Nobel Prize discoveries in medicine. Nobel Prize in Medicine
How the body's biological clock works. Why was the Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded in 2017?
Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rozbash and Michael Young website
Three American scientists shared the highest scientific award for research into the mechanism of internal clocks in living organisms
Life on Earth is adapted to the rotation of our planet around the Sun. For many years we have known about the existence within living organisms, including humans, of biological clocks that help to anticipate and adapt to the circadian rhythm. But how exactly does this clock work? American geneticists and chronobiologists were able to look inside this mechanism and shed light on its hidden workings. Their discoveries explain how plants, animals and people adapt their biological rhythms to synchronize with the daily cycle of the Earth's rotation.
Using fruit flies as test organisms, the 2017 Nobel Prize winners isolated a gene that controls the normal circadian rhythm in living things. They also showed how this gene encodes a protein that accumulates in the cell at night and breaks down during the day, thereby forcing it to maintain this rhythm. They subsequently identified additional protein components that control the self-sustaining clock mechanism inside the cell. And now we know that the biological clock functions according to the same principle both inside individual cells and inside multicellular organisms, such as humans.
Thanks to exceptional precision, our internal clock adapts our physiology to such different phases of the day - morning, afternoon, evening and night. This clock regulates important functions such as behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism. Our well-being suffers when the external environment and internal clock are out of sync. An example is the so-called jet lag, which occurs among travelers who move from one time zone to another, and then for a long time cannot adapt to the shift of day and night. They sleep during daylight hours and cannot sleep during the dark. Today there is also a lot of evidence that a chronic mismatch between lifestyle and natural biorhythms increases the risk of various diseases.
Our internal clock cannot be fooled
Experiment of Jean-Jacques d'Hortois de Mairan Nobel Committee
Most living organisms clearly adapt to daily environmental changes. One of the first to prove the presence of this adaptation back in the 18th century was the French astronomer Jean-Jacques d'Ortois de Mairan. He observed a mimosa bush and discovered that its leaves turn to follow the sun during the day and close at sunset. The scientist wondered what would what happened if the plant found itself in constant darkness? Having carried out a simple experiment, the researcher discovered that, regardless of the presence of sunlight, the leaves of the experimental mimosa continue to perform their usual daily movements. As it turned out, plants have their own internal clock.
More recent research has shown that not only plants, but also animals and humans are subject to a biological clock that helps adjust our physiology to daily changes. This adaptation is called the circadian rhythm. The term comes from the Latin words circa - "about" and dies - "day". But exactly how this biological clock works has long remained a mystery.
Discovery of the "clock gene"
In the 1970s, American physicist, biologist and psychogeneticist Seymour Benzer, together with his student Ronald Konopka, investigated whether it was possible to isolate genes that control the circadian rhythm in fruit flies. Scientists were able to show that mutations in a gene unknown to them disrupt this rhythm in experimental insects. They called it the period gene. But how did this gene influence the circadian rhythm?
The 2017 Nobel Prize winners also conducted experiments on fruit flies. Their goal was to discover the mechanism of the internal clock. In 1984, Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rozbash, who worked closely together at Brandeis University in Boston, and Michael Young at The Rockefeller University in New York, successfully isolated the period gene. Hall and Rozbash then discovered that the PER protein encoded by this gene accumulates in cells during the night and is destroyed during the day. Thus, the level of this protein fluctuates over a 24-hour cycle in synchrony with the circadian rhythm. The "pendulum" of the internal cellular clock was discovered.
Self-regulating clock mechanism
A simplified diagram of the work of proteins in the cell that regulate the circadian rhythm Nobel Committee
The next key goal was to understand how these circadian oscillations might arise and be maintained. Hall and Rozbash suggested that the PER protein blocks the activity of the period gene during the daily cycle. They believed that, through an inhibitory feedback loop, the PER protein could periodically inhibit its own synthesis and thereby regulate its levels in a continuous cyclical rhythm.
To build this curious model, only a few elements were missing. To block the activity of a period gene, the PER protein produced in the cytoplasm would have to reach the cell nucleus, where the genetic material is contained. Experiments by Hall and Rozbash showed that this protein actually accumulates in the nucleus at night. But how does he get there? This question was answered in 1994 by Michael Young, who discovered the second key “clock gene,” which encodes the TIM protein necessary for maintaining a normal circadian rhythm. In simple and elegant work, he showed that when TIM is bound to PER, the two proteins are able to enter the cell nucleus, where they actually block the period gene from working to close the inhibitory feedback loop.
