What biochemical blood test is normal? table. Normal cholesterol value in women
Update: December 2018
Biochemical blood test is one of the most popular methods for doctors and patients. If you learn to “read” this analysis correctly, you can identify such serious pathologies as acute and chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, viral hepatitis and malignant tumors in the early stages and completely stop their development.
How to prepare before taking blood for biochemical analysis?
The nurse draws blood from the patient for a couple of minutes; this procedure does not cause any particular discomfort. A biochemical examination, like any other, requires preparation and compliance with a number of simple requirements:
- blood must be donated strictly on an empty stomach;
- dinner the day before should not contain strong tea and coffee, and it is better not to consume fatty foods and alcohol for 2-3 days;
- 24 hours in advance you should refrain from any thermal procedures (bath, sauna) and heavy physical activity;
- tests are taken early in the morning, first of all, before medical procedures (droppers, injections, x-rays);
- when the patient comes to the laboratory, before drawing blood it is advisable for him to sit for 10-15 minutes, catch his breath and calm down;
- to determine the exact level of blood sugar, the patient does not need to brush his teeth, drink tea or coffee in the morning before the test; even if your “morning begins with coffee,” you should abstain from it;
- Also, before taking blood, it is not advisable to take hormonal drugs, antibiotics, diuretics and other medications;
- two weeks before the test, you need to stop taking medications that reduce the concentration of lipids in the blood (see);
- if a repeated examination is necessary, the test must be taken at the same time of day, in the same laboratory.
Biochemical blood test table with explanation
| Indicator | Norm |
| Total protein | 63-87 g/l |
Protein fractions:
|
|
| Urea | 2.5-8.3 mmol/l |
| Creatinine |
|
|
|
| Glucose | 3.5-6.2 mmol per liter |
| Total cholesterol | 3.3-5.8 mmol/l |
| LDL | less than 3 mmol per liter |
| HDL |
|
| Triglycerides | less than 1.7 mmol per liter |
| Total bilirubin | 8.49-20.58 µmol/l |
| Direct bilirubin | 2.2-5.1 µmol/l |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | Up to 38 U/l |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | Up to 42 U/l |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | Up to 260 U/l |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) |
|
| Creatine kinase (CK) | Up to 180 U/l |
| up to 110 E per liter | |
| Sodium | 130-155 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.35-5.35 mmol/l |
Total protein and its fractions
Protein plays a very important role in the body; it is involved in the construction of new cells, the formation of humoral immunity and the transfer of substances. Typically, proteins consist of 20 basic amino acids, although they may include vitamins, inorganic substances (metals), carbohydrates and lipids.
The liquid part of the blood contains about 165 different proteins, which differ in structure and role in the body. All proteins are divided into three categories or fractions: albumins, globulins (α 1, α 2, β, γ) and fibrinogen. Since proteins are produced mostly in the liver, their content reflects the synthetic function of this organ.
A decrease in total protein is called hypoproteinemia (see). This condition occurs when:
- protein starvation (vegetarianism, protein-free diet);
- increased excretion in urine (proteinuria of pregnant women);
- blood loss (heavy menstruation);
- burns, especially with the formation of blisters;
- accumulation of plasma in the abdominal cavity (ascites), pleural cavity (exudative pleurisy), pericardium (exudative pericarditis);
- malignant neoplasms (,);
- disruption of protein formation (hepatitis);
- long-term treatment with glucocorticosteroids;
- decreased absorption of substances (enteritis, colitis, celiac disease, pancreatitis).
An increase in total protein is called hyperproteinemia; this condition can be relative or absolute. A relative increase in proteins occurs with the loss of the liquid part of the plasma (cholera, repeated vomiting). An absolute increase in protein occurs during inflammatory processes (due to globulins) and multiple myeloma. Physical labor and changes in body position change the concentration of this substance by 10%.
The main reasons for changes in the concentrations of protein fractions
Protein fractions are: albumin, globulins and fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is not detected in biochemical analysis. This protein reflects the process of blood clotting. It is determined in an analysis such as.
| Albumin | Globulins |
Increasing the indicator
|
A-globulins:
B-globulins:
Γ-globulins:
|
Level reduction
|
|
Nitrogen metabolism indicators
In the body, in addition to the construction of cells, their constant breakdown occurs, accompanied by the accumulation of nitrogenous bases. These toxic substances are formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, an increase in blood waste can indicate both a decrease in the functioning of the kidneys and liver, and excessive breakdown of proteins. The main indicators of nitrogen metabolism include:
- urea and creatinine
- Residual nitrogen, creatine, uric acid, ammonia, indican and others are less often determined.
