The child's skin is itchy all over. Anal itching in a child

Most domestic speech therapists agree that learning to pronounce the sound R correctly and fluently is one of the most difficult speech tasks for children. Few of them cope with it independently and on time. However, not only specialists, but also parents themselves can help them. With the help of elementary speech therapy exercises to produce the sound R.

Sound R: right-wrong

The sound R is one of the most difficult sounds in the Russian language. To reproduce it, refined movements of the speech apparatus, sufficient vibration and amplitude of the tongue and other physiological “achievements” are required. It is not surprising that most children experience certain difficulties in forming the correct pronunciation of the sound R.

As a rule, there are not so many options for involuntary distortion of the sound R among the younger generation. The most common children's “bullying” of the sound R:

The sound just skips and falls out. This is especially true for words where the sound R is between vowels: sa_ay(instead of a barn), ha_azh(instead of a garage), ma_oz(instead of frost);
Instead of the sound R, the sound L, Y or Y is obtained: Kojowa(instead of a cow), Luke(instead of hand) klaska(instead of paint), fish(instead of fish);
The sound R is pronounced recognizable, but not typical for the Russian language (bilingual children especially often “sin” with this). A child may not pronounce the sound “firmly”, as is typical for our speech, but, for example, grate (as is customary in French), or vibrate excessively (as is typical in English).

How to check the pronunciation of the sound R in a child? First, ask your baby to “growl” - in other words, say the sound R several times on its own, and not as part of any words. Then have the child repeat after you words like: crow, king, grass, order, etc. If the child is unable to pronounce the single sound R, then the first thing you have to do is to practice exactly this - teach the baby to pronounce the sound R by itself. If the child “growls” “excellently”, but pronounces the sound R incorrectly in words, then correct pronunciation should be practiced primarily in the syllables: ra-ro-ru-ri-ar-or-ir, etc.

Release the R sound from the reins

Since the article deals specifically with “home” exercises for producing the R sound in children, the first step is to remind you: even if you, full of parental love and speech therapy enthusiasm, decided to independently teach your baby to roar loudly no worse than a tiger cub and without embarrassment declare a rhymed story about a bitten Greek at family matinees, then you still need at least one, initial, consultation with a professional and experienced speech therapist.

The fact is that often the inability to correctly pronounce the sound P is explained not so much by a poorly developed articulatory apparatus, low mobility of the tongue and similar problems, but by the individual structure of the hyoid ligament - the so-called “frenulum”. And only a doctor can determine this nuance.

In most cases, the underdevelopment of the “frenulum” (due to which the baby’s tongue simply does not reach the upper palate, which makes it difficult to pronounce a number of sounds, including the sound R) can be leveled through daily exercises and special massage. But sometimes there are cases when this ligament needs to be trimmed in order for the tongue to acquire the proper range of motion. It is this dilemma - to cut or not - that a speech therapist can resolve. Moms and dads, don’t worry - modern doctors in most cases are inclined to the method of stretching the “frenulum” by performing special speech therapy exercises, including exercises for producing the sound R.

Other reasons for incorrect pronunciation of the sound R

Inactive articulatory apparatus. NOTE: In this case, you should focus not so much on directly producing the sound R, but on... grimacing! In a playful way, stimulate your baby to actively “move in the mouth” - let him stick out his tongue, twist it into a tube (children love this!), try to reach his nose or chin with his tongue, move his jaws, bare his teeth, stretch his lips in an “ah” smile. la Cheshire cat” and so on and so forth. All these funny pranks will quickly strengthen the facial muscles and develop the mobility of the speech organs.

Phonemic hearing impairment. NOTE: As a rule, phonemic hearing disorders (when a child hears the speech structures of adults, recognizes them and tries to reproduce them in his speech) manifests itself in the fact that a child aged four or more misses letters/sounds in words when speaking or reading. confuses voiced and voiceless consonants, as well as soft and hard consonants (for example: love- loobof, nanny- nana, door- hard, stool- diaburedka etc.)

“Problems” in speech breathing. NOTE: Speech breathing is the basis for proper adequate sound production. The most common speech breathing disorders are usually chronic runny nose, enlarged adenoids, some immune diseases, and diseases of the cardiovascular system. To develop proper speech breathing, we use our own special gymnastics (where speech is combined with physical exercises), which is usually prescribed by a speech therapist, adapting to the individual characteristics of the child.

Science has proven that the ability to pronounce complex sounds - including the sound R - is determined not only by the developed articulatory apparatus and the characteristics of the speech that the child constantly hears, but partly also genetically.

If there are no serious physiological reasons for the child’s diction problems, then get recommendations on speech gymnastics from a speech therapist and start daily exercises.

Now is the time for speech therapy exercises

You should seriously think about producing the sound R if the child is five years old and has not yet learned to growl and purr “cleanly” and loudly. They still swim in his aquarium smiles, fly into the sky Shaiiki, and they give milk koevs...

The first consultation with an experienced speech therapist will enrich you with knowledge of exactly what problems your baby has with the articulation apparatus, and what specific exercises you should practice with him. But in addition to special gymnastics, there is also a more or less common set of exercises for all cases of producing the sound P, which you also have to perform daily with your baby. Get ready for the fact that you will spend an average of half an hour a day on this, and the whole epic of mastering pronunciation can last for a year and a half.

As a rule, the production of the sound P, as well as other sounds, is divided into three stages:

first you must teach your child to confidently pronounce this sound in isolation, on its own;
then you should master confident pronunciation of sounds in syllables and words;
and only then train the sound in continuous speech, sentences and tongue twisters.

In everyday life, you can often observe the opposite picture: parents hang over the child, jabbering tongue twisters and calling on the child to immediately repeat what was said. Alas, this tactic almost always fails - the child gets scared and refuses to train at all.

