A fifth-generation broad-spectrum antibiotic. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list of names

Antibiotics are chemicals, produced by microorganisms. There are also synthetic antibiotics. Both have a common goal - bacteria. There are 7,300 different species found in our environment. And of course, to fight them you need a real arsenal. Let's look at the list of antibiotics in alphabetical order.

Antibiotics in human life

Today there is large number antibiotics, more than 10,000 types, with in various ways actions. Some, such as penicillin, act on the walls or membranes of bacteria, causing their destruction. The actions of others are aimed at blocking their development and survival. Finally, there are antibiotics that act directly at the DNA level of bacteria, preventing their division and proliferation.

But there is one significant problem: the longer we use antibiotics, the more bacteria appear that can resist them. Over the years the development pharmaceuticals makes it possible to bypass this resistance, thanks to increasingly new generations of antibacterial drugs. However, the ability of bacteria to adapt and block the action of antibiotics remains a major public health problem.

Classification of antibiotics. New generation drugs with a wide spectrum of action

There are several classifications of antibiotics. Here are the most common ones:

biochemical;
in accordance with their spectrum of action.

The spectrum of action is understood as a list of bacterial species that are affected by this antibiotic actively influences. Antibiotic wide range acts on a large number of bacteria - bacilli, gram-positive and negative cocci. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics only affect bacilli and gram-positive cocci.

Of interest to us is the classification of antibiotics by mode of action:

bactericidal agents that inhibit the synthesis of bacterial membranes:
beta-lactams;
glycopeptides;
fosfomycins;
antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome:
macrolides;
tetracyclines;
aminoglycosides;
chloramphenicol;
antibacterial drugs, the action of which is based on inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis:
quinolones;
rifampicins;
sulfonamides.

Considering the long and long-term confrontation between bacteria and bactericidal agents, all these types of drugs are represented by several generations. Each subsequent generation is distinguished by a more advanced degree of purity of the composition, which makes them less toxic to humans.

We offer you an alphabetical list of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action:

"Avelox";
"Azithromycin";
"Amoxiclav";
"Hepacef";
"Doxycycline";
"Clarithromycin";
"Klacid";
"Lincomycin";
"Naklofen";
"Rovamycin";
"Roxithromycin";
"Rulid";
"Suprax";
"Tazid";
"Fuzidin";
"Cephabol";
"Cefodox";
"Cefumax".

Below is a list of antibiotics in alphabetical order for sinusitis for oral administration and in the form of an injection solution:

"Amoxiclav";
"Amoxil";
"Amoxicillin";
"Ampioks";
"Arlet";
"Grunamox";
"Zitrolide";
"Macropen";
"Ospamox";
"Rovamycin";
"Cefazolin";
"Cephalexin";
"Cefotaxime";
"Ceftriaxone";
"Tsifran".

Antibiotic names in alphabetical order for children:

At inflammatory diseases bronchi and lungs:
"Amoxiclav";
"Amoxicillin";
"Ampicillin";
"Augmentin";
"Flemoxin Solutab".
For the treatment of ENT diseases:
"Zinacef";
"Zinnat";
"Cefutil".
For bacterial infections respiratory tract:
"Azithromycin";
"Hemomycin."

Features of taking antibiotics

Taking antibiotics, like any medicine, requires following some simple rules:

Most antibiotic treatment involves two or three doses daily. It is important to establish a regular rhythm of taking your medication by choosing fixed hours.
With or without food? In principle, optimal time- half an hour before meals, but there are exceptions. Some antibiotics are better absorbed with fat and must be taken with food, so it is important to read the instructions before starting treatment. Tablets and capsules should be taken with water.
The duration of antibiotic treatment should be sufficient to clear the infection. It is very important not to stop treatment when symptoms disappear! As a rule, the initial course is 5-6 days or longer as directed by the doctor.
Never resort to self-medication and follow your doctor’s instructions exactly. Monitor your body's response for side effects.

The cold is one of the most common diseases. It is rare to meet an adult, much less a child, who does not catch a cold at least once a year.

What do you mean by a cold?

The main provocateurs of colds are various types viruses that, when entering the human body through the respiratory tract, provoke the launch of complex processes.

The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and begins to destroy it.

Viruses, causing colds, in the human body they find a medium for reproduction, using nutrient medium cells, they literally make the cells work for themselves.

Gradually immune system weakens, the cells become defenseless, thereby creating favorable conditions for the reproduction of other microorganisms.

In the classical manifestation a cold develops gradually. At the initial stage, a sore throat appears, then a runny nose appears.

At the first symptoms, many people go to pharmacies in search of antibiotics for colds, which are effective and, of course, inexpensive.

In this case antibiotic treatment is unjustified, immunity must try on our own overcome the disease. Only if the symptoms worsen should you think about taking such drugs.

Cold symptoms

The concept of “cold” hides more than a dozen diseases caused by various harmful microorganisms.

