Types of bleeding and first aid. Providing first aid for bleeding

Bleeding is the most dangerous post-traumatic complications that threaten the life of the injured person. The degree of possible risk depends on the specific characteristics and location of the damaged vessels.

There is the following classification of types of bleeding:

Capillary bleeding. This type of bleeding occurs when the smallest vessels located in the mucous membranes, muscle tissue, and skin are injured. Signs of bleeding from the capillaries are: dark red color of the blood, bleeding in a small stream (for superficial cuts) or even bleeding over the entire surface of the wound (for abrasions). Capillary bleeding extremely rarely threatens the life and health of the affected person (if there is no hemophilia and problems with blood clotting) and, as a rule, stops on its own.
Venous bleeding. The main sign of bleeding from the veins is the slow but continuous flow of blood from the wound. The blood is dark red. In case of venous bleeding of significant force, in order to prevent the loss of a large amount of blood, it is necessary to urgently clamp the damaged vessel using any available means (you can even use your finger).
Parenchymal bleeding. Refers to internal bleeding. It is typical for wounds and injuries of the lungs, liver, spleen and other internal organs. With this type, it is possible to bleed blood of different colors (depending on which internal organ is damaged) - dark red and bright scarlet. When blood comes out, it appears evenly over the entire wound surface. The greatest danger is when parenchymal bleeding occurs hidden. The patient risks losing a lot of blood without waiting for first aid, because... Diagnosis of internal bleeding is extremely difficult.
Arterial bleeding. A characteristic sign of bleeding from the arteries is a pulsating stream of blood from the wound; the color of the blood is bright scarlet. This species poses a particular danger to the life of the victim, because rapidly leads to the onset of complete bleeding of the body. The development of acute anemia during arterial bleeding is accompanied by the following, most obvious, signs: a drop in pulse and blood pressure, progressive pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, nausea, vomiting, darkening of the eyes, dizziness, loss of consciousness.
Mixed (combined) bleeding - occurs with extensive injuries and combines various types of bleeding described in the previous paragraphs.

Treatment of bleeding

First aid measures for bleeding should be started as soon as possible after injury. They consist primarily of stopping bleeding and preventing significant blood loss. If we are talking about arterial bleeding, the necessary measures to stop the bleeding must be taken immediately, since with this type of bleeding, a significant amount of blood flows out of the wound damage over a short period of time. A rapid and sudden loss of blood (more than two liters) can lead to death, especially if the bleeding is combined with combined traumatic injuries.

For obvious reasons, first aid for bleeding is usually performed outside the walls of a medical institution. Therefore, this procedure is temporary and consists of stopping the bleeding in order to quickly transport the injured person to a medical hospital.

Ways to temporarily stop bleeding:

Pressure bandage. Used to apply pressure to the immediate site of bleeding. A sterile gauze bandage is applied to the wound surface (if not available, a piece of any clean natural fabric) and bandaged tightly (if there is no material for bandaging, simply press the bandage to the wound with your hand). Used for capillary, venous and mixed bleeding of moderate intensity.
For minor bleeding from wound injuries of the feet, legs, fingers, etc. use a method of giving the injured limb an elevated position. It is good to combine this method with applying a pressure bandage.
In case of arterial bleeding and the need to immediately stop the bleeding (when there is no time to search for suitable means), use the method of pressing the bleeding artery with a finger. The arteries are pressed at specific anatomical points where they can be pressed tightly against the bones and thereby temporarily stop bleeding.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Bleeding, external or internal, quite often leads to severe conditions in the human body, often causing death. Despite the fact that modern medicine has learned to successfully combat this phenomenon, various types of bleeding claim thousands of lives every year. As a rule, the reason for this is incorrect first aid, due to the fact that not all people can correctly recognize this or that type of bleeding.

Classification

Classification of bleeding is a necessary measure that allows you to quickly provide the right assistance to stop the bleeding.

The main types of bleeding and methods for stopping it should be known to every person, and must be remembered for the rest of their lives. Sometimes a delay in action, or improper dressing of a wound can cause death.