The key to success: patience and work

Be patient and go from simple to complex. Fortunately or unfortunately, the speech therapy task is fundamentally different, for example, from trying to teach someone to swim - if you can learn to float on the water and flounder your limbs overnight, then, alas, it’s definitely not possible to pronounce sounds correctly. Because what plays a role here is not so much the technique of execution, but the gradual development and strengthening of the articulatory apparatus.

Remember one simple rule: any activity, including speech therapy exercises, should bring pleasure and positive emotions to the child. How you achieve this is your problem, not the baby's. And only if your offspring is happy to perform speech gymnastics (and keep in mind that it is easy for you to move your tongue and pronounce different sounds, but for a baby this is always a huge amount of work, discomfort, and sometimes even certain painful sensations), you will achieve success.

Invent fun and amusing activities for your child with the sound/letter P, turn daily speech exercises into a funny game, and never (even as a joke!) tease your baby - and you yourself will not notice how your child will become firmly “friends” with all the sounds of his native speech . Even with something as insidious as the sound R.

Warm-up exercises

Making the sound R is a daily exercise. Each of which begins with a warm-up and “warming up” of the articulatory apparatus. The most effective warm-up exercises:

Exercise "Paint brush". The baby should smile and open his mouth slightly. Next, as if with a brush, he should “stroke” the upper palate with his tongue - from the upper teeth and as deep as possible towards the throat. Repeat the exercise 10-12 times.

Exercise "Pendulum". As in the first case, you need to smile and open your mouth. Slightly stick your tongue forward and swing it from side to side - from the right corner of your mouth to the left and so on. About 10-20 times.

Exercise "Accordion". We smile again and open our mouth. We press our tongue to the upper palate, as if we are going to pronounce a soft and long sound “n”. Without changing the position of the tongue, we open our mouth as wide as possible, then close it, open it and close it. About 15-20 times.

“Brushing our teeth.” Starting position - smile and open your mouth. Using the tip of the tongue, we move along the inner surface of the upper teeth from left to right, as if we are “sweeping” them. We do the exercise 10-15 times. Then, without changing the original position, we alternately press the tongue against each upper tooth from the inside, as if checking whether it is in place.

Exercise "Mosquito". A very fun exercise! The baby should open his mouth and move the tip of his tongue behind his front teeth. In this position, try to pronounce the sound “z-z-z”, then move the tongue back, this time resting it on the upper palate at the base of the teeth and pronounce “z-z-z” again.

All these exercises perfectly develop the articulatory apparatus, strengthen the muscles and gradually stretch the “frenulum”. However, to practice the “R” sound, special staging exercises are needed.

Exercises for making the sound R

Some of the simplest exercises suitable for independent daily speech gymnastics include the following:

1 The child opens his mouth and presses the tip of his tongue to the base of the upper teeth, rhythmically and quickly pronouncing the sound “d-d-d.” After a couple of seconds, ask him, without stopping, to blow strongly on the tip of his tongue (that is, try to say “d-d-d” while exhaling forcefully). The sound R will not work yet, but the baby should feel a noticeable vibration of the tongue and gradually remember it.
2 For the next exercise you will need a special speech therapy spatula (it can be purchased in specialized stores, pharmacies and online stores). Nowadays, they are made quite comfortable for the baby, often with the smell of caramel, chocolate or fruit. Use it very carefully, but confidently, without timidity. So: to begin with, ask the child, opening his mouth wider, to pronounce the sound “w-w-w”, gradually moving the tongue closer to the base of the upper teeth. Give him a couple of seconds to get used to it, and then carefully insert the spatula under your child’s tongue and begin to rhythmically (but not too much!) swing it left and right, creating vibration. At this time, the child should blow strongly on his sound “zh-zh-zh” - this way he will feel the vibration created by the air and the vibrations of the spatula.
3 Ask your baby to open his mouth wide and at the same time pronounce the syllable “z-z-za”, moving his tongue as far back as possible. At this time, as in exercise 2, slip a spatula under his tongue and rhythmically move it left and right. If this speech therapy exercise is performed correctly, you should hear a fairly distinct “R” sound.
4 In the same way, ask the child to pronounce the sound “z-z-zi” with his mouth open, and do the same manipulations with the spatula as in the previous exercise. In this case, the softer sound R is used, which is used in words like “rhyme”, “rice”, “drawing”...

It is known that in his youth Lenin was very complex because of his burr. And at one time, the future leader of the world proletariat paid great attention to exercises on producing the sound R. Since the articulation of the sound R is similar to the articulation of the sound D, he trained on words in which D and R stand side by side. Often from Volodya’s room one could hear the speech therapy “mantra”: fight, firewood, tease...

You are the “teacher of the year”!

Since children are great repeaters, at every opportunity, do not be lazy to show your child how well and skillfully you pronounce the sound R. In fact, you are your child’s best teacher and mentor.

Lean closer to him so that he not only hears you, but also sees the position of your lips and facial expressions. Most often, this is how children learn to pronounce sounds by imitating a carbon copy. Be a patient (and at the same time funny, smiling!) example for your child - and he will definitely master the correct pronunciation. And be patient - it can take from several days to several months to practice each exercise for producing the sound P.

As soon as you hear that your child is able to more or less successfully pronounce the sound R in exercises, start practicing syllables like “ra-ri-ru-ro” or “ara-tra-ura-or-mur” - that is, all sorts of combinations the sound P and vowels (so that the sound P itself appears both at the beginning of the syllable, and in the middle, and at the end). Then move on to individual simple words, such as “fish-hand-murzik-arka-ball-cow” and others (again, the sound P should appear in different places in the words). And only when the child pronounces words confidently and correctly, proceed to continuous speech.

