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Linguistic logical errors and requirements. Our research: “Linguistic errors around us

South Ural State University

Faculty of Economics and Law

Department of Social Communications and Information Management

Coursework in Documentary Linguistics

On the topic: “Linguistic errors in regulatory documents.”

“Errors in word usage.”

Completed by: Andreeva O.V.

Gr. EiP-345

Checked by: Vaganova E.V.

Chelyabinsk-2001

Part I. Linguistic errors in regulatory documents

Introduction

Syntax of normative documents

Conclusion

Applications

List of used literature

Introduction

The legal nature of a legal text requires special accuracy and
thoroughness in the formulation of legal regulations, thoughtfulness and
logical structure of the document, does not allow ambiguity,
vagueness and inconsistency of its norms. In known sources
the legislative and legal framework is described quite fully and in detail
technique. It is closely related to the organization of lexical-legal
material, its syntactic structure and semantics, is aimed at
external presentation, designed to improve the language of legal
document, making it more understandable, accurate and competent.

The meaning (content side) of a legal text appears in
result of reading. There is a text, and there is an interpreter who gives
this text has meaning. But since interpreters have different
intellectual capabilities (education, level of culture, including
and legal), the general goal of legislative technology is to achieve
accessibility of the text of legal norms in terms of their meaning, which, however,
should not compromise its legal accuracy or distort the meaning of the law.
The external presentation of a legal act presupposes that the law affects
the will and consciousness of people only through language. It is the language that serves
a means of transmitting information about the content of instructions, with its help
the legislator's thought takes shape and becomes suitable for external
use.

Meanwhile, modern legislation, both at the federal level,
and at the level of subjects and municipalities, suffers
many shortcomings, including technical ones. Happening
the lag in rule-making activity and the emergence of linguistic
errors in the texts of regulatory legal acts. Bad text of a legal act,
the inaccuracy of its definitions and terms create the opportunity for
incorrect application of legal norms. So that the will
legislator was accessible and its meaning did not diverge from the text
design, clear presentation and clear linguistic
formulation of legal norms. Therefore, one of the conditions for successful
lawmaking activity is compliance with a system of certain
requirements for legal acts. It is knowledge and literate
the use of legal techniques allows you to create
high-quality and easy-to-read legal documents.

Both at the federal and regional levels developed
provisions on

Linguistic examination of legislative acts?, which determine
tasks and procedure for its implementation and main points concerning
use of lexical, grammatical, syntactic and
stylistic means

For example, the Regulations on linguistic examination of the laws of the Voronezh
region and other legal acts of the Regional Duma, approved Resolution
Voronezh Regional Duma dated March 18, 1999 No. 780-II-OD.

It is important to work on the language and style of the legal document
at the stage of not only its discussion and adoption, but also preparation and
writing. The presence of errors and shortcomings is explained as incredible
haste in preparing legal documents, and lack of
opportunities for their competent editorial editing, therefore it is necessary
development of a clear system of rules (lexical, grammatical,
syntactic) use of linguistic means when writing legal
documents that strictly comply with the norms of the modern Russian language and
promoting compliance with certain language and text requirements
normative legal acts (uniformity, clarity, consistency in
presentation of legal material, etc.) There are electronic dictionaries
definitions of Russian legislation (information legal systems
“Consultant Plus”, “Garant”), defining terms (and their meaning),
existing in Russian legislation, legal acts by which they
introduced. All this will facilitate the work of the legislator in drawing up
regulatory texts and the perception of such documents by the reader.

Linguistic basis of legal text

Any text has linguistic, logical, grammatical and
graphic basis. A legal text that has a functional and stylistic
belonging is also a combination of these foundations. And one of the most important
tasks is to develop rules for improving language, style and logic
rights. (See appendices. Documents from the archive. How documents were drawn up in
early 20th century.)

The text of a legal document must avoid any
emotional coloring. This is due to its functional and stylistic
belonging to the official business style. Regulatory language
the act should be neutral so as not to cause unnecessary emotions and
distract from the essence of the meaning inherent in it. Solemnity is excluded
pathos, rhetorical questions, use of stylistic figures. For
some texts (complaint, diplomatic documents) are characterized
some figurativeness, but it is unacceptable to overstep reasonable limits,
since neutrality of language primarily increases efficiency
interpretation of the text and implementation of legal norms. As stated by the legal
information must be consistent, semantically complete,
since there is a lack of logic, breaks in the sequence of content,
jumping from one subject of consideration to another, etc.
complicate its interpretation, disrupt interconnection and internal unity
legal material.

