Project “Planets of the Solar System. Solar system planet project
OKOU "Boarding School No. 2" KurskDesign and research work
Prepared by: pupils
Khlupina Elena
Kulikova Alena
Supervisor: geography teacher
Bobrova Alla Alekseevna
Kursk - 2013
Project work passport
Project name: Solar system
Project Manager– Bobrova Alla Alekseevna, geography teacher of OKOU “Boarding School No. 2”, Kursk,
The composition of the project team is Elena Khlupina, Alena Kulikova.
Academic subject within which the project work is carried out: Natural history.
Project type: presentation
Objective of the project: learn as much as possible about the planets of the solar system and master various methods of beading.
Project objectives:
determine the composition of the solar system;
learn to search for information on a given topic in different sources: books, magazines, the Internet;
learn to formulate conclusions from the information received;
learn as much as possible about space and planets;
create a model of the solar system from beads using the “grid in a circle” technique.
Project product: presentation with photographs, model “Solar System” (beaded).
Annotation:
The presentation “Solar System” talks about how the Universe appeared, what the Solar System is, planets and satellites.
The “Solar System” model is made of beads using the “grid in a circle” technique. As a result of making the model, a clear idea of the structure of the Solar system appears.
The solar system is a planetary system in the center of which there is the central star the Sun with all the space objects revolving around it (comets, asteroids, etc.).
The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star, around which the planets orbit. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are now 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system, and previously Pluto was also classified as a planet.
Satellites of the planets. The solar system also includes the Moon and the natural satellites of other planets, which they all have except Mercury and Venus. Over 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets were discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. Jupiter's smallest satellite, Leda, is only 10 km across.
Scientists call the Sun a yellow dwarf, but this does not mean that the Sun is a small star. Compared to most stars in our Galaxy, the Sun is a fairly large and bright star that is approximately in the middle of its development (evolution). Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, while stars that are fainter and cooler (red dwarfs) are more common.
Scientists consider the inner planets to be terrestrial planets. (those that are closer to the Sun). Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than the four giant planets.
Mercury.
Mercury moves faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night.
Characteristics of the planet Mercury:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 88 days.
Diameter at the equator: 4878 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 58 days.
Surface temperature: plus 350 degrees Celsius during the day and minus 170 degrees at night.
Atmosphere: very rarefied, helium.
There are no satellites.
Venus
.
Venus is more similar to Earth in size and brightness. Observing it is difficult due to the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert.
Characteristics of the planet Venus:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 225 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide.
There are no satellites.
Earth.
Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust collided and gradually “grew” the planet. The temperature on the surface reached 5000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled and became covered with a hard rock crust. But the temperature in the depths is still quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the depths are molten and during volcanic eruptions they flow to the surface. Only on earth there is water. That's why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun in order to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough so as not to burn out.
Characteristics of planet Earth:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 365 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12756 km.
Period of rotation of the planet (rotation around its axis): 23 hours 56 minutes.
Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
The main satellites of the planet: the Moon.
Mars.
Because of its resemblance to Earth, it was believed that life existed here. But the spacecraft that descended to the surface of Mars found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order.
Characteristics of the planet Mars:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 24 hours 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 23 degrees (average).
The planet's atmosphere: thin, mostly carbon dioxide.
Two satellites - Phobos, Deimos.
Four outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
These planets are also called gas giants because they are much larger than the terrestrial planets. The outer planets are largely composed of gases: hydrogen and helium. And Uranus and Neptune contain a lot of ice, which is why some astronomers call them “ice giants.” All four gas giants have rings, but only Saturn's ring system is fairly easy to observe from Earth.
Jupiter.
Jupiter exceeds Earth by more than 10 times in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets in the solar system combined. How long does it take for planet Jupiter to become a star? We need to increase its mass by 75 times!
Characteristics of the planet Jupiter :
Period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143884 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 9 hours 55 minutes.
Planet surface temperature: minus 150 degrees (average).
Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings).
The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
Saturn.
It is the second largest planet in the solar system. Saturn attracts attention thanks to its ring system formed of ice, rocks and dust that orbit the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters.
Characteristics of the planet Saturn:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120 thousand km
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 10 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titan.
Uranus.
A unique planet in the solar system. Its peculiarity is that it rotates around the Sun not like everyone else, but “lying on its side.” Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see. In 1986, Voyager 2 flew at a distance of 64 thousand km, he had six hours to take photographs, which he successfully implemented.
Characteristics of the planet Uranus:
Orbital period: 84 years 4 days.
Diameter at the equator: 51 thousand km.
Period of rotation of the planet (rotation around its axis): 17 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 214 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Neptune.
At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place through mathematical calculations, and then it was seen through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew past. He took stunning photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton.
Characteristics of the planet Neptune:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50 thousand km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 16 hours 7 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main satellites: Triton.
Asteroid.
Small planets – asteroids (translated from Greek “asteroid” means star-like) move around the Sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter). Astronomers know more than 10 thousand asteroids.
Comet.
Comets (from the Greek word cometes meaning hairy) are composed of clumps of solid particles and gas. As the comet approaches the Sun, it heats up, its substances begin to evaporate - the comet develops a tail, consisting of very rarefied gas and tiny particles. It is always directed away from the Sun. The closer a comet is to the Sun, the larger its tail becomes. Typically the length of the tail reaches about 10 million km, and sometimes 180 million km. And some comets have no tail at all.
Implementation of the practical part of the project - creation of the “Solar System” model
The “Solar System” model was made of beads and bugles by boarding school students Alena Kulikova and Elena Khlupina. The planets are made in the form of three-dimensional frame products on wire using the “grid in a circle” weaving technique. This model shows the composition of the Solar System, the location of the planets in relation to the Sun.
CONCLUSION
This research work helped us draw the following conclusions. It is known that the Solar System includes eight major planets. They are arranged in accordance with the increasing distance from the central star: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. All planets move counterclockwise and all except Venus and Uranus rotate in the same direction around their own axis.
The first four planets, including our Earth, form the Terrestrial group: they have solid surfaces and rotate relatively slowly around their axis.
The next four planets are giant planets, or Jupiter-type planets. They are much larger in size than Earth, but less dense, composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, and do not have a solid surface. The smallest planet among the giants is Neptune. It has a diameter 3.82 times that of the Earth, and the largest planet, Jupiter, is 11 times larger in diameter than the Earth.
Among all the planets, the Earth stands out in that it is located just at such a distance from the Sun, where it is not too cold and not too hot, so that liquid water and life exist on its surface.
It is possible that life also exists on Mars, or existed there in the past.