High temperature is the main symptom of a cold

But all these microorganisms have one similarity - they lead to the same symptoms:

headache;
body aches;
chills;
discomfort in the throat;
temperature not exceeding 37.5 degrees.

In some cases, symptoms go away on their own, the disease recedes, but this can only happen to those people who have excellent immunity, capable of independently coping with the disease.

Such hardened people, with strong immunity, do not need to take antibiotics for colds. Even if they are inexpensive and effective, there is no need to rush.

On average Cold symptoms last from 2 to 7 days. They can come in different combinations and each person experiences them differently.

If not treated properly, complications are possible - sinusitis, sinusitis, therefore, it is important not to start the disease, but to treat it.

When is it necessary to take antibiotics?

Use of antibiotic drugs for initial stages illness is not justified. Microorganisms that cause colds multiply and cause inflammation. All these processes occur quite quickly, the duration of a cold is viral form 3-4 first days.

Antibiotics are started when the cold drags on and complications appear.

It is worth taking antibiotics if general health worsens:

is happening sharp increase temperature;
there is chills;
pain in the throat and ears increases;
cough and shortness of breath intensify;
lymph nodes enlarge.

If you miss these symptoms and do not take action, the situation may worsen with pneumonia, bronchitis or sore throat.

Antibiotics prescribed in such cases are a necessary measure.

If you can’t see a doctor, you can choose antibiotics for colds, which are inexpensive and effective, on your own; some types are available without a prescription.

Pay attention! Antibiotics do not harm the body. Their improper use, chaotic and uncontrolled changes, and failure to follow instructions can cause harm.

List of effective antibiotics

When choosing antibiotics, proceed from the location of the site of inflammation, the nature and intensity of the symptoms of the disease.

Important! Before starting to use medications in mandatory you need to study the instructions, become familiar with possible side effects, the fewer of them, the better.

Antibiotics for colds, inexpensive and effective, broad spectrum:

Ampicillin: semisynthetic antibiotic indicated for use in mixed infectious diseases: peritonitis, sore throat, infections urinary tract, gonorrhea. Side effects: urticaria, angioedema, may rarely occur anaphylactic shock. Not recommended for asthma or liver disease. Price from 15 to 55 rubles.

: used for bronchitis, infections of the nose, respiratory tract, ears and throat, pneumonia, cystitis. Ammoxicillin contains penicillin, so use is contraindicated for people sensitive to this substance. The use of the drug is also not recommended for people suffering from asthma and allergic diathesis. The price varies from 65 to 110 rubles.

: the most powerful drug, which only needs to be taken once a day. To get rid of cold symptoms and cure a respiratory tract infection, it is enough to take a three-day course of treatment. The drug is indicated for the treatment of sore throat, sinusitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, otitis media, urethritis. Contraindicated in children under 6 months. The price varies between 100-150 rubles.

: one of the safest and effective drugs, belonging to the group of macrolides, successfully inhibits the growth and development of bacteria. Prescribed for the treatment of diseases infectious nature: bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis. Not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age, with cardiac arrhythmia, reduced level potassium, kidney disease. Price from 230 to 450 rubles, depending on the manufacturer.

: second generation drug, indicated for exacerbation of bronchitis, inflammation of the respiratory tract, pneumonia, pyoderma, tonsillitis, furunculosis, urethritis. Contraindicated for gastrointestinal diseases and kidney diseases. Headache, drowsiness, hearing loss, chills - side effects medicine. Price in tablets from 350 rubles.

: semi-synthetic antibiotic 3rd generation. It is used for bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. Not recommended for children with renal failure and children whose weight is less than 25 kg. Approximate price: 450 rubles.

Children's colds and antibiotics

Undoubtedly A doctor must treat and prescribe medications to the child. But it’s not always possible to visit a doctor, so it’s a good idea to know the names of the antibiotics that treat colds in children.

Children should be given medications with caution.

The list of antibiotics approved for the treatment of colds for children is impressive, but it is worth considering the point that suspensions are preferable to tablets, and injections in complicated forms.

Antibiotics that are inexpensive and effective against colds and approved in pediatrics include:

zinnat (300 rubles);
ampicillin (from 20 rubles per pack);
fromilid uno (300 rubles);
flemoxin (230 rubles);
esparoxy (225 rubles);
alpha normix (750 rubles);
augmentin (240 rubles).

Observe the following rules:

When treating, use only one class of antibiotics.
If after two days the child’s fever has not subsided, but general condition does not improve, you need to think about changing the drug.
You should not take antipyretics and bactericidal drugs at the same time; syrups reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics.
Even if the symptoms of the disease have disappeared, the course of treatment cannot be interrupted.
The minimum course of treatment is at least 5 days.

If you follow these rules, there is high probability recover safely and avoid side effects.

When antibiotics are ineffective

Antibiotics do not work as expected and become useless when they are chosen incorrectly, or they are trying to cure viral diseases.

Viruses and bacteria are completely different microorganisms, with a different structure, so cure viral flu using antibiotics is unrealistic.