Any, even the most minimal, ambiguity in design
legal text is fraught with the appearance of inconsistency and contradictions
in his interpretation.

Accuracy (i.e. correspondence of the semantic content of the text to the information
which forms its basis) involves the use of words,
phrases in their direct meaning, not allowing for ambiguity,
arbitrary interpretation that distorts the meaning of the normative legal
document and can influence the process of implementation of legal norms.
Clarity of the language of legal texts is achieved through the use of
linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, syntactic), widely
used and easily perceived by the majority of subjects of use
rights?, however, such accessibility should come at the expense of content.

The language of the legislative act is concise, since
Its main function is the transmission of instructions, orders. Hence,
the most economic language means are needed, which creates
favorable conditions for understanding and applying the law.

Features of the language of legal texts relate to specific
areas of linguistics.

Lexicology and word usage

To designate certain concepts in normative
acts use special terms of two types: non-legal and
legal. Non-legal terms are used to indicate precisely
realities of reality from other (non-legal) spheres of human life.
When using special legal terminology, it is necessary
observe three principles: unity of terminology? (not valid for
use different terms to designate the same concepts);
generally accepted terminology (the terms used must be recognized
science and practice); stability of terminology

Legal language also uses foreign terminology
(borrowing). This process is inevitable, since in some cases when
writing a legal text is impossible without this
(diplomatic documentation, legal acts based on norms
international law, etc.), and is associated with the expansion
international legal communication between states. Most
borrowings - the Latin legal language, the legal system of which
was carefully worked out. At the same time, the abuse of foreign
words or their unjustified use leads to a distortion of meaning and
makes the text difficult to understand.

_________

Many words that are commonly used but do not have
specific legal meaning, may cause serious difficulties,
when their use concerns documents that are not intended for
lawyers, but for ordinary people.

The unity of terminology is not always maintained. For example, in
Constitution of the Russian Federation, representatives of the subjects in the Federation Council of Assembly in
Section one is referred to as the members of the chamber, and in Section two -

Deputies, and explanations for such discrepancies in word usage
the document does not provide.

The use of ethnographisms (words and expressions known only
in a given area) in regulations concerns mainly
regional legislation. Linguistically, their use
is a deviation from the norms of literary language, unacceptable for
language of legal documents. If this cannot be avoided, in the text
clarification is needed regarding the meaning of such words.

The phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and homonymy in legal
texts, since the language of law is one of the varieties of Russian
literary language. But the use of these drugs should not turn into
abuse. The ambiguity of the word reflects a real fact
the existence of several objects of reality, designated by one
in a word (object, subject, source). And to avoid ambiguity
interpretation, in order to obtain the correct meaning in each particular case
When using polysemantic words, you need to pay more attention
context. Synonymy (the use of different words to convey the same and
the same content) in most cases allows you to clarify or
clarify the author's idea. However, an unsuccessfully chosen synonym can
distort the meaning of the text of a legal document. It is also unacceptable
the use of so-called duplicate terms in one text
(import/export, – export/import, citizens/organizations – individuals
persons/legal entities, etc.). In case of using homonyms (words,
having different meanings but the same spelling or pronunciation)
increased attention to context is necessary, and when there are differences in
in pronunciation – graphic highlighting (accent mark).

Word formation and morphology

The use of abstract nouns in –i, -nie, ost, -stvo
etc. (reliability, publication, detection, responsibility,
attraction). The abstract nature of the vocabulary serves a certain level
generalizations of statements in a legal text. Most often
a common mistake is a piling up of words with an abstract meaning in one syntagm
meaning, which is undesirable, since it makes it difficult to identify the semantic
content (especially regarding the accumulation of the genitive case): -
…a local government body that carries out executive and
administrative functions in order to organize the implementation of laws, other
regulatory acts of government authorities...

Using the names of masculine officials in the singular
number (chairman, director, candidate, etc.). Parallel
feminine gender names have a colloquial, even reduced
stylistic coloring, therefore they are categorically excluded in the texts
regulations.