LITERATURE
1. Galileo. Science by experience.
2. Children's encyclopedia "Astronomy and Space". – M.: Publishing house “ROSMEN”, 2010.
3. Lyndina Y. “Figures made of beads.” – Tver “Culture and Traditions”, 2004
4. Pakulova V.M. Natural history. Nature. Inanimate and alive. 5 grades – M.: Bustard, 2010
5.Internet sources:
http://ru.wikipedia.org
The purpose of my work:
"Appendix 2."
Appendix 2.
MAIN PART.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
Mercury.
Mercury- the planet closest to the Sun, which can be seen near the western horizon just after sunset. The name "Mercury" - by name
the god of trade, patron of travelers - was given to the moving planet by the Romans.
Among the planets of the solar system, Mercury is larger than only Pluto. It is slightly larger than the Moon and therefore is a very difficult object to study from Earth. According to legend, even the great astronomer Copernicus was never able to see this planet. Mercury is difficult to observe from Earth. Due to its proximity to the Sun, it is lost in the rays of the rising or setting luminary.
Since Mercury is very close to the Sun, the average distance between it and our luminary is 58 million km. This is a fairly bright object. The tilt angle of Mercury's axis is 2 degrees. Mercury rotates around its axis very slowly, completing one revolution in almost 59 Earth days, and around the Sun in 88 Earth days.
Almost everything that is known about the planet was transmitted by the Mariner 10 space probe, which flew near Mercury three times in 1974-1975. March 29, 1974 The spacecraft approached Mercury at a record close distance - 705 km. Mariner confirmed that Mercury has virtually no atmosphere. There is only a little helium and hydrogen, and small amounts of sodium, oxygen, neon, argon and potassium.
After this, the planet was “left alone” for 30 years, but more recently research has resumed.
Due to the proximity of the sun, there is an incredible temperature difference on its surface: from +400 degrees during the day to -170 degrees at night. As night falls, the surface cools down very quickly. Mercury's density is high. This suggests that it has a large iron core surrounded by a mantle of rock.
The landscape of Mercury is surprisingly similar to that of the Moon - its surface is also pockmarked with meteorite craters. But the “seas” typical of the Moon - dark plains without a drop of water - are not present on the explored hemisphere of Mercury, except for the only Plain of Heat. It was formed about 4 billion years ago during a collision with an asteroid.
Only on the planet Mercury can you observe a double sunrise. Due to the very elongated orbit of Mercury, the Sun moves extremely unevenly across its sky. Therefore, there are places on the planet where in the morning it rises above the horizon and hides again, so that after some time it appears in the sky again.
Venus.
Venus- this amazing planet, closest to Earth and second in distance from the Sun. Even in ancient times, people noticed that sometimes after sunset a very bright evening star appears in the pink sky. After the Sun and Moon, Venus is the brightest object in the earth's sky. In Ancient Greece, the star was called Phosphorus - the luminous, that is, the morning star and Hesperus - the evening star. In addition, a similar star appeared periodically before sunrise - the morning star was so bright that it was not lost in the sky even in daylight. Gradually, our ancestors came to the conclusion that both stars are actually the same celestial object - the planet Venus.
Venus is slightly smaller than the Earth and, apparently, has a similar internal structure to it.
Venus is the only one of all the planets in the solar system that rotates around its axis clockwise. The period of its axial rotation is the longest in the Solar System - about 243 days, around the Sun - 225 days. The angle of inclination of its axis to the orbital plane is 2 degrees. Because of such unusual combinations, one day on Venus is equal to 117 days on Earth. Day and night there last almost 59 Earth days.
The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was discovered in 1761. Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. In 1934, after very careful observations, it turned out that the amount of carbon dioxide above the cloud layer of Venus is 1500 times greater than the amount in the entire atmosphere of the Earth. There is some nitrogen in the atmosphere of Venus (about 3.5%). The atmospheric pressure here is very high, about 90 times greater than on Earth. Stars are never visible from the surface of this planet. Clouds visible on Venus once led many scientists to believe that conditions on the planet's surface were similar to those on Earth billions of years ago, and the Venusian climate could be conducive to plant development. But everything turned out to be completely different.
It is extremely hot on the surface of the planet - 470 degrees. The terrifyingly high temperatures on Venus are due to a strong greenhouse effect. The atmosphere, consisting of carbon dioxide and water vapor, intensively absorbs infrared (thermal) rays emitted by the heated surface of the planet, “enveloping” it like a thermal blanket. In short, it is impossible even for plants to live on Venus.
On the surface of Venus, using radio waves, many mountains, craters, faults and two vast plateaus were discovered, corresponding in size to the continents on Earth. Aphrodite and Ishtar are the names given to these plateaus, rising 3-5 km above the surrounding plains. The Aphrodite plateau can be compared to Africa: this plateau stretches for almost 18,000 km, and mountains rise along its edges.
Earth.
Earth- a special planet. And not only because its surface is 2/3 covered with water, and not because it has a strong magnetic field, and its atmosphere has unique properties. There is life on Earth!
Earth is the third planet farthest from the Sun and the largest of the four terrestrial planets, with a diameter of 12,756 km. The distance from our planet to the central star is 150 million km.
The axis tilt angle is 23.4 degrees. The planet completes a revolution around the Sun in one year, moving at a speed of approximately 30 km/s. The earth rotates on its axis, making one complete revolution every 24 hours. Moreover, on the side of the Earth that faces the Sun it is day, and on the other half it is night.
The Earth differs from other planets in its atmosphere. It is surrounded by an air shell, which consists mainly of nitrogen - 79% and oxygen -20%. Scientists explain the nitrogen-oxygen composition of the atmosphere of our planet by the fact that living organisms appeared on it at least 3 billion years ago, which began to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. And also in the Earth's atmosphere there are: water vapor, argon, and traces of other gases.
The temperature on the Earth's surface is from -88 degrees to +58 degrees. Our planet receives all its heat from the Sun. The sun's rays hit the Earth at different angles. Therefore, it is hottest both at the equator and in the tropics, where they reach the Earth via the shortest route. As we move toward the poles, the heat decreases because the sun's rays are forced to travel a longer distance through the atmosphere. Therefore, the air here receives less heat.
There is a lot of moisture on Earth: more than 2/3 of the Earth's surface is covered with water - the World Ocean. Almost all water reserves are concentrated in the oceans, the average depth of which is 3800 m. Some of the earth's moisture (about 24 million km) is in the form of ice and snow. Approximately 3% of the earth's surface is covered with ice.
