Do red eyes exist? The most unusual eye color in the world

Why do people have different eye colors? Human eye beautiful and unique - it is specific like a fingerprint. Therefore, it is not surprising that many are so obsessed with the issue of eye color and its influence on people’s character.

“The eyes are the mirror of the soul.” Is this really so and what do we know about them?

The eyes are a sensory organ through which we receive more than 80% of information from the outside world. This is possible due to the presence of photoreceptors in them:

• cones;
• sticks.

Rods help people navigate in the dark, and cones respond to light. To what color are the retinal cones selectively sensitive? Cones are sensitive to blue, green and red wavelengths of light. It is this color spectrum that is the basis for our color perception.

Factors in the formation of iris color

Everyone's eye color is different and ranges from very light shades to very dark ones. Although genetics plays a dominant role in determining the color of the iris, but, like many others genetic characteristics, it is not so simple.

So what determines a person’s eye color? It is generally accepted that children inherit the color of the iris from their parents. In fact, color inheritance is more complex process– polygenic. This trait is influenced not by one gene, but by several. Moreover, this is not the only factor that shapes color.

1. Melanin.

To find out what eye color a person has, just look at the color of his iris. It is determined by the content and size of the pigment fibers responsible for color - melanin.

At birth, children have not yet developed sufficient quantity this color pigment, which is why many newborns have gray-blue eyes(they are also called “milk”). Gradually, melanin accumulates, and the baby acquires its natural eye color, inherent in it by genetics.

Melanin is present in both front layer iris, and in the back. However crucial determines the pigment content in its frontal part.

Holders blue eyes do not have melanin, so in fact their iris color is just an “illusion”, which acquires a hue due to the property of Rayleigh light scattering.

Carriers dark eyes have great content melanin, and people with green eyes have less pigment than brown-eyed people, but more than blue-eyed people.

At very large cluster melanin in the iris, it acquires a very dark shade, creating the effect of black color.

2. Genetics.

Eye color is determined by eight genes. The most responsible is the OCA2 gene, located on chromosome 15. It produces a protein called P protein, which helps create and process melanin.

Every person has two copies of each gene in their DNA: one copy inherited from mom and one copy from dad. The dominance of one copy of a gene over another means that the dominant copy determines the color of the iris, and the properties of the other gene are suppressed.

The combined function of a number of other genes can increase melanin in the eyes to more high level than either parent, which explains how parents with light-colored irises sometimes give birth to dark-eyed children.

Interesting! Recent studies have shown that blue eye color only occurred in the last 6,000 to 10,000 years and is a genetic mutation.

Colors of the iris

So, what types of eyes are there? Which eye color is the rarest and which is the most common? And also, what is the name of the condition when the color of the iris of one eye is different from the other? Let's look at the different colors of the iris of the human eye.

Brown eyes

Chestnut is the most common eye color in the world. Most of the world's population are its carriers. The color is due to the high pigment content and the dominant gene in the pair.

In humans, right-handedness dominates over left-handedness, and brown eye color is the most common color among the population.

A lot of brown-eyed people live in African and Asian countries.

They are considered a mixed eye color - only about 5-8% of the world's population are carriers of it. The color has high concentration pigments are closer to the center and less at the borders, which creates the effect of a multi-colored iris: from yellow-green to brown.

Blue eyes

Blue eyes are caused by mutation and are therefore much less common throughout the world. This color is determined complete absence melanin.

The blue color of the eyes is due to Rayleigh scattering as it reflects light from the iris.

Interesting! Scientists recently discovered a fact: people who have blue eyes descended from the same ancestor!

Due to the mixing of racial groups, blue eyes, which have recessive genes, are becoming less and less common. Largest quantity speakers are concentrated among nationalities located close to Baltic Sea in northern Europe. According to various estimates, about 8% of the world's population are their carriers.

This is the most rare color eyes in the world, only about 2% of the world's population have them. Today, about 7 billion people live on the planet, which means that only 140 million of them have green.

They are often confused with swamps, but it is completely different - more distinct and concentrated. Green eye color is due to a small amount of pigmentation in the eye. The combination of golden with natural blue light scattering results in this color.