Why does the level of blood waste change?
| Reasons for the increase | Reasons for the decline |
Urea
|
|
Creatinine
|
|
Uric acid
|
Blood glucose
Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. This substance is the main energy product entering the cell; it is from glucose and oxygen that the cell receives fuel for further life activity.
Glucose enters the blood after eating, then goes to the liver, where it is utilized in the form of glycogen. These processes are controlled by pancreatic hormones - insulin and glucagon (see).
- Lack of glucose in the blood is called
- Excess – hyperglycemia.
What causes fluctuations in blood glucose levels?
| Hypoglycemia | Hyperglycemia |
|
|
Pigment metabolism disorder
There are specific colored proteins in the human body. Usually these are peptides that contain some metal (iron, copper). These include: hemoglobin, cerulloplasmin, myoglobin, cytochrome and others. The end product of the breakdown of such proteins is bilirubin and its fractions. What happens to bilirubin in the body?
When a red blood cell ends its existence in the spleen, its gemmata disintegrates. Due to biliverdin reductase, bilirubin is formed, called indirect or free. This version of bilirubin is toxic to the entire body, and primarily to the brain. But due to the fact that it quickly binds to blood albumin, the body is not poisoned. But in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis it is high, because it does not bind to glucuronic acid.
Further in the liver cells, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid (turning into bound or direct, non-toxic), its levels are high only with biliary dyskinesia, with (see). In tests, direct bilirubin increases when liver cells are damaged (for example, with hepatitis).
Next, bilirubin enters the bile, which is transported from the hepatic ducts to the gallbladder, and then into the lumen of the duodenum. Here, urobilinogen is formed from bilirubin, which is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood and, entering the kidneys, turns the urine yellow. The remaining part, which reaches the colon, becomes stercobilin under the influence of bacterial enzymes and colors the feces.
Why does jaundice occur?
There are three mechanisms:
- increased breakdown of hemoglobin and other pigment proteins (hemolytic anemia, snake bites, pathological hyperfunction of the spleen) - indirect bilirubin is formed in such huge quantities that the liver simply does not have time to process and remove it;
- liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, neoplasms) – pigment is formed in a normal volume, but liver cells affected by the disease cannot perform their function;
- violation of the outflow of bile (cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, acute cholangitis, tumors of the head of the pancreas) - due to compression of the biliary tract, bile does not enter the intestines, but accumulates in the liver, causing the destruction of its cells and the flow of bilirubin back into the blood.
All three conditions are very dangerous to human health and require immediate medical attention.
Indications for the study of bilirubin and its fractions:
- hepatitis (viral, toxic);
- liver tumors;
- cirrhosis;
- increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia);
- the appearance of jaundice.
Indicators of lipid metabolism or cholesterol levels
Lipids play an important role in cell life. They are involved in the construction of the cell wall, the formation of bile, many hormones (male and female sex hormones, corticosteroids) and vitamin D. Fatty acids are a source of energy for organs and tissues.
All fats in the human body are divided into 3 categories:
- triglycerides or neutral fats;
- total cholesterol and its fractions;
- phospholipids.
In the blood, lipids are found in the form of the following compounds:
- chylomicrons - contain mainly triglycerides;
- high-density lipoproteins (HDL) - contain 50% protein, 30% phospholipids and 20% cholesterol;
- low-density lipoproteins (LDL) - contain 20% protein, 20% phospholipids, 10% triglycerides and 50% cholesterol;
- very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) - formed during the breakdown of LDL, include a large amount of cholesterol.
The greatest clinical significance in the analysis is total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides (see). When taking blood, you should remember that violating the preparation rules and eating fatty foods can lead to significant errors in the analysis results.
What causes lipid metabolism disorders and what can this lead to?
| Why is it declining? | |
Total cholesterol
|
|
Triglycerides
|
|
Degrees of increased cholesterol in the blood:
- 5.2-6.5 mmol/l – mild degree of increase in the substance, a risk zone for atherosclerosis;
- 6.5-8.0 mmol/l – a moderate increase, which is corrected by diet;
- over 8.0 mmol/l – a high level of a substance requiring medicinal intervention.
Depending on changes in lipid metabolism, 5 clinical syndromes, so-called dislipoproteinemias, are distinguished (1,2,3,4,5). These pathological conditions are harbingers of serious diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and others.
Blood enzymes
Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. The main blood enzymes include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK) and α-amylase.
All these substances are contained inside the cells of the liver, pancreas, muscles, heart and other organs. Their content in the blood is very small, so enzymes are measured in special international units: U/l. Let's look at each enzyme separately.
Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase
These enzymes ensure the transfer of two amino acids in chemical reactions: aspartate and alanine. AST and ALT are found in large quantities in the tissues of the liver, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle. An increase in them in the blood indicates the destruction of the cells of these organs, and the higher the level of enzymes, the more cells died.
Alkaline phosphatase
This enzyme is responsible for the cleavage of phosphoric acid from chemical compounds and transport of phosphorus within the cell. ALP has two forms: liver and bone. Reasons for enzyme elevation:
Γ-glutamyltransferase
GGT is involved in fat metabolism, transporting cholesterol and triglycerides inside the cell. The largest amount of enzyme is found in the liver, prostate gland, kidneys, and pancreas. Its activity in the blood increases with:
- the above listed liver diseases;
- alcohol intoxication;
- diabetes mellitus;
- infectious mononucleosis;
- heart failure.
Creatine kinase
CC takes part in the transformation of creatine and maintaining energy metabolism in the cell. It has 3 subtypes:
- MM (enzyme located in muscle tissue)
- MV (located in the heart muscle)
- BB (in the brain).
- sensory disturbance;
- arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, intracardiac block);
- decreased heart rate;
- drop in blood pressure;
- nausea;
- vomit;
- muscle weakness;
- difficulty breathing;
- involuntary release of urine and feces;
- heart weakness.
Blood electrolytes
Potassium and sodium are the most important electrolytes in the blood. It would seem that these are just microelements, and their content in the body is scanty. In fact, it is difficult to imagine a single organ or chemical process that could do without them.
Potassium
The trace element plays an important role in enzymatic processes and metabolism. Its main function is to conduct electrical impulses in the heart. Fluctuations in potassium levels have a very bad effect on the myocardium.
The condition when potassium is elevated is called hyperkalemia, and when it is low, hypokalemia. What are the dangers of high potassium levels?
Such threatening conditions can occur when the microelement increases above 7.15 mmol/l.
A drop in potassium levels below 3.05 mmol/l also poses a threat to the body. The main symptoms of element deficiency include:
Sodium
Sodium does not directly participate in metabolism. It is completely abundant in the extracellular fluid. Its main function is to maintain osmotic pressure and pH. Sodium excretion occurs in the urine and is controlled by the adrenal hormone aldosterone.
An increase in a microelement is called hypernatremia, and a decrease is called hyponatremia.
How does sodium metabolism disorder manifest itself?
In conclusion, I would like to give readers of this article advice: each laboratory, whether private or public, has its own set of reagents and its own computers. Therefore, the norms of indicators can vary significantly. When the laboratory technician gives you test results, be sure to make sure that the standards are written on the form. This is the only way you can understand whether there are changes in your analyzes or not.
A biochemical blood test is a fairly accurate study that allows you to evaluate the functioning of the internal organs and systems of the body. However, this analysis has a lot of subtleties, for example, depending on the age of women, the norms of research indicators may differ.
Blood is a unique substance in the human body for detecting certain defects in the human body. It is present in all organs and tissues, therefore it includes many different substances that are formed during their work.
Biochemistry quite accurately helps to determine the presence and level of these substances and, by comparing the data obtained and fixed standards, learn about the state of the body and the causes of possible diseases. In some cases, this study is the last option the doctor has to confirm the disease.
In addition to diagnostic purposes, biochemical analysis is used in many specialized medicine to determine specific indicators. The study uses blood from a peripheral vein. As a rule, blood is taken from the veins located near the elbow joint. However, when access to a given site is impossible, for example, in case of a fracture, any other site is suitable.
The place from which the sample will be taken is treated as in any other case in which the surface of the epidermis is damaged (with a disinfectant). To obtain results, 5 to 10 ml of blood are sufficient, which are collected in a special tube.
Indications for analysis
As a rule, a biochemical blood test is prescribed to women by a doctor for diagnostic purposes, when violations of the norms are detected in the functioning of certain organs, or the general condition of the patient. The procedure is also carried out to check the quality of the prescribed treatment for already identified diseases. At the same time, the list of necessary indicators is determined by the doctor individually for each case.
Indications for analysis may include problems with the following organs:
- liver;
- kidneys;
- biliary system;
- endocrine system;
- blood systems;
- musculoskeletal system.
In combination with some other procedures, biochemistry makes it possible to identify the correct pathology of almost any organ.
Preparing for blood collection
To obtain correct data, blood donation must be carried out following some important rules:
Decoding the analysis results
Since the norm of a biochemical blood test in women differs significantly from the norm in men, doctors first determine the gender of the patient. The same thing happens with age.
