External and internal speech. Types of speech

Oral and written speech

Types of speech.

Oral speech - verbal communication using linguistic means perceived by ear. Written speech - verbal communication using written texts. Communication can be delayed (writing) or immediate (exchanging notes during lectures).

Oral speech manifests itself as spoken language in a conversation situation and is born, most often, from direct experience. Written speech appears as business, scientific, more impersonal speech, intended for an interlocutor who is not directly present.

Written speech requires a more systematic, logically coherent presentation. In written speech, everything should be clear solely from its context, i.e. written speech is contextual speech.

Oral and written speech are closely related. But their unity also includes significant differences. Written signs (letters) represent the sounds of spoken language. However, written language is not simply a translation of spoken language into written signs.

Inner speech - This is the use of language outside the process of real communication.

There are three main types of inner speech:

a) internal pronunciation - “speech to oneself”, preserving the structure of external speech, but devoid of pronouncing sounds;

b) internal modeling of external speech utterance;

c) inner speech as a mechanism and means of mental activity.

Inner speech is not necessarily silent; it can be a form of autocommunication, when a person talks loudly to himself.

The main characteristics of inner speech are: situationality; soundlessness; purpose for oneself; curled up; saturation with subjective content.

Inner speech does not directly serve the purposes of communication, nevertheless it is social in:

1) origin (genetically) - is a derived form from external speech;

L. S. Vygotsky considered egocentric speech as a transitional stage from external to internal speech. Egocentric speech genetically goes back to external speech and is a product of its partial interiorization.

External and internal speech can be dialogical And monologue.

The number of speakers is not the decisive criterion in distinguishing between dialogue and monologue. Dialogue - This is primarily verbal interaction. Unlike a monologue, it expresses two semantic positions in speech form. The characteristic features of an external monologue are the expression in external speech of one semantic position (the speaker) and the absence of external speech addressed to him by the second participant in the communication.

There are different types of speech: gestural and vocal speech, written and oral speech, internal and external speech. Usually there are three types of speech: external, internal and egocentric. External speech, in turn, is divided into written and oral. Oral and written speech are divided into monologue and dialogic. Let us consider in detail the designated types of speech.

External speech is the main means of communication. This is speech addressed to another person, speech for another, which is pronounced, heard and understood by others. External speech is aimed at interaction and is characterized by relative expansion and richness.

External speech, in turn, is divided into oral And written speech. Oral speech appears in two forms - dialogical and monological. Dialogue- speech that is determined by the situation and context of the previous statement. Dialogue is a fast, involuntary process of two-way exchange of information. Dialogue is a turn-taking conversation in which each partner alternates periods of speaking and listening. Oral dialogic speech has the following distinctive characteristics: 1. Availability of feedback. Information exchange is carried out with the help of support, i.e. the interlocutors have the opportunity to ask clarifying questions, make remarks, help finish a thought and thus establish feedback with the speaker. For dialogue, the presence of feedback is one of the most important characteristics. 2. Convolution in time. In a dialogue, much is clear to the interlocutors because both are in control of the situation. For outsiders, the dialogue is difficult to understand. In childhood, dialogue is difficult, and only an adult is capable of a full dialogue. It is difficult for a child to maintain attention on the interlocutor and what he is saying; the child quickly jumps to other topics. For a child, due to his egocentrism, the main thing is to convey his information or receive information, but he is not yet able to exchange it. Often such situations are observed among healthy adults.

Oral monologue speech - this is a relatively expanded form of speech; This is the speech of one person uninterrupted by the remarks of other people. It is a consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts, knowledge, information by one person, without relying on the speech of the interlocutor. A monologue should ideally be full of expressive facial and gestural means, which emphasizes the significance of speech information. Being designed for a specific audience, it is, however, not always accompanied by a direct reaction from those listening (for example, when speaking in the media). A monologue is also characterized by the fact that it can be planned in advance. At the same time, a skilled speaker or lecturer always takes into account the slightest reactions of the audience and, in accordance with this, changes the course of his presentation, maintaining its main content.

Written speech– speech realized in a form accessible to visual perception, in the form of written text. Written speech allows a gap in time and space between its generation and perception and allows the reader to use any perception strategy, return to what has already been read, etc.

From the point of view of the means used, written speech differs from oral speech on three levels: 1) it uses a graphic code (writing); 2) to emphasize the meaning of what is written, not intonation, but lexical devices (combinations of words), grammar and punctuation are used; 3) there are linguistic forms that are mandatory in written speech, but optional in spoken speech.