Most common in European countries, as well as in West Asian countries.

Attention! Those with green eyes are more susceptible to harmful effects rays of the sun. This is due to the previously mentioned pigment melanin. Simply put, people with this iris color more likely development of certain types of cancer, such as intraocular melanoma.

People with light eyes should definitely wear sunglasses on the street during strong impact sun.

Gray eyes

Gray eye color can be mistakenly considered a shade of blue. "Silver" eyes are the result of low melanin content and reflect gray-silver appearance. They tend to have brownish-golden spots and can vary from gray to blue to green due to external conditions and emotional state.

Light and dark gray color is typical for natives of Eastern European countries, and it can also be classified as rare.

Amber eyes

A shade of yellow-copper tone that is formed as a result of yellow pigment. Amber eye color is also very rare.

They are most common in Asian countries and southern America. The color of this eye color can vary from golden yellow to a more copper tone.

This effect can be found with a mutation when melanin is completely absent (for example, in albinos). As a result, blood vessels are strongly emphasized.

The red color you see in this image is a reflection of the flash at the back of the iris, which is filled with blood vessels.

This unusual coloration of the iris is caused by a genetic mutation. This deviation is called “born in Alexandria.” There are many legends associated with this color, but no one has found confirmation of them.

The first case was recorded in the 1300s. The deviation does not affect the quality of vision.

Heterochromia

You must have heard about people who have eyes of different colors?

A condition in which one eye acquires one color, and the other has another, is commonly called heterochromia.

It is believed to be caused by mutations in the genes responsible for melanin distribution, which are often altered due to chromosomal homogeneity. The picture shows a woman with different eye colors: one is dark brown, the other is blue-gray.

What does your eye color say about you?

What is the meaning of eye color and what can they tell about a person?

It is believed that the eyes do not lie. One way to “read the truth” is to study the color of the human eye.

So, what does eye color mean and how does it affect temperament?

1. Dark brown – what does this eye color say about its owners?

Owners of such eyes can act tough and cold-blooded, while at heart they are quite sensitive natures. They combine confidence, simplicity and modesty.

People with brown eyes are considered wonderful lovers. Carriers brown eyes dark shades are known for their leadership skills and are less likely to succumb various dependencies. They have enormous mental power.

2. Green eye color and its secret.

The rarest eye color in the world is possessed by persistent and stubborn people who always defend their point of view. They adapt well to any conditions. This eye color in a person causes universal admiration, so such people are accustomed to increased attention to yourself. They are distinguished by their honesty and secretive nature.

3. Blue color of the iris - what does it mean?

Blue iris color is the second most common color in the world. People with blue eyes are believed to be impervious to pain and have a high pain threshold. They also demonstrate excellent endurance and developed analytical thinking. Patient people have this eye color.

4. Black color of the iris - the meaning of this eye color?

People with black eyes are very reliable. They are good secret keepers - you can trust them. They are very responsible and friendly. They are able to withstand pressure and not change under the pressure of time and circumstances, and are also not susceptible to emotional shocks. People with black eyes are considered very good advisors.

5. Light eyes.

People with light eyes are very sensitive to the pain of others, while also being even more vulnerable to their own. They will always come to the rescue and are good comforters. People with lighter shades of eyes (light gray, light blue or light green) are funny, helpful, and friendly. They can easily cheer up and are great optimists.

6. Swamp color and what it means

Hazel is an unusual eye shade, but if you own it, you've hit the jackpot. All in one: brown, yellow, green, each of which makes its contribution. Such people are strong, sensitive and hidden, have enormous physical strength and endurance.

7. Gray eye color and what it indicates.

People with gray eyes sometimes suffer from intense internal conflict, they often find it difficult to make decisions, and they are prone to constant skepticism.

Is it possible to accurately determine a person's character by eye color? Of course, no one will give you a 100% guarantee. Each person is a unique individual with his own set of characteristics, abilities and inclinations, regardless of the color of our eyes. But to trace some patterns of similarity in the behavior of people with general color you can, and it’s hard to ignore.