In 1600 English physicist William Gilbert suggested that the Earth is a huge magnet. The origin of terrestrial magnetism is explained by the fact that when the Earth rotates, electric currents arise in its iron core, especially in the liquid part. Our entire planet is, as it were, “entangled” by magnetic lines of force that converge at two points - the so-called magnetic poles of the Earth. So, in addition to the atmosphere, the magnetosphere envelops the globe. It extends tens of thousands of kilometers into outer space. A significant role is played by the interaction of the magnetosphere and the solar wind - a stream of charged particles flying from the Sun. The Earth's magnetic field creates an invisible protective shell - it deflects most of the solar wind blowing our planet.
On the surface of the planet there is circulation of water (from the atmosphere to land and then to the ocean), air masses, change of vegetation cover and migration of animals, movement of large debris and the smallest dust. Scientists consider all this to be a process of exchange of matter and energy, which leads to the formation of loose sediments, and at the same time to the formation of relief. These are mountain belts, plateaus and plains, underwater ridges and basins, differing in the structure of the earth's crust and the degree of participation of other factors in their formation.
Mars.
Mars- the fourth planet farthest from the Sun. It is located one and a half times farther from our star than the Earth. People have observed Mars since ancient times: from time to time it appeared in the sky as an orange-red star. The red glow of the planet led the Greeks to dedicate it to the god of war, Ares. Among the Romans, the god of war was named Mars, and the planet got its name from him.
This small planet has a mass nine times less than Earth's. The average radius of Mars is 3388 km, and it is almost twice as large as Earth.
The planet Mars rotates around its axis in 24 hours 37 minutes, the year there lasts 687 days - about two Earth years. The angle of inclination of its axis to the orbital plane is 24 degrees.
The strength of Martian winds, reaching speeds of 100 m/s, is more surprising because the atmosphere of this planet is about a hundred times thinner than that of Earth. 95% is carbon dioxide, the remaining components of the Martian atmosphere are nitrogen and argon. It also contains oxygen and contains traces of water vapor. Ordinary water here has turned into ice and is found everywhere in the Martian soil, which is in a state of permafrost.
The average temperature on the surface of Mars is 60 degrees. Temperature changes, depending on the time of year and day, reach 100-150 degrees. Only in the Martian summer does the air temperature at noon rise here to + 25 degrees. In winter, the temperature at the poles reaches -125 degrees.
In 1971, the Soviet spacecraft Mars-2 and Mars-3 and the American Mariner-9 entered orbit around Mars. The data obtained from them showed that ancient mountains covered with craters are concentrated in the southern hemisphere of Mars. The northern hemisphere of Mars is replete with young plains and huge volcanoes. The northern regions of Mars indicate active geological activity on the planet - colossal volcanoes, up to 27 km high, and giant craters, and hundreds of dried up ancient river beds were found here.
Mars owes its red color to brown rocks and yellowish dust. A soil analysis carried out in 1976 by the Vikings showed that half of it consisted of iron oxides: the planet seemed to have rusted. The fine dust on its surface is iron hydroxide, which gives the planet a pinkish tint.
Jupiter.
Jupiter- the fifth planet in distance from the Sun and the largest of the giant planets. The name of this planet was given by the Romans in honor of the supreme deity. This planet was like the ruler of the gods for them and they called it “radiant.”
Jupiter is a gas planet and has no solid surface. Multi-colored clouds of gases form bizarre patterns in the atmosphere, stretching into long ribbons encircling the planet. Below the atmosphere, Jupiter's surface is most likely covered by ocean. Only it is formed not by water, but by boiling hydrogen liquefied under high pressure. About 20 years ago, scientists made a stunning discovery: there are thunderstorms on Jupiter. The American Voyagers recorded numerous flashes in the planet's atmosphere, which turned out to be lightning spanning thousands of kilometers!
Jupiter has a ring of fine dust, much like Saturn's.
The diameter of Jupiter is 11 times larger than that of Earth, it is equal to 142,700 km. Its mass is 2.5 times greater than the mass of other planets, as well as their satellites, asteroids, meteorites and comets combined - that is, Jupiter accounts for more than 2/3 of the total matter of our planetary system.
Almost everything we know about the gas giants was transmitted by the American probes Pioneer 10, Voyager 1 and Galileo, launched into orbit around Jupiter’s moon in 1995.
The giant planet is slowly floating in its orbit. Jupiter moves at a speed of 13.1 km/s - more than twice as slow as Earth. A day on Jupiter is shorter than on Earth: the largest planet in the solar system manages to turn around its axis in just 9 hours 55 minutes, and completes a full revolution around the Sun in 12 Earth years. The tilt angle of Jupiter's axis is 3.1 degrees. Jupiter's powerful magnetic field is 12 times stronger than Earth's, but the blue compass needle here will point south, not north.
Jupiter is surrounded by a layer of atmosphere 1000 km thick. Its composition is similar to that of the sun: it is dominated by gases - hydrogen (82%) and helium (13%). However, other chemicals are also present here in very small quantities: methane, ammonia, water vapor and acetylene. The sun's rays do not penetrate deep into the atmosphere - eternal night reigns there.
The colossal oval-shaped atmospheric vortex - the Great Red Spot - is widely known to researchers. In size it exceeds the diameter of the Earth, having a width of approximately 14 thousand km and a length of 30-40 thousand km. The period of cloud circulation in this vortex is a week. The first to see this atmospheric vortex was the Italian astronomer Giovanni Cassini more than 300 years ago - in 1665.
In March 1979, the American Voyagers discovered a ring of Jupiter consisting of dust grains ranging in size from 1 to 100 microns, the largest being as thick as a human hair. Jupiter's ring is quite thin - 30 km thick - and reflects only a tiny amount of light falling on it.
Saturn.
Saturn- the sixth planet in terms of distance from the Sun and the second largest among the giant planets. The planet was named after the Roman god Saturn, the deity of fertility.
Saturn is a gas giant, almost as big as Jupiter - its diameter is approximately 120,500 km.
The planet Saturn is located 9.5 times farther from our star than the Earth, and almost twice as far as Jupiter. It rotates very quickly, completing one revolution in just 10 hours 40 minutes, and around the Sun in almost 30 Earth years. The angle of inclination of its axis is 26.7 degrees.
The most important data about Saturn was obtained in the 20th century using spacecraft. Three interplanetary stations visited the giant planet's system over several years - Pioneer 11 in 1979, Voyager 1 in 1980.
Due to its lower gravity, Saturn has a more extensive atmosphere than Jupiter. The thick layer of upper light ammonia cirrus clouds makes it less colorful and striped. A powerful atmospheric current, tens of thousands of kilometers wide, moves along the equator of Saturn, its speed is 500 m/s. Saturn also has spots of atmospheric vortices and enormous storms, visible even from Earth.