In written speech, monologue and dialogic forms are also distinguished. Monologue written speech characterized by deployment and arbitrariness. Written communication involves delay or lack of feedback. In this case, the interlocutor cannot ask us again, clarify, or draw attention to mistakes. Examples of monologue writing can be an essay, lecture notes, a letter, or a literary work. Dialogic writing characterized by the presence of feedback and, in some cases, an expressive component. Examples of written dialogic speech include notes, communication in Internet chats and ICQ. Special signs of a non-grammatical nature, for example, emoticons, act as expressive components.

The main means of influence in written speech remain the words themselves, their order and punctuation marks. By making an utterance in written form, we can consciously or unconsciously correlate this utterance with the content that we wanted to express, and in case of discrepancy, we can abandon it and start over, thereby honing the external form of the utterance. In oral speech such a search is impossible. In order to carry out the most appropriate selection of form for the intended content, a person uses inner speech. That is, before formulating a thought in writing, it must be spoken internally. The formation of written speech is a labor-intensive process, since it requires a person to have a double level of abstraction. At the first level, the essential features of objects, phenomena and facts are highlighted, and then the corresponding word is used. At the second level, this word is endowed with a certain sign, and this sign is written independently of the word. Naturally, these two levels require well-formed thinking.

Inner speech. The concept of inner speech was first proposed by L.S. Vygotsky. He defined inner speech as “a special internal plan of speech thinking that mediates the dynamic relationship between thought and word.” Inner speech has the following properties: 1) lack of phonation; 2) predicativeness (that is, all subjects are omitted and only predicates are present); 3) abbreviation; 4) the predominance of meaning over the word; 5) discrepancy between the semantics of internal speech and the semantics of external speech. Acting as internal speech, speech, as it were, throws off the fulfillment of its primary function that gave birth to it: it ceases to be directly a means of communication in order to become, first of all, a form of internal work of thought. Inner speech is thus a means of thinking. It is devoid of phonation, that is, external audible sound design. It proceeds in the mental plane, carries out the functions of activity planning and information processing functions. Inner speech is characterized by fragmentation, abruptness and situationality. Without serving the purposes of message and communication, inner speech still has a social character. It is social, firstly, genetically, in its origin: “internal” speech is a derived form from “external” speech. Taking place under different conditions, it has a modified structure, but its modified structure also bears obvious traces of its social origin. Inner speech and verbal, discursive thinking occurring in the form of inner speech reflect the structure of speech that has developed in the process of communication. So, inner speech is social in origin. But it is also social in its content. The statement that inner speech is speech with oneself is not entirely accurate. And internal speech is mostly addressed to the interlocutor. Sometimes this is a specific individual interlocutor.

Apparently, due to the compressed nature of inner speech and the absence of an external sound form, inner speech was often intellectualized and identified with thinking. It is in connection with internal speech that the question of the relationship between speech and thinking arises with particular urgency.

Egocentric speech - This is a unique combination of external and internal speech. According to the methods of manifestation, this speech is external, that is, it is sounding, vocalized. But in terms of function and structure, this speech is internal. These are thoughts and reasoning out loud, which are carried out in question-and-answer form and can be interpreted as a conversation with oneself as with an imaginary communication partner. Egocentric speech allows one to overcome difficulties and obstacles that arise in consciousness. This is a speech for yourself. The term "egocentric speech" was introduced by Jean Piaget and was used only to characterize children's speech. Piaget assumed that a child's speech develops from dialogue with others and with himself. Piaget considered egocentric speech as a temporary stage in speech development. It appears relatively late, its peak occurs between 3 and 5 years. The essence of egocentric speech is that, supposedly not communicating with anyone, nevertheless, the child creates a social resonance for himself. This is a conversation with an interlocutor who understands everything and agrees with everything. Such a monologue promotes the expression of emotions and at the same time performs the function of comprehension. Egocentric speech is a prerequisite for the development of the planning function of thinking. At the first stage of its development, it accompanies any child’s activity, especially if this activity causes him certain difficulties. Throughout preschool age, egocentric speech changes. It contains not just stating statements, but also planning and regulating ones. With age, egocentric speech interiorized, turns into inner speech and in this form retains its planning function. However, Vygotsky says that egocentric speech does not completely disappear in adults. You and I often talk to our dogs and cats, and also “sentence” during work and other activities, “addressing” inanimate objects. Often, egocentric speech can be observed in a teacher when, in search of an answer to a question asked, he begins a verbal search for an answer under his breath, reasoning out loud. Egocentric speech in an adult manifests itself in moments of difficulty and emotional stress. (Examples: “here I am,” “oh, you’re disgusting” - at the sight of a cockroach; “oh, you poor thing, now we’ll water you” - an appeal to a flower; “well, where are you?” - in search of the keys).