Many parents perceive difficulties with pronouncing the sound R as a serious problem. They involve a host of pediatricians and speech therapists in the “trouble,” and they begin to frighten the child with future difficulties in communication... If you are a conscious and loving parent, stop this “hysteria” in its infancy! Teach your child to deal with difficulties (including pronunciation) in a friendly, calm, and humorous manner. And if you manage to turn speech therapy into an exciting game, you and your child will win in any case - either he will master the sound R, or he will learn to “tolerate failures” while remaining a confident person.

The first sounds and words of a little man are quite funny and bring smiles to adults. However, no one will smile if they hear inverted words and incomprehensible phrases from an adult. Communication is an important element of our life. The ability to correctly and competently express one’s thoughts, the ability to clearly formulate answers to questions posed, as well as the ability to pronounce all sounds is something that not only children, but also adults should strive for.

Speech therapy classes for children at home are constant communication with the child in a playful way. Once your child is interested, you can engage with him by playing games for speech development such as

finger games (games for developing fine motor skills)
articulatory gymnastics
games for hearing development, games for sound vibration and logorhythmics (poems with movements)
poems for speech development and vocabulary replenishment

The most difficult thing is to interest the child. And this is a very serious task. After all, sitting down a little fidget is not so easy. In general, it is not necessary to sit him down; you can work with the child while he is playing in his hut or jumping on the sofa. Classes should be held in a playful way. Then it will be easier for you, and the child will learn the material without hysterics and whims.

Are you looking for speech therapy classes for children 2 - 3 years old?

A few tips before starting homeschooling with your children:

classes should initially be short (2-3 minutes). Then we gradually increase them. Maximum 15-20 minutes at a time.
The child should enjoy the activities. Don’t force or insist, as this can completely discourage your child from wanting to do anything.
It’s better to practice more often, but little by little. Frequently performing the same exercise, the child develops a skill.
use laughter during classes. Do not scold for incorrect pronunciation or if the child fails to do something. It’s better to find out with your child why his tongue is so naughty and how to fix it. It is better to be an ally and friend to a child than a strict teacher. How to properly praise a child.

I would like to dwell in more detail on each of the types of games that you need to play with your child.

Finger games are one of the types of development. There is a close relationship between the human hand and the speech center of the brain.

Learning texts using “finger” gymnastics stimulates the development of speech, spatial thinking, attention, imagination, and develops reaction speed and emotional expressiveness. The child remembers poetic texts better; his speech becomes more expressive.

You need to exercise every day for 5 minutes, then such exercises will be effective.

Articulation gymnastics is gymnastics for the tongue and lips. The tongue is the main muscle of the speech organs. The tongue must be trained and developed so that it can correctly perform certain specific movements, which are called sound pronunciation. Lips and tongue should be flexible and strong.

To perform articulation gymnastics you need a mirror. The child must see how his tongue works and where it is located. In order to bring the exercises to automaticity, you need to constantly practice. It is important to perform the exercises correctly and carefully monitor the position of the tongue.

You need to exercise every day for 5-7 minutes. Preferably 2 times a day. The result is correct and clear speech.

For correct sound pronunciation, it is also necessary to perform tasks that are aimed at developing the voice, breathing and speech hearing.

Games for sounds, hearing development and logarithmics

Speech or phonemic hearing is the ability to correctly hear, recognize and differentiate sounds.

Games for hearing development

1. “Ears are rumors”

Target: consolidate the ability to differentiate sounds, develop auditory attention.

The speech therapist shows wooden and metal spoons and crystal glasses. Children name these objects. The teacher offers to listen to how these objects sound. Having installed the screen, he reproduces the sound of these objects in turn. Children recognize sounds and name the objects that make them.

2. “Who said “Meow?”

Target: improve the ability to distinguish the voices of domestic animals by ear.

Material: tape recorder, audio recording with the sounds of pets.

3. “Who is standing at the traffic light?”

Target: develop auditory attention, recognize and name types of transport.

Material: tape recorder and audio recording with street noises.

The speech therapist plays an audio recording with street sounds. Children listen to sounds and name vehicles stopped at a traffic light (car, truck, tractor, motorcycle, cart, tram).

4. “Where is it ringing?”

Target: develop auditory attention, the ability to navigate in space with eyes closed.

Children stand with their eyes closed. A speech therapist with a bell moves silently around the group and rings. Children, without opening their eyes, point their hand in the direction of the sound source.

5. Finger game “Thunderstorm”

Target: coordinate the movement with the text, taking into account changes in the dynamics and tempo of the sound.

The speech therapist reads the words of the game, and the children perform movements according to the text.

Drops dripped (knock on the table with two index fingers).
It's raining (quietly knock with four fingers of both hands).
It pours like a bucket (tapping loudly with four fingers).
It started hailing (knock their finger bones, knocking out a fraction).
Thunder rolls (drum your fists on the table).
Lightning flashes (draw lightning in the air with your fingers, make the sound sh).
Everyone quickly runs home (clap your hands, hide your hands behind your back).
The sun is shining brightly in the morning (describe a large circle with both hands).

Speech imitation or onomatopoeia

This is the reproduction, following the speaker, of the sounds, words, and phrases he has spoken.

To play, use animal figures or pictures. Mothers and their babies. After all, the mother frog screams KVA, and the little frog screams KVA. Remember the fairy tale about the three bears, papa bear growls loudly, mama bear is quieter, and the cub squeaks.