Saturn has more hydrogen, the lightest chemical element, so its density is low - less than the density of water, and there are also traces of helium, methane and water vapor.
The sun weakly warms this planet, the temperature of its clouds is 185 degrees. In the cold atmosphere, hurricane winds blow, their speed at the equator reaches 500 m/s - three times more than on Jupiter. Lightning often flashes in the equatorial region, hundreds of thousands of times stronger than the strongest thunderstorms on Earth.
In terms of its chemical composition, Saturn is similar to the Sun, as well as to Jupiter, but its mass is 3.3 times less than that of the latter. Saturn's density is the lowest among all the planets in the solar system.
An interesting phenomenon is that thousands of thin rings revolve around Saturn. Separately, they are visible only at close range, but when observed from the Earth they merge into several wide ones. The width of these rings is colossal - tens of thousands of kilometers, and the thickness is quite small - no more than 50 m. Scientists of the past have not offered any explanations for the origin of Saturn's rings. Perhaps the most original statement was made by the Russian scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who suggested that the rings of Saturn are controlled by some intelligent forces. Astronomers have unraveled the nature of their constituent particles: these are pieces of ice centimeters in size, less often meters. Ice blocks collide, crush, many fragments are scattered between them, but they all rotate strictly in the plane of the planet’s equator. Every 14-15 years, Saturn's rings turn edge-on towards the Earth. First, they turn into a thin “needle” piercing the planet, and then disappear completely.
Uranus.
The bluest planet is distant Uranus, the seventh in distance from the Sun. On March 13, 1781, an amazing discovery occurred: for the first time in thousands of years of observations, the solar system was replenished with a new planet. She was named Uranus - in honor of the Greek god of the sky, the spouse of Gaia-Earth.
It is very difficult to study Uranus from Earth; almost all information about it was obtained on January 24, 1986, when Voyager 2 flew near it.
Uranus is ranked among the giant planets, although noticeably smaller than Jupiter and Saturn. But Uranus is much larger than the Earth, and in its structure it is a typical gas planet. The mass of Uranus is approximately 14.5 Earth masses.
To people on Uranus it would seem that eternal twilight reigns here. Although people are unlikely to be able to land on Uranus: most likely, its surface under a layer of atmosphere is covered by an ocean of liquefied gases. Only deep inside, in the center of the planet, hide the iron-stone core.
Uranus's orbital time around its axis is 17 hours 14 minutes; a full revolution around the Sun takes 84 years. A remarkable feature of the planet is that the inclination of its rotation axis is 98 degrees: Uranus rotates as if “lying on its side” and even a little “upside down”. The couch potato planet receives almost 400 times less light than Earth.
Uranus's vast atmosphere contains hydrogen and helium. In addition, there are traces of methane in the atmosphere of Uranus, which gives it a greenish-blue tint. The powerful gaseous hydrogen-helium atmosphere is about 8 thousand km thick. The pressure of the atmosphere of Uranus reaches 200 thousand earth atmospheres.
The reason for the planet's aquamarine color is the severe frost in the upper layers of Uranus' hydrogen-helium atmosphere. The temperature of the cloud bands is very low, close to -218 degrees. In the upper atmosphere of Uranus, the Voyager 2 spacecraft detected various "electric lights" caused by streams of charged fast particles.
Uranus' strong magnetic field is comparable to Earth's, but its poles deviate from geographic ones by almost 60 degrees. In 1977 Astronomers discovered the rings of Uranus, which are not at all like the light and wide rings of Saturn - they are very narrow, they are almost cobwebs around the planet. And the particles that make them up are very dark. Uranus' rings are several meters in diameter and reflect only about 3% of sunlight.
The shape of uranium rings is noticeably different from circular. Almost all of them are slightly elongated, slightly elliptical and inclined to the equatorial plane.
Neptune.
Neptune- the penultimate, eighth planet in distance from the Sun. Neptune received its name in honor of the Roman god of the seas. It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye. In terms of brightness, it is approximately 6 times fainter than Uranus and is located 30 times farther from our star than the Earth - at the very edge of the planetary system.
On September 23, 1846, astronomers discovered an unknown planet - Neptune. Galileo was the first to see it while observing the satellites of Jupiter. He thought it was a star and sketched the position of Neptune in his diary, which greatly helped modern astronomers.
Neptune is the fourth and last gas giant in the planetary system of the Sun. It is much smaller in size than Jupiter and Saturn, but in many respects it is very similar to Uranus. Neptune is 17 times more massive and 58 times the volume of Earth. Its average diameter is 49.5 thousand km - four times larger than the Earth's. Neptune's density is slightly higher than that of Uranus, and their magnetic fields are almost identical and comparable to those of Earth.
Moving at a speed of 5.4 km/s, Neptune completes one revolution around its axis in 16 hours 7 minutes, and around the Sun in 165 Earth years. The angle of inclination of the axis to the orbital plane is 28.8 degrees.
Neptune's atmosphere resembles that of Jupiter and Saturn, but contains less hydrogen and helium. Its cloud system is extremely weak compared to the systems of these giant planets. But still, spots of atmospheric vortices have been discovered on Neptune, the largest of which is called the Great Dark Spot. There are also thin cirrus clouds, which consist of methane.
Due to its enormous distance from the center of the planetary system, Neptune receives hundreds of times less solar energy than what comes to Earth. The temperature in its atmosphere is 220 degrees, and on the surface - 213 degrees.
In the mid-80s. rings were discovered near this planet, which seemed quite strange to scientists: they were incomplete, as if torn. These formations were given the names “arcs” or “arches”. Inside the arches, scientists discovered separate clumps of particles, hundreds of kilometers apart from each other and together forming chains.
All planets are divided into two main groups: terrestrial planets and gas giant planets. Terrestrial planets include: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. The remaining planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gas giants.
A distinctive feature of the terrestrial planets is the presence of a solid shell, clearly separating the interiors of the planets from their atmospheres, if they exist...
A feature of the Solar System is the presence of stable planetary orbits that do not change over long periods of time. Thanks to this, life spontaneously arose on one of the planets of the solar system, which in the process of its evolution gave rise to intelligent beings.
It is possible that life also exists on Mars, or existed there in the past.
The uniqueness of the solar system lies in the tranquility of its star and in the comfortable, from a cosmic point of view, conditions for the development of life on planet Earth. Consequently, the “simple” mechanical structure of our system, consisting of eight planets and one star, is the most important condition for the emergence of life - the most complex state of matter, and life, in turn, creates the prerequisites for the emergence of the noosphere, the sphere of activity of intelligent civilized beings.
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"Appendix 3."
Appendix 3.