Spoken speech - This is the spontaneous, relaxed oral speech of educated native speakers of the modern Russian language. This speech is devoid of vernacular features and is free from street genre and dialectisms. This is a special language system. RR is characterized by the following properties: 1) unpreparedness, spontaneity of the speech act; 2) ease of expression; 3) direct participation of speakers in the speech act. We can observe spoken language on the bus, in a store, during a lunch break, or during a telephone conversation. Ease is determined by the presence of informal relations between the participants in a speech act. Therefore, for example, the range of texts under consideration excludes an exchange of opinions at some official meeting where speakers use the oral form of a codified literary language. Features of colloquial speech are:

1. Syncretism. This is the condensation of many things into one, a kind of compaction. Syncretism is manifested in the use of non-union structures (“my head hurts.. turn it off..” - “I have a headache, turn off the light” or “umbrella.. you’ll get wet...” - “take an umbrella, otherwise you’ll get wet”)

2. Dismemberment. This is the reverse process of syncretism. It manifests itself in such units as ambiguous nominations such as “give me something to cut”, “have something to write”, “take something to hide with”. These expressions are dissected in form, but syncretic in content, since “what to write with” is a pencil or pen. In terms of content, dismemberment is manifested in the high productivity of derived words. For example, “cleaning, grabbing, holding.”

3. The presence of a common apperception base. This term was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. within the framework of linguistic science. The general apperception base is understood as “a coherent, holistic, systemic stock of general knowledge characteristic of all native speakers; total social experience." The presence of a common apperception base presupposes that the interlocutors have the same understanding of the specific moment when communication occurs.

There is a distinction between internal and external speech. External speech can be oral and written. Oral speech can be in the form of a monologue (one speaks - others listen) or dialogue (a conversation with one or, in turn, with several interlocutors).

It is not difficult to distinguish these types of speech by form. It is more important to understand their features in terms of content (in terms of completeness, depth, breadth of presentation). When comparing monologue and dialogic forms of oral speech, one must keep in mind that a monologue should be much more complete and developed compared to dialogue.

After all, in a dialogue it becomes clear what the interlocutor (or interlocutors) knows and what they do not know, what they agree with and what they disagree with. There is no need to inform about what is known; there is no need to convince on points of agreement. In a monologue, you need to give all possible information, before looking at all possible objections.

Written speech, compared to oral speech, should also be more complete, clear, detailed, and convincing. After all, written speech, as a rule (with the exception of the exchange of short notes), is a monologue. In addition, written speech, in contrast to oral speech, is devoid of such powerful allies as gestures and intonation.

The completeness and breadth that should be inherent in written speech does not mean that it should be long. We must strive to ensure that “words are cramped, but thoughts are spacious.” The least clear and detailed is internal speech. It is closely related to external, especially oral, speech. It has now been proven that externally imperceptible movements of sound-producing muscles occur in all cases of internal speech.

But inner speech- This is a conversation with yourself. And, although the “internal dispute” can be very fierce, it takes place in the forms of “condensed” speech, where it is enough to understand the general meaning. It’s a different matter if we “rehearse” external speech in internal speech. Then in internal speech we strive to observe all the rules of external speech.

All these features of different types of speech must be taken into account not only when speech is used to communicate with other people, but also when speech is the basis of individual thinking. Thought begins to “ripen” in us in the form of internal speech (although the source of thought is always the external activity of a person).

But inner speech is “collapsed” and unclear. Therefore, the “germ” of thought is also fuzzy. To make a thought clear and clear even to yourself, you need to say it out loud or at least “rehearse” this pronunciation. But it is best to explain your thoughts to others.

Then it will become clearer to you too. The anecdotal story about a professor who claimed that he began to understand a subject when he explained it to his students for the third time is not without a grain of truth. But what is especially useful for creating clarity and completeness of thoughts is their presentation in writing; if you keep a diary, write down in it not only the factual description of events, but also your thoughts about these events. This kind of written “reflection” on life will greatly benefit you.