Games to imitate household noises:

The clock is ticking - TICK-TOCK
Water is dripping - Drip-Drip
The baby is stomping - TOP-TOP
The hammer knocks KNOCK KNOCK
Scissors cut CHICK-CHICK
On the swing we swing KACH-KACH
We eat carrots CRUM-CRUM
The car is driving BBC

Speech therapy rhythmics or logorhythmics- a combination of movement, speech and music. The adult reads the verse and shows the movements, the child repeats. Nothing complicated. Children have fun and interesting. Of course, an adult needs to read and learn the necessary poems in advance and learn the movements to them. You also need to select musical accompaniment for the poems in advance. It is advisable to exercise in the afternoon 2-3 times a week.

Game "Walk" (development of general motor skills)
Along a narrow path (walking in place)
Our feet are walking (raising legs high)
By the pebbles, by the pebbles (shuffle from foot to foot at a slow pace)
And into the hole... bang! (sit on the floor on the last word)

Poems for speech development - tongue twisters and vocabulary replenishment

Tongue twisters are short rhyming phrases. Tongue twisters are the best exercises for practicing clarity and literacy of speech. Tongue twisters increase a child's vocabulary, improve diction, and also develop speech hearing.

In order for a child to speak competently and be able to express his thoughts and feelings, he needs his own vocabulary.

Your child's vocabulary consists of:

passive vocabulary (those words that the child understands)
active vocabulary (those words that the child speaks)

Initially, the child’s active vocabulary is small, but over time, the child will transfer those words that were in the passive dictionary to the active one. The larger the passive vocabulary, the better.

To increase your vocabulary, look at pictures together, read books, comment on your actions.

I use various manuals to work with my child; one of the latest successful acquisitions is “Big Album on Speech Development” and “Lessons of a Speech Therapist. Games for speech development."

«»

This book consists of 3 sections, for each section detailed instructions are given on how to practice

finger gymnastics
- 1 group. Exercises for the hands (pages 8-29)
- 2nd group. Finger exercises are conditionally static (pages 30-47)
- 3rd group. Dynamic finger exercises (pages 48-57)
articulation gymnastics. Presented using fairy tales with verses, there are additional cards plus there are images of the correct result of the exercise. (pp. 64-110). Also in this section there are games for the development of speech hearing and auditory attention.
tongue twisters. They are grouped according to “difficult” sounds, which helps your child practice specific sounds. (pp. 111-169)

I bought this book here. If you have questions about the book, please ask.

This book has 3 blocks, each for a specific age:

Developing baby's speech (pages 6-89)
- development of speech understanding
- development of general motor skills
- breathing exercises
- finger games
- articulatory gymnastics
- onomatopoeia
Developing the speech of a younger preschooler (pp. 92-183). For children 3-6 years old
Developing the speech of an older preschooler (pp. 186-277).

This book is great for increasing a child's vocabulary, developing logical thinking, attention, memory and imagination.

I have not found the same book (on Ozone appeared), but is available separately books for kids children from 3 to 6 years old And older preschoolers. Which is also very convenient if you need a book for a 4-year-old child. I found this book when my son was already 3 years old. But I wasn’t worried, my daughter is growing up, and we will study the first block with her.

Work with your child only in a good mood, believe in your child, rejoice in his successes, help him overcome failures. Speech therapy classes with your child at home will help you become even closer and closer. Be patient and good luck!

How do you work with your child? What do you use for this? Does your child like to study? Please share in the comments your methods for developing speech in a child and how much time you spend doing certain exercises.

About how to teach a child to say what to do and what not to do.

When a child of 2-3 years old still does not speak, parents panic. It seems to them that if the neighbor's children speak very well, then theirs, however, this is not so. Speech therapists say that every child is individual. You can practice at home. In this article you can familiarize yourself with exercises, tips and tricks that will help interest your child. You will learn why speech therapy classes for children are needed. 2-3 years is the age of interest in everything and curiosity. Therefore, you will not have any problems.

Speech therapy classes at home

Each child is individual. One starts talking early, the other starts talking late. Of course, all parents worry when their 2-year-old toddler does not want to speak at all, but only points his finger. To prevent such incidents from happening, it is necessary to regularly conduct speech therapy sessions with children.

First of all, your child needs regular communication. In order for him to be interested in spending time with adults, he needs to interest the baby. Then 2-3 years will be useful - the age when a child should be able to speak at least some words. If this does not happen, then pay maximum attention to the exercises.

Most often based on imitation. Kids try to copy those around them. These are actions, words, gestures, facial expressions, etc. A 2-3 year old child is restless and does not know how to concentrate, so it is best to work with him when he wants it. First of all, parents need to achieve emotional contact with the child. When this happens, you can safely engage with your baby, play or just communicate.

Warm-up: finger games

Few people believe that they are developing speech. However, this has been scientifically proven. Therefore, try to pay attention. Here are some examples:

Place your thumb and index finger together. Let the rest be raised and spread out. Show the children this cockerel, saying: “Our Petya the Cockerel, the golden comb, went to the market and bought one boot.”
Close your thumb and index fingers and tap them on the table. At this time, say: “The chicken came and found a grain, did not eat it herself, but took it to the children.”
Close the thumb with the two middle fingers, and simply bend the little finger and index finger slightly, saying: “The mouse is gnawing on the dryers, the cat has come, the mouse has crawled into a hole.”
Bend your phalanges in different directions, saying: “Our fingers are very friendly, everyone needs them. We need to count the brothers, there are five of them on one hand. There are no less of them on the second, they are all good, because my fingers.”

Finger gymnastics is a warm-up that every child needs to get him interested in a further lesson. After all, speech therapy classes for children require perseverance. 2-3 years is the age of fidgets. Therefore, we first interest the baby, and then we begin the exercise.