Using antibiotics for colds, even if they are inexpensive and effective, will not provide any benefit when treating diseases of viral origin.

Contraindications to taking antibiotics

Antibiotics are not a cure for all ills, but still chemicals that have side effects.

Antibiotics are prohibited during pregnancy

Consequences of uncontrolled use of antibiotics

Often, antibiotics can cause a malfunction in organ systems, can aggravate ulcers, disrupt intestinal flora and the functioning of the liver or kidneys, lead to severe allergic reactions, and in exceptional cases, life-threatening edema can occur.

Important! You should take antibiotics as needed, carefully read the instructions and monitor your symptoms.

The ideal option is when antibiotics are prescribed by a doctor.

Pros and cons of complex products (Coldrex, Theraflu, Rinza)

To quickly recover from a cold, modern man purchases a variety of powders such as Coldrex, Theraflu, and Rinza. Are they any good, are they capable of curing a cold?

Coldrex and similar drugs alleviate the patient's condition, but do not cure a cold.

Main the components of these substances are paracetamol and vitamin C. Latest scientific research confirmed that the miraculous ability of this vitamin to cure colds and improve immunity is a myth.

Besides ascorbic acid and paracetamol, included similar drugs includes substances that relieve swelling of blood vessels and dilate them.

Pros complex drugs : quickly and effectively relieve symptoms – headache, runny nose, fever and chills.

Cons: don't have antiviral effect, only relieve symptoms, are not able to fight microorganisms-viruses.

Such drugs can be used for prophylaxis and quick removal unpleasant symptoms, but you shouldn’t expect a full recovery.

How to deal with colds

Often a faithful companion for colds general weakness is a runny nose. To combat a runny nose, there are nasal sprays that have a vasodilating effect.

For treatment cold runny nose use drops and aerosol.

After irrigation with an aerosol, the vessels in the nose narrow, swelling decreases and the nose is cleared of mucus accumulated in it. You shouldn't overuse these drops. since they provoke dryness of the nasal cavity and can lead to loss of smell.

For advanced and complicated runny nose, drops containing antibiotics are a great help.

When using such drops, the formation of antibiotic resistance is minimal, the risk of allergies is reduced, due to the fact that the drops do not enter the general bloodstream.

Drops do no harm healthy microflora body, since they are applied topically and do not spread beyond the nose. Due to the fact that the microflora is not destroyed, antibiotics do not weaken the immune system. Proven and popular antibiotic drops include Polidexa and Isofra.

Ideally, treatment is prescribed by a doctor, but it is not always possible to turn to it. In such cases, antibiotics for colds will help, inexpensive and effective, which free sale can be found at any pharmacy.

The following video will tell you whether you need to take antibiotics for colds:

This video will tell you which antibiotic is best to take for a cold:

The following video will tell you about the rules for taking antibiotics:

Treatment of bacterial infections today is impossible without the use of antibiotics. Microorganisms tend to acquire resistance to chemical compounds, and old drugs are often ineffective. Therefore, pharmaceutical laboratories are constantly looking for new formulas. In many cases, infectious disease specialists prefer to use new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics, the list of which includes drugs with different active ingredients.

The principle of action of the drugs

Antibiotics act only on bacterial cells and are not able to kill viral particles.

Based on their spectrum of action, these drugs are divided into two large groups:

narrowly targeted, coping with a limited number of pathogens;
broad spectrum of action, combating different groups pathogens.

In the case where the pathogen is known exactly, antibiotics of the first group can be used. If the infection is complex and combined, or the pathogen is not identified in the laboratory, drugs of the second group are used.

Based on the principle of action, antibiotics can also be divided into two groups:

bactericides - drugs that kill bacterial cells;
bacteriostatics are drugs that stop the proliferation of microorganisms, but are not able to kill them.

Bacteriostatics are safer for the body, therefore, for mild forms of infections, preference is given to this group of antibiotics. They allow you to temporarily restrain the growth of bacteria and wait for them to die on their own. Severe infections are treated with bactericidal drugs.

List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics

The division of antibiotics into generations is heterogeneous. For example, cephalosporin drugs and fluoroquinolones are divided into 4 generations, macrolides and aminoglycosides - into 3:

Group of drugs	Generations of drugs	Drug names
Cephalosporins	I	"Cefazolin" "Cephalexin"
	II	"Cefuroxime" "Cefaclor"
	III	"Cefotaxime" "Cefixime"
	IV	"Cefepime" "Cefpirom"
Macrolides	I	"Erythromycin"
	II	"Flurithromycin" "Clarithromycin" "Roxithromycin" "Midecamycin"
	III	"Azithromycin"
Fluoroquinolones	I	Oxolinic acid
	II	"Ofloxacin"
	III	"Levofloxacin"
	IV	"Moxifloxacin" "Gemifloxacin" "Gatifloxacin"
Aminoglycosides	I	"Streptomycin"
	II	"Gentamicin"
	III	"Amikacin" "Netilmicin" "Framycetin"

Unlike older drugs, new generation antibiotics affect beneficial flora much less, are absorbed faster, and have a less toxic effect on the liver. They are able to quickly accumulate the active substance in the tissues, due to which the frequency of doses is reduced and the intervals between them increase.