Started making the planet Mercury. The ball is the frame of the model
I will cover the ball with newspaper paper and let it dry. I use the papier mache method.
A little more and………
the planet is ready
Lesson on the topic “Gravity on other planets” (physics)
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"Project Travel to the Planets of the Solar System"
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…..2 - 3
Main part. Planets of the solar system…………………………………………………………….... 4
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………. 5
List of used literature, Internet resources….…………………………… 6
Applications
Introduction
We live on planet Earth, which revolves around the Sun: without this luminary, life on Earth would be impossible. Eight planets move around the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. On August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined the term “planet” for the first time. All planets revolve around our star almost in circles, moving in one direction, coinciding with the direction of rotation of the Sun itself and practically in the same plane.
Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun than the Earth, so they are called the inner planets, and those located behind the Earth are called the outer planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are terrestrial planets. They are located close to the Sun and receive a lot of heat. Their interiors consist of refractory elements (compounds of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium), so the density of these planets is quite high.
The four outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - are classified as gas giants. Each of them is much larger than Earth and is surrounded by a family of satellites. The small solid core of such a planet is enclosed in a thick shell of liquid and gaseous hydrogen and helium, so its average density is close to the density of water.
Among all the planets, the Earth stands out in that it is located just at such a distance from the Sun, where it is not too cold and not too hot, so that liquid water can exist on its surface. And, therefore, life.
Relevance Planetary exploration had increased in the previous century when the breakthrough was made and man flew into space. The study of the planets of the Solar System allows us to expand knowledge about their structure, possible life on other planets, and the model of the Solar System makes it possible to clearly see the planets of the Solar System and their location in relation to the Sun.
My project topic:
I chose this topic because I am interested in how our Universe works, in particular how the planets of the solar system are located in relation to the Sun and what they look like.
The purpose of my work:
1. study the planets of the solar system and expand knowledge about space;
2. create and demonstrate models of the planets of the solar system to school students in physics, astronomy and natural history lessons when studying relevant topics.
Project objectives:
The project product will be the creation of a model of the solar system, as well as visual information material in the form of a presentation with the characteristics of the planets.
My work plan.
Main part
I invited my classmates to jointly consider how the solar system works in relation to the location of the planets to the Sun. The guys approved my proposal and we created a creative group of 8 people according to the number of planets (Appendix 1). We developed a plan of our actions, and then began to implement it.
1st step.
We drew up a plan of our actions, set deadlines for its implementation and got to work.
2nd step.
Each of us chose a planet for ourselves and collected information on it. This information was discussed among a group of guys included in the project, as a result of which brief characteristics of the planets were created (Appendix 2)
3rd step. Based on the characteristics of the planet, each of us began to create a model of the planet, trying to make it as similar as possible to the original (Appendix 2)
The final stage was assembling the location of the planets in the solar system.
Conclusion.
This work helped us draw the following conclusions:
1. It is known that the solar system includes eight large planets. They are arranged in accordance with the increasing distance from the central star: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. All planets move counterclockwise and all except Venus and Uranus rotate in the same direction around their own axis. The first four planets, including our Earth, form the Terrestrial group: they have solid surfaces and rotate relatively slowly around their axis.
The next four planets are giant planets, or Jupiter-type planets. They are much larger in size than Earth, but less dense, composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, and do not have a solid surface. The smallest planet among the giants is Neptune. It has a diameter 3.82 times that of the Earth, and the largest planet, Jupiter, is 11 times larger in diameter than the Earth. Among all the planets, the Earth stands out in that it is located just at such a distance from the Sun, where it is not too cold and not too hot, so that liquid water and life exist on its surface. It is possible that life also exists on Mars, or existed there in the past. Prerequisites for life on other planets have not been found, which allows us to conclude that life does not exist on them.
2. Studying the information and doing the work together with a team of guys, I can say with accuracy that the material obtained during the project was well learned by each of us and brought to the attention of the other guys, we were interested in learning information about the planets from each other, working together, because it is not only about gaining knowledge. Working together, we realized that we had become friends and were ready for further joint participation in other projects.
Practical application: our project was implemented in a physics lesson in the 7th grade when studying the topic “Gravity on other planets”, where we talked about the planets of the Solar System, while gradually creating a model of the Solar System. 10th grade students who study the planets of the solar system in astronomy were invited to this lesson. The information received in this lesson was interesting and instructive, and the model we created was excellent. Based on the above, I believe that the goal of this project was fully achieved.
Bibliography
1. “Universe”: Popular scientific publication for children / Galpershtein L.Ya - M: LLC
"Publishing house "Rosman-Press", 2002
2. Children's encyclopedia "Astronomy and Space". Publishing house "ROSMEN" Moscow 2010
3. Space Complete encyclopedia Publishing house "Eksmo" 2013
4. New children's encyclopedia "Rosmen" 2004.
5. Encyclopedia of 500 amazing facts “Rosmen” 2005
Internet resources:
1. https://ru.wikipedia.org
2. http://kvant.space
3. http://spacegid.com
Applications
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"Title page"
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia
Khorinsky district
Central educational district No. 1
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Sannomysk secondary school"
Scientific and practical
conference of students of grades 4,5,6,7
"I AM A PERSONALITY"
Nomination: natural sciences.
CREATIVE PROJECT
"JOURNEY THROUGH THE PLANETS
SOLAR SYSTEM"
Completed:
Grigoriev Sergey Stanislavovich 7th grade
Supervisor:
Evgenia Ilyinichna Romanova - physics teacher
With. Sannomysk
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The purpose of my work:
1. study the planets of the solar system and expand knowledge about space;
2. create and demonstrate models of the planets of the solar system to school students in physics, astronomy and natural history lessons when studying relevant topics.
Project objectives:
1. Study and analyze the literature;
2. Make a model of the solar system;
3. Introduce school students to the main characteristics of the planets and demonstrate the model.
My work plan.
1. Selecting a topic and distributing responsibilities for completing the work.
2.Acquaintance with information sources.
3. Discussion of the information received and compilation of characteristics of the planets.
4. Making small copies of planets based on the compiled characteristics.
5. Assembling the model into a single whole.
6. Presentation of the resulting model, conclusions.
Project product There will be the creation of a model of the solar system, as well as visual information material in the form of a presentation with the characteristics of the planets.
This product will help me and my classmates realize their goal of obtaining a vision and creating a model of the spatial arrangement of the planets of the solar system, and will also help other children when studying this topic in natural history, physics and astronomy lessons.