Articulation gymnastics

Before conducting speech therapy classes for children 2-3 years old at home, it is necessary to develop the muscles of the tongue. This is why it is needed. It is advisable to spend it together with the baby in front of the mirror:

Let the child imagine that the tongue is a brush. His mouth should be slightly open. The tongue should be drawn across the palate towards the throat and back to the teeth.
Exercise “Tongue on a swing”. At the same time, open your mouth wide. At this time, the tongue lies under the lower teeth. Then lift its tip under the upper teeth. This exercise must be done at least four times.
"Delicious jam." You need to lick your upper lips first with your tongue, then move on to the lower lips. Do the exercise 5 times.
Brush your teeth with your tongue. Open your mouth wide. Run the tongue first over the lower teeth, then over the upper teeth. Do this exercise 4-5 times.

This is how speech therapy classes for children (2-3 years old) are held at home. However, the child will have fun and interest only when you engage with the baby in the game, and not force him.

Onomatopoeia: who sounds? What's knocking?

When you have successfully completed finger and articulation gymnastics, you can begin to study sounds or syllables. To do this, you need to imitate the sounds of animals or objects with your child. Say the following phrases to your baby:

“Our frog is the head of the swamp, sits on the sand and says: “Kva-kva.”
“The cockerel was afraid to fall into the river and kept shouting: “Ku-ka-re-ku.”
“My bell rings ding-ding all day long.”
“The bunny gnaws the carrot appetizingly and creates a little noise: “Crunch-crunch.”
“The rain says: “Drip, drip.” You need to take an umbrella with you."
“The horse runs merrily and clatters its hooves. This is not a boot, but the sound of a knocking “clack-clack-clack.”
“The pig says: “Oink-oink, I’ll give you some candy.”
“The clock gives us a sign of time and it sounds “tick-tock”.”
“A steam locomotive travels around the world and repeats: “Too-too, I’m going.”
“Anechka got lost in the forest and called her friends: “Ay-ay.”

Speech therapy classes for children (2-3 years old) at home are very useful and exciting. In a playful way, you and your baby can achieve great success.

Logorhythmics

Such activities help children not only master speech, but also expand their vocabulary. Speech therapy rhythms develop a child’s motor skills, speech, thinking, memory, and attention. Exercises are given to children from two years old. When your child speaks poorly, let him repeat only what he remembers. If he does not speak at all, then the adult sings, and at this time the child’s hearing develops and his speech reserve is replenished.

Speech therapy classes for children 2-3 years old are interesting and exciting. When you start singing and doing the exercise, the child will become interested, and he will involuntarily begin to repeat after you. There are several exciting games:

"For a walk." You need to read aloud a verse to which the baby repeats certain movements:

Our legs(reaches palms to feet)

walking along the path(pats his hands on his knees).

Over bumps, over bumps(moves in slow steps)

all the flowers step over(raises his legs high).

Game "Weather". The child sits on a chair and listens to slow music. When you say: “It’s raining,” he pats his knees with his palms in rhythm. Hearing the words: “Lightning has appeared,” the baby rings the bell. When you said: “Thunder is thundering,” the child stomps his feet loudly. When the word “silence” is said, the baby becomes silent and sits motionless for a minute.
Do exercises, saying: “First, we raise our handles “one-two-three”, then we lower our handles. We'll stomp our feet, clap our hands, jump, run, and we'll finish our exercises. And we will begin to walk quietly again.”

These are interesting speech therapy classes for children 2-3 years old. Exercises should be carried out only with musical accompaniment. Then the child will really like such activities, and he will please you with his successes.

Games for hearing development

These activities are necessary for the child to develop hearing. Children must identify sounds. This could be the sound of rain, thunder, a dog barking or a cat purring, etc. Speech therapy classes with non-speaking children 2-3 years old should be carried out as usual. Remember, this is not a pathology, but most likely laziness, which needs to be overcome with the help of exciting exercises.

Let your baby listen to 2 sounds, for example, a baby crying and a vacuum cleaner running. Let the little one determine who or what is making the sound. When tasks are already easy for him, you can complicate the exercise. Let your baby listen to 3 different sounds, and then 4. If he is in no hurry to speak, then help him and do not scold the baby.

Poems for speech development

Speech therapist classes for children 2-3 years old can be carried out by parents at home. If you practice with your baby every day, then he will start talking faster than you expect.

Poems are an integral part of speech development. It is important that there is a simple rhyme, then it will be more interesting for the child to practice:

“There was a small fight in the river. Something was not shared between the two cancers.”
“Our dear turtle always hides in her shell out of fear.”
“Topotushki, topotushki, a bunny is jumping at the edge of the forest. He was tired and sat down and ate a carrot.”

Poems for children 2-3 years old are offered very small so that the child can easily remember them. When you see that the baby begins to recite small rhymes in full, then you can complicate the task.

Pure talk

They are also necessary for the development of the baby’s speech. Pure sayings, like poems, should be short and easy to remember:

"Oh-oh-oh - our cat isn't so bad."
“Uh-uh-uh - our rooster crowed.”
"Ah-ah-ah - we are standing on our feet."
“Sha-sha-sha - mom’s noodles turned out delicious.”
“Shu-shu-shu - I’ll ask daddy.”
“Shi-shi-shi - how the reeds rustled.”

You can come up with such pure sayings yourself. It all depends on which letters the baby cannot pronounce.

Nowadays, it is very common to find non-speaking children aged 2-3 years. This does not mean that the child has speech problems. Speech therapists say that there is no need to worry until the age of three. However, speech therapy classes for children still wouldn’t hurt. 2-3 years is an inquisitive age, so kids will be happy to exercise if they are interested.

The first few lessons should last no more than 3 minutes. Then you can gradually increase the time. It is important that the baby likes it. If you see that the child is tired and doesn’t want to study, don’t force him. Postpone the exercises until your baby is in the mood for exercise.

It's better to exercise a little every day. Then the baby develops skills, habits and memory. Don't scold him for incorrect movements and pronunciation. Remember, your baby is just learning. Don't discourage him from studying. After all, if you scold and punish, then nothing good will come of it.