What medications should I take depending on the disease?

Often the same broad-spectrum drug is prescribed for various diseases. But this does not mean that you can do without preliminary diagnosis. Only correct positioning diagnosis allows you to adequately select an antibiotic.

Treatment of bronchitis

Bronchitis is a common infectious and inflammatory disease that can lead to severe complications. Can be prescribed for the treatment of bronchitis the following drugs:

Drug name		Contraindications	Dosage
"Sumamed"		age up to 6 months;	Children over 3 years old – 2 tablets of 125 mg per day. Children under 3 years old – 2.5 to 5 ml of suspension per day.
"Avelox"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Moxifloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; violations heart rate; serious illnesses liver.	1 tablet 400 mg per day
"Gatispan"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Gatifloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; diabetes mellitus; heart rhythm disturbances; convulsions.	1 tablet 400 mg per day
"Flemoxin Solutab"		lymphocytic leukemia; gastrointestinal pathologies; pregnancy and lactation; infectious mononucleosis.

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Along with antibiotics, mucolytic and anti-inflammatory drugs are used in the treatment of bronchitis.

For pneumonia

Pneumonia should never be treated independently at home. This disease requires mandatory hospitalization and serious therapy with intramuscular or intravenous administration antibiotics.

The following injection drugs can be used to treat pneumonia in a hospital:

"Ticarcillin";
"Carbenicillin";
"Cefepime";
"Meropenem."

In some cases, antibiotics are also prescribed in tablets. These may be drugs:

"Tigeron";
"Gatispan";
"Sumamed";
"Avelox".

The dosage and frequency of doses in this case is determined individually, based on the patient’s condition and therapeutic strategy.

Antibiotics for sinusitis

The decision to prescribe antibiotics for the treatment of sinusitis is made by an ENT doctor. Therapy with these drugs is mandatory if there is purulent discharge from the sinuses and intense headaches:

Drug name	Group and active substance	Contraindications	Dosage
"AzitRus"	A group of macrolides, the active ingredient is Azithromycin.	severe violations liver functions; age up to 3 years; individual intolerance.	Adults and children over 12 years old – 1 capsule or tablet of 500 mg per day. Children over 3 years old – 10 mg per 1 kg of weight per day.
"Faktiv"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Gemifloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; heart rhythm disturbances; severe liver diseases.	1 tablet 320 mg per day
"Flemoclav Solutab"	Penicillin group, active ingredient – Amoxicillin.	lymphocytic leukemia; gastrointestinal pathologies; pregnancy and lactation; age up to 3 years; infectious mononucleosis.	Adults and children over 12 years old – 1 tablet of 500 mg 3 times a day. Children under 12 years old – 25 mg per 1 kg of weight per day.

Before prescribing antibiotics, the ENT doctor usually gives a referral for bacterial culture and an antibiogram to determine the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to a particular active substance.

For sore throat

In everyday life it is commonly called sore throat acute tonsillitis– inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. The bacterial form of sore throat is caused by streptococci or staphylococci, and this disease can only be treated with antibiotics:

Drug name	Group and active substance	Contraindications	Dosage
"Macropen"	A group of macrolides, the active substance is Midecamycin.	liver diseases; age up to 3 years; individual intolerance.	Adults and children weighing over 30 kg – 1 tablet of 400 mg 3 times a day.
"Rulid"	A group of macrolides, the active ingredient is Roxithromycin.	age up to 2 months; pregnancy and lactation.	Adults and children weighing over 40 kg – 2 tablets of 150 mg 1-2 times a day. In other cases, the dosage is calculated individually.
"Flemoxin Solutab"	Penicillin group, active ingredient – Amoxicillin.	lymphocytic leukemia; gastrointestinal pathologies; pregnancy and lactation; infectious mononucleosis.	Adults – 1 tablet of 500 mg 2 times a day. Children over 10 years old – 2 tablets of 250 mg 2 times a day. Children over 3 years old – 1 tablet 250 mg 3 times a day. Children under 3 years old – 1 tablet 125 mg 3 times a day.

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It is important to understand that if acute tonsillitis is not bacterial, but viral nature, it is useless to treat it with antibiotics. Only a doctor can distinguish between these two forms of the disease, so you should not take any medications without his consultation.

Colds and flu

Respiratory infections, which in everyday life are called colds, as well as influenza are caused by viruses. Therefore, antibiotics are used in their treatment only in one case: if the disease is complicated and viral infection bacterial joins.

In such situations, therapy is usually started with penicillin antibiotics:

"Flemoxin Solutab";
"Flemoclav Solutab".