Change in iris color

Can eye color change? Many people are curious whether the iris can acquire a different color and why eye color changes.

Reasons why eyes change color:

• light scattering;
• mood;
• health or medical reasons;
• with age.

There are diseases causing change iris color. For example, Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis, Horner's syndrome, or pigmentary glaucoma often cause changes in eye color.

Attention! In situations where your eye color changes suddenly for no apparent reason and your pupils remain dilated for long period time, consult a doctor immediately. This may have serious reasons, and consulting an ophthalmologist will not hurt you.

Also some medicines from glaucoma can cause changes in the color of the iris. Eye drops prescribed for glaucoma can affect the shade of the iris, changing it to a darker side.

In 10-15% of Caucasians, eye color changes with age. The brown color of the iris may lighten or, on the contrary, darken over the years.

Other factors:

• Lighting. sun rays or artificial lighting can affect the perception of how the color of the iris is seen: the intensity of the light will either enhance or soften the tone of the eyes.
• Reflective colors. The color of objects around you can enhance the color of your eyes.
• Makeup. Some girls apply colored eye shadow to emphasize or highlight the color of the iris. It can also cause a chameleon eye color effect, where the iris changes hue to match the makeup shade.
• Allergic reactions. If people are allergic to blooms or for other reasons, their pupils become constricted, which can lead to a change in the shade of the pupil.
• Emotional state. While it doesn't directly change your eye color, what you feel at any given time can affect how your eyes are perceived. In particular, if you are depressed or crying, your pupil may dilate, compressing the color pigment, causing the iris to appear darker.
• Various substances. The use of alcohol and drugs also causes the pupils to constrict or dilate, changing the intensity of their color.

Eye color change surgery

Is it possible to change your eye color yourself? When someone wants to improve their vision, they can try contact lenses or use the services eye surgery. But what if they want to change the color of their iris? How to change eye color?

If for some reason you are unhappy with your eye color, you can use colored contact lenses.

Attention! Don't buy them online or borrow them from a friend - you risk getting an eye infection. The best option There will be an ophthalmologist consultation.

If you want to solve the issue more radically and change the color completely, then today there are technologies that can offer those who want one more service - this is an operation to change eye color.

This operation involves inserting a colored implant into the eye. The procedure is painless and does not require anesthesia. In just a few minutes the patient acquires the desired color. The implant can subsequently be removed.

Another method of operation is laser burning of melanin before formation. light eyes. This method is not yet widely practiced. The procedure takes no more than 30 seconds, and within a few weeks you will have a completely different eye color. It should be noted that this is forever and it will not be possible to return the previous color.

The eyes are definitely the window to the soul, and if you know anything about eyes or windows, you know they come in different shades and colors!

Most often, you see brown, blue or hazel eyes when you look at people around you, but some people have very rare eye colors. What are the rarest eye colors and how are they obtained?

Did you know?

Only 2% of the world's population has green eyes! Talk about rare! The next time you see someone with this color, let them know this fact.

Which one is the most unique?

This list of rare eye colors is in no particular order, and if your eye color is one of the ones listed, consider yourself very rare.

1. Black eyes

Have you ever seen someone with eyes that seem black as night? Even though they appear black, they are actually just very, very dark brown. This is caused by an abundance of melanin. You can only tell the difference between a pupil and an iris when looking at a person in bright light!

2. Red/pink eye

Two main conditions cause the eye color to appear red or pinkish: albinism and blood leaking into the iris. Although albinos tend to have very light blue eyes Due to a lack of pigment, some forms of albinism can cause the eye color to appear red or pink.

3. Amber eyes

This beautiful golden eye color is often confused with brown. The difference is that brown eyes have brown and green undertones, while amber eyes have a solid color. With a small amount of melanin and large quantities carotenoid, eyes of this shade almost glow! Several different animals have this eye color, but it is truly rare in humans.

4. Green eyes

Very little melanin, but too much carotenoid. Only two percent of the world's population have green eyes. This is definitely a very rare color!