Conclusion

In the article we got acquainted with several types of games. They are excellent for speech development. From this we can conclude that the exercises are not difficult. Therefore, speech therapist classes with children 2-3 years old can be carried out by the mother at home. The main thing is to follow the recommendations of experts.

Thanks to the above games, you will well replenish your child’s vocabulary, help you think logically, imagine and fantasize. Children's memory improves, they become more diligent and begin to speak faster: first some sounds, then syllables. Many kids, with the help of such games, immediately spoke not in words, but in sentences. So don’t worry about your baby’s speech. Daily activities will help you and your baby achieve great success.

When a four-year-old toddler cannot pronounce individual letters, has a lisp or distorts words, this causes concern among parents, especially if in the immediate environment there are examples of peers with almost impeccable speech. What speech defects for 4-year-old children are considered normal, and when to talk about them, and what to do to eliminate this gap will be discussed in this article.

Features of the speech apparatus at 4 years old

A child at the age of four already has sufficient command of such an instrument as speech and knows how to use it to communicate with the outside world. The little person no longer just pronounces words and puts them into sentences, but uses words to express his own thoughts and draw independent conclusions from information received from outside.

The social circle of children in this age group is also expanding significantly. The child no longer has enough communication with his parents and loved ones; he wants contact with the world in the person of various strangers, and the child not only willingly makes such contact, but also initiates it.
The word “why” most often rolls off the tongue of parents in relation to a child during this period of his life. Experts believe that the more questions a “why” asks, the better mental development he demonstrates. The fact that after asking a question, your child often loses interest in the answer without listening to it to the end is also the norm; the little person has not yet learned to concentrate, and parents need to try to formulate answers simply and clearly.

Did you know? If it seems to you that your baby only becomes silent when he falls asleep, don’t be surprised: this is how it should be. At this age, the norm for a child is an almost continuous speech stream throughout the entire waking time.

The vocabulary of a four-year-old child is rich enough to communicate, but still too poor to, for example, retell to his grandmother a fairy tale told by his mother the day before or to describe in detail the events of the past day. On the other hand, thanks to excellent memory, a child can repeat a rhyme or the same fairy tale, if it is short, word for word, even without fully understanding the meaning of individual words and phrases.

Already understanding that all objects and actions around have their own names, the baby can independently replace an unknown name with a collective name, for example, calling a violet a flower, and a herring a fish.
In addition to nouns and verbs, the little man already uses more complex parts of speech in conversation - pronouns, adverbs, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. Inconsistency of cases and errors in the use of such functional parts of speech are completely normal at this age.

To simple questions, the baby no longer gives monosyllabic, but rather detailed answers.

By the age of four, a child’s vocabulary reaches an average of two thousand words.

Further, this age is characterized by very rapid improvement of speech, it improves right before our eyes, the baby begins to try to speak competently, imitating adults (of course, it does not work out right away, but the attempts are obvious).

It is normal if, intuitively sensing the presence of complex words in the language (airplane, steamship, etc.), the baby begins to invent his own new words in the same way.

In some cases, the toddler even tries to explore rhymes and compose simple poems.
However, the speech apparatus at this age is still far from perfect. It is not a deviation from the norm if the baby:

confuses cases, agreement of gender and number (opened the “door”, the cat “ran through”, etc.);
rearranges or skips syllables or sounds in complex words;
does not pronounce whistling, hissing and sonorant sounds: hissing sounds are replaced by whistling ones (“ezik” instead of “hedgehog”, “syum” instead of “noise”) and vice versa (“zhayats” instead of “hare”, “sheledka” instead of “herring”), and sonorant “l” and “r” are replaced by “l” and “y”, respectively (“yiba” instead of “fish”, “swallow” instead of “swallow”).

At the same time, by the age of four, a growing person usually acquires the skill of pronouncing words with two consonants in a row (plum, bomb, apple). This is facilitated by strengthening the muscular apparatus of the tongue and lips, as well as the coordination of their movements. The initially incomprehensible sounds “y”, “x”, “e” usually no longer cause difficulties at this stage.

In addition, the child already knows how to regulate the volume of speech depending on specific circumstances (speak more quietly at home, and louder on a noisy street). Speech begins to acquire intonations.

Another feature of this age is that the baby begins to notice speech errors in other children.

Basic characteristics of a child’s speech at 4 years old

All of the above is considered the norm, rather conditionally. All children are individual both in mental abilities and in temperament, some develop faster, others slower, and to say that Olya knows two thousand words and writes poetry, and Vasya only a thousand and is confused in simple sentences, therefore, is mentally retarded , completely wrong.

Did you know? The concept of norm for boys and girls is also very different: in terms of speech, four-year-old girls are ahead of their male peers by an average of 4 months, which is a lot for that age!

In addition, constant communication with loved ones for 4-year-old children is the best activity for speech development, therefore, a child growing up in a loving and attentive family has an objectively better developed speech apparatus and vocabulary than a child who is not needed by anyone.

However, there are objective indicators that indicate that something is wrong with a child’s speech.

Tests to determine pathologies

Self-test your child by asking him to complete the following tasks:(not necessarily right away, otherwise the baby will lose interest in the “game” and stop trying, and the test result will be unreliable):

pronounce your last name, first name and patronymic without prompting;
list the names of parents, family members, close friends and other people in your immediate circle of constant communication;
describe some interesting situation or adventure (wait for the right opportunity and choose the moment when something happened to the baby that should have impressed him);
recognize a loved one in a group photograph or in a photograph of him or her in his youth (pattern recognition test);
divide into groups a certain set of edible and inedible items, clothing, dishes, etc.), and after completing the task, justify your choice;
describe the signs of a particular object (sharp needle, sour apple, sweet strawberry, dark night, cold winter);
name the action being performed in the picture or in the proposed situation (the girl is crying, the boy is playing around, the cat is running away);
repeat what you heard verbatim;
retell what you saw or heard (fairy tale, cartoon);
speak loudly first, then quietly.