Practical use: our project was implemented in a physics lesson in the 7th grade when studying the topic “Gravity on other planets”, where we talked about the planets of the solar system, while gradually creating a model of the solar system. 10th grade students who study the planets of the solar system in astronomy were invited to this lesson. The information received in this lesson was interesting and instructive, and the model we created was excellent. Based on the above, I believe that the purpose of this project has been fully achieved.
Thank you for your attention!
Relevance of the topic: Since ancient times, people have been attracted by everything inaccessible and mysterious. Without a doubt, the most unattainable of all that surrounded them was space. Therefore, the sun, moon and stars attracted their views and souls. They made them dream, love, create. People have changed a lot since then. They are more attracted to the TV screen and increasingly do not have time to admire the stars. People have forgotten how to be surprised and enjoy simple and at the same time brilliant things: a snowflake, the first leaves, butterflies, stars and entire galaxies. But this is all about adults. We are Children; like ancient people, we are in fusion with nature, and therefore everything that surrounds us seems so familiar and interesting to us.
Jupiter does not have a solid surface. The first layer of the planet is a mixture of hydrogen and helium, about 21 thousand km thick. Then - a layer of liquid and metallic hydrogen, thousands of kilometers deep. Inside there may be a solid core with a diameter of about 20 thousand km.
Ovchinnikov Stepan Alekseevich
Scientific project "Planets of the Solar System"
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Design and research work “Planets of the Solar System” Prepared by: 2nd-2nd grade student Stepan Ovchinnikov Reviewed by: primary school teacher Anna Anatolyevna Chernenko, Omsk 2012-2013 academic year
Goals and objectives of the presentation Find out as much as possible about Space Answer the question: how did the Sun and stars appear? What is the solar system, planets, satellites? Learn to search for information on a given topic in different sources: books, magazines, the Internet Learn to formulate conclusions from the information received Learn as much as possible about space and planets
What did I learn when I gave the presentation? I learned that the Universe, i.e. Space consists of many galaxies. Our Galaxy is the Milky Way. Galaxies consist of stars, planets and many other space objects. The Sun is one of the stars of our Galaxy. The solar system is those celestial bodies that revolve around the Sun. There are planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and, of course, our favorite planet - Earth. I will talk about this in my presentation.
Universe The Earth on which we live is a particle of the limitless Universe (Cosmos). The Universe is limitless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The Universe contains a gigantic number of celestial bodies, many of which are larger than the Earth, sometimes many millions of times. The Universe consists of a collection of clusters of stars, planets, and cosmic dust called galaxies. There are many galaxies. There is only one universe. Everything that can be seen through a telescope is included in the Universe. The universe is so big that it is impossible to imagine what it looks like as a whole. Rays of light from the most distant parts of the Universe reach Earth in about 10 billion years. Astronomers believe that the Universe arose as a result of a colossal explosion that occurred 17 billion years ago. This event is called the Big Bang. The Earth on which we live is part of the Solar System, which is part of the Milky Way Galaxy - a giant star system. In the cloudless night sky you can see a foggy strip - the Milky Way, consisting of billions of stars located vast distances from the Earth. Stars are spherical bodies, like the Sun, made of hot gases. They are very diverse and are divided into “giants” and “dwarfs”. Giant stars are those that are many times larger than the Sun in size and brightness. The Sun belongs to the group of so-called “yellow dwarfs”. The Sun is a star, one of the 100 billion stars in our Galaxy, located in the center of the Solar System.
The solar system consists of eight planets plus Pluto and more than 63 of their satellites, which are being discovered more and more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their own clearly directed trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all the bodies in the solar system combined. How did the planets originate? Approximately 5-6 billion years ago, one of the disk-shaped gas and dust clouds of our large Galaxy (Milky Way) began to shrink towards the center, gradually forming the present Sun. Further, according to one theory, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of dust and gas particles revolving around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. As another theory says, the gas and dust cloud immediately broke up into separate clusters of particles, which compressed and became denser, forming the current planets. Now 8 planets revolve around the Sun constantly. solar system
The Sun and the satellites of the planets The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star around which the planets orbit. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are now 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system, and previously Pluto was also classified as a planet. Satellites of the planets. The solar system also includes the Moon and the natural satellites of other planets, which they all have except Mercury and Venus. Over 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets were discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. Jupiter's smallest satellite, Leda, is only 10 km across.
Mercury is the 1st planet in the solar system, Mercury. The four inner planets (closest to the Sun) - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than the four giant planets. Mercury moves faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night. Characteristics of the planet Mercury: Period of revolution around the Sun: 88 days. Diameter at the equator: 4878 km. Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 58 days. Surface temperature: plus 350 degrees Celsius during the day and minus 170 degrees at night. Atmosphere: very rarefied, helium. How many satellites: 0.
Venus is the 2nd planet in the solar system. Venus is more similar to Earth in size and brightness. Observing it is difficult due to the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert. Characteristics of the planet Venus: Period of revolution around the Sun: 225 days. Diameter at the equator: 12104 km. Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 243 days. Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average). Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide. How many satellites: 0.
Earth is the 3rd planet in the solar system. Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust collided and gradually “grew” the planet. The temperature on the surface reached 5000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled and became covered with a hard rock crust. But the temperature in the depths is still quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the depths are molten and during volcanic eruptions they flow to the surface. Only on earth there is water. That's why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun in order to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough so as not to burn out. Characteristics of planet Earth: Period of revolution around the Sun: 365 days. Diameter at the equator: 12756 km. Period of rotation of the planet (rotation around its axis): 23 hours 56 minutes. Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average). Atmosphere: Mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Number of satellites: 1. Main satellites of the planet: Moon.
Mars is the 4th planet in the solar system. Because of its similarity to Earth, it was believed that life exists here. But the spacecraft that descended to the surface of Mars found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order. Characteristics of the planet Mars: Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days. Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km. Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 24 hours 37 minutes. Surface temperature: minus 23 degrees (average). The planet's atmosphere: thin, mostly carbon dioxide. How many satellites: 2. The main satellites in order: Phobos, Deimos.
Jupiter - the 5th planet in order of the solar system Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune consist of hydrogen and other gases. Jupiter exceeds Earth by more than 10 times in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets in the solar system combined. How long does it take for planet Jupiter to become a star? We need to increase its mass by 75 times! Characteristics of the planet Jupiter: Period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days. Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143884 km. Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 9 hours 55 minutes. Planet surface temperature: minus 150 degrees (average). Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium. Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings). The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
Saturn is the 6th planet in the solar system. It is number 2, the largest of the planets in the solar system. Saturn attracts attention thanks to its ring system formed of ice, rocks and dust that orbit the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters. Characteristics of the planet Saturn: Period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days. Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120 thousand km Rotation period (rotation around its axis): 10 hours 14 minutes. Surface temperature: minus 180 degrees (average). Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium. Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings). Main satellites: Titan.