This regulatory mechanism explained how this fluctuation in cellular protein levels occurred, but it did not answer all the questions. For example, it was necessary to establish what controls the frequency of daily fluctuations. To solve this problem, Michael Young isolated another gene encoding the DBT protein, which delays the accumulation of the PER protein. Thus, it was possible to understand how this oscillation is regulated in order to coincide as closely as possible with the 24-hour cycle.
These discoveries made by today's laureates underlie the key principles of the functioning of the biological clock. Subsequently, other molecular components of this mechanism were discovered. They explain the stability of its operation and the principle of operation. For example, Hall, Rozbash and Young discovered additional proteins needed to activate the period gene, as well as a mechanism by which daylight synchronizes the body clock.
The influence of circadian rhythms on human life
Human circadian rhythm Nobel Committee
The biological clock is involved in many aspects of our complex physiology. We now know that all multicellular organisms, including humans, use similar mechanisms to control circadian rhythms. Most of our genes are regulated by the biological clock, so a carefully tuned circadian rhythm adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day. Thanks to the seminal work of today's three Nobel Prize winners, circadian biology has grown into a broad and dynamic field of research examining the impact of circadian rhythms on our health and well-being. And we received yet another confirmation that it is still better to sleep at night, even if you are an inveterate night owl. It's healthier.
Reference
Geoffrey Hall– born in 1945 in New York, USA. He received his doctorate in 1971 from the University of Washington (Seattle, Washington). Until 1973, he served as a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, California). Since 1974 he has been working at Brandeis University (Waltham, Massachusetts). In 2002, he began collaborating with the University of Maine.
Michael Rozbash– born in 1944 in Kansas City, USA. He completed his doctorate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts). For the next three years he was a doctoral student at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. Since 1974 he has been working at Brandeis University (Waltham, Massachusetts).
Michael Young– born in 1949 in Miami, USA. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Texas (Austin, Texas) in 1975. Until 1977, he completed postdoctoral studies at Stanford University (Palo Alto, California). In 1978 he joined the faculty of The Rockefeller University in New York.
Translation of materials from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to American professors Geoffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young. They studied the mechanism that regulates the body's circadian rhythms, the so-called cellular clock. Introducing the laureates, the Nobel Committee expert emphasized that this problem itself is far from new. Back in the 18th century, a French scientist drew attention to some flowers that open in the morning and close at night. The biologist conducted an experiment by placing flowers in complete darkness for several days. And they behaved as if they were in natural conditions. A similar picture was observed in the study of other plants and animals. Then, for the first time, a hypothesis was put forward about the internal clock of living organisms. What is their essence?
Each of us knows what an ordinary clock is; we measure time using a pendulum. But it turns out that almost all living things have their own internal clock, and instead of a pendulum, the change of day and night “works” in us, which is a consequence of the rotation of the Earth around its axis,” a professor at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology and a professor at Rutgers University told an RG correspondent. Head of laboratories at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Konstantin Severinov. - From the very beginning of life, all living things had to adapt to such a change. Turn on these little clocks in every cell of any organism. And live by them. In accordance with their “indications”, change your physiology - run, sleep, eat, and so on.
The current laureates decided in the late 70s to look inside these watches and understand how they work. To do this, they studied fruit flies and selected insects with mutations in which their sleep-wake cycles were altered. Let's say that some slept completely randomly. In this way, it was possible to identify genes that are responsible for ensuring that the cycles are correct and coordinated.
And then scientists figured out the molecular background of these watches,” says Severinov. - It turned out that the identified genes control the production of certain proteins in such a way that they accumulate at night and fall apart during the day. In fact, such fluctuations in concentration are a kind of pendulum in our body. And depending on this, various genes are activated in the cell, which ultimately controls many processes.
Then scientists found out that exactly the same mechanism works not only in flies, but in all living things. It was invented by nature to count time in the body. The practical significance of this discovery is obvious, for example, many mental disorders are associated with sleep disturbances due to disruptions in the circadian cycle system.