Evaluate the results. But be lenient with your child!

Important! The presence of errors when performing a task does not indicate speech impairment. If the mistakes are minor, and the child is able to correct them after it is explained to him what the mistake was, there is no reason to worry.

A reason to think about it and contact a specialist is the presence of the following signs:(not just one, but a whole series of the following):

the baby's speech is obviously too fast or too slow, so much so that it seems that the child is doing it on purpose;
the “speaker” speaks as if he had porridge in his mouth, it is impossible to understand him even to close people;
the child communicates in separate words, without putting them into sentences in accordance with the rules of grammar;
the baby does not perceive what he is told (do not confuse it with whims and unwillingness to comply with requirements);
“swallowing” of word endings is constantly present;
“one’s own opinion” is not visible in the speech; it consists entirely of phrases heard somewhere;
the child's mouth is constantly slightly open, even if he is silent, and there is so much saliva that it splashes during a conversation or hangs from the lips at rest.

Causes of speech disorders

There can be many reasons for speech disorders. Some of them are signs of a serious illness, while others simply indicate a lack of attention to the baby. In particular, there are factors that can affect children's speech:

Hereditary factor (genetic abnormalities).
Intrauterine or birth.
Consequences of the disease.
Unfavorable family environment.

The first group of these reasons includes not only the age at which the baby’s parents began to speak, but also very specific birth defects - malocclusion, stuttering, structural disorders of the palate or tongue, pathologies in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, problems with.

The second group of reasons is a number of diseases and other harmful factors that a woman could encounter during and (stress, infectious diseases, adoption, attempt, trauma, alcohol, intrauterine fetal hypoxia, hazardous production, birth asphyxia, etc.) .

Speech problems can also be caused by problems that befall the baby himself in the first years of his life. This is especially true for infectious diseases, head and palate injuries.
We will not talk separately about the unfavorable situation in the family; everything is clear here.

How to identify a speech disorder

Speech disorders in a child can manifest themselves in different ways. In the age group we are interested in, they are usually classified as follows:

phonation(there is no intonation, it is impossible to adjust the volume of speech, etc.);
structural-semantic(general problems with speech up to its complete absence);
phonetic(pronunciation and perception defects), etc.

Did you know? Humanity has known about speech problems for a long time. As follows from the Old Testament, even the prophet Moses had them. According to legend, the pharaoh wanted to kill little Moses because the baby allowed himself to play with the crown, which the priests saw as a bad omen. On the advice of another priest, who stood up for the future prophet, the baby had to be shown gold and burning coals: if the baby chooses gold, he will die, if coals, he will live. Moved by the hand of the guardian angel, the child reached for the coal and brought it to his lips. Because of this, the prophet’s speech subsequently remained unclear.

At the first stage, parents, having noticed certain signs of speech disorders in their 4-year-old child, should point out this problem to the pediatrician, the latter, in turn, recognizing the fears as justified, refers the child to a speech therapist. In most cases, already at this stage, children and their parents receive the necessary recommendations and a set of speech therapy exercises for independent practice at home.

But sometimes, in order to understand what exactly causes speech problems, the child sometimes needs to be comprehensively examined. For this purpose, the pediatrician and speech therapist can involve specialized specialists, in particular:

neurologist;
otolaryngologist;
psychiatrist;
psychologist;
audiologist.

To get a complete picture, the baby may be subjected to a number of laboratory and other procedures, in particular:

magnetic resonance imaging;
encephalogram;
Ultrasound of the brain (echoencephalography).

This will eliminate brain pathologies.

In addition, doctors will definitely conduct their own testing of the baby, study the motor skills of the facial muscles, and analyze information about the social and living conditions in which the child grows up.

If in general everything is fine with the baby, his treatment will simply consist of performing special tongue exercises intended for children 4 years old, taking into account the individual characteristics of a particular little patient.

Structure of speech therapy classes at home

Aimed at eliminating speech defects, it must be carried out methodically, systematically, only in this case can one count on a good result.

Psychological aspect of working with a child

First of all, parents should not forget about the age of the child. You need to do everything to make the classes turn into a fun game. This time should also be used to communicate with the baby, in this way you will “kill two birds with one stone” and get a synergistic effect (properly performed exercises and parents’ attention together will enhance each other’s effects).

Gymnastics for fingers

It would seem, what is the connection between fingers and tongue? It turns out to be the most direct. The entire centuries-old experience of speech therapy (and this science has its roots in antiquity) indicates that the development of fine motor skills and speech are directly dependent. That is why speech therapy classes for children 4 years old always include finger exercises, and when developing a child’s speech at home, this block should not be forgotten.

Gymnastics for fingers for such young children it is carried out not in the form of physical education, but in the form of a game. The child is asked to “make” a hedgehog, a cat, a flower, a ball or a flag with his hands, show how a bird drinks water or flaps its wings, etc.

A speech therapist will develop a specific set of finger games; the parents’ task is to strictly implement them, devoting at least five minutes a day to the playful development of fine motor skills.

Articulation gymnastics with pictures

The next type of exercise is articulatory gymnastics. Its task is to develop and strengthen the muscles of the tongue and lips so that they become strong, flexible and “obey” their owner well.

The peculiarity of these speech therapy classes for children 4 years old is that they are held in front of a mirror so that the child can see how his facial muscles work, what position his tongue is in, etc. For the first time, the speech therapist will show the baby’s parents how to perform the exercises correctly; in the future, this work will be done at home independently.