This process is an analysis of the comparison of existing standards for certain indicators and the data obtained during diagnostics. The analysis is carried out on a special form - a table containing all the indicators that are determined by the biochemical laboratory.
A ready-made table with the results is provided to the patient, from which he can find out the ratio of his indicators to the norm. The decryption process generally occurs quite quickly: within 2-3 days. Also in the modern world decryption can be done independently using special online platforms on the Internet.
If any indicators deviate from the norm, the doctor prescribes additional examinations to determine the most accurate diagnosis.
Interpretation table for biochemical blood tests in adults
| Indicator in the study | Norm |
| Total protein | 63-87 g/l |
| Protein fractions: albumin globulins (α1, α2, γ, β) | 35-45 g/l |
| Creatinine | 44-97 µmol per l – in women, 62-124 – in men |
| Urea | 2.5-8.3 mmol/l |
| Uric acid | 0.12-0.43 mmol/l - in men, 0.24-0.54 mmol/l - in women. |
| Total cholesterol | 3.3-5.8 mmol/l |
| LDL | less than 3 mmol per l |
| HDL | greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per L - in women, 1 mmol per L - in men |
| Glucose | 3.5-6.2 mmol per l |
| Total bilirubin | 8.49-20.58 µmol/l |
| Direct bilirubin | 2.2-5.1 µmol/l |
| Triglycerides | less than 1.7 mmol per l |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (abbreviated as AST) | alanine aminotransferase - the norm in women and men - up to 42 U/l |
| Alanine aminotransferase (abbreviated as ALT) | up to 38 U/l |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (abbreviated GGT) | normal GGT levels are up to 33.5 U/l in men, up to 48.6 U/l in women. |
| Creatine kinase (abbreviated as KK) | up to 180 U/l |
| Alkaline phosphatase (abbreviated as ALP) | up to 260 U/l |
| α-amylase | up to 110 E per liter |
| Potassium | 3.35-5.35 mmol/l |
| Sodium | 130-155 mmol/l |
Biochemistry standards for women by age: table
| Substance | Indicators | Normal for women | Notes |
| Squirrels | Total protein | 64-83 g/l | In children under 17 years of age: 47-73 g/l Over 60 years: 62-81 g/l |
| Albumen | Z5-50 g/l | For women over 60 years old: 34-38 g/l | |
| C-reactive protein | Up to 0.5 mg/l | ||
| Myoglobin | 13-76 µg/l. | ||
| Rheumatoid factor | 0 | ||
| Ferritin | 1З-400 µg/l | Children may have different indicators | |
| Enzymes | AlAT | Up to 31 U/l | |
| ASAT | Up to 31 U/l | Children under 18 years old have different indicators | |
| Alpha amylase | 27-100 U/l | ||
| Phosphatase alkaline | Up to 240 U/l | ||
| Lipids | Triglycerides | 35-40 years – 0.45-1.99 40-45 years – 0.51-2.16 45-50 years – 0.52-2.42 50-55 years – 0.59-2.63 55-60 years – 0.62-2.96 60-65 years – 0.63-2.70 | |
| Total cholesterol | 3-6 mmol/l | ||
| Cholesterol–HDL | 0.8-2.2 mmol/l | ||
| Cholesterol – LDL | 1.92-4.51 mmol/l | ||
| Carbohydrates | Glucose | 3.88-5.83 mmol/l | For women 60+: up to 6.38 mmol/l |
| Fructosamine | 0-285 µmol/l | ||
| Pigments | Total bilirubin | 3.4-17.1 µmol/l | |
| Direct bilirubin | 0-3.4 µmol/l | ||
| Nitrogenous components | Creatinine | 53-97 µmol/l | |
| Uric acid | 150–350 µmol/l | In children 120–320 µmol/l | |
| Urea | 2.2–6.7 mmol/l |
Normal indicators during pregnancy
Pregnant women experience enormous changes in their bodies, so the norms of biochemical blood tests for some categories differ from the norms of other patients. When carrying a child, some criteria change.
Changes for the 3rd trimester:
- increase in globulin;
- decrease in urea;
- increased phosphatase.
Towards the end of pregnancy:
- decreased creatine;
- slight decrease in potassium;
- decreased magnesium;
- decreased iron levels;
- Albumin levels can be altered in both directions.
The norms for biochemical blood tests in pregnant women differ from the standard ones in some categories. Such changes are normal and are associated with physiological changes in the body of the expectant mother. The remaining indicators in pregnant women should remain unchanged, which will indicate a positive pregnancy, as well as the health of the mother and baby.
Norms of microelements in women
Each of the microelements is an important component of a woman’s body, contributing to its proper functioning. Therefore, they must be treated with due care.