Assessing the award of this prize, a number of experts have already stated that this is a “calm prize”; it will not become an explosion in world science, if only because it was made several decades ago. Moreover, rewarding old works is becoming a trend. At the same time, the Nobel Committee passed on the sensational work on genome editing, which has become a boom in recent years. “I don’t agree with this opinion,” says Severinov. “Genome editing will get its prize, and it’s not exactly a discovery, but rather a genetic technique. And the cellular clock is a real, deep fundamental science, it explains how the world works.
It should be noted that the forecast of Thomson Reuters, which has been predicting laureates since 2002 and most often guesses the laureates compared to its competitors, was wrong this time. They bet on American scientists who work on cancer problems.
The award ceremony will traditionally take place on December 10, the day of the death of the founder of the Nobel Prizes, Swedish entrepreneur and inventor Alfred Nobel (1833-1896). The 2017 Nobel Prize is worth nine million Swedish kronor (million US dollars).
Jeffrey Hall was born in 1945 in New York and has worked at Brandeis University since 1974. Michael Rosbash was born in Kansas City and also works at Brandeis University. Michael Young was born in 1945 in Miami and works at Rockefeller University in New York. York.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine- the highest award for scientific achievements in the field of physiology and medicine, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. The prize winners are awarded a gold medal with the image of Alfred Nobel and the corresponding inscription, a diploma and a check for... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
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Nobel Prize: history of establishment and nominations- The Nobel Prizes are the most prestigious international prizes, awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or major contributions to culture or society and named after their founder, the Swedish... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
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An international prize named after its founder, the Swedish chemical engineer A. B. Nobel. Awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding works in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology, economics (since 1969), for literary... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
In 106 years, the Nobel Prize has undergone only one innovation- The ceremony of awarding the Nobel Prizes, established by Alfred Nobel, and the Nobel Peace Prize takes place every year on the day of A. Nobel’s death, in Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway). On December 10, 1901, the first award ceremony took place... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
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Alfred Nobel left a will, with which he officially confirmed his desire to invest all his savings (in the region of 33,233,792 Swedish kronor) in the growth and support of science. In fact, this was the main catalyst of the 20th century that contributed to the advancement of modern technical hypotheses.
Alfred Nobel had a plan, an incredible plan, which became known only when his will was opened in January 1897. The first part contained the usual instructions for such a case. However, after such paragraphs there were others that said:
“All my real and movable property must be transferred by my executors into liquid assets, and the capital thus collected must be placed in a reliable bank. These funds will belong to the fund, which will issue income from them every year in the form of a bonus to those who over the past year has made the most significant contribution to science, literature or peace and whose activities have brought the greatest benefit to humanity. , a prize in the field of literature - by the Stockholm Academy, a prize for contribution to peace - by a commission of 5 people appointed by the Storting of Norway. My final wish is also that prizes must be awarded to the most worthy candidates, regardless of whether they are Scandinavians or not. , Nov. 27, 1895."
Institute administrators are elected by some organizations. Any member of the administration is kept confidential until before the discussion. He can belong to any nationality. There are a total of 15 Nobel Prize administrators, 3 for each prize. They appoint the administrative council. The President and Vice-President of this council are appointed by the King of Sweden respectively.
Anyone who proposes their own candidacy will be disqualified.
A candidate in one's own field can be nominated by the winner of the prize in previous years, the organization responsible for presenting the prize, and the person who nominates the prize objectively. Presidents of academies, literary and scientific societies, individual international parliamentary organizations, inventors working in large universities, and even members of governments also have the right to propose their own candidate. Here, though, it’s worth checking: only famous people and large organizations have the opportunity to propose their own candidate. It is important that the candidate has nothing to do with them.
These organizations, which have the potential to appear too rigid, are excellent evidence of Nobel's distrust of human frailty.
Nobel's status, which included property worth more than thirty million crowns, was divided into 2 shares. I - 28 million crowns - became the main fund of the prize. With the remaining funds for the Nobel Foundation, the building was purchased in which it is still located, in addition, funds from such money were allocated to the organizational funds of any award and amounts for expenses for organizations that are part of the Nobel Council.