The development of speech in the process of human development is a long and complex process. From the first days of a child’s life, the preparatory, pre-speech period in mastering speech begins. Already screams develop the child’s respiratory and speech apparatus (we must remember that a child’s screams are a signal of some kind of trouble in his condition). Then babbling arises, which is directly related to the formation of speech.

Understanding audible words, mastering them as signals first of the first signal system (to designate specific objects), and then of the second signal system (allowing generalization and abstraction) begins at the end of the first - beginning of the second year of life, even before the child begins to use speech for communication with others.

"Manual of Medical Psychology",
I.M. Tylevich

External speech- a system of sound signals, written signs and symbols used by humans to transmit information, the process of materialization of thoughts.

External speech serves communication (although in some cases a person can think out loud without communicating with anyone), therefore its main feature is accessibility to the perception (hearing, vision) of other people. Depending on whether sounds or written signs are used for this purpose, a distinction is made between oral (ordinary spoken spoken speech) and written speech. Oral and written speech have their own psychological characteristics. When speaking, a person perceives listeners and their reaction to his words. Written speech is addressed to an absent reader who does not see or hear the writer and will read what is written only after some time. Often the author does not even know his reader at all and does not maintain contact with him. The lack of direct contact between the writer and the reader creates certain difficulties in constructing written speech. The writer is deprived of the opportunity to use expressive means (intonation, facial expressions, gestures) to better express his thoughts (punctuation marks do not fully replace these expressive means), as is the case in oral speech. So written language is usually less expressive than spoken language. In addition, written speech must be particularly detailed, coherent, understandable and complete, i.e. processed.

But written speech has another advantage: unlike oral speech, it allows for long and thorough work on the verbal expression of thoughts, while in oral speech delays are unacceptable, there is no time for polishing and finishing phrases. If you look, for example, at the draft manuscripts of L.N. Tolstoy or A.S. Pushkin, you will be struck by their unusually thorough and demanding work on the verbal expression of thoughts. Written speech, both in the history of society and in the life of an individual, appears later than oral speech and is formed on its basis. The importance of written speech is extremely great. It is in it that the entire historical experience of human society is consolidated. Thanks to writing, the achievements of culture, science and art are passed on from generation to generation.

So, external speech includes the following types:

Dialogical;

Monologue;

Written

Oral speech - this is communication between people through pronouncing words out loud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.

Depending on the various conditions of communication, oral speech takes the form of either dialogic or monologue speech.

Dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a type of speech consisting in the alternating exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. Dialogical speech is a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Dialogical speech, the psychologically simplest and most natural form of speech, occurs during direct communication between two or more interlocutors and consists mainly of the exchange of remarks. Replica - response, objection, remark to the words of the interlocutor - is distinguished by brevity, the presence of interrogative and incentive sentences, and syntactically undeveloped constructions. A distinctive feature of dialogue is the emotional contact of speakers, their influence on each other through facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of voice. In everyday dialogue, partners do not care about the form and style of their statements and are frank. Participants in public dialogue take into account the presence of the audience and construct their speech literary. In everyday and ordinary conversation, dialogic speech is not planned. This is a supported speech. The direction of such a conversation and its results are largely determined by the statements of its participants, their remarks, comments, approval or objection. But sometimes a conversation is organized specifically to clarify a specific issue, then it is purposeful (for example, a student’s answer to a teacher’s questions).

Dialogue speech, as a rule, places fewer demands on the construction of a coherent and detailed statement than monologue or written speech; no special preparation is needed here. This is explained by the fact that the interlocutors are in the same situation, perceive the same facts and phenomena and therefore understand each other relatively easily, sometimes without a word. They do not need to express their thoughts in detailed speech form. An important requirement for interlocutors during dialogical speech is to be able to listen to the partner’s statements to the end, understand his objections and respond to them, and not to his own thoughts.

Monologue - a type of speech that has one subject and represents a complex syntactic whole, structurally not at all related to the speech of the interlocutor. Monologue speech is the speech of one person expressing his thoughts over a relatively long time or a consistent coherent presentation by one person of a system of knowledge.

Monologue speech is characterized by:

· consistency and evidence, which provide coherence of thought;

· grammatically correct formatting;

Monologue speech is more complex than dialogue in content and linguistic design and always presupposes a fairly high level of speech development of the speaker. There are three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning, which, in turn, are divided into subtypes that have their own linguistic, compositional and intonation-expressive features. With speech defects, monologue speech is impaired to a greater extent than dialogic speech.

