. The first is characterized by the maturation of the egg and its release from the ovary - ovulation; in the second phase, if fertilization does not occur, the ovaries and uterus return to their original state. Such cycles are called ovulatory. In girls during puberty, they alternate with anovulatory periods, when there is menstruation, but the egg does not mature.
An ovulatory cycles For some time, by the way, they also occur in healthy women. childbearing age after childbirth or abortion.
If a girl has already started menstruating and the egg matures at least occasionally, then pregnancy is possible. And yet, the female body is finally formed only by the age of 17-18, and then pregnancy and childbirth become within its capabilities. It is conventionally believed that by this time the period of puberty ends.

However, the most favorable first pregnancy and first birth occur between the ages of 19 and 29 years, and repeated ones - up to 40 years. During this age period, women in labor experience less various complications, which means that children are born healthier and stronger.
This does not mean that it is absolutely impossible to give birth for the first time after 29 years or again after 40. But in such cases, a preliminary consultation with a doctor and especially careful observation during pregnancy are necessary, and often early hospitalization for childbirth.

The period of flowering of the female body lasts up to 45 years. Then, and sometimes much earlier or later, a transitional stage begins when the relationship between the pituitary gland and the ovaries is again disrupted. The ovaries produce less hormones, decrease in size, and the uterus also decreases in size. Menstruation becomes irregular, ovulatory cycles alternate with anovulatory ones.
A delay in menstruation during this period is most often one of the signs of the onset of menopause. But it can also mean the beginning of pregnancy. Of course, the older the woman, the less likely the egg is to mature. However, this possibility cannot be completely ruled out.

I would like to remind you once again: menstrual irregularities at any age are a reason for immediate appeal see a doctor!

Being late may result in serious complications. After all, it is known that termination of pregnancy after 12 weeks is unsafe, and at such times it is done only under special circumstances. medical indications. But it’s not easy to decide to give birth at this age, and is it worth it?

Pregnancy in a woman who has passed this age period is fraught with complications - after all, activity cardiovascular system and the function of the liver and kidneys is no longer as perfect as in younger years. In addition, tissues lose their elasticity and weakness develops more often. labor activity, expulsion of the fetus becomes difficult.
Of course, they will always be on guard and will provide necessary help. But all their efforts will not bring complete success if the child suffered in the prenatal period. It has been noticed that older parents (this means not only the mother, but also the father) have an increased risk of having a child with various developmental defects. And therefore, when deciding to have a later child, first consult with an obstetrician-gynecologist and a medical genetic consultation specialist.

People often ask: how long should you protect yourself? It seems that the answer follows from all of the above: until persistent menopause has occurred, that is, there has been no menstruation for at least a year.

Of course, I wouldn’t want it to fade away reproductive function was perceived as a decline in the body in general. No, that's a long way off! Woman and menopause still full of strength, energy, attractiveness. It must be said that sexologists believe that prolongation intimate life at this age it helps to prolong the activity of the endocrine system and maintain general tone.

Sevostyanova Oksana Sergeevna

Periods of development of the female body.

It is customary to distinguish seven periods: 1) the period of antenatal, or intrauterine, development; 2) the period of childhood (from birth to 9-10 years); 3) puberty, or the period of puberty (from 9-10 years to 15-16 years); 4) adolescence(from 16 to 18 years old); 5) period of puberty, or reproductive (from 18 to 40 years); 6) premenopausal period, or transitional period (from 41 to 50 years); 7) the period of aging, or postmenopause (from the moment of persistent cessation menstrual function).

1.In prenatal period the formation, development and maturation of all organs and systems of the fetus, including the reproductive system, occur. In the antenatal period, the formation and embryonic development of the ovaries occur, which are one of the most important links in the regulation of the function of the reproductive system of the female body in the process of postnatal ontogenesis.

2. During childhood There is relative rest of the reproductive system. Only during the first few days after the birth of a girl, under the influence of the cessation of the influence of placental steroid hormones(mainly estrogen), she may develop phenomena of the so-called sexual crisis (bloody discharge from the vagina, engorgement of the mammary glands). In childhood, the organs of the reproductive system gradually grow, but the features typical for this age are preserved: the predominance of the size of the cervix over the size of the body, tortuosity of the fallopian tubes, the absence of mature follicles in the ovaries, etc. During childhood, there are no secondary sexual characteristics.

3. Puberty characterized by relatively rapid growth of the organs of the reproductive system and primarily the uterus (mainly its body), the appearance and development of secondary sexual characteristics, the formation of the female type of skeleton (especially the pelvis), and the deposition of fat along the female type, hair growth first on the pubis, and then in armpits. Most a clear sign puberty is the onset of the first menstruation (menarche). The appearance and formation of menstrual function occurs under the influence of the cyclic secretion of releasing factors of the hypothalamus, gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland and ovarian steroid hormones. Ovarian hormones have a corresponding effect on the uterine mucosa, causing characteristic cyclic changes in it (proliferation, secretion, desquamation).

4. Puberty period is the longest. Due to the regular maturation of follicles in the ovaries and ovulation with the subsequent development of the corpus luteum during this period, all necessary conditions for pregnancy. The most clearly expressed indicators normal functioning The reproductive system of a woman during puberty is characterized by specific cyclic changes that occur in the central nervous system, ovaries and uterus, which outwardly manifests itself in the form of regular menstruation.

5. Premenopausal period characterized by the transition from the state of puberty to the cessation of menstrual function and the onset of old age. During this period, women often develop various disorders of menstrual function, the cause of which is age-related disorders central mechanisms regulating the function of the genital organs.