If no improvement is observed after 72 hours after starting to take these drugs, new generation macrolides are added to therapy:

"Sumamed";
"Rulid";
"AzitRus".

Antibiotic regimen for treatment respiratory infections standard, but medical supervision necessary in this case as well.

Infections of the genitourinary system

Urogenital infections can be caused by pathogens of various natures - viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa. Therefore, it makes sense to start treatment only after a thorough laboratory diagnostics and determining the type of pathogen.

In mild cases, the infection can be removed from the urinary tract using the following medications:

“Furadonin” – 2 mg per 1 kg of weight 3 times a day;
“Furazolidone” – 2 tablets 0.05 g 4 times a day;
“Palin” – 1 capsule 2 times a day.

In more difficult situations When pathogens are highly resistant (resistant) to chemical influences, broad-spectrum antibiotics can be prescribed:

Drug name	Group and active substance	Contraindications	Dosage
"Abaktal"	A group of fluoroquinolones, the active substance is Pefloxacin.	pregnancy and lactation; age under 18 years; hemolytic anemia; individual intolerance.	1 tablet 400 mg 1-2 times a day.
"Monural"	A derivative of phosphonic acid, the active substance is Fosfomycin.	age up to 5 years; individual intolerance; severe renal failure.	Single dose – dissolve 3 g of powder in 50 g of water and take on an empty stomach before bed.
"Cefixime"	A group of cephalosporins, the active substance is Cefixime.	individual intolerance.	Adults and children over 12 years old – 1 tablet of 400 mg 1 time per day. Children under 12 years old – 8 mg per 1 kg of weight 1 time per day.

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Along with antibiotics during treatment genitourinary infections appointed drinking plenty of fluids and diuretic drugs. In severe cases, injections of the drug Amikacin are advisable.

Antifungal drugs

To treat fungal infections, drugs with fungistatic or fungicidal effects are used. They differ from the drugs listed above and are classified into a separate class, within which there are three groups:

As with the treatment of bacterial infections, the treatment of fungal diseases requires accurate diagnosis pathogen and strict specialist control.

For eye disease

Antibiotics for treatment eye diseases Available in the form of ointments or drops. They are prescribed if the ophthalmologist has diagnosed conjunctivitis, blepharitis, meibomitis, keratitis and a number of other infections.

Most often, therapy is carried out using the following drugs:

"Tsipromed" - drops containing Ciprofloxacin;
“Albucid” – drops with sulfacetamide;
"Dilaterol" - drops based on tobramycin;
“Tobrex” is an analogue of “Dilaterol” in the form of an ointment;
"Kolbiocin" is a multicomponent ointment containing tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sodium colistimethate.

A specific drug is prescribed based on the diagnosis, severity of the disease and individual characteristics patient.

Inexpensive new generation antibiotics

The cost of new generation antibiotics is never low, so you can save money only by buying inexpensive analogues. They are produced based on the same active ingredients, however, the degree of chemical purification of such drugs may be lower, and excipients The cheapest ones are taken for their production.

You can replace some expensive antibiotics using the following table:

Another way to save money is to buy older antibiotics, not the same ones. latest generation.

For example, in many cases the following proven antibacterial drugs can help out:

"Erythromycin";
"Ceftriaxone";
"Bicillin";
"Cefazolin";
"Ampicillin."

If after starting treatment inexpensive antibiotics More than 72 hours have passed and there is no improvement in the condition, you must urgently consult a doctor and change the drug.

Can it be used during pregnancy?

Antibiotics during pregnancy are prescribed by doctors only in in case of emergency and after a thorough analysis of possible risks.

But even in such situations, drugs of the following groups are not used:

all fluoroquinolones;
macrolides based on roxithromycin, clarithromycin, midecamycin;
all aminoglycosides.

Only the attending physician can decide on the advisability of prescribing antibiotics during pregnancy. Self-administration any drugs, even relatively safe ones and those belonging to the new generation, are strictly prohibited.

Appearing at the beginning of the 20th century, antibiotics saved millions of people. Modern antibiotics used to treat a wide range of diseases, including plague and cancerous tumors.

Antibiotic: what is it?

The name "antibiotic" is of Greek origin and literally means "against life."

The main purpose of an antibiotic is to destroy or suppress the vital activity (growth and division) of pathogenic cells: prokaryotic or protozoan pathogens. At the same time, antibiotics inhibit and beneficial microflora body.

An antibiotic is an antibacterial drug of plant, animal or microbial, that is, natural origin.

Antibacterial drugs synthetic origin are called antibacterial chemotherapy drugs. Antibiotics of natural origin and antibacterial chemotherapy drugs are now combined under general concept"antibiotic".

Different types of antibiotics have different effects on living bacterial cells. Some cause their death. Others prevent their vital activity, allowing the body's immune forces to independently destroy the remaining pathogens.