Use of verbal nouns and adjectives
(execution, finding, non-fulfillment, non-compliance, importance,
necessity). It seems inappropriate to replace existing
nouns in parallel verbal forms (chairman
court - the presiding judge of the court).

5. Syntax of normative documents

A proposal as part of a legal text must comply with
predominantly direct word order, which is due to increasing k
end of the sentence on the informational role of word order in written speech.
The use of various kinds of inversions shifts the semantic emphasis in
phrase and distorts the original meaning. For example:

– A local decision may be overturned...or
declared invalid by the court in accordance with the legislation
ok. (Use of the definition “neutral” next to the word “court”
may lead to a completely different interpretation of the phrase: “invalid court”
instead of "invalid decision". Therefore, you should build a proposal
like this: A decision taken at the local level can be canceled...or
recognized by the court in the manner established by the court in the manner prescribed by law
invalid.)

–…accountability to the district Council of People’s Deputies within its boundaries
powers of local government bodies of the Novousmanovsky district...
(should be written: ...accountability of local governments
Novousmanovsky District to the District Council of People's Deputies within
his powers...).

You should avoid using both excessively short and very
long sentences. Increasing the word count in some cases to
several dozen significantly complicates the understanding of the text, since when
When reading, there is a loss of logical meaning. On the contrary, it's too short
the sentence does not allow you to express the necessary thought fully enough
author, so brevity should not come at the expense of meaning.

Phrases should be of simple construction, without overloading them
subordinate clauses and various kinds of complications (participial clauses,
participial phrases, so-called obsessive phrases that destroy
logical structure of the sentence, etc.). Errors in use are unacceptable
connecting or disjunctive conjunctions, punctuation marks;

Omissions of words (...the district Council of People's Deputies temporarily assigns
performance of duties as the head of the district by one of the deputy heads
district administration... - for one of), incomplete sentences,
negative constructions (The decision on self-dissolution is made by two
by a third of the votes of the elected number of deputies. Such a solution cannot
be adopted by the district council of people's deputies less than a year before
the end of the term of office of deputies. – follows: Such a decision can
be adopted by the district council of people's deputies at least one year before
the end of the term of office of deputies).

Conclusion

There are many examples of violations of language norms
(spelling, lexical, morphological, syntactic) in
legal acts. Their presence indicates the need for ownership
legislator with the rules and techniques of legal writing, since this
will ensure the greatest activity of legal norms in the stage of interpretation and
implementation. The level of perfection, precision and clarity of the law in
depends largely on the level of development of language norms. Language
the implementation of a normative act must ensure public accessibility and
maximum convenience for its study and application. To achieve
high quality content and form of a legal act is necessary:

Develop and legislate a system of linguostylistic
rules of regulatory documents in accordance with Russian norms
language;

Establish mandatory linguistic examination of regulatory documents
acts at the level of subjects of the Federation and municipalities (with
involving specialist linguists);

For students of law faculties of higher educational institutions, enter
studying relevant disciplines in the form of courses or special courses
(for example, “Language and Law”, “Legislative Technique”, “Judicial
linguistics”, “Stylists of business speech of a lawyer”, etc.4

Develop the study of legislative technology in relation to various
branches of law in order to identify specific means, techniques and rules
creation of normative documents.

________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

4 Active development and improvement is currently underway
similar courses by Russian lawyers (see: Law: a collection of educational
programs. – M.: Lawyer, 2001.-205 p.

Part II. Usage errors

With the development of computer technology, many people have become disdainful
relate to the rules of the Russian language. Maybe that's true, or maybe that's the whole point
is that at the end of the 20th century people got hold of the pen and the computer,
who previously, if they wrote anything, did so only on fences. One way or another,
but today even among journalists and other writing fraternity it is not uncommon
people who make gross grammatical and stylistic errors do not
fully understanding the meaning of the words they use.