5. Purple eyes

Oh, what purple-blue! This color is most often found in people with albinism. They say it's impossible to have purple eyes without albinism. Mix the lack of pigment with the light reflecting off blood vessels in the eyes and you get that beautiful purple color!

6. Heterochromia

This is not a set of colors, but quite rare disease eye:

• one iris in the eye is a different color from the other irises (David Bowie!);
• there is a place in the iris where one part is a completely different color than the rest of the iris due to pigmentation.

This is a rather unusual type of eye. And some people wear contact lenses to make their eye color more uniform. And I think that this eye color is beautiful, and such a rarity should be appreciated by others!

What determines the color of your eyes?

Many people claim that it is pure genetic factors. For the most part this is true. However, there are also genes that determine a person's eye color.

We now know what determines eye color:

• melanin (brown pigment);
• carotenoid (yellow pigment).

When you see someone with slightly blue eyes, it means there is a lack of melanin or brown pigmentation.

We all used to have brown eyes?

It is believed that the human race previously only had brown eyes and due to genetic mutations, other options have appeared. Perhaps this is why brown is the most common (but no less beautiful)!

So many people who have perfect vision choose to wear contacts just to have a rare eye color, so if you have a rare color, consider yourself lucky!

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The human eyes are called the mirror of the soul. They allow you to determine the mood of your interlocutor and look behind his screen, as it were. inner world. Scientists name eight primary colors. However, there are many additional shades available. Eye statistics record their distribution by country among the eyes, and make it possible to identify congenital/acquired abnormalities.

What determines the color of a person's eyes?

The basis of color is the pigment in the iris. The more it is, the darker the color.

Which eyes are there more according to statistics? Dark-eyed people are predominantly found on earth. The reason is genetics. A child can be dark-eyed even if only the mother or father had this color.

For example, in Belarus 12% are dark-eyed, 44% are light-eyed, and 44% are mixed-colored. Belarusians in the northeastern regions are the darkest-eyed

Primary colors

Eye statistics identifies eight colors:

1. Blue. Usually observed in. Later the color changes. Eye statistics record only a small number of eyes whose color remains the same.
2. Blue. Mostly observed in Europe. Statistics blue eyes in Estonia – 99%, Germany – 75%. Among the Caucasian part of America, the number of owners of blue/blue color ranges from 22 to 33%. It is also present in the Middle East and Asia.
3. Green. Its speakers mainly live in Europe. In some areas, green-eyed women dominate. The statistics of green eyes does not exceed 2% on the planet. Most of the representatives live in Holland, Iceland – 80%.
4. Grey. Usually found in Europe, Africa. Eye color statistics in Russia include about 50% of gray-eyed people.
5. Olive. Found in 17% of the world's inhabitants. Eye color statistics indicate that representatives of the group are found in Europe and Africa.
6. Amber. Statistics of people's eye color include 2% of its carriers. Representatives of the group live on different continents.
7. Black. It dominates mainly among the Mongoloid race in Asian countries.
8. Brown. It is considered the most common eye color in the world. Found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America. About 30% of such people live in the Russian Federation. Eye color statistics in Ukraine reach 50%.

Wikipedia also contains yellow. However, it is rarely observed in nature. The yellow color is usually caused by kidney disease.

Classification

In anthropology they use different systems classifications. In Russia they use the Bunak technique.

Congenital pathologies

Occasionally there are people with abnormal eye shape/color. Eye statistics highlight the following pathologies:

1. Aniridia. Implies the absence of the iris. Pathology can be congenital/acquired. For example, it may occur due to a penetrating injury to the eye. accompanied by a decrease in visual acuity, photophobia or glaucoma. Patients are recommended to wear sunglasses, and sometimes reconstructive plastic surgery is prescribed.
2. Albinism. Albinos are carriers of red eyes. the eye indicates a lack of essential pigments, including melanin. The red tint is caused by the color of the blood that fills the vessels. Sometimes there is a purple tint.
3. . Pathology can be complete/partial. Eyes come in different colors or have different colors individual plots shells. Pathology belongs to the category of genetic/acquired abnormalities. May occur due to injury or inflammation. Sometimes the cause of the pathology is eye drops.