A unique planet in the solar system. Its peculiarity is that it rotates around the Sun not like everyone else, but “lying on its side.” Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see. In 1986, Voyager 2 flew at a distance of 64 thousand km, he had six hours to take photographs, which he successfully implemented. Characteristics of the planet Uranus: Orbital period: 84 years 4 days. Diameter at the equator: 51 thousand km. Period of rotation of the planet (rotation around its axis): 17 hours 14 minutes. Surface temperature: minus 214 degrees (average). Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium. Uranus is the 7th planet in the solar system
Neptune is the 8th planet in the solar system. At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place through mathematical calculations, and then it was seen through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew past. He took stunning photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton. Characteristics of the planet Neptune: Period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days. Diameter at the equator: 50 thousand km. Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 16 hours 7 minutes. Surface temperature: minus 220 degrees (average). Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium. Number of satellites: 8. Main satellites: Triton.
Pluto is the 9th planet in the solar system. Until 2006, Pluto was considered the ninth planet in the solar system. Pluto is the ninth major planet from the Sun in the solar system: Average distance from the Sun is about 40 astronomical units Orbital period 248 years Rotation period 6 days Diameter about 3000 km Methane has been discovered on Pluto. Pluto is a double planet, its satellite, approximately 3 times smaller in diameter, moves at a distance of only about 20,000 km from the center of the planet, making 1 revolution in 6.4 days. Main moons: Charon
Conclusions Since ancient times, people have looked at the stars and wanted to look beyond the ends of the earth. Now Space is being explored with the help of telescopes, artificial satellites, spaceships. Someday we will meet (or be found!!!) with intelligent beings from other planets, and in order for us to communicate, we need to know many different things: how the Universe works, what are planets and much more? I will continue to study Space and planets, and in order not to forget their names, you can learn a memory book:
Memo on the planets: An astrologer lived on the Moon. He kept track of the planets: MERCURY - one, VENUS - two, three - EARTH, Four - MARS, Five - JUPITER, Six - SATURN, Seven - URANUS, Eight - NEPTUNE, Nine - further everyone PLUTO, Who doesn't see - get out!
References Large illustrated encyclopedia of an erudite. - M: Makhaon, 2008 Ananyeva E.G., Mironova S.S. Earth. Complete encyclopedia. – M.: Eksmo, 2009 Galileo. Science experimentally Wikipedia website
Goncharov Andrey, Fedorov Matvey.
The theme of the project is “Travel to the planets of the solar system”
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion.
The introduction reveals the relevance, purpose of the project, and objectives.
The first chapter describes the process of formation of the solar system, and also gives characteristics of the planets.
In the second chapter, the project “Travel to the Planets of the Solar System” was developed.
The conclusion is devoted to the main conclusions of the project.
There is an application in the form of a presentation.
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PRIVATE INSTITUTION
MIDDLE SCHOOL OF GENERAL EDUCATION
"LEXIS"
Project
on the topic of:
"Journey to the Planets of the Solar System"
Completed:
Students
3rd and 4th grades
Goncharov Andrey,
Fedorov Matvey.
Leaders:
Primary school teachers
Dyakova T. V.,
Vashchebrovich N. V.
year 2014
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Formation of the solar system. Characteristics of the planets of the solar system………………………………………………………………………………………….……..4
Chapter 2. Organization of work on creating models of solar planets
systems………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..….11
Used literature and electronic resources..…………………………...12
Introduction
The media threatens almost every year with a worldwide apocalypse. Humanity must look for a way out of this situation. This solution could be evacuation to another planet.
To date, scientists have not found signs of life on other planets. But modern technologies make it possible to open up more and more new horizons in science. And perhaps in the future we will make a discovery that will help us create conditions for life on other planets. To discover something new, it is necessary to study already known facts.
The goal of the project: to expand knowledge about the planets of the solar system and create models of the planets of the solar system.
To tasks this project includes:
Describe the process of formation of the solar system;
Describe the planets of the solar system;
Develop and implement the project “Travel to the Planets of the Solar System.”
During the work on the project the following were used methods : analysis of scientific literature on this topic, video materials, Internet resources; systematization and generalization of the information received; design and construction of models of the objects under study.
Chapter 1. Formation of the solar system.
Characteristics of the planets of the solar system.
Our Universe is full of secrets and mysteries. And for many thousands of years people have been observing the stars, trying to penetrate their secrets.
The Universe is the entire world known to us, all matter, from the smallest particles to the largest stars. (Mark A. Garlick, 2013) Our solar system is part of the Universe.
According to scientists, our Universe has a rich past. Most scientists believe the Big Bang theory is correct.(Hubble, 1930)
The Big Bang is a theory, and scientists’ debates have not stopped to this day; research continues.
How does the big bang theory explain the origin of the solar system?
14 billion years ago... Then neither space nor time existed, everything was concentrated in a dense core filled with heat and energy.
Suddenly it began to expand, and an incredible explosion occurred, which was called the Big Bang.
This explosion gave birth to everything that our world consists of: elementary particles and the forces that bind them.
As the Universe cooled and expanded, clumps began to emerge from a huge variety of these elementary particles, which slowly merged into larger objects. Stars, galaxies, and planets gradually formed from them.
Including our galaxy, which is called the Milky Way. Scientists believe that the Solar System formed 5 billion years ago from a rotating cloud of gas and dust in the protosolar nebula.
The nebula contracted under the influence of its own gravity, and the Sun formed in its center, and around it there were rings of “construction debris”, which gradually stuck together, forming spherical bodies of different sizes - the planets of the Solar System.
At the center of our solar system, a star called the Sun is a giant ball of gas. Its mass is 330 thousand times the mass of the earth. Solar energy supports life on Earth, the energy arises from nuclear reactions near the helium core and takes millions of years to reach the surface. The surface of the Sun resembles boiling soup in a deep pan. From the depths of which streams of high temperature gas constantly rise, like boiling bubbles. (Afonkin S.Yu., 2012)
The first planet from the Sun is Mercury. This planet got its name in honor of the Roman god of trade. Mercury is the fastest planet. A year on it is equal to 88 Earth days. And day follows night only once a year. Because of this, during the day the heat is up to + 360 C, and at night - icy cold up to - 160 C. The surface is rocky and deserted. In the life of Mercury there were many collisions with various meteorites and as a result its surface is dotted with craters of various sizes. But inside it is solid, the heart of the planet is made of iron and nickel.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. She bears the name of the goddess of beauty and looks like a very bright star; Venus is also called the “morning star”. The planet may shine with a silvery light, and is very similar to Earth, almost the same size. Beneath her cloudy coat the heat is unbearable. A year on Venus is approximately 224 Earth days, and day turns to night after 243 Earth days.