Don't rely on automatic checking programs
spelling. There are many types of errors that speller can easily fix
unable to. These are errors associated with the incorrect use of words:
all the words in the text are written correctly, but do not fit together, so
that the text as a whole is illiterate, often ridiculous and funny,
sometimes the whole meaning of the text changes. “Vronsky was Anna’s lover
Karenina", "Onegin wet himself with perfume", "the old man put the fox in the sleigh and
got under way,” the spell checker is unable to correct any of these errors.
In recent years, errors of this kind have become especially common.
in texts – both on the Internet and in the press, in school essays,
student essays, etc.

All errors in word usage can be divided into several main ones:
groups:

Using words with the wrong meaning;

Lack of words (lexical incompleteness);

Excess of words;

Incompatibility of words with each other;

Distortion of set phrases;

The use of words that are incomprehensible to the reader;

The use of clericalism and cliches.

Let's look at each of them in more detail.

Using words with the wrong meaning.

A person with a limited vocabulary often uses words
incorrectly, not understanding what they mean and giving them some meaning,
which they don't actually carry. The crudest variety of this
The mistake is to use a completely inappropriate word.
A classic example is the phrase from “12 Chairs” by Ilf and Petrov:
“The waves fell down like a swift jack.” The character who wrote this
phrase, believed that a “jack” is something that falls. In fact -
This is a mechanism that allows you to lift something heavy (for example, when
If a tire needs to be replaced, the car is raised using a jack).
Another example: “A contradiction towards war accumulated in Andrei’s soul.” On
in fact, it could be about irritation towards the war, about
rejection of war, aversion to war - but in no way

Not about the “contradiction” to it. The other two types are more common
this error. The first is the use of a consonant word (paronym): “well-fed”
(having eaten, not hungry) instead of “filled” (nutritious, capable
saturate), "general'skiy" (belonging to the general) instead of "general"
(main, main), “change” (exchange something for something) instead
“change” (make it different), etc. The second is the use of a word close
in meaning (synonym), but not applicable in this case: “sweet grin”
(a grin is a smile with a negative connotation: malicious,
mocking, etc.), “close eyes” (instead of “narrow”), “watch
are in a hurry" (instead of "hurry"), black horse" (instead of "black"), "dog
raised her leg” (instead of “paw”), etc. This mistake is often made by people
for whom Russian is not their native language. To avoid this error,
we must try not to use words in the text whose meaning is not
known or not entirely understood. If there is uncertainty regarding
exact meaning of a word, it is better to check it in a dictionary,
or replace it with another word.

Lack of words (lexical incompleteness):

Many words in the Russian language cannot be used on their own, without
additional word. You can’t say “dream” without explaining what exactly it is
dreamed, you cannot say “realize”, “make amends”, “violate” or
“eliminate” without specifying what exactly.

Excess of words (pleonasticity):

Verbosity (pleonasm) is an error in which in a sentence
words are used that repeat the meaning of other words and are therefore redundant.
For example, if a news report contains the words “illegal
gang formation" is a vivid example of verbosity, since there is no meaning
emphasize the illegality of the “gang formation”: it cannot be
legal. Just like

There can be no legal “crime.” Other examples: "to rise up"
(where else can you go up?), “vacancy” (the word “vacancy”
means “vacant position” or “free workplace”), “folk
folklore" - "folk art"), "souvenir for memory" ("souvenir" as
times and means “memory gift”)

List of used literature

Shugrina E.S. Technique of legal writing: Textbook - practical. allowance.- M.:
2000.-272s.

Legislative technology: Scientific and practical. allowance. – M.: Gorodets, 2000.- 272
With.

Problems of legal technology. Collection of articles / ed. V.M.Baranova. –
Nizhny Novgorod: 2000.- 823 p.

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Research project

"Linguistic errors around us"

Completed by students of grade 7A

MBOU Secondary School No. 14, Pyatigorsk

Head - Mitrakova O.V.

INTRODUCTION

Subject our research: “Linguistic errors around us.”

We want to continue the work started last academic year. We put forward the slogan: “Error is the enemy of man!” In order to overcome what spoils the Russian language, we continue to work on the research we have begun.

We collect clippings from newspapers, magazines, packaging for various products, photograph slogans, price tags, advertisements in transport, and store signs. We classify all found errors.

Linguists are sure that spelling, punctuation, and speech errors make it difficult to perceive the text and prevent one from understanding the meaning of the sentence.