Capillary

Strong feeling of weakness. The patient feels dizzy.
Rapid pulse.
Pale skin.
Vomiting blood, or vomiting masses of brown color.
Thick, black stool, or watery, bloody stool.

The main reasons that cause bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract are various diseases of the digestive system - ulcers, tumors. If these diseases are present in the body, patients with such diagnoses should be clearly aware of the symptoms of bleeding and first aid methods.

Temporary stopping methods

Depends on its type. First aid for bleeding should be urgent, you can’t make mistakes.

General measures for any bleeding:

Help the patient take a horizontal body position.
Constantly ensure that the person is conscious, measure the pulse rate, and record changes in blood pressure.
Treat the injury site with an antiseptic and secure with a bandage.
If possible, apply ice or any other source of cold to the wound.
Transport the patient to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Algorithm of actions for providing first aid during bleeding, table according to their types:

Bleeding	Algorithm of actions
Bleeding	First aid aimed at temporarily stopping blood loss	Health care
Capillary bleeding	Treatment of the wound with an antiseptic solution. Apply a bandage with dry gauze or gauze soaked in antiseptic.	Stitching (if necessary)
Venous type	Perform actions characteristic of capillary bleeding. Apply a bandage at a distance of 10 to 15 centimeters above and below the wound site.	Dressing or suturing a shallow wound. If there is damage to the deep veins, the vein and the site of skin damage are sutured.
Arterial bleeding	Carrying out general activities. Squeezing with fingers a vessel in a wound that has been damaged. Inserting a cotton wool or gauze pad into the wound. Apply a medical tourniquet at a distance of 10 to 15 centimeters above the injury site.	Suturing a damaged artery, or installing a prosthesis.
Bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract, internal blood loss	Performing general actions that are included in the first-aid algorithm.	Injecting the patient with drugs that stop bleeding. Infusion therapy methods to help replenish blood loss. Constant monitoring of the patient. If there is newly formed bleeding, additional surgical treatment measures are carried out.

How to properly apply a tourniquet when bleeding:

A tourniquet is applied strictly below 10 - 20 centimeters from the site of damage to the artery. A tourniquet can be applied lower only if the characteristics of the wound do not allow this to be done at the specified distance.
If there is no medical tourniquet, it can be replaced with a piece of clean cloth. This could be a towel, any rag, a torn sleeve from a shirt, or a pant leg.
It is imperative to place a cloth bandage under the tourniquet.
The first few turns of the harness should not be too tight. When subsequently applying tourniquet circles, they must be tightened as much as possible.
If all the rules for applying a tourniquet have been followed, the intensity of bleeding should decrease. If this is not noted, it means that mistakes were made when applying it, or the nature of the bleeding is not arterial.
The tourniquet can be kept on the limb for no more than one hour in winter, and no more than two hours in summer.
If it is necessary to keep the tourniquet longer than the specified time, it must be loosened after an hour (in winter) and two hours (in summer), pack the wound, and re-tighten the tourniquet tightly.
If it is impossible to fix the tourniquet below the wound site, for example, with injuries to the neck or high part of the shoulder girdle, it can be replaced by simply squeezing the bleeding artery with your fingers, lowering them deep into the wound.

An incorrectly applied tourniquet to stop arterial bleeding can also cause increased bleeding. Fixation of the tourniquet is only necessary during arterial bleeding. During venous blood loss, the use of this emergency medical device can only lead to increased blood flow.

Only by strictly following the algorithm of actions that are aimed at providing first aid can a person be helped and taken to a medical facility to provide qualified assistance.

From this article you will learn: that correctly provided first aid for bleeding helps save the life of the victim; what assistance should be provided in case of heavy or slight bleeding; about types of bleeding; how to properly provide assistance in certain cases.