Actress Kate Bosworth has a clear manifestation of heterochromia. She has a brown spot in her right eye.

Genetic predisposition

Eye color is formed under the influence of heredity. But it's not that simple. Color combinations are extremely different. Color is determined using individual regions in the following genes - HERC2, OCA2, SLC24A4, SLC45A2, TYR, IRF4.

Taking into account the structure of gene regions, the probability of prediction brown color reaches 93%, blue – 91%, intermediate – 73%.

Distribution by country

In 1955–1959 were carried out additional research under the leadership of V. Bunak. More than 17 thousand residents of the RSFSR took part in them. Observation results:

In the USA, similar studies took place in 1985. Eye color statistics in percentage (representatives of different groups):

The connection between eye color and character

Brown. It is the leader among the primary colors. Representatives of the group are trusted more, and it is easier for them to make friends. Men often have a round face, a massive chin, a wide mouth, and large eyes. The described parameters indicate masculinity, which evokes not only sympathy, but also favor from women.

Eye statistics note that brown-eyed men are distinguished by charm, initiative, and inconstancy. They often strive for leadership and power. The recognition of those around them only fuels them. Young people with light shades love to dream. Owners of dark shades radiate charm and are liked by women. Brown-eyed men are sometimes the initiators of conflicts. However, they quickly cool down and forgive the offenders. Such men often indulge the whims of the woman they love.

Brown-eyed representatives of the fairer sex are considered reliable and friendly. They often have a straight nose, sensual lips, and a barely prominent chin. Such women usually have expressive eyes. They have pronounced magnetism.

Cinnamon color has many shades - from wet sand to almost black. The shade is clearly visible during the day. Gray blotches may indicate a person's vulnerability. Sparkles indicate the determination and adventurism of their owner.

Light chestnut shades indicate secrecy and shyness. Those with dark brown coloring value the opinions of other people. However, they have their own point of view. Moreover, they need people’s recognition. Such individuals love communication and fun. They are often overly emotional. It's better not to argue with them.

Additionally, brown-eyed girls are distinguished by their intelligence, intelligence, charm and cheerful disposition. Dullness and everyday life are not for them. Such girls love when others admire them. They prefer to visit beauty salons, concerts and other public events. Thanks to perseverance, they achieve success in their careers.

Grey. About 50% of Russian residents own this color. They have the following qualities: hard work and prudence. When solving problems, people delve into the smallest details. Those with gray eyes remain inquisitive until old age.

Gray-eyed men are distinguished by their honesty and commitment. They are quite sociable, however, they do not like to overload others with their problems. Representatives of the group have an inner core and are quite decisive. Thanks to perseverance, gray-eyed men achieve high results V . They are characterized by loyalty. Such men prefer love to temporary hobbies. At the same time, gray-eyed representatives are distinguished by pragmatism.

Worldwide eye color statistics indicate that gray-eyed women are predominantly creative individuals. Their opinions are usually different from other people's. Such women love to decorate theirs with interesting objects. Those with gray eyes love everything extraordinary. They do not allow intrusion into personal territory. They like smart, charismatic, goal-oriented people

Color change

Eye color is subject to correction. For example, Caucasian babies are often born with blue eyes. After six months, the eye color darkens. The reason is the accumulation of melanocytes in the membrane. The process of color formation is completed by the age of 12.

Older citizens often experience pale eyes. The reason is the development of sclerotic/dystrophic processes.

Sometimes correction occurs due to a disease - the Kayser-Fleischer ring. Darkening of the membrane occurs due to melanoma or siderosis. Lightening can be caused by leukemia, Horner's syndrome.

The color can also be changed surgically. For example, laser therapy can transform brown color into blue.

Amber color human nature occurs quite often. This includes hair, the tints of tanned skin, and, of course, the shade of the eyes. Common name This color group coincides with the color of the stone of the same name, which has many varieties in depth and color intensity. Next, we will look at examples and characteristics of such a feature as amber eye color.