Target of this research work: identifying spelling, punctuation, speech errors in advertisements, texts on packages and labels

Tasks research:

Explain the causes of common errors

Object Research for this work includes articles in newspapers and magazines, signs on city streets, advertisements, labels, packaging.

Item research: spelling, punctuation, grammatical, speech errors in advertisements, on labels, packaging, stands.

Hypothesis: the spelling mode of advertisements needs control and correction; If advertising is based on the principle of error, illiterate and inaccurately composed, then it leads to the consolidation of speech, spelling, grammatical and punctuation errors in oral and written speech.

Basic methods and techniques: collecting information (advertisements with errors), working with scientific literature, analyzing errors made in advertisements.

The material for the research work was collected in the city of Pyatigorsk.

1. SPELLING ERRORS

After analyzing advertisements, texts on packages and labels, we found errors in the spelling of vowels and consonants, errors in the combined, separate or hyphenated spelling of words, errors in the use of lowercase and capital letters.

In the advertising brochure of the Magnit store we read: “Kefir. Nalchi N"skiy dairy plant". However, even elementary school students know that if an adjective is formed from a noun, then the letters of the base of the original word remain unchanged. Therefore, NalchiK is NalchiKsky. Slide 3

Incorrect spelling NOT (combined or separate) is a very common mistake in advertising. The reason for its occurrence may be that computer programs do not highlight spelling data with errors.

This is a photo of an advertisement that we saw in the Sinta shoe store. The word “respected” should be written with the letter A (the unstressed vowel at the root of the word). Also missing a comma when addressing. Slide 5

It is very common to encounter errors in the spelling of complex words.

The word "working clothes" is a compound abbreviation. It should be written together. (This is a photo of a business card). Slide 6

The words “anti-stain” and “anti-grease” should also be written together. (Words with the foreign language part ANTI are written as one word).

And this is what an advertising poster looks like, containing information about the sale of inexpensive clothing and shoes. Its authors offer to buy boots produced by Bel ABOUT Rus". Correct spelling: Bel A Rus". Slide 8

2. PUNCTUATION ERRORS

Unfortunately, errors can be found almost everywhere these days. The authors of the publication for schoolchildren “Chemistry. Typical OGE tasks” are not familiar with the rules for placing a colon.

The sentence “This collection contains 30 standard exam options corresponding to the draft demo version of the OGE 2017” does not have an introductory word. Therefore, there is no need to put a colon.

Slide 9

booklet “Station of young technicians” in Pyatigorsk Slide 10

Of course, the teachers of this educational institution can give children knowledge in the field of physics, mathematics, and drawing. But they probably forgot the rules of punctuation of the Russian language.

Missed a comma when referring. Slide 11

There's an extra colon. Slad 12

The photo shows a logbook for registering inspections carried out by state control authorities at the Triumph hairdressing salon on UkraInskaya Street.

There is also a punctuation error in the text posted on its cover: a comma is missing in the participial phrase. Slide 13

And in this ad there are no punctuation marks at all. Slide 14

In a magazine article, there is an unjustified colon between the subject and the predicate.

Slide 15

3. SPEECH ERRORS

Speech errors are errors in the use of words, i.e. violation of lexical norms.

Speech errors are quite common in both formal and informal speech. Many of them become so typical that we hardly notice them.

This is a page from a women's fashion magazine. Neither the author of the article nor the editor apparently distinguishes between the paronyms “dress” and “put on.” Still, you need to write “What to Wear for the New Year.” Slide 16

Very often in texts you can find cases of unjustified repetition of words with the same root.

An example of a tautology: “combing - comb.” Slide 17

We read a phrase from the booklet of a household goods store: “This is a new air freshener that... eliminates unpleasant odors and allows you to immerse yourself in an atmosphere of pleasant aromas 10 times stronger than conventional products.” Slide 18

“Immerse yourself 10 times harder” is an example of a speech error. Submerge stronger it is forbidden! The verb in the sentence is like wounds unsuccessfully.

Another phrase from the same magazine: “What color should an evening dress be, based on Eastern traditions?” Slide 19. It is not clear what should be “based on Eastern traditions.” The word "based on" is inappropriate in this context.

And this is an article from the newspaper “Recipes for Health”. It contains letters from ordinary people. But this does not justify an editor who does not correct numerous errors in such messages.