Article publication date: 05/19/2017

Article updated date: 05/29/2019

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Types of bleeding

If large arteries and veins are injured, life-threatening blood loss can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to stop the bleeding as soon as possible and immediately call emergency help. With minor damage to blood vessels, it is also very important to stop the bleeding in a timely manner. Even with mild but ongoing blood loss, a person can lose consciousness.

Incorrectly provided first aid can cause harm to the victim, namely: large blood loss, infection and inflammation of the wound.

If the bleeding is not very severe, after providing assistance, you should also urgently contact a surgeon, since the loss of blood can be completely stopped only after the wound has been treated and sutured or surgery has been performed. Depending on the source of bleeding, consultation with specialized specialists such as a gastroenterologist, oncologist, pulmonologist, or gynecologist may also be required.

Briefly about first aid:

If the bleeding is severe, the victim should be laid down and his legs elevated.
You can temporarily stop the bleeding by squeezing the damaged vessel or by strongly bending the limb or applying a tourniquet.
Call emergency services immediately.
The wound must not be touched, washed, or foreign bodies removed from it.
If the wound surface is contaminated, then its edges must be cleaned in the direction away from the wound; Apply an antiseptic such as iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide around the damage; Iodine should not get inside the wound.

Four main types of bleeding

Depending on the source, the following main types of bleeding are distinguished:

1. First aid for arterial bleeding

The damaged artery must be immediately pressed against the adjacent bone to temporarily stop the bleeding.

Methods of pressing arteries:

Carotid artery – press your palm to the back of the victim’s neck and press the fingers of the other hand on the artery.
The brachial artery is easily accessible and must be pressed against the humerus.
It is quite difficult to stop bleeding from the subclavian artery. To do this, you need to take the victim’s hand back and press the artery located behind the collarbone to the first rib.
You have to press hard on the axillary artery with your fingers to squeeze it, because it is located quite deep.
The femoral artery is very large and must be pressed against the femur with a fist. If this is not done, the victim may die within 2-3 minutes.
The popliteal artery must be pressed into the knee fossa, which does not require much effort.

The location of some arteries on the human body and where they stop

Areas on the human body that supply arteries and places where they need to be clamped during bleeding

First aid for bleeding from the arteries of the extremities is performed by compressing them, strongly bending the limb and applying a tourniquet. If you cannot squeeze the vessel of the limb with your fingers, you need to bend the limb as much as possible, after first placing a thick gauze roller on the inside of the joint.

If the blood continues to flow, a tourniquet must be applied. It must be provided quickly, since the blood flows out very intensely.

The tourniquet can be held for up to half an hour in winter and up to an hour in summer. If the doctor does not arrive within the specified period of time, you must slowly remove the tourniquet and wait until blood circulation is restored. After that, apply it again. In this case, the pulse on the injured limb should not be palpable. Then the bleeding will stop.

We must remember that if used incorrectly, a tourniquet poses a greater danger than the bleeding itself.

If there is no special tourniquet, it can be replaced with materials such as a towel, belt, bandage. They are twisted with a stick and secured to prevent unwinding. Shoelaces, thin rope and similar materials must not be used.

2. Assisting with bleeding from a vein

Such blood loss occurs with deep injuries. First aid for venous bleeding is carried out immediately. Injured veins can suck in air because the pressure in them is lower than atmospheric pressure. In this case, air bubbles can clog blood vessels in various organs, which can lead to the death of the victim.

When providing assistance, the wound should not be washed or cleaned of dirt and blood clots. You need to do the following:

In order to apply a bandage correctly, you need to:

When bandaging your hand, you need to bend it.
If a leg is bandaged, it must also be bent at the knee.
When applying a bandage, cover half of its previous turn.
The position of the bandaged limb must be left the same as it was before bandaging.

Bandage for venous bleeding

3. First aid for capillary bleeding

It often stops on its own. Characteristic is the slow leakage of blood from the entire wound surface. However, there are also serious injuries accompanied by significant blood loss. The greatest danger is caused by internal capillary bleeding.