A monologue is a detailed statement (an elementary unit of text) by one person, complete in semantic terms. The psychological and pedagogical feature of monologue speech is that the reaction of the listeners is guessed, gestures and facial expressions play a smaller role than in dialogue. A monologue is most often a public speech addressed to a large number of people. The oratorical monologue is dialogical.

The speaker seems to be talking with the audience, that is, a hidden dialogue is taking place. But open dialogue is also possible, for example, answering questions from those present.

Monologue speech assumes that one person speaks, while others only listen without participating in the conversation. Monologue speech occupies a large place in the practice of human communication and is manifested in a wide variety of oral and written speeches. Monologue forms of speech include lectures, reports, and speeches at meetings. A common and characteristic feature of all forms of monologue speech is its pronounced orientation towards the listener. The purpose of this focus is to achieve the necessary impact on listeners, convey knowledge to them, and convince them of something. In this regard, monologue speech is extensive in nature and requires a coherent presentation of thoughts, and therefore, preliminary preparation and planning.

As a rule, monologue speech proceeds with a certain tension. It requires the speaker to be able to logically, consistently express his thoughts, express them in a clear and distinct form, as well as the ability to establish contact with the audience. To do this, the speaker must monitor not only the content of his speech and its external structure, but also the reaction of the listeners.

The amount of information loss during a monologue message can reach 50%, and in some cases, 80% of the volume of original information [‎7].

Written speech is a graphically designed speech organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is not situational and requires in-depth skills of sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey one’s thoughts, analyze what is written and improve the form of expression.

Written and spoken speech usually perform different functions. Oral speech for the most part functions as colloquial speech in a conversation situation, written speech - as business, scientific, more impersonal speech, intended not for the directly present interlocutor. In this case, written speech is aimed primarily at conveying more abstract content, while oral, colloquial speech is mostly born from direct experience. Hence a number of differences in the construction of written and oral speech and in the means that each of them uses.

In oral, colloquial speech, the presence of a common situation that unites interlocutors creates the commonality of a number of directly obvious prerequisites. When the speaker reproduces them in speech, his speech seems excessively long, boring and pedantic: much is immediately clear from the situation and can be omitted in oral speech. Between two interlocutors, united by the commonality of the situation and, to some extent, experiences, understanding is possible without a word. Sometimes, between close people, one hint is enough to be understood. In this case, what we say is understood not only or sometimes even not so much from the content of the speech itself, but on the basis of the situation in which the interlocutors find themselves. In conversational speech, therefore, much is left unspoken. Conversational oral speech is situational speech. Moreover, in oral speech-conversation, the interlocutors, in addition to the subject-semantic content of the speech, have at their disposal a whole range of expressive means, with the help of which they convey what is not said in the very content of the speech.

In written speech addressed to an absent or generally impersonal, unknown reader, one cannot count on the fact that the content of the speech will be supplemented by general experiences drawn from direct contact, generated by the situation in which the writer was. Therefore, in written speech, something different is required than in oral speech - a more detailed construction of speech, a different disclosure of the content of thought. In written speech, all essential connections of thought must be revealed and reflected. Written speech requires a more systematic, logically coherent presentation. In written speech, everything should be understandable solely from its own semantic content, from its context; written speech is contextual speech.

Human speech is diverse and has various forms. In psychology, two types of speech are distinguished: external; internal.

1. External speech includes oral and written language.

One of the first to appear in humans exclamation speech. Its main task is to inform everyone about your condition or attitude towards others. An exclamation will only be accepted if others are nearby and watching what is happening.

Main source view oral speech is speech that takes place in the form of a conversation. This kind of speech is called colloquial, or dialogical- this is a speech supported by an interlocutor, during which the interlocutor can help finish a thought (conversation), two people participate in the conversation process. This speech is psychological is the simplest form of speech. It does not require extensive expression of speech, since during a conversation the interlocutor understands well what is being said and can mentally complete the phrase uttered by the other interlocutor. There are three main types of interaction between dialogue participants: dependence, cooperation and equality.

Any dialogue has its own structure: beginning - main part - ending. The size of the dialogue is theoretically unlimited, since its lower boundary can be open. In practice, any dialogue has its own ending.

In accordance with the goals and objectives of the dialogue, the communication situation, and the role of the interlocutors, the following can be distinguished: main types of dialogues: everyday, business conversation, interview.