Since 1958, the Nobel Foundation has invested in bonds, real estate and stocks. There are certain restrictions on investing abroad. These reforms were driven by the need to protect capital from inflation. Clearly, this means a lot in our time.
Let's look at some interesting examples of award presentations throughout its history.
Alexander FLEMING. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
Alexander Fleming was awarded the prize for his invention, Penicilinum and its healing effect on various infectious diseases. A happy accident - Fleming's invention of Penicilinum - was the result of a combination of circumstances so incredible that it is almost impossible to believe in them, and the press got a sensational story that could capture the imagination of every person. In my opinion, he made an invaluable contribution (and I think everyone will agree with me that inventors like Fleming will never be forgotten, and their discoveries will constantly invisibly protect us). We all know that the role of penicillin in medicine can hardly be overestimated. This drug saved the lives of many people (in particular during the war, where thousands of people died from infectious diseases).
Howard W. FLORY.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
Howard Florey took the prize for the invention of Penicilinum and its healing effect on various infectious diseases. Penicillin, discovered by Fleming, was chemically unstable and could only be obtained in small quantities. Flory led the research to study the drug. He established the production of Penicilinum in the USA, thanks to the large allocations allocated for the project.
Ilya MECHNIKOV.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1908
Russian physicist Ilya Mechnikov was awarded a prize for his work on immunity. Mechnikov’s most important contribution to science was of a methodological nature: the scientist’s task was to study “immunity in infectious diseases from the standpoint of cellular physiology.” Mechnikov's name is associated with a common commercial method of producing kefir. Naturally, M.’s invention was great and very useful; with his own labors he laid the foundations for many further discoveries.
Ivan PAVLOV.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1904
Ivan Pavlov was awarded a prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. Experiences concerning the digestive system led to the discovery of conditioned reflexes. Pavlov's skill in surgery was unsurpassed. He was so good with both hands that it was never known which hand he would use in the next moment.
Camillo GOLGI. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1906
In recognition of his work on the structure of the nervous system, Camillo Golgi was awarded the prize. Golgi classified the types of neurons and made many discoveries about the structure of specific cells and the nervous system as a whole. The Golgi apparatus, a fine network of interwoven filaments within nerve cells, is recognized and generally accepted to be involved in the modification and secretion of proteins. This unique scientist is known to everyone who has studied the structure of cells. In particular, me and our entire class.
Georg BEKESHI.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1961
Scientist Georg Bekesy studied the membranes of telephone sets, which distorted sound vibrations, unlike the eardrum. In communication with this, I began to study the physical characteristics of the hearing organs. Having recreated a complete picture of the biomechanics of the cochlea, today's otosurgeons have the opportunity to implant artificial eardrums and auditory ossicles. This work by Bekeshi was awarded a prize. These discoveries become especially relevant in our time, when computer technology has developed to incredible proportions and the complexity of implantation moves to a qualitatively different level. With his own discoveries, he made it possible for many people to hear again.
Emil von BERING.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901
For his work on serum therapy, mainly for its spread in the treatment of diphtheria, which opened new paths in medical science and put into the hands of doctors a victorious weapon against disease and death, Emil von Behring was awarded the prize. During World War I, the tetanus vaccine created by Bering saved the existence of many German soldiers. Naturally, these were only the basics of medicine. However, no one probably doubts that this invention contributed a lot to the development of medicine and to humanity as a whole. His name will forever remain etched in the history of mankind.
George W. BEADLE.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1958
George Beadle took the prize for his discoveries concerning the quality of genes in special biochemical processes. Experiments have proven that certain genes are responsible for the synthesis of special cellular substances. Laboratory methods invented by George Beadle and Edward Tatham became useful in increasing the pharmacological production of penicillin, an important substance produced by special fungi. Everyone probably knows about the existence of the above-mentioned penicillin and its significance, therefore the role of the discovery of such inventors is invaluable in today's society.
Jules BORDE.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1919
Jules Bordet was awarded a prize for discoveries related to immunity. Bordet's research on whooping cough bacteria led to the first report of antigenic variability of microbes. This phenomenon has significant medical significance, since pathogens (especially the influenza virus) that are capable of changing their own antigenic structure may be resistant to antibodies and vaccines.