In a woman’s life, there are several periods that are characterized by certain age
anatomical and physiological features. There is no clear boundary between the periods; one period smoothly turns into
another. Age limits may vary slightly depending on climatic conditions,
state of health of organs and systems, state of psychological stability, characteristics of biological and
social factors.

Puberty

Begins at 8-9 years old, ending at 17-18 years old. During this period, the gonads are activated, further
development of the genital organs, secondary sexual characteristics appear, such as enlarged mammary glands,
female pattern hair change appearance. During this period, the first menstruation comes and
the cyclicity of the menstrual cycle is established. At the end of puberty, the body
girls are anatomically and functionally ready for procreation. Puberty provided by women's
sex hormones that are produced in the ovary, and their production, in turn, is subject to cyclic
fluctuations in hormones of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. The period of puberty is the most responsible period in
a woman’s life, since her further physical and reproductive health will depend on
established menstrual cycle. During this period, the girl’s body is especially sensitive to various
factors such as nutritional errors, frequent infections, intoxication, excessive physical activity etc.
Based on this, certain requirements are imposed during this period on parents, school, medical and
social workers. Great value have full balanced diet, hardening, sanitation
chronic foci of infection, maintaining psychological balance, preventing bad habits.
Particularly great responsibility falls on the parents, in particular on the girl’s mother, who must, in addition to
everything else, prepare the girl psychologically for her first menstruation, the appearance of sexual feelings and
responsibility for the future.

Puberty - reproductive period

Its duration varies from person to person; on average, it lasts up to 40-45 years. This period is characterized
maturity of all specific functions of the female body, the most important of which is the ability to
childbirth. Actively functioning ovaries secrete female sex hormones that have protective
properties for activity the most important organs and systems - cardiovascular, central nervous system, mineral metabolism And
etc. This is a period of physical, creative activity of women. The most important factors preservation of reproductive
health are general hygiene, sexual hygiene, family planning and somatic preservation
health. The health of women at this age affects the course and outcome of pregnancy, as well as health
future generation.

Menopause

This is a natural, physiological period of cessation of childbearing function. It is divided into sodium phases:

premenopause(2-5 years before the cessation of menstruation). There is a gradual decline in ovarian function,
menstruation becomes irregular;
menopause- the actual cessation of menstruation;
postmenopause(5 years after the cessation of menstruation). During this period, the woman’s body is completely
is rebuilt to exist in a new capacity, a period of rest begins.

The menopausal period places increased demands on a woman’s body, as a decrease in
the production of female sex hormones is accompanied by changes in well-being, mood, and the appearance
menopausal symptoms, which often acquire a pathological course.

Estrogen deficiency can be considered natural physiological process. But the appearance
menopausal symptoms, such as metabolic-endocrine, psycho-emotional, cardiovascular,
urogenital, significantly worsens the quality of life of women. Change the situation, improve your well-being
Changing a woman’s lifestyle will help. Diet changes need to be made to reduce fat intake and
carbohydrates, increasing the proportion fermented milk products, fish, lean meat, vegetables and fruits, vegetable
fats and vitamins. It is recommended to increase as much as possible motor activity, walk and swim more.
Activities to her liking, hobbies, and interest clubs will help a woman during this difficult period. The main thing is not
stay alone, don't isolate yourself age-related changes, don't give in to depression.

In the specialized medical literature, there are reports of the onset of pregnancy in a six-year-old girl with premature sexual development and in a 113-year-old woman, who was apparently distinguished by the special preservation and activity of the endocrine system.

There are six periods in the development of the female body. This is the period childhood(up to 8 years), the period preceding puberty ( prepubertal- 8-11 years old); period of puberty ( pubertal- 12-18 years old); childbearing(reproductive - 19-45 years); transitional ( climacteric 45-55 years): period of withering ( postmenopause- after 55 years).

Their change is determined by the changes that occur in the gonads, in the cerebral cortex, its subcortical structures (hypothalamus), and in the leading endocrine gland - the pituitary gland.

The female sex glands are the ovaries. An egg matures in them, capable of merging with a male reproductive cell - a sperm - to give rise to a new life. But the maturation of the egg occurs only if there is a clear interaction between the functions of the ovary and the mechanisms that regulate its activity. In the very general view it goes like this: the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland, and pituitary hormones awaken the activity of the ovaries.

Only in the prepubertal period does the formation of the complex system hypothalamus - pituitary gland - ovaries begin. For some time, her activities proceed chaotically, with many disruptions and dissonances. The reproductive cell, as a rule, does not yet mature, but under the influence of hormones produced by the pituitary gland and ovaries, signs of puberty appear - a female physique is formed, and the mammary glands develop. From 11 to 15 years old, girls experience a period of rapid growth, they seem to “stretch out”; from 15 to 19 years old, processes of fatty tissue deposition predominate; The girl doesn’t stretch out so much as she gets fatter and takes shape.

From the moment the first menstruation appears, and this can happen from 11 to 16 years, puberty begins (that is, the period of puberty). Now a clearer relationship is being established between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries. Menstruation gradually becomes regular. The time of onset and course of puberty is influenced by external and internal factors. Internal factors include hereditary and constitutional factors, health status and body weight; to external ones - climatic (illumination, geographical location, altitude), nature of nutrition (content of proteins, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, microelements in food).

I wouldn’t want, of course, for the decline of reproductive function to be perceived as a decline of the body in general. No, that's a long way off! A woman even during menopause is still full of strength, energy, and attractiveness. It must be said that sexologists believe that prolonging intimate life at this age helps to prolong the activity of the endocrine system and maintain general tone.

Sevostyanova Oksana Sergeevna