Antibiotic: application

Antibiotics are used in the treatment of diseases that have bacterial nature, that is, caused by the appearance and spread of pathogenic pathogens in the body.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat large number diseases: bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, diseases genitourinary system, cancerous tumors, purulent lesions organs and tissues, venereal diseases etc.

It is useless to treat diseases of viral origin with antibiotics: hepatitis, influenza, herpes, chickenpox, measles, rubella.

Antibiotics: discovery

Alexander Fleming is considered the discoverer of antibiotics. In the scientist’s laboratory, mold spores accidentally fell into a test tube with staphylococci. A few days later, the scientist discovered that the growing mold had destroyed the staphylococci. At that time, the scientific world considered Fleming's discovery unconvincing and unpromising.

The English biochemist Ernst Chain was subsequently able to extract penicillin from pure form and set up production medical supplies based on it in the 40s of the twentieth century. Industrial production penicillin began at the end of World War II.

In 1942, an analogue of penicillin appeared in the USSR, more effective and cheaper than the English drug.

Today there are more than 30 groups of antibacterial drugs.

Antibiotics: main types

Modern antibiotics of the latest generation differ in origin and mechanism of action on microorganisms. Accordingly, they are used in the treatment different types diseases.

Penicillins or β-lactam antibiotics

Penicillins were the first antibiotics developed from Penicillium fungi. They have been actively used since the late 40s of the twentieth century. Penicillins revolutionized medicine, eliminating many previously incurable diseases, such as plague and smallpox.

Penicillins have a bactericidal effect, which is manifested in the fact that they prevent the release of the enzyme peptidoglycan, the main component of bacterial walls. Without this enzyme, bacteria die. Today, like 70 years ago, penicillins are widely used in medical practice.

Bacteria are constantly modified to adapt to medicines. The new generation of broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotics are protected by clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam, which do not allow bacteria to affect the antibacterial drug.

Among the disadvantages penicillin antibiotics – allergic reactions to its components. Penicillin is contraindicated for some people because it causes severe allergic reactions, including swelling of the larynx, which can lead to death from suffocation.

Naturally occurring penicillins are synthesized by fungi. The spectrum of their effect on microorganisms is narrow and they are not protected from enzymes that are secreted by some pathogenic bacteria.

Penicillins of semi-synthetic origin are resistant to enzymes produced by bacteria - penicillinases: oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, methicillin, nafcillin.

Broad-spectrum penicillins: mezlocillin, azlocillin, mecillam.

Cephalosporins

β-lactam drugs of synthetic and semi-synthetic origin, which are resistant to enzymes produced by bacteria.
Just like penicillins, cephalosporins provoke allergic reactions in the body.

Currently, several generations of cephalosporins are produced.

1st generation: cefadroxil, cephalexin.
2nd generation: cefuroxime (Axetil), cefaclor.
3rd generation: ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizadime, cefoperazone, ceftibuten.
4th generation: cefepime.

These drugs are used in the treatment of severe diseases of the nasopharynx and ear, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea, as well as during surgical operations to prevent complications.

Macrolides

On at the moment azithromycin is best antibiotic broad spectrum of action, which is least toxic to the body and practically does not cause allergic reactions.

Macrolide drugs penetrate the cells of microorganisms and prevent their growth and division. From blood macrolides into as soon as possible are localized at the source of infection and prevent its spread.

The antibiotic accumulates in the body and affects pathogenic bacteria even with a single use of the drug.

Scope of application: inflammation of the middle ear and sinuses, bronchi and lungs, tonsils, infections of the pelvic organs.

Tetracyclines

The most famous antibiotic with pronounced bacteriostatic properties. Tetracyclines are effective in local application. Among the disadvantages of tetracyclines is that microorganisms quickly develop resistance to them. Therefore, they are used mainly in the treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, and mycoplasmosis.

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides have a pronounced bactericidal effect; they destroy microorganisms that are sensitive to them.

These antibiotics act quickly and effectively on many severe infections, including those that do not cause painful symptoms.
The mechanism of action of aminoglycosides does not depend on the state of the patient’s immunity, but aerobic conditions are required to trigger it. They are not effective in dead tissue or tissue with poor circulation, such as in the treatment of abscesses and cavities.

Scope of application: furunculosis, urinary tract infections, inflammation inner ear, endocarditis, pneumonia, sepsis, bacterial infection kidney

Fluoroquinolones

Potent broad-spectrum antibiotics. They have a strong bactericidal effect, destroying DNA synthesis by bacterial cells, which causes their death.

These strong antibiotics broad spectrum of action is not prescribed to children and pregnant women. They have a pronounced side effect on the activity of the musculoskeletal system: bones and joints.

Due to their strong bactericidal effect, fluoroquinolones are used topically - in the form of drops for the ears and eyes.

Scope of application: cholera, coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, salmonella, mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella, gonococcus, meningococcus, mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Drugs: gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin.

Antibiotics: danger

Antibiotics destroy not only pathogens, but also the natural microflora of the body, including intestinal microflora.
The use of antibiotics in the treatment of some diseases, such as viral ones, is useless.