Dialogue is characterized by:

- personalization of addressing, i.e., individual appeal to each other;

- spontaneity and ease- interlocutors interfere in each other’s speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, returning to what has already been said;

- situational nature of speech behavior- direct contact between speakers;

- emotionality- situational nature, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication enhance its emotional coloring.

Another form of spoken language is called monologue, or monologue- a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts and knowledge by one person. For example, the speech of a speaker, lecturer, rapporteur, etc. Monologue speech is psychologically more complex than dialogic speech. She requires the speaker to be able to express his thoughts coherently and strictly consistently, and he must monitor not only his speech, but also the audience. A monologue can be either unprepared or pre-thought out.

According to the purpose of the utterance, monologue speech is divided into three types:

- informational speech serves to transfer knowledge. In this case, the speaker must take into account the intellectual abilities of perceiving information and the cognitive capabilities of listeners. Types of informational speech - lectures, reports, messages, reports.

- persuasive speech addressed to the emotions of the listeners, in this case the speaker must take into account his receptivity. Types of persuasive speech: congratulatory, solemn, parting.

- motivating speech is aimed at inducing listeners to various kinds of actions. Here there are political speech, speech-call to action, speech-protest.

A monologue can be defined as an extended statement by one person. There are two main types of monologue:

1. monologue speech is a process of purposeful communication, conscious appeal to the listener and is characteristic of the oral form of book speech: oral scientific speech, judicial speech, oral public speech. The monologue received its most complete development in artistic speech.

2. monologue- this is speech alone with oneself. The monologue is not directed to the direct listener and, accordingly, is not protected from the interlocutor’s response.

Monologue speech is distinguished by the degree of preparedness and formality. An oratorical speech is always a pre-prepared monologue delivered in a formal setting. However, to a certain extent, a monologue is an artificial form of speech, always striving for dialogue.

When characterizing these two types of oral speech, one must keep in mind not their external, but their psychological difference. They can be similar to each other, for example, a monologue can be constructed in its external form as a dialogue, i.e. the speaker can address either all listeners or an imaginary opponent.

Dialogue and monologue speech can be active or passive. The active form of speech is the speech of the person speaking, and the passive form is the speech of the person listening. It should be noted that in children the development of active and passive forms of speech does not occur simultaneously. The child, first of all, learns to understand someone else’s speech, and then begins to speak himself. However, even at a more mature age, people differ in the degree of development of active or passive forms of speech. It often happens that a person understands another person’s speech well, but poorly conveys his own thoughts. And, on the contrary, he speaks well, but does not know how to listen to others.

Another type of speech is written language. It appeared much later than the oral one. Thanks to written speech, people have the opportunity to store the knowledge accumulated by humanity and pass it on to new generations.

Written language differs from spoken language in that it is depicted graphically, using written signs. She represents a type of monologue speech, more developed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech presupposes the absence of feedback from the interlocutor. She has no additional means of influencing the perceiver other than the words themselves, their order and punctuation marks that organize the sentence.

Written speech can be constructed arbitrarily, since what is written is always before our eyes. For the same reason, it is easier to understand. On the other hand, written language is a more complex form of speech. It requires a more thoughtful construction of phrases, a more accurate presentation of thoughts. In addition, the process of forming and expressing thoughts proceeds differently in oral and written speech (it is often easier for some people to express their thoughts in writing, and for others orally).

2. Inner speech is a special type of speech activity. She acts as planning phase in practical and theoretical activities. Therefore, for internal speech, on the one hand, characterized by fragmentation, fragmentation. On the other hand, here misunderstandings are eliminated when perceiving the situation. Therefore inner speech extremely situational, in this it is close to dialogical. She is formed on the basis of external.

The translation of external speech into internal speech (interiorization) is accompanied by a reduction (shortening) of the structure of external speech, and the transition from internal speech to external speech (exteriorization) requires, on the contrary, the development of the structure of internal speech, its construction in accordance not only with logical rules, but also with grammatical ones.

Inner speech, first of all, associated with ensuring the thinking process.

Informativeness of speech depends, first of all, on the value of the facts reported in it and on the ability of its author to communicate.

Speech intelligibility depends:

- on its semantic content;

- from its linguistic features;

- on the relationship between its complexity, on the one hand, and the level of development, range of knowledge and interests of listeners, on the other hand.

Expressiveness of speech involves taking into account the situation of the speech, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct intonation, and the ability to use words and expressions with figurative and figurative meaning.

Homework: write which type of speech is the most difficult (for you personally) and why, that is, prove that this particular type of speech is the most difficult. Do it in your notebook.