The main causes of bleeding from capillaries:

Blood diseases accompanied by impaired blood clotting.
Various traumatic injuries.
Vascular diseases (tumors, purulent inflammation of the skin affecting capillaries).
Common diseases affecting the walls of blood vessels such as neoplasms, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis.
Hormonal disorders.

More often, capillary bleeding does not cause large blood loss; its danger lies in infection with pathogenic microbes.

When providing medical care for bleeding from the capillaries of the extremities, the following actions must be taken:

Elevate the injured limb above the heart area, which helps reduce blood loss.
For minor injuries, it is necessary to treat the skin around the wound with antiseptics. Cover the top with a bactericidal plaster.
If there is a lot of bleeding, you need to apply a pressure bandage.
If there is very strong bleeding, it is necessary to bend the limb as much as possible over the wound. If this does not help, apply a tourniquet.
Apply cold to the wound, which will help stop blood loss and reduce pain.

When bleeding from numerous capillaries of the nose, which is quite common, you also need to be able to provide assistance. The reason for this may be the weakening of the vascular wall due to colds. It can also be contributed by a hypertensive crisis, traumatic injuries to the nose and other negative factors. First you need to calm the patient down, because when a person is worried, his heart beats faster, which contributes to increased bleeding.

Steps to help with nosebleeds:

It is necessary to press the wings of the nose with your fingers, this helps to compress the bleeding vessels and stop the bleeding. The patient's head should be tilted slightly forward and not thrown back, since this will make it impossible to control the intensity of blood loss.
Apply ice or a cold object to the bridge of the nose so that the blood vessels narrow under the influence of cold. This will help reduce bleeding.
If the bleeding continues, folded pieces of bandage, previously soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide, should be inserted into the nasal passages. Leave the ends of these tampons outside and secure with a bandage.
Six hours after the bleeding has stopped, remove the tampons very carefully, after moistening their tips, being careful not to tear off the formed blood clot.
To stop the bleeding faster, the patient must be given a medicine that strengthens the walls of blood vessels - calcium preparations, Ascorutin, Rutin.
If blood loss continues, the patient must be given a hemostatic medicine (Ditsinon, Vikasol), and urgently contact an otolaryngologist or call emergency help.

Correct head position to stop nosebleeds

4. First aid for internal bleeding

Such bleeding can be caused by diseases or injuries to internal organs. It is very insidious because blood loss cannot be controlled. There is also no pain syndrome that signals danger, so internal bleeding can go unnoticed for a long time. And only when the patient’s condition deteriorates sharply is attention paid to it.

The most dangerous of bleedings is the outflow of blood from parenchymal organs, which usually do not have a cavity, and in which the arterial-venous network is well developed. These include organs such as the lungs, pancreas, and liver.

Damage to these organs can cause severe bleeding. It practically cannot stop on its own, since the vessels of these organs are fixed in the tissues and can collapse. Therefore, first aid for bleeding from parenchymal organs is carried out immediately. The causes of this type of blood loss are injuries, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis; decay or rupture of tumors.

Bleeding from internal organs may be accompanied by the gradual appearance of general subjective symptoms and objective signs, namely:

weakness;
bad feeling;
dizziness;
fainting;
lack of interest in everything;
drowsiness;
pressure drop;
paleness;
frequent pulse.

The main task of first aid for bleeding from internal organs is urgent hospitalization of the patient. Before the ambulance arrives you need to:

Lay the patient down and provide him with peace.
Apply cold to the abdomen or chest, depending on the location of the source of the suspected bleeding.
Hemostatic drugs (Aminocaproic acid, Vicasol) can be administered.

In the case of parenchymal bleeding with a sharp decrease in pressure, it is necessary to raise the patient’s legs above the heart area by about thirty to forty centimeters. Monitor your breathing and heartbeat at all times. If necessary, perform resuscitation. The patient should not be given painkillers or any other medications. Do not give food or water; rinsing the mouth with water is acceptable.

With quick and correct first aid for various types of bleeding, the prognosis is favorable; quick first aid will also contribute to a faster recovery of the victim.