The regularity of gymnastics is daily. It is better to devote 5-7 minutes to this activity twice a day than to torment the child for a quarter of an hour straight and then leave him alone until tomorrow. Under the control of the parents, the baby licks his lips with his tongue, as if he had just enjoyed sweet jam, “cleanses” his teeth, but not with a brush, but with his tongue, uses it to pretend to be a swing, etc.

Development of phonemic hearing

A very important part of the lesson is the development of speech (or phonemic) hearing. Our task is to teach the baby to hear and recognize sounds.

Doing these types of exercises with children as young as 4 years old is a real pleasure. You can come up with a lot of speech therapy games, you can design the necessary attributes for this with your own hands, or you can involve your baby in such making, then at the same time he will develop fine motor skills, acquire useful skills and broaden his horizons.

Invite your child to listen to how certain objects “sound” (paper rustling, wooden spoons knocking, glass clinking against glass). Then the baby must recognize the same sounds, but with his eyes closed.
Find videos on the Internet where the voices of various animals or birds are heard. Show them to your child and again ask them to recognize the “beast” by their voice with their eyes closed.
In the same way, find a video or sound recording with various noises - the sea, a forest, a city street. Give them to your baby to listen to and ask him to recognize the source of each sound (car, motorcycle, train, wave, etc.).
Blindfold your child and move around the room with the bell, trying not to make any noise. The baby’s task is to accurately show with his finger exactly where the ringing is coming from.
Invite your child to imitate the sounds that various animals make. Pay the child’s attention not only to the appearance, but also to the age of the animal (perhaps a small kitten does not yet know how to say “meow”, he only squeaks plaintively and thinly, and cannot do it very loudly, because he is very tiny). For such a speech development activity, it is good to use special speech therapy pictures or toys in the form of animals - it will be much easier and more interesting for a 4-year-old child.

One of the exercises for developing phonemic hearing is the so-called speech therapy rhythm. Come up with an interesting song, the execution of which is accompanied by certain movements (remember or watch the film “Bald Nanny” with Vin Diesel, there is a very vivid example of such logorhythmics).

Fantasize, do not limit yourself to the exercises that the speech therapist came up with for your child, and then your child will perceive the classes as an interesting game and look forward to it!

Speech development

Speech, like muscles, needs to be developed. A child’s vocabulary should be constantly replenished, but how can this be done if the child performs the same routine actions all day long? Try to fill your baby's life with new impressions, and then his speech will be enriched by itself, without additional effort on your part.

Invite your child to write an interesting and exciting story on the topic: how I spent my summer (of course, this will only work if the child really has something to remember). Such speech therapy tasks for 4-year-old children are much more interesting and, importantly, more effective than methodical exercises in front of a mirror.
Learn poems and tongue twisters with your child, read fairy tales to him, tell him exciting stories and just communicate. Do not forget that at this age the baby’s vocabulary is divided into two parts: words that the baby uses during speech, and words that he does not yet repeat, but already understands. Try to use as many new words as possible in your stories and don’t be lazy in explaining their meaning. By developing your baby’s passive vocabulary, you will thereby, albeit more slowly, expand the active one.

Exercises for making the sound “r”

For children 4 years old who cannot pronounce individual letters, special exercises are used. For example, at this age, children very often do not cope by simply skipping it or replacing it with “l”; difficulties also arise with hissing “sh”, “sch”. Speech therapy rhymes help cope with this very well. There are a huge variety of them, they are classified according to specific problem sounds, the most successful ones can be selected according to your taste on the Internet, without even resorting to the help of a speech therapist.

Important! The problem with the sound “r” is often of a physiological nature (insufficient development of the so-called “frenulum”, due to which the tongue does not reach the palate, and the baby objectively cannot “growl”). It is for this reason that children who cannot pronounce “r” are usually advised to show it to a specialist. For self-control, listen, perhaps your baby does not always “swallow” the letter “r”, but only in individual sounds, then, most likely, you just need to practice the skill.

There are many exercises for “r” that have been developed. Here are a few of them:

The child should open his mouth and press his tongue to the base of his upper teeth. In this position, you need to pronounce the sound “d” several times in a row. Further the task becomes more complicated. All the same is accompanied by exhaling air and directing it to the tip of the tongue. The point is for the baby to remember the vibration that occurs when performing the exercise. It is she who is present when pronouncing the sound “r”.
We pronounce “zh” with our mouth wide open, gradually raising our tongue to the upper teeth. At this time, the adult carefully places a special spatula under the child’s tongue and makes sideways movements with it to create vibration. The child's task is to blow on his tongue.
The baby pulls his tongue back and says “for”, and the adult inserts a spatula under the tongue in the same way as in the previous exercise. If you perform the technique correctly, the sound will be “r”, and the child should remember this feeling.

Exercises for sizzling

Of all the hissing sounds, the easiest one to “agree on” is the sound “sh”; the production usually begins with it. The baby is asked to say “sa”, slowly raising his tongue to the base of the upper teeth until a hiss is heard. Now, as the air is released from the lungs, the child adds “a” to pronounce “sha.” An adult should help transform “sa” into “sha”, using the same spatula. We remember the sensations and hone the skill.

We also start with a simple “s”. The performance involves a spatula, with which an adult places the tongue in the correct position.

To set the “ch,” we pronounce “t” with an exhalation, and the adult uses a spatula to push the tongue back.

Don’t forget about the mirror, and don’t get tired of showing your child the correct pronunciation technique.

Your baby really wants to complete the task so that you can be proud of him! Children are also natural imitators. Therefore, if a four-year-old child has speech disorders, but no other pathologies have been identified, the problem will be solved very quickly if you are patient and give your child a little attention and love.