Standard microelements that can be seen using biochemistry include:
- Sodium. Promotes the absorption of calcium, participates in the reaction of the skin to external irritants. Deviations from the norm may indicate the presence of diabetes, urinary tract problems, kidney or liver failure (134-143 mmol/l);
- Potassium. Responsible for the work of the heart. Non-compliance with fixed indicators may indicate problems with blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract organs, diabetes and cancer (3.5-5.3 mmol/l);
- Chlorine. Participates in normalizing the pH of the circulatory system. Non-compliance with fixed indicators may indicate the inoperability of many organs, lack of fluid in the body, or hormonal imbalances. (93-113 mmol/l);
- Phosphorus. Promotes the normal functioning of various human tissues. (1.43-2.13 mmol/l up to 2 years; 1.43-1.78 mmol/l up to 13 years; 0.87-1.43 mmol/l less than 60 years; 0.93-1.32 mmol/l for the elderly);
- Magnesium. Promotes the normalization of processes at the cellular level, is responsible for the reaction of muscle tissue to external stimuli. Non-compliance with fixed indicators may indicate diseases of internal organs, as well as ill-conceived nutrition (0.66-1.03 mmol/l);
- Iron. Responsible for the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and normalization of metabolism (8.9-30.03 mmol/l in the elderly; 9-23 mmol/l up to 14 years; 7-18 mmol/l up to 2 years);
- Calcium. Responsible for the functioning of various internal systems, also takes part in the formation of bones. Non-compliance with the norm may mean a lack of vitamins, ill-conceived nutrition, diseases of human organs and systems (2.13-2.6 mmol/l);
- Zinc(13-18 mmol/l);
- B9(Z-17 ng/ml).
In some cases, indicators may deviate from the norm, for example, during pregnancy. Therefore, you should not make premature conclusions on your own, but entrust this to a specialist.
Biochemistry indicators
Squirrels
Carbohydrates
- Glucose. The main task of this element is to saturate the body with energy. Deviations from these numbers may be the result of diabetes, pancreatic cancer, or a reaction to certain medications.
- Fructosamine. This component combines protein and glucose.
Enzymes
Pigments
Total bilirubin. Responsible for coloring the skin and mucous membranes. Includes:
- Direct bilirubin, deviations of which may indicate problems with the biliary tract and liver.
- Indirect bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin, the work of which can be seen when the color of the bruise changes.
Lipid spectrum
- Triglycerides. This element enters the blood through the synthesis of carbohydrates from the liver and their nutritional elements. Norms vary significantly depending on the gender and age of the patient, as well as in pregnant women. Deviations from the norms can be recorded due to diseases of the cardiovascular system, thyroid gland, liver, as well as in the presence of diabetes.
- Total cholesterol. It is the value of the sum of “positive” and “negative” cholesterol.
- Cholesterol-HDL (“positive”). Helps in determining predisposition to atherosclerosis, processes and removes fats from the body.
- LDL cholesterol (“negative”). The function of this element is to distribute cholesterol throughout the body, which comes with food. An increase in it in the blood indicates the presence of problems.
Nitrogenous components
- Creatinine. Produced through protein metabolism, it is excreted from the body in urine. A decrease in the substance in the blood is an indicator of nutritional problems, and an increase means pathology of the kidneys and thyroid gland.
- Uric acid. It originates in the liver and is removed from the body in the same way as creatinine. Deviations from the norm can be caused by poor nutrition, alcohol abuse, kidney and liver diseases.
- Urea. It appears in the body as a result of the breakdown of ammonia. Non-compliance with the norm may occur in pregnant women and people leading a vegetarian lifestyle, as well as as a result of kidney and liver diseases.
Protein: causes of deviations from the norm
The first thing you need to know when analyzing deviations from the protein norm is that they can be of three types:
- Relative. Depends on the amount of water that circulates in the blood. The indicators can be affected by both lack and excess of fluid.
- Absolute. Associated with changes in the rate of protein turnover, which can be caused by pathogenic processes or physiological processes, such as pregnancy.
- Physiological. Can be caused by any changes or stress on the body: pregnancy, lactation, hard work with your hands, heavy consumption of food with a high concentration of protein. This type of deviation is in no way related to pathological processes in the body.
Deviations can be either downward or upward, which is due to various reasons.
A decrease in protein levels can be caused by the following cases:
- Parenchymal hepatitis;
- chronic bleeding;
- anemia;
- kidney disease, which causes protein loss during urination;
- poor nutrition, consuming insufficient amounts of protein foods;
- problems with the metabolic process;
- various intoxications;
- fever.