Bleeding is the outpouring of blood from blood vessels into the environment (external), into the lumen of a hollow organ (internal) or into one of the body cavities (hidden). The condition can occur due to a traumatic or pathological violation of the integrity of the vessel.

Determining external bleeding is not particularly difficult, since the source can be detected. For extensive injuries, medical attention is necessary; for minor injuries, you can try to stop the blood loss yourself.

You can detect internal bleeding yourself or with the assistance of a medical professional. To determine hidden bleeding, various instrumental diagnostic methods are used.

You can determine the type of bleeding, its severity and take measures to stop it, knowing the clinical signs of the condition and the algorithm of actions for blood loss.

Classification

Bleeding is classified according to several criteria.

Taking into account the area in which the blood is shed, the following types of bleeding are distinguished:

External, in which blood is poured into the external environment, and the source is a wound surface, an open fracture or crushed soft tissue;
Internal, hemorrhage occurs in the lumen of hollow organs that communicate with the outside world (intestines, bladder, stomach, etc.);
Hidden, which is characterized by the outpouring of blood into a body cavity that has no communication with the external environment (articular, pericardial, abdominal cavities, cerebral ventricles, interfascial space, etc.).

Depending on which blood vessel was damaged, bleeding is distinguished, which have their own distinctive features:

Type of bleeding	Development mechanism	Peculiarities
arterial	violation of the integrity of the arterial wall	A pulsating stream of bright scarlet blood. Blood loss is rapid, the condition is life-threatening for the patient.
venous	complete violation of the vein wall	A slow stream of dark cherry-colored blood. The rate of blood loss is slightly lower.
capillary	capillary damage	drip of blood
Parenchymal	Damage to the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, etc. Also develops with damage to cavernous tissue or spongy bone substance	External signs are erased. Symptoms of general blood loss are noted in the form of: weakness; dizziness; fainting; loss of consciousness; threadlike pulse; tachycardia; a sharp decrease or absence of blood pressure.
mixed	simultaneous damage to several types of vessels	Combines symptoms of several types of bleeding.

Bleeding is classified according to severity:

Considering the origin, bleeding is divided into:

Traumatic, the development of which occurs as a result of injuries to organs and tissues;
Pathological that develop against the background of pathological processes in organs or due to high vascular permeability.

Traumatic bleeding is divided according to the time of its occurrence into:

Primary that develop immediately after injury;
Early secondary, the development of which occurs during or after surgery;
Late secondary associated with post-traumatic suppuration with melting of the vascular wall.

Causes of bleeding

The main causes of bleeding are:

Mechanical, thermal, chemical damage to soft tissues and/or organs;
Vascular pathologies;
Diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system;
Some common diseases, vitamin deficiency, intoxication, which contribute to the destruction of vascular walls;
Diseases of various organs, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, cancer, neoplasms of benign etiology, ulceration of the mucous membranes, etc.

Symptoms

General symptoms of bleeding, both external and internal, are presented:

Weakness, general malaise;
Feeling dizzy;
Thirsty;
Feeling of suffocation, lack of air, strong heartbeat.

External signs of blood loss of various origins and severity are considered:

Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes;
The appearance of cold sweat;
Increased heart rate;
Shortness of breath;
Urinary disorders, complete absence;
A sharp decrease in blood pressure;
Weak, rapid pulse (thread-like);
Confusion, fainting.

Signs of internal bleeding:

localization of bleeding	signs
lungs	discharge of blood during coughing (hemoptysis). Blood of bright red color with a foamy structure
stomach	blood is brown, sometimes with clots
intestines	feces become black in color and have a tarry consistency
kidneys, urinary tract	the urine becomes red, there is an admixture of clots
uterus and genitals	discharge of red blood with fragments of mucous membrane
rectum	there are drops of scarlet blood on the surface of the stool

Signs of hidden bleeding:

Types of bleeding and first aid rules

Arterial bleeding

Arterial bleeding is a serious threat to the victim due to rapid blood loss. A distinctive feature of this condition is the outpouring of bright scarlet blood, the outflow of which occurs with the pulsation of the heart in a gushing flow.