An older man writes that he was “watching his diet. Slide 20. Of course, he didn’t “follow”, but “follow a diet.”

Slide 21. It is correct to say apply cream.

4. GRAMMAR ERRORS

Grammatical errors are errors in the structure of a language unit; This is a violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

People often construct sentences incorrectly in speech and writing. Slide 22

"A series of shampoos is enriched Y natural extracts." There would be no error if the authors added the pronoun “which” to the sentence. "Series of shampoos that s enriched s…»

Let us turn once again to the magazine “Recipes for Health”. Slide 23. We read a phrase from a reader’s letter: “My husband and I WITH one village." Certainly, FROM sat down!

Another letter. Slide 24.“I worked a lot, lived FOR kopecks." Lived ON pennies!

Unfortunately, errors can be found not only in free booklets or newspapers.

We encounter an unforgivable speech error in the collection on preparation for the OGE in the Russian language, edited by Senina. Slide 25

« every drop of blood shed... A drop (what?) is shed AYA.

CONCLUSION

After analyzing the collected material, we found out that errors in advertising products associated with violations of spelling, punctuation and speech norms (the object of our research) are a consequence of ignorance of the norms of the Russian language and the inability or unwillingness of producers of advertising products to use dictionaries.

The identified errors are the result not only of low literacy, but also

from the irresponsible attitude of advertisers to their work, the inability to combine punctuation norms of language and graphic design capabilities to highlight the most significant speech units in advertising. One might say that preference is given to design at the expense of literacy.

The practical orientation of our work lies in the desire to draw the attention of every person to what kind of advertising products he consumes.

Literature used:

1.Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya N.I. Russian speech etiquette. M.: Russian language, 1978.

2. Andreev V.I. Business rhetoric. Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 1993.

3. Atwater I. I’m listening to you. M., 1988.

4. Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Secrets of good speech. M.: International relations, 1993.

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: Directory. Workshop. M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1997.

6. Muchnik B.S. Culture of writing. M.: Aspect Press, 1996.

Source: Electronic catalog of the industry department in the direction of “Jurisprudence”
(libraries of the Faculty of Law) Scientific Library named after. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University

Linguistic errors in regulatory documents.

2. Use of the names of masculine officials in the singular (chairman, director, candidate, etc.). Parallel names of the feminine gender have a colloquial, even reduced stylistic connotation, therefore they are categorically excluded in the texts of regulatory legal acts.

3. The use of verbal nouns and adjectives (execution, finding, non-fulfillment, non-compliance, importance, necessity). It seems inappropriate to replace already existing nouns with parallel verbal forms (chairman of the court - presiding judge of the court).

Syntax of normative documents.

In a sentence as part of a legal text, predominantly direct word order must be observed, which is due to the increasing informational role of word order in written speech towards the end of the sentence. The use of various kinds of inversions shifts the semantic emphasis in the phrase and distorts the original meaning. For example:

A decision made at the local level can be canceled ... or declared invalid by a court in the manner prescribed by law. (Using the definition “invalid” next to the word “court” can lead to a completely different interpretation of the phrase: “invalid court” instead of “invalid decision.” Therefore, the sentence should be structured like this: A decision taken at the local level can be canceled ... or recognized by the court void in accordance with the procedure established by law.)

- ...accountability to the district Council of People's Deputies within the limits of its powers of local government bodies of the Novousmansky district... (should be written: ...accountability of local government bodies of the Novousmansky district to the regional Council of People's Deputies within the limits of its powers...).

You should avoid using both overly short and very long sentences. An increase in the number of words in some cases to several dozen significantly complicates the understanding of the text, since when reading there is a loss of logical meaning. On the contrary, a sentence that is too short does not allow the author’s necessary thought to be expressed fully enough, so brevity should not come at the expense of meaning.

Phrases should be of simple construction, without overloading them with subordinate clauses and various kinds of complications (participial, adverbial phrases, so-called obsessive phrases that destroy the logical structure of the sentence, etc.). Errors in the use of connecting or disjunctive conjunctions and punctuation marks are unacceptable; omissions of words (...the district Council of People's Deputies temporarily entrusts the performance of the duties of the head of the district to one of the deputy heads of the district administration... - to one of them), incomplete sentences, negative constructions (The decision on self-dissolution is made by two-thirds of the votes of the elected number of deputies. Such a decision cannot be adopted by the district council of people's deputies less than a year before the end of the term of office of the deputies - follows: Such a decision can be made by the district council of people's deputies no less than a year before the end of the term of office of the deputies.).