Prescribe a drug that is effective for specific disease, maybe only qualified specialist– a doctor, taking into account the nature and course of the disease.

In order to select a drug individually, you need to do a bacterial culture, which will determine the type of antibacterial drug that is effective in this particular case of the disease.

Antibiotics save millions of lives every day, but these drugs have a strong effect on the entire body as a whole and their use uncontrolled is, at the very least, irresponsible.

Many drugs have a number of contraindications and can cause irreparable harm to the body.

Before using an antibiotic, you should consult your doctor - there are no harmless antibiotics!

The term cold refers to a group of acute respiratory infections that are widespread among all age groups diseases having various degrees heaviness and clinical manifestations, depending on the level of damage to the respiratory tract and the severity of general intoxication.

In order to make a decision, you need to understand how the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections differs from acute respiratory viral infections.

ARI stands for acute respiratory disease.

This is the primary diagnosis that can be made by an emergency room or emergency room doctor. That is, before they are carried out additional research to clarify the localization of the inflammatory process and the nature of the pathogen. ARI can be viral, fungal and bacterial in nature.

ARVI is an acute viral infection that affects the respiratory tract.

It can be caused by influenza viruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial infection. Also inflammatory process may be associated with a mixed flora (viral-mycoplasma, a combination of several viruses, or a combination of a virus and bacteria). A complicated course of ARVI with activation of the secondary tank is possible. flora and the addition of bronchitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, sinusitis. In such cases, they are prescribed necessarily as etiotropic therapy aimed at destroying the bacterial pathogen.

That is, antibiotics for flu and colds are prescribed for severe cases to prevent bacterial complications or with a moderate course, complicated by the tank. infection.
Antibacterial drugs are not prescribed for pure, not severe and not complicated ARVI, since this group does not affect viruses.

Classification of acute respiratory infections

1. By the nature of the pathogen:

viral;
bacterial;
fungal;
associated with mixed flora.

2. By level of damage:

(uncomplicated; complicated by sinusitis);
pharyngo-tonsillitis;
laryngotracheitis;
unspecified or multiple localization.

3. Downstream:

complicated;
not complicated.

4. According to the severity of the disease:

light;
average;
heavy.

Bacterial (1) or viral (2) infection?

1

A bacterial infection is characterized by a prolonged increase in body temperature and a decreased response to antipyretics as the disease progresses. Prolonged course of the disease with worsening condition. The appearance of purulent, viscous discharge from the nose or greenish-yellow sputum, plaque on the tonsils is specific. Enlarged lymph nodes are usually local. Those closest to the source of infection are affected. Nodes in other groups may enlarge as microadenopathy.

Blood tests show leukocytosis, a significant acceleration of the leukocyte sedimentation rate, a shift leukocyte formula to the left, a decrease in the number of lymphocytes is possible.
If these symptoms or laboratory indicators are detected, antibiotics against colds are prescribed.

2

A viral infection is characterized by severe catarrhal symptoms (nasal discharge and sputum - mucous, transparent, profuse). The high temperature lasts only in the first days of the disease. Fever lasting more than five days serious reason think about the tank. component. Possibly generalized enlargement lymph nodes, hypertrophy of the tonsils (without purulent effusion).

IN general analysis blood reveals a normal or reduced level of leukocytes, normal or slightly increased ESR, increased content lymphocytes and monocytes (the appearance of atypical mononuclear cells, in combination with enlarged lymph nodes, liver and spleen, hypertrophy of the tonsils and nasal congestion, indicates infectious mononucleosis).

Treatment of pure, uncomplicated acute respiratory viral infections

Recommended bed rest(until temperature normalizes) and plenty of drinking regimen.
When the temperature rises above 38 degrees, the use of antipyretic drugs is indicated (Nimesudide ®, Nise ®, Paracetamol ®, Ibuprofen ® syrups are used for children).
For moderate cases, interferon preparations are used in the form rectal suppositories(Viferon ®);
Antiviral drugs are effective only in the first three days of the disease. Prescribed Groprinosin ®, Novirin ®, Arbidol ®);
Use for nasal congestion vasoconstrictor drops(Nazol ®, Nazivin ®, Rinorus ®);
Effective for eliminating the symptoms of conjunctivitis eye drops(Normax ®, Aktipol ®);
Antihistamines (Zodak ®, Loratadine ®);
For excessive sputum discharge, Ambroxol ® and Lazolvan ® are indicated; for dry cough, Omnitus ® is indicated. In the case of an obstructive component in children and the appearance of respiratory failure, use Ascoril ® and inhalation with Ventolin through a nebulizer;
The use of ascorbic acid for influenza is effective; Ascorutin ® is also prescribed to prevent capillary fragility.

What antibiotics should I take for a cold complicated by a bacterial component?

Choice antimicrobial agent depends on the nature of the pathogen and the severity of the disease.