With this type of bleeding, emergency assistance should be provided no later than 2-3 minutes after its formation. If a large artery has been damaged, the time to provide assistance is reduced to 1-2 minutes. If assistance is not provided in a timely manner, the pathology leads to loss of consciousness, coma and death.

The algorithm for providing assistance for arterial bleeding depends on the location of the injury and the type of damaged artery.

First thing to do- squeeze the site of injury with your fingers or fist, thereby trying to stop blood loss.

Important: when providing emergency assistance, it is necessary to take into account which artery was damaged and, based on this, stop the bleeding.

artery	how to compress an artery
general sleepiness	Using your fingers, press the artery to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the cervical spine. Pressure should be applied to the middle of the inner edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
maxillary	press the vessel to the front of the masseter muscle
temporal	press forward from the top of the ear with your fingers
subclavian	press the artery with your fingers or fist from behind the outer edge of the clavicle to the first rib
humeral	press the vessel to the bone along the inner edge of the biceps muscle
femoral	press your fist to the pubis (carefully!) or to the thigh
popliteal	press with your fist in the center of the popliteal cavity

The permissible duration of holding the fixing tourniquet is 2 hours in hot periods and 1 - 1.5 hours in cold conditions. After squeezing the artery, a tourniquet must be applied to the wounded limb, which will prevent blood loss.
The tourniquet is applied at least 20 cm above the site of blood effusion, having previously placed a cloth (handkerchief, sleeve, pant leg, etc.) under it. The first few turns of the tourniquet around the limb should be less tight, then the subsequent turns will be tighter.
After such manipulations, bleeding is significantly reduced, but if this does not happen, then incorrect application (which requires an emergency repeat application) or venous bleeding can be assumed.
If it is impossible to apply a hemostatic tourniquet (wound to the neck, damage to the brachial and femoral arteries above the required area), they try to stop the bleeding by external compression of the vessel, tamponade of the wound with sterile material.

Important: Immediately after the bleeding stops, the victim must be taken to the hospital! After the permissible time for holding the tourniquet has expired, in the absence of qualified medical assistance, it must be loosened for a few minutes, while firmly pressing the wound.

When a limb is fixed with a tourniquet for a longer period of time, tissue death occurs, which leads to irreversible consequences and, sometimes, amputation. The risk of developing gas gangrene also increases.

Venous bleeding and ways to stop it

Venous bleeding is divided according to the characteristics of its occurrence and severity.

So, bleeding is distinguished:

From the superficial veins of the extremities;
From deep veins;
From the veins of the head and neck.

Superficial veins are represented by the venous network of the wrists on the inside, the central veins of the shoulders and forearms, the large saphenous veins of the thighs and legs on the inner surface of the limbs, and the venous plexus of the foot on the dorsum.

Deep veins include vessels that are located between the muscles.

Venous bleeding is indicated by the presence of a wound in the area of the course and location of the veins. Unlike arterial bleeding, with venous bleeding the blood is dark in color, quickly flows out in an even stream, and percutaneous pressure on the vein reduces the intensity of blood flow from the wound.

The first aid algorithm for bleeding from superficial veins includes:

Compression of the vessel below the site of injury (if the method is ineffective, compression of the vein is performed above the area of injury);
Treating the wound with an antiseptic or hydrogen peroxide;
Apply a pressure gauze bandage to the wound and the area around it.

Important: if the bleeding does not stop after the manipulations, you must call an ambulance!

Bleeding from deep veins is a serious danger, so if it occurs, it is important to take emergency measures. Any delay can cause the death of the victim.

You can stop bleeding from deep veins by strictly following the following instructions:

If the wound from which blood flows is large, it is necessary to perform a tight tamponade with a bandage soaked in hydrogen peroxide. After tamponade, a tight pressure bandage should be applied;
In the presence of linear wounds a fabric roll is placed on the wound, pressed to the site of bleeding and secured with a tight bandage;
If there is no effect from the actions taken, a tourniquet may be applied.