One can give many examples of violations of language norms (spelling, lexical, morphological, syntactic) in legal acts. Their presence indicates the need for the legislator to master the rules and techniques of legal writing, as this will ensure the greatest effectiveness of legal norms at the stage of interpretation and implementation. The level of perfection, clarity and clarity of the law largely depends on the level of development of language norms. The linguistic embodiment of a normative act must ensure universal accessibility and maximum convenience for its study and application. To achieve high quality of content and form of a legal act, it is necessary:

Develop and legislatively consolidate a system of linguistic-stylistic rules of regulatory documents in accordance with the norms of the Russian language;

Establish mandatory linguistic examination of normative legal acts at the level of constituent entities of the Federation and municipalities (with the involvement of specialist linguists);

For students of law faculties of higher educational institutions, introduce the study of relevant disciplines in the form of courses or special courses (for example, “Language and Law”, “Legislative Technique”, “Forensic Linguistics”, “Stylistics of Lawyer’s Business Speech”, etc.).

Develop the study of legislative technology in relation to various branches of law in order to identify specific means, techniques and rules for creating normative documents.

See: E.S. Shugrina. Techniques of legal writing: Educational and practical work. allowance. – M., 2000. – 272 p.; Legislative technology: Scientific and practical. allowance. – M.: Gorodets, 2000. – 272 p.; Problems of legal technology. Collection of articles / ed. V.M. Baranova. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2000. – 823 p.

For example, the Regulations on linguistic examination of the laws of the Voronezh region and other legal acts of the regional Duma, approved by Resolution of the Voronezh Regional Duma of March 18, 1999 No. 780-II-OD.

Many words that are in common use but have specific legal meanings can cause serious confusion when used in documents that are not intended for lawyers but for ordinary people.

The unity of terminology is not always maintained. For example, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, representatives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly are called members of the chamber in Section One, and deputies in Section Two, and the document does not provide an explanation for such discrepancies in word usage.

Charter of the Novousmansky district of the Voronezh region, ch. I, art. 1.

Charter of the Novousmansky district of the Voronezh region, ch. V, art. 19.

Charter of the Novousmansky district of the Voronezh region, ch. IV, art. 18.

Currently, Russian lawyers are actively developing and improving such courses (see: Law: collection of training programs. - M.: Yurist, 2001. - 205 p.

Source of information

The cause of logical errors may be a violation of the syntactic connection in sentences containing phrases with prepositions despite, instead of, besides, besides, along with, etc. Phrases with such prepositions, as a rule, are controlled by predicates: Instead of a hat, he put on a frying pan while walking (K. Chukovsky). Violation of this rule leads to a violation of semantic connections between parts of the utterance: In addition to improving academic performance, students carried out a lot of social work; In addition to work, he studies by correspondence at the institute.

Certain logical requirements must be observed when constructing sentences with homogeneous members. Words that denote concepts that are particular, specific in relation to their common generic concept can be combined as homogeneous. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the requirement of a single basis when identifying them as species. For example: Children were taught skiing, skating, sledding, cycling, swimming (skiing, skating, sledding, cycling, swimming are all different types of sports exercises); As a child, the boy suffered from scarlet fever, measles, and chickenpox (scarlet fever, measles, chickenpox are different types of childhood diseases). Failure to comply with the requirement of a single basis for division leads to logical errors: A number of lectures were given to the youth of the region on moral, ethical, family, everyday, popular science and literary topics (the definitions moral, ethical, family and everyday, literary characterize the content of the lectures, and scientific- popular - presentation method).

Words that denote incompatible concepts cannot be combined as homogeneous members: talk about labor veterans and the school museum, interest in travel and birds. Each of the controlled words in the given examples is individually combined with a control word, but among themselves they have nothing in common in meaning, therefore they cannot be combined as homogeneous members. The combination of disparate concepts into a homogeneous series is often (especially in fiction and journalism) used as a stylistic device for creating comedy or irony: But everyone had to retreat when the wounded hussar Colonel Burmin appeared in her castle, with George in his buttonhole and with an interesting pallor, like the young ladies there spoke (A. Pushkin); “Love and the Blue Coat” (that’s the name of I. Shatunovsky’s feuilleton); “Mother-in-law and fawn” (title of Yu. Strelkov’s feuilleton).