A decrease in protein that is not associated with illness can occur due to pregnancy (last trimester), preparation of an athlete for competitions, or a sedentary lifestyle.
Unlike a decrease in the amount of protein in the blood, its increase has nothing to do with physiological abnormalities. If this indicator increases, the patient immediately requires examination and supervision of the attending physician.
Reasons for increased protein in the blood include:
- Hepatitis;
- cirrhosis;
- lupus;
- cholera;
- excessive bleeding, etc.
Glucose: causes of low and high levels
A high concentration of glucose in a person’s blood can be caused by problems:
- endocrine system;
- pancreas;
- liver and kidneys;
- diabetes mellitus;
- hemorrhages in the brain or heart.
In the case of low glucose, you can add to the above reasons:
- insulin overdose;
- oncology;
- poisoning with alcohol or chemical products;
- steroid use;
- hard physical work.
What does the level of slag indicate?
Slags, also known as products of nitrogen metabolism, are very toxic and their increase in the human body can have serious consequences. The increase in slag can be caused by various reasons, however They always contain some pathological process:
- serious kidney and liver diseases;
- diabetes mellitus;
- gout;
- dystrophy and many other pathologies.
A decrease in waste, as a rule, does not carry serious causes and consequences, but it also requires checking with a doctor, as it may turn out to be, for example, liver failure.
Diagnosis of possible violations
Using a blood test for biochemistry, you can diagnose many problems and pathologies in the human body, but deviation from the norm, especially in women, does not always carry a dangerous omen. The same pregnancy can affect many indicators, which should not be considered something bad.
To confirm or refute a possible diagnosis, after deciphering, the attending physician will prescribe additional tests, and also advise which specialists should be visited and what should be changed in lifestyle and diet to restore normal biochemistry parameters.
Video about the norms of biochemical blood analysis in women
Interpretation of biochemical blood test: norms, tables:
Biochemical blood test for ALT, AST, ALAT in women and men:
A biochemical blood test is important for diagnosing almost all diseases, which is why it is prescribed first.
What indicators are included in a standard biochemical blood test?
Glucose (in blood)
The main test in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This analysis is very important when selecting therapy and assessing the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. A decrease in glucose levels is observed in some endocrine diseases and liver dysfunction.
Normal blood glucose levels:
Total bilirubin
Yellow blood pigment, which is formed as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. The main reasons for an increase in the amount of total bilirubin in the blood: damage to liver cells (hepatitis, cirrhosis), increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia), impaired outflow of bile (for example, cholelithiasis).
Normal values of total bilirubin: 3.4 - 17.1 µmol/l.
Direct bilirubin (conjugated, bound bilirubin)
Fraction of total bilirubin in blood. Direct bilirubin increases with jaundice, which develops due to a violation of the outflow of bile from the liver.
Normal values of direct bilirubin: 0 - 7.9 µmol/l.
Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated, free bilirubin)
The difference between total and direct bilirubin. This indicator increases with increased breakdown of red blood cells - with hemolytic anemia, malaria, massive hemorrhages in tissue, etc.
Normal values for indirect bilirubin:< 19 мкмоль/л.
AST (AST, aspartate aminotransferase)
One of the main enzymes synthesized in the liver. Normally, the content of this enzyme in the blood serum is low, since most of it is found in hepatocytes (liver cells). An increase is observed with liver and heart diseases, as well as with long-term use of aspirin and hormonal contraceptives.
Normal AST values:
- Women – up to 31 U/l;
- Men - up to 37 U/l.
ALT (ALT, alanine aminotransferase)
An enzyme synthesized in the liver. Most of it is located and works in liver cells, so normally the concentration of ALT in the blood is low. An increase is observed with massive death of liver cells (for example, with hepatitis, cirrhosis), severe heart failure and blood diseases.
Normal ALT values:
- Women – up to 34 U/l;
- Men - up to 45 U/l.
Gamma-GT (gamma-glutamyltransferase)
Normal gamma-GT values:
- Women - up to 38 U/l;
- Men - up to 55 U/l.
Phosphatase alkaline
An enzyme widely distributed in human tissues. The hepatic and bone forms of alkaline phosphatase are of greatest clinical importance, the activity of which is determined in the blood serum.
Normal alkaline phosphatase values: 30-120 U/l.
Cholesterol (total cholesterol)
The main blood lipid that enters the body with food and is also synthesized by liver cells.
Normal cholesterol levels: 3.2-5.6 mmol/l.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
One of the most atherogenic, “harmful” lipid fractions. LDL is very rich in cholesterol and, transporting it to vascular cells, lingers in them, forming atherosclerotic plaques.