Zelman A. VAKSMAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1952
For the invention of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective in the treatment of tuberculosis, Zelman Waksman was awarded a prize. Waksman was called the greatest benefactor of humanity, since tuberculosis had not been treated before the acquisition of streptomycin. The phenomenal increase in the availability of such drugs is largely the result of programs created through Waxman's efforts. That's how important his discoveries were!
Otto WARBURG. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1931
Otto Warburg was awarded the prize for his invention of the nature and mechanism of action of the respiratory enzyme. This invention was the first demonstration of an effective catalyst, an enzyme, in a living organism; this identification is important because it throws light on the basic course of life maintenance. He studied the etiology of cancer. Such fundamental discoveries, without a doubt, are of great importance in the history of the development of living beings on Earth.
JOHN R. WAYNE. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1982
John Wayne was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning prostaglandins and similar biologically active substances. Prostaglandins are used in a variety of clinical applications, including preventing blood clots in machines used to maintain circulation during open-heart surgery and protecting the myocardium from damage during angina attacks. This topic has become relevant in our time, in particular, thanks to the first persons of our state. Therefore, I decided to mention this invention as one of the most important and interesting.
Daniel Carlton Gajduzek took the prize for discovering new mechanisms of the origin and spread of infectious diseases. His research led to the recognition of a new category of human diseases caused by unique pathogenic agents - infectious proteins. Small protein strands found in the brain infected with slow viruses are believed to be the cause of the disease.
Christian De DUW.
Christian De Duve was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the functional and structural organization of the cell. De Duve invented new organelles - lysosomes, which contain many enzymes involved in the intracellular digestion of nutrients. Continues to work on obtaining substances that increase e Max Delbrück for his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses. Delbrück discovered the possibility of exchanging genetic information between two different lines of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacterial cells), if one and the same bacterial cell is infected by several bacteriophages. This phenomenon, called genetic recombination, was the first experimental evidence of DNA recombination in viruses.
Edward DOISY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1943
Edouard Doisy was awarded a prize for his invention of the chemical structure of vitamin K. Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood clotting factor. The introduction of the vitamin saved the lives of many people, including patients with blockage of the bile ducts, who, before using vitamin K, often died from bleeding during surgery. effectiveness and reducing side effects of drugs used for chemotherapy of leukemia.
Gerhard DOMAGK. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1939
Gerhard Domagk took the prize for the invention of the antibacterial effect of Prontosil. The advent of Prontosil, one of the so-called sulfonamide drugs, was one of the greatest therapeutic successes in the history of medicine. Already this year, more than a thousand sulfonamide preparations have been made. 2 of them, sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole, reduced mortality from pneumonia to almost zero.
Renato DULBECCO.
Renato Dulbecco was awarded the prize for his research on the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell. The invention provided the astronomer with a means of identifying malignant human tumors caused by tumor viruses. Dulbecco discovered that tumor cells are transformed by tumor viruses so that they begin to divide indefinitely; He called this move cellular transformation.
Nils K. JERNE.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984
Winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his theories concerning specificity in the development and control of the immune system and his discovery of the principle of production of monoclonal antibodies."
Francois JACOB.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1965
François Jacob was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses. The work demonstrated how the structural information stored in genes controls chemical processes. Jacob laid the foundation for molecular biology, and the Department of Cell Genetics was invented for him at the College de France.
Alexis CARREL.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1912
For recognition of his work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs, Alexis Carrel was awarded a prize. Such autotransplantation of blood vessels is the basis of numerous important operations currently performed; for example, during coronary bypass surgery.
Georg KÖHLER.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Georg Köhler took the prize together with Cesar Milstein for the invention and development of the principles for the production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridomas. Monoclonal antibodies were used to treat leukemia, hepatitis B and streptococcal infections. They also played an important role in identifying cases of AIDS.
Edward KENDALL.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1950
Edward Kendall was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning adrenal hormones, their structure and biological effects. The hormone cortisone isolated by Kendall has an exclusive effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, bronchial asthma and hay fever, and in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Albert Claude.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1974
Albert Claude was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the functional and structural organization of the cell. Claude discovered a “new world” of microscopic cell anatomy, describing the basic principles of cell fractionation and the structure of cells examined using electron microscopy.