Brief description of amber eye color

This tone is located in color spectrum between red and yellow colors. There is no specific definition of what exactly it should be, but by amber people usually mean many similar shades: yellow, ocher, peach, gum, coral, light amber and others. Dark varieties amber color dark coral, red tones, burgundy, rusty shades, etc. are inherent. The main condition here is the presence of a small amount of yellowness, which gives the main tone a warm tint.

This iris color is a type of brown eye. At the same time, people who have amber color irises can be found all over the world, from southern countries to Far East. Availability of this physiological feature talks about high content melanin in the body, which can reflect sunlight. The amber hue, being a separate variety brown in color, is much less common, although it differs in the same biological characteristics. When a person has a light brown tone instead of brown, it just means less percentage melanin.

Amber eye color is determined by four main factors:

1. The percentage of a coloring pigment such as melanin.
2. The presence of certain substances that give a yellowish tint (may be associated with liver disease).
3. Features of the blood vessel system.
4. Red tint to the iris (often seen in albinism).

Correlating these factors in specific proportions, we get various shades amber color. All these features are largely formed under the influence of heredity, and the pigmentation of the iris is of decisive importance here.

Features of the formation of yellow eye color: interesting facts

The amber-yellow color of the iris is even rarer. Throughout your life, you can only meet two or three people who have yellow eyes. Perhaps the uniqueness and unusualness of this coloring historically influenced the attitude towards such a person among the common people as “not like everyone else” and even somewhat dangerous: folk beliefs Such eyes are called the “eye of the tiger.” Sometimes the yellow color of the iris is confused with a brown tone, because these shades differ only in highlights and tints. To distinguish between these colors, you need to know that the brown iris may appear greenish, while the amber-yellow one invariably retains a golden tone, sometimes shimmering with copper.

The golden hue is obtained due to the accumulation of lipochrome pigment. Such pupils can often be found in wildlife. They are characteristic of owls, wolves, eagles, lynxes and other representatives of the animal world, for which this pigment helps them better see prey at long distances. Some people transfer these evolutionary characteristics to the yellow-green color of human eyes, considering their owner capable of dangerous and unpredictable reactions.

In fact, the yellow tone of the eyes is determined genetically and is more common in people with mixed blood, characterized by the presence of Asian genes.

Amber or yellow color of the iris in combination with green tint gives a so-called nut color. This iris tone is mixed, sometimes called swamp. Walnut shades can be observed to varying degrees at the most different colors iris, because any color of the iris is unique in its own way. Hazel eyes may differ in golden, brown or brown-green shades. This color is obtained through a combination of blue and brown tones with a moderate melanin content. Unlike amber irises, hazel irises have somewhat heterogeneous colors.

Myths and legends about golden eye color

It is believed that the eyes are the mirror of the soul. For this reason, in films and works of literature, non-standard eye color often emphasizes an unusual character or unique properties character. However, in reality, people do not have golden eye color. Golden or golden eyes usually refer to eyes that are amber-brown in color. This shade of the iris is found in cats, foxes, wolves and other predators. If a person looks at you with such eyes, then in front of you, most likely, is a character from a science fiction film or a werewolf.

According to the Persian chronicler Rashid ad-Din, Genghis Khan had golden eyes. However, modern scientific research refute this fact, since in reality (in accordance with the mention of the conqueror’s red hair) it could only be green or light brown. In the film “The Passion of the Christ”, the owner of golden eyes is Jesus Christ, which is also mentioned in many apocrypha. In the television series Merlin, witches and wizards are distinguished by the golden color of their irises. At the same time, during witchcraft, their eyes begin to glow with a golden light.

Those who have amber or yellow eyes can be advised to combine this tone with warm shades: you can dye your hair golden brown or, for example, light red (which is also true for clothes).

The amber shade of eyes has always been surrounded by legends and mysteries. On the other hand, scientists consider it simply a game of genetics. In any case, like this unique feature worth being proud of.

A person has an eye color that he inherited. There are not so many basic color options, but there are a large number of shades.

The iris consists of ectodermal and mesodermal layers. The color depends on the distribution of pigments in them.