The third planet of the solar system is Earth. She was named after the Earth goddess Gaia. The temperature on it allows most of the water to be in a liquid state, filling our oceans and seas, rivers and lakes, and not evaporate completely and not freeze at all. Water plays almost the most important role both for life and in the life of all other living beings; without it, life on Earth would be impossible. Another very important feature is that the Earth’s atmosphere, unlike other planets, is suitable for living beings to breathe due to the fact that it contains sufficient amounts of the oxygen we need. True, this is already the merit of plants, which also could not arise and exist without water. The Earth has a satellite called the Moon.
The last planet of the terrestrial group is Mars. The fourth planet from the Sun, named after the god of war - for its red color, reminiscent of the color of blood. The surface of Mars contains a large amount of iron, which, when oxidized, gives a red color. At night my temperature drops to minus 85°C. Mars is smaller than Earth, but it has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos (which means Fear and horror - that was the name of the Sons of the God of War). Phobos and Deimos have no atmosphere. And they always face one side towards Mars. Their surface is covered with craters.(Asaph Hall, 1877)
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It bears the name of the most important Roman god, Jupiter. Consists of gases. Powerful hurricanes constantly rage in its colorful atmosphere. Jupiter makes a full revolution around the Sun in 12 Earth years, and my day is 9 hours 55 minutes. 16 satellites revolve around it, as well as a ring of dust and stone particles. The largest moon in the solar system is Ganymede. Its radius is 2631 km. Its mantle consists of water ice, and inside is a rocky core. This satellite was named after the son of the Trojan king Tros.
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. It is surrounded by many bright rings consisting of fragments of ice and stones. The heart is iron-stone, and outside there is gas. The surface temperature is -175C. A day on Saturn lasts 10 hours 40 minutes, and a year lasts 29 Earth years. Saturn has 30 satellites, the largest of which is Titan. Titan's atmosphere is made of nitrogen, and its ocean is made of ethane and methane. In ancient Greek mythology, the children of the sky god Uranus and the earth goddess Gaia were named after him.
Uranium consists of a small rocky core and frozen gases. They named it after the ancient Greek god of the sky. Uranus orbits the sun in 84 years, and rotates around its axis in 17 hours 14 minutes. Its axis tilt is 98 degrees, which is why this planet rotates on its side.
Neptune is eighth from the Sun. It bears the name of the Roman god of the seas and shimmers with a bluish light, reminiscent of the shine of water. The surface temperature is minus 200°C. A year on Neptune lasts 165 Earth years, and a day is 16 hours 3 minutes
Chapter 2. Organization of work
on creating models of planets in the solar system
We decided to make our own model of the planets of the solar system. Which material to choose? Our installation with its constituent objects must correspond in shape and color to real objects of the solar system, and must also contain adapted theoretical material that is understandable to children of different ages. Our planets don't have to be fragile or heavy: children will want to hold them in their hands.
To make models of planets, we chose the papier-mâché technique, which allows you to create any shape and is easy to paint.
We made spherical blanks of different sizes, since there are terrestrial planets and giant planets that differ from each other in size. Then we colored them according to the color characteristics of the planets of the solar system.
Mercury is the smallest ball of gray color as it is the smallest planet made of iron and nickel.
Venus is a yellow-brown ball. The hottest planet in the solar system. But we know that the surface of Venus could only be seen when its surface was photographed by a station located in the orbit of Venus. The planet itself is literally shrouded in a very dense, powerful atmosphere consisting of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. We “made” the atmosphere out of cotton wool.
The Earth is a blue-green ball because there is water on the Earth. The planet also has an atmosphere, but it is completely different from that of Venus. The Earth's atmosphere is made mostly of oxygen, and it blocks dangerous solar radiation while retaining most of the heat.
Mars is a red ball because Mars is also called the red planet. This color is explained by the fact that the surface of this planet is covered with iron oxide dust (or simply rust). Mars has the highest mountains in the Universe, and here is Olympus, it rises to a height of 20 km and occupies an area the size of England.
Jupiter is the largest ball of yellow-brown color. This is the largest planet in the solar system. But the famous Great Red Spot is a giant storm that has been raging there for at least 300 years. (Giovanni Cassini, 1665)
Saturn's signature feature is its rings, which are made up of pieces of ice and rock. And we did them.
Uranus and Neptune are similar in size and color, bluish-green balls because their atmospheres are made of hydrogen, helium and methane. It is methane that gives them their bluish color. But there are also differences: Uranus is the only planet in the solar system that revolves around the Sun lying on its side, because its axis tilt is 98 degrees.
When creating our model of the solar system, we tried to display the most striking features of each planet so that the children would visually remember them. And for older children, we have prepared helper books in which we have placed interesting material about each planet. The books are round in shape and their covers are colored according to each planet.
Conclusion
We "visited" all the planets of the solar system. We learned a lot of new and interesting things. Having studied the characteristics of the planets, we came to the conclusion that life cannot yet arise on any planet in the solar system, since oxygen and water are necessary for its appearance. We are convinced that these components are available in abundance only on our planet - Earth. But we know that 4.5 billion years ago the Earth was similar in characteristics to Venus, and perhaps Venus, in the future, will acquire the parameters necessary for the origin of life.
Having lifted the veil of secrets of the Universe, we discovered many more objects for study.
Used literature and electronic resources
Bibliography:
Bibliography:
Universe/Trans. from Italian O. Pozdnevoy.- M.: Eksmo, 2012
Universal school encyclopedia. T1,T2/Chief ed. E. Khlebalina – M.: Avanta, 2003.
Children's illustrated encyclopedia/Chief editor. E. Mirskaya
Cosmos. - St. Petersburg: “BKK”, 2012.
I explore the world: Det. Encycl.: Space/Aut. Comp. T.I. Gontaruk. – M.: AST, 1996.
Children's Encyclopedia/Editor-in-Chief A. I. Markushevich-M.: Pedagogy, 1971
I open the world: Ed. For leisure: Earth-Ch.: ARQUEBUS, 2008.
What is science? Encyclopedia for the curious - M.: Eksmo, 2010.
Spaceships: Sci-pop. Publisher - M.: ROSMEN-PRESS.2001
Inventions/Trans. from English V.A. Grishechkina.-M.: ROSMEN-PRESS, 2011.
Tell me why/Trans. from French E. Agafonninkova-M.:Makhaon, 2013
Illustrated atlas/Zemlya-M.: Machaon, 2013
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