Ampicillin ® for colds

Undesirable drug combinations

Before prescribing ampicillin for a cold, it is necessary to find out whether the patient has concomitant diseases requiring constant use of medications.

In the presence of pathology gastrointestinal tract requiring the use of antacids, it is necessary to warn the patient that they sharply reduce the absorption of the antibiotic. Therefore, the time interval between the use of ampicillin and antacids should be at least two hours.

Semi-synthetic penicillins have pharmaceutical incompatibility with aminoglycosides when administered or taken simultaneously.

It is also important to remember that antimicrobials reduce efficiency hormonal contraceptives, therefore it is necessary to notify the patient of the increased risk unwanted pregnancy during treatment.

Patients with gout taking allopurinol ® have high risk non-allergic "ampicillin" rash.

It is not prescribed to patients receiving treatment with methotrexate ®, since the joint administration of these drugs significantly increases its toxicity.

Combined administration with bacteriostatic antibiotics (macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincosamides) is not recommended, due to the pronounced antagonistic interaction of drugs.

When prescribed to patients receiving therapy indirect anticoagulants, there is a high risk of bleeding.

Dosage regimen

Adults take 250 mg of Ampicillin ® every six hours. Taking simultaneously with food significantly reduces the bioavailability of the drug. In this regard, it is recommended to take it an hour before meals.

For children, the dose ranges from 25 to fifty mg/kg 4 times a day for intramuscular administration.

In suspensions (calculation per day):

from four years of life: from 1 to 2 grams;
less than 4 years, but over a year old use 100-150 mg/kg;
For children over one month of age, 150 mg/kg is recommended.

Day the dose is divided into 4-6 doses.

The duration of therapy is from five to ten days.

Amoxiclav ® for colds

Is combination drug amoxicillin ® and clavulanic acid. Belongs to the class of inhibitor-protected penicillins.

It has a pronounced bactericidal effect, suppressing the synthesis of the cell wall of pathogenic microorganisms. Acts on gram-positive and gram-negative flora, including strains capable of producing beta-lactamases.

The expansion of the spectrum of activity is due to the action of clavulanic acid, which prevents the enzymatic inactivation of penicillin by bacteria.

Inhibitor-protected antibiotics for colds in adults have contraindications and undesirable drug interactions, similar to ampicillin.

Adverse reactions

allergies;
transient increase in liver transaminases;
cholestatic jaundice;
antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis;
phlebitis with intravenous administration;
dysbacteriosis;
thrush oral cavity and vagina;
dyspeptic disorders.

Dosages

It is important to remember that the calculation is based on amoxicillin ®.

Example: 250+125 mg means containing 250 mg amoxicillin ® and 125 mg clavulanate ® .

The drug has release forms for oral and parenteral use. Not administered intramuscularly, only intravenously.

For adult patients and children over the age of twelve years, the recommended dose is 250 mg three times a day. At serious illness the dose is increased to 500 mg every eight hours. Adults are allowed to take one gram twice a day.

For patients under 12 years of age, Amoxiclav ® is prescribed in the form of a suspension or syrup.

The dose for one dose depends on age:

over seven years old, but under 12, 250 mg is prescribed;
from two to seven years - 125 mg;
from nine months to 2 years - 62.5 mg.

The drug is taken every eight hours. In case severe course diseases, the indicated dosages can be doubled.
For oral use recommended daily dose based on:

from twenty to 40 mg/k - from nine months to 2 years;
from 20 to 50 mg/kg - from two to 12 years;

Day/dose is divided into three steps.

When administered intravenously:

Adults and children over twelve years of age are prescribed 1.2 grams three times a day. When heavy during the course - four times. The maximum allowable dose is 6 grams per day.

For children under twelve but older three months use 25 mg/kg/day three times a day. For children under 3 months of age, use 30 mg/kg/day, divided into two times.

Amoxicillin ® for colds

Calculation of dosages

For adult patients and children from ten years of age weighing over forty kilograms, a dose of five hundred mg three times a day is recommended. For infection severe the dose is 750-1000 mg every eight hours.

For children younger age use suspensions three times a day:

from five to ten years - 250 mg;
children under five, but over two years old - 125 mg;
for patients under two years of age, 20 mg/kg is recommended, with severe infections- up to sixty mg/kg.

Antibiotics for colds in injections

Suitable for medium-heavy and severe forms diseases.

Penicillins (Amoxiclav ®);
Cephalosporins:
- Cefoperazone/sulbactam ® ;
To unspecified bacterial infections and severe pneumonia (Imipinem ® + Cilastatin ®).

Antibiotics for colds in tablets

Used for moderate otitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, not severe pneumonia in adults. For young children, when pneumonia is diagnosed or suspected, hospitalization in a respiratory ward is advisable. infectious diseases department. This is due to rapid development respiratory failure.

The drugs of choice are:

Inhibitor-protected penicillins (Amoxicillin/clavulanate ®, Ampicillin/sulbactam ®):
Cephalosporins for oral use:

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