Xap Gobind QURAN.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1968
For deciphering the genetic code and its quality in protein synthesis, Har GobindKorana was awarded a prize. The synthesis of nucleic acids carried out by K. is a necessary condition for the final solution to the complexity of the genetic code. Korana studied the mechanism of genetic information transfer, due to which amino acids are included in the protein chain in the required sequence.
Allan CORMACK.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1979
Allan Cormack was awarded a prize for the development of computed tomography. The tomograph clearly distinguishes soft tissues from the tissues surrounding them, even if the difference in ray absorption is very small. Therefore, the tool allows you to determine healthy and affected areas of the body. This is a high step forward in comparison with other methods of acquiring x-ray illustrations.
Arthur KORNBERG. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1959
Arthur Kornberg was awarded the prize for the invention of mechanisms for the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids. Kornberg's work opened up new directions not only in biochemistry and genetics, but also in the treatment of hereditary diseases and cancer. They became the basis for developing methods and directions for replication of cell genetic material.
Robert KOCH. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1905
Robert Koch was awarded the prize for his research and discoveries regarding the treatment of tuberculosis. Koch achieved his greatest triumph when he was able to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. At that time, this disease was one of the leading causes of death.
Charles LAVERAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1907
Karl Landsteiner. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1930
Karl Landsteiner was awarded the prize for the invention of human blood groups. With a group of inventors, L. described one more human blood factor - the so-called Rhesus factor. Landsteiner substantiated the hypothesis of serological identification, not yet knowing that blood groups are inherited. Landsteiner's genetic methods are still used today in examinations to establish paternity.
Stanley COHEN.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1986
Stanley Cohen was awarded the prize in recognition of discoveries that are critical to uncovering the mechanisms regulating the growth of cells and organs. Cohen discovered epidermal growth factor (EGF), which stimulates the development of many cell types and enhances a number of biological processes. EGF can be found in skin grafting and tumor treatment.
Rita LEVI-MONTALCINI.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1986
In recognition of discoveries of fundamental importance for understanding the mechanisms of regulation of cell and organ growth, Rita Levi-Montalcini was awarded the prize. Levi-Montalcini discovered nerve tissue growth factor (NGGF), which is used to repair damaged nerves. Research has shown that it is disturbances in the regulation of growth factors that cause cancer.
George R. MINOT.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1934
George Minot was awarded the prize for his discoveries related to the use of the liver in the treatment of anemia. Minot found that for anemia, the best therapeutic effect is the consumption of liver. It was later found that the cause of pernicious anemia is a lack of vitamin B12 contained in the liver. By discovering a function of the liver previously unknown to science, Minot came up with a new way to treat anemia.
JOHN J. R. MCLEOD.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1923
John MacLeod shared the prize with Frederick Banting for the invention of insulin. McLeod used all the resources of his own department to achieve the acquisition and purification of large quantities of insulin. Thanks to McLeod, commercial production was soon established. The result of his research was the book “Insulin and its distribution in diabetes.”
HERMAN J. MOELLER.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1946
Hermann Möller was awarded the prize for his invention of creating mutations under the influence of X-ray irradiation. The invention according to which heredity and evolution can be deliberately changed in laboratory conditions acquired a terrible and new significance with the advent of atomic weapons. Möller convinced of the need to ban nuclear tests.
Thomas Hunt MORGAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan was awarded the prize for his discoveries related to the role of chromosomes in heredity. The idea that genes are localized on the chromosome in a specific linear sequence and, further, that the basis of linkage is the proximity of two genes on the chromosome can be considered one of the main achievements of the genetic hypothesis.
Charles NICOLE. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1928
Charles Nicole was awarded a prize for identifying the transmitter of typhus - the body louse. The invention did not contain new principles, but was of great practical importance. During World War I, military personnel were sanitized to remove lice from anyone going to or returning from the trenches. As a result, losses from typhus were seriously reduced.
Roger SPERRY.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1981
Roger Sperry was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. Research has shown that the left and right hemispheres perform different cognitive functions. Sperry's experiments largely changed approaches to the study of cognitive processes and found significant application in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
Howard M. TEMIN.Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1975
Howard Temin was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell. Temin discovered viruses that have reverse transcriptase activity and exist as proviruses in the DNA of animal cells. These retroviruses cause a variety of diseases, including AIDS, some forms of cancer, and hepatitis.