Important: Unlike arterial bleeding, a tourniquet for bleeding from deep veins is applied to the area BELOW the wound.

After providing first aid, the victim must be taken to the nearest hospital.

Capillary bleeding

This type of bleeding occurs due to damage to small-diameter vessels and capillaries. The flow of blood is slow, drip. The blood has a rich red color. Capillary bleeding is characterized by spontaneous stopping without external intervention.

It is not difficult to stop the flow of blood from the capillaries. Application of a tourniquet is not required; seeking qualified help from medical workers, most often, is also not necessary.

Parenchymal bleeding

This type of pathology includes bleeding from damaged vessels of parenchymal organs, which include:

Liver;
Spleen;
Pancreas;
Kidneys.

Bleeding is characterized by excessive blood loss, which can only be stopped surgically, therefore, if you suspect the development of an acute condition, you must call an ambulance.

Providing complete rest to the patient, for which it is laid on a flat surface, legs slightly raised;
Exposure of the intended area to cold by applying a heating pad with ice.

Experts allow you to take a tablet of Vikasol, Etamzilate or Aminocaproic acid.

Signs of internal bleeding and first aid for it

Bleeding into the peritoneal area is most often the result of a blunt blow to the abdomen. In most cases, the consequences of the blow are rupture of the liver or spleen. In women, such bleeding occurs when the fallopian tube ruptures during a pathological pregnancy (ectopic). Intraperitoneal bleeding is characterized by severe abdominal pain, loss of consciousness, or shock.

Pleural bleeding develops after a blow or damage to the integrity of the chest.

A large amount of blood accumulates in the pleural cavity, which puts strong pressure on the lungs, interfering with their functioning. Pleural bleeding is indicated by the inability to breathe normally, shortness of breath, or lack of air.

In some liver pathologies, veins may rupture, which leads to the development of esophageal bleeding. Bleeding from the stomach is caused by an ulcer of the organ mucosa, a neoplasm or injury.

A sign of esophageal bleeding is: vomiting fresh or clotted blood or mixed with blood.

If internal bleeding is suspected, before calling an ambulance (this must be done), the victim is placed in a semi-sitting position, with his knees bent and pressed to his stomach. An ice pack is placed on the stomach or chest (depending on the location of the bleeding).

Important: If there is bleeding into the abdominal cavity, it is strictly forbidden to feed and water the victim.

Due to a strong blow to the chest area, rib fracture or exacerbation of tuberculosis, pulmonary hemorrhage may occur. Symptoms of the condition include coughing up bloody foam and difficulty breathing.

To stop bleeding, the victim is placed in a semi-sitting position, with a thick cushion placed under his back. The chest area must be freed from any clothing and an ice compress must be applied.

Important: In case of pulmonary hemorrhage, the victim is prohibited from moving and talking.

Video: Methods to stop venous bleeding

Why is bleeding dangerous?

The main, but not the only important function of blood is the transport of oxygen and nutrients. Blood nourishes tissues and organs, while simultaneously removing metabolic products and carbon dioxide from them.

With extensive blood loss, there is a significant loss of this vital substance by the body. The heart and nervous system are most sensitive to a lack of oxygen. Death of the brain when its blood supply is completely stopped occurs in less than 6 minutes.

If blood loss is incomplete, the person is also at serious risk. The fact is that blood tones the blood vessels, and when it is lost, they collapse. In this case, the blood that still remains in the body becomes useless. This condition is called “vascular collapse” or “vascular shock” in medical circles. If urgent measures are not taken, the condition also leads to the death of the patient.

Bleeding is a dangerous condition that can lead to death. For various bleedings, you need to know what methods exist to temporarily stop external bleeding, what are the signs of arterial and venous bleeding, when emergency hospitalization is necessary and what to do to save a human life.

For injuries or illnesses that are accompanied by large blood loss, emergency medical attention is required.