Most of the planet's inhabitants have brown eyes, the rarest eye color is green. According to statistics, only 2% of the world's population have green eyes. This color, however, like any other, is determined by the amount of melanin in the body, green eyed people it is less in people with brown eyes- more. The fact that green eye color is very rare is also a consequence of the “work” of the medieval Inquisition, when red-haired girls with green eyes were considered witches and were burned at the stake.

Green eye color and its shades from gray-green to emerald are common among eastern and western Slavic peoples, in particular the Germans and Scots. But not only that. For example, among the residents of Iceland - a small island state - almost 80% of the population has green or blue eyes, in Turkey almost 20% of residents have green eyes, but in countries South America, Asia, the Middle East, green eye color is practically not found.

Basic eye colors in people

Blue

The ectodermal layer is dark blue in color. This color is the outer layer of the vessels of the iris, formed from collagen fibers. If the fibers of the outer layer of the iris are low density and have low melanin content, then low-frequency light is absorbed by the back layer, and high-frequency light is reflected from it, so the eyes turn out blue. Most babies have blue eyes in the first few months of life. This phenomenon is common even among the countries of the Middle East, where pigmentation is quite high.

Blue eye

Unlike the eyes blue, in this case the fiber density of the outer layer is higher. Since they have a whitish or grayish tint, the color will no longer be blue, but blue. The higher the fiber density, the lighter color. This eye color is most common among Germanic countries, less often in East Slavic countries.

Blue eye color is the result of a mutation in the HERC2 gene, due to which carriers of this gene have reduced melanin production in the iris of the eye. This mutation arose approximately 6-10 thousand years ago. Most common in the Scandinavian countries, northern Germany, Belarus, northern Poland and northwestern Russia.

Gray eye (steel shade)

The definition of gray and blue eyes is similar, only the density of the fibers is even higher and their shade is closer to gray. If the density is not so high, then the color will be gray-blue. In addition, the presence of melanin or other substances gives a small yellow or brownish impurity. This eye color is most common among eastern and western Slavic peoples, in particular among Russians, also among Western Europeans of the Alpine type (Bavaria, northern Italy), among some inhabitants of the Mediterranean and Jews.

Green eye

Green eye color is determined by a small amount of melanin, and the red hair gene may also play a role here. The outer layer contains a yellow or light brown substance that may be associated with a certain disease. Since the back layer is blue, the result is green, so isolating this color into a separate shade is controversial. The color of the iris is usually uneven and there are many different shades. Distributed among Germanic, eastern and western Slavic peoples, most intensely among the Scots.

Amber eyes

Amber eyes have a monotonous light brown color and a yellowish-green, sometimes slightly reddish tint. Sometimes their color is close to marsh or golden. This is caused by the pigment lipofuscin. This type of eyes is widespread among the Germanic, Romanesque peoples, southern Slavs, Greeks and occasionally Middle Eastern peoples.

Swamp Eye

Swamp eye color, in English terminology called hazel, is a mixed color. Depending on the lighting, it may appear golden, brown-green, brown. In the outer layer of the iris, the content of melanin is quite moderate; in addition to it, other substances are often present. Unlike amber, in this case the color is not monotonous, but rather heterogeneous. This type is widespread among the peoples of Western and Eastern Europe, as well as among northern Indians and, less frequently, Middle Eastern peoples.

Brown eye

In this case, the outer layer of the iris contains a lot of melanin. Therefore, it absorbs both high-frequency and low-frequency light, and the reflected light adds up to brown. This eye color is widespread among Romanesque peoples, as well as among Semites, Berbers, Turkic peoples, Indians and northeastern Mongoloids. Less common among Germanic peoples. Brown is the most common eye color in the world.

Black eye

The structure of the black iris is similar to the brown one, but the concentration of melanin in it is so high that the light incident on it is almost completely absorbed. Often, in addition to the black iris, the color eyeball may be yellowish or grayish in color, which is typical for all blacks or other peoples with black skin. This type is widespread primarily among the Negroid race, peoples of the Middle East, South Asians, Australoids and South Indians. Among Northern European peoples, this eye color is completely absent. And if there is, then it is exotic.