Alogisms also arise as a result of combining words denoting generic and specific concepts as homogeneous members of a sentence: Over the last five-year period, two schools, a hospital, a club, a cinema, and cultural and educational institutions were built in the region (the concepts “club” and “cinema” are included in the concept "cultural and educational institutions").

It is impossible to combine as homogeneous members of a sentence words that express overlapping concepts: parents and adults, boys and youth, children and schoolchildren. However, some combinations, contrary to the rules of logic, have become established in the language as normative: pioneers and schoolchildren, festival of youth and students, art and literature, etc.

When grouping homogeneous members of a sentence, combining them in pairs, words should be selected either on the basis of contiguity, similarity, or for stylistic purposes according to the principle of contrast: At school he was interested in history and literature, physics and mathematics; They got along. Wave and stone, // Poems and prose, ice and fire // Not so different from each other (A. Pushkin). The sentence is logically incorrectly constructed. Adults and students, children and teachers took part in the cleanup. Homogeneous members in this case can be grouped as follows: adults and children, teachers and students.

An important condition for the logic of speech is the accurate and consistent expression by linguistic means of connections and relationships between parts of a sentence, as well as between individual sentences in the whole text. Lexical repetitions, pronouns, function words (prepositions, conjunctions), particles, introductory words and phrases (firstly, secondly, therefore, means, etc.) used as linguistic means of expressing connections must correspond to the nature of the semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence or individual sentences, emphasize the unity and consistency of thought, integrity of content, and specify the nature of the relationship between statements. Take, for example, the following excerpt from A. Chekhov’s story “The Lady with the Dog”:

Some month would pass, and it seemed to him that Anna Sergeevna would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would he be dreamed of with a touching smile, as others had dreamed of. But more than a month passed, deep winter set in, and everything was clear in his memory, as if he had broken up with Anna Sergeevna just yesterday. And the memories flared up more and more...

Selected conjunctions link sentences into a single logically organized text, in which these sentences can only be arranged in this order. If you eliminate the conjunctions, the meaning of the passage will generally be preserved, but the logical-semantic relations between them will weaken, and the unity of the text will be broken.

In the logical organization of written speech, the correct division of the text into paragraphs is very important. It contributes to the clear construction of statements, the unification of thoughts into micro-themes, and facilitates the perception of what is written.

The logic of speech is closely related to the order of words and intonation, that is, with the means of expressing the actual division of the statement. The logic of the development of thought requires movement from the known to the unknown, the new. In speech, this logical pattern is manifested in the semantic division of the utterance into two components: theme (the starting point of the utterance, given, known from the previous context or situation) and rheme (the communicative center of the utterance, communicating something new). The theme is usually located at the beginning of the sentence and is emphasized by raising the tone, and the rheme is at the end and is emphasized by phrasal stress. Phrase stress can move from one word to another, emphasizing an informationally significant component and, accordingly, giving a different meaning to the statement. Compare sentences with the same syntactic structure: Brother arrived in the evening - Brother arrived in the evening - Brother arrived in the evening. The order of words in a sentence is determined by the communicative task of the message: Golden rye (golden - definition, one-part sentence, nominative) - Golden rye (golden - predicate, two-part sentence). With different word orders, the meaning of the sentence and its communicative task are different: The poplar has outgrown the maple - The maple has outgrown the poplar.

When constructing a statement, it is necessary to ensure that the semantic connections between parts of sentences and individual sentences are not broken, the meaning is not distorted, and amphiboly does not arise. Poor word order makes it difficult to quickly perceive a thought; for example: The commission at the Faculty of Philology noted the good preparation of the students; and in sentences like Pavel Vlasov predicting the death of the old system from the position of the proletariat with its physical decrepitude leads to a distortion of the meaning: it turns out that physical decrepitude is characteristic of the proletariat, and not the old system.

T.P. Pleschenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Taps. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.