Normal LDL levels: 1.71-3.5 mmol/l.
Triglycerides
Neutral fats found in blood plasma are an important indicator of lipid metabolism.
Normal triglyceride levels: 0.41-1.8 mmol/l.
Total protein
An indicator reflecting the total amount of proteins in the blood. Its decrease is observed in some diseases of the liver and kidneys, accompanied by increased excretion of protein in the urine. Increased in blood diseases and infectious and inflammatory processes.
Normal values for total protein: 66-83 g/l.
Albumen
The most important protein in the blood, making up approximately half of all serum proteins. A decrease in albumin content can also be a manifestation of certain diseases of the kidneys, liver, and intestines. Elevated albumin is usually associated with dehydration.
Normal albumin values: 35-52 g/l
Potassium (K+)
An electrolyte found primarily within cells. Promotion levels of potassium in the blood are most often observed in acute and chronic renal failure, a sharp decrease in the amount of urine excreted or its complete absence, most often associated with severe kidney diseases.
Normal potassium values: 3.5-5.5 mmol/l.
Sodium (Na+)
An electrolyte found predominantly in extracellular fluid and in smaller quantities inside cells. It is responsible for the functioning of nervous and muscle tissue, digestive enzymes, blood pressure, and water metabolism.
Normal sodium values: 136-145 mmol/l.
Chlorine (Cl-)
One of the main electrolytes, which is in the blood in an ionized state and plays an important role in maintaining water-electrolyte and acid-base balances in the body.
Normal chlorine values: 98-107 mmol/l.
Creatinine
A substance that plays an important role in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is completely excreted by the kidneys, so determining its concentration in the blood is of greatest clinical importance for diagnosing kidney diseases.
Normal creatinine values:
- Women - 53 - 97 µmol/l;
- Men - 62 – 115 µmol/l.
Urea
A substance that is the end product of protein metabolism in the body. Urea is excreted by the kidneys, so determining its concentration in the blood gives an idea of the functional abilities of the kidneys and is most widely used for diagnosing renal pathology.
Normal urea values: 2.8-7.2 mmol/l.
Uric acid
One of the end products of protein metabolism in the body. Uric acid is completely excreted by the kidneys. P increase concentration of uric acid occurs in kidney stones and other kidney diseases occurring with renal failure.
Normal uric acid values:
- Men - 210 - 420 µmol/l;
- Women - 150 - 350 µmol/l.
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Normal values for C-reactive protein: 0 - 5 mg/l.
Iron (serum iron)
A vital microelement, which is part of hemoglobin, is involved in the transport and deposition of oxygen and plays an important role in the processes of hematopoiesis.
Normal serum iron values:
- Women - 8.95 - 30.43 µmol/l;
- Men - 11.64 - 30.43 µmol/l.
How to prepare for research?
One day before taking blood for biochemistry, it is necessary to avoid drinking alcohol, and 1 hour before taking smoking. It is advisable to take blood samples on an empty stomach in the morning. There should be at least 12 hours between the last meal and the blood draw. Juice, tea, coffee, chewing gum are not allowed. You can drink water. It is necessary to exclude increased psycho-emotional and physical stress.
What are the deadlines for completing the analysis?
How are the results of a biochemical blood test evaluated?
The use of different diagnostic methods by different clinics leads to different results, and the units of measurement may also differ. Therefore, to correctly decipher the result of a biochemical blood test, a consultation with the attending physician is required.
The biochemical type test is a proven diagnostic technique in the laboratory. Which allows you to make accurate judgments about how well many vital organs are functioning. By taking these indicators into account, diagnostic procedures for a large number of diseases can be carried out. This type of procedure is widely applicable in numerous industries. Let's look at what it is biochemical blood test, interpretation in adults (normal) in the table. The table values reflect a clear picture that occurs in a healthy person. In case of violations and deviations, we can talk about health problems.
Blood is a tissue secreted as a unique element. A distinctive feature of this liquid is that it is present in absolutely all organs. Due to this, its composition is full of numerous substances; it has certain standards of significance. Thanks to competent analysis, it is possible to determine the level of certain substances with absolute accuracy and compare actual criteria with regulatory data. Thanks to this approach, you can understand the functional position of the organs. And if there are pathologies, determine their nature and stage.
In a number of certain diseases, biochemistry acts as an option to confirm the diagnosis objectively. In addition to the traditional diagnostics used to determine pathologies, there may be data on other indicators of different levels of medical areas.
Indications
Before looking at it in detail biochemical blood test (deciphering the norm for adults in the table), it is necessary to decide on the main substances, the content of which you need to know. Typically, this type of analysis is prescribed by the attending physician for patients undergoing inpatient or outpatient treatment. The study needs to be carried out for further control. Since each person is unique, as is his pathological case, certain indicators are taken into account, determined individually. The need to normalize substances and elements depends on the condition.
- kidney disease;
- problems with the thyroid gland;
- ailments associated with the work of the heart;
- problems with the movement apparatus;
- diseases of circulatory function;
- gastrointestinal difficulties.
If you combine this type of analysis with the active use of instrumental diagnostic methods, biochemistry gains value. Because it helps to establish the correct diagnostic information.
Decoding is the fact of comparing the obtained values with standard indicators and drawing a number of conclusions. The form contains a list of criteria that are determined by the laboratory. Based on one or two values, conclusions can be drawn; often, to achieve this goal, a set of diagnostics is required. Let's look at what each of the indicators means - first for women and then for men.
Total protein
This parameter is the totality of all plasma proteins. The level of this component is determined in the presence of diseases of the blood and some internal organs. If the protein is elevated, this indicates the presence of certain pathological processes and conditions.
- dehydration in the body;
- problems with the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, nausea, burns, vomiting);
- infectious processes of acute and chronic type;
- oncological and tumor neoplasms.
If the criterion has an underestimated value, we are talking about states.
- starvation and dystrophy;
- liver and kidney diseases;
- acute and chronic bleeding;
- thyrotoxicosis.
In women, this figure should normally be 64-83 g/l.
Bilirubin
This is a pigment formed during the reaction of destruction of red blood cells. The metabolism of this substance is carried out due to the fact that the liver performs its work effectively. Therefore, the definition of this parameter, which is of particular value in determining liver diseases and anemia, is relevant. The study of this indicator involves determining the level of free and bound fractions.
An excess above the norm indicates pathological stages.
- Acute viral and toxic hepatitis;
- cirrhosis and other hepatic phenomena;
- hemolytic phenomena with any etiology.
A decrease in the indicator characterizes the presence of several diseases.
- Tumors in the pancreas;
- inflammatory process.
The standard value of this indicator for women is from 3 to 17 micromol/l for the general indicator. As for the content of direct bilirubin, the standard content is from 0 to 3.41 m mol/l.
Enzymes
If we determine the degree of enzyme activity in the body, then we can say that the main diagnostic goal has been achieved, and a general judgment can be made. If an increase in the number of enzymes is observed, this indicates the presence of a number of diseases.
- Damage to organ cells;
- problems with tissue functioning;
- acute hepatitis;
- liver necrosis;
- myocardial infarction;
- injuries and consequences;
- skeletal muscle diseases;
- tissue hypoxia.
The condition and content of other elements are also checked - lipids (in particular cholesterol), carbohydrates - analysis for glucose and fructose, nitrogenous substances, inorganic elements and microelements.
In pregnant women, if there is a deviation from the normative value, this is an acceptable phenomenon. Because due to the “interesting situation”, changes occur in the body and pathological processes may occur. In this regard, total protein, carbohydrates and lipids can change their composition. Such processes are also associated with changes in hormonal levels. If deviations are detected, the doctor makes a diagnosis and selects the optimal method for solving the problem that has arisen.
Analysis data for men differ significantly from similar indicators for women. This is due to differences in the functioning of the body and different hormonal levels. Let's consider the main indicators that it has biochemical blood test, interpretation in adults, norm in the table, in particular for men.
- The content of total protein is 64-83 g/l, albumin – 33-50 g/l (general indicator for men and women). CRP (C reactive protein) – up to 0.5 g/l.
- The enzyme content has the following indicators: up to 44 units/l (alanine aminotransferase), up to 40 units. l (from 10 – aspartate aminotransferase), to 120 (alpha-amylase).
- The content of lipids, in particular cholesterol, is 3-6 m mol/l, cholesterol associated with low-density proteins is from 2.1 to 4.7.
- Carbohydrate content: glucose – 3.8-5.82 m mol/l.
- Bilirubin (total and direct, respectively) – up to 17 and up to 3.41 m mol / l.
- The content of low molecular weight nitrogenous substances is uric acid (210-319 micromol/l), urea (2.39-6.39 micromol/l).
- The content of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and magnesium does not differ between men and women.
Among male representatives, there are differences in the analysis indicators, but they do not apply to all elements.
The presented table is relevant, offering basic content parameters for all gender and age categories. Based on them, it is possible to compare actual values with standard indicators and draw a conclusion about the current state of health.
Have you done a biochemical blood test? Did the transcripts for adults and the norm in the table match? Share your experience and opinion on the forum!
