Corpus spongiosum. Corpus cavernosum
Cavernous (cavernous) body- This is the structural part of the penis. The corpora cavernosa (right and left) are cylindrical in shape and located inside the penis. To the ventral surface of the cavernous bodies, parallel to them, is the spongy (spongiosum) body of the penis.
Anatomically, the corpus cavernosum is divided into:
(1) apex (apex) - distal part;
(2) middle part;
(3) pedicle - proximal part.
In the apical part, the cavernous bodies are covered by the glans penis, which is part of the corpus spongiosum. At the symphysis pubis in the proximal part, the cavernous bodies diverge downward and posteriorly parallel to the descending (ischial) branches of the pubic bones, to which they are attached by ligaments. In the area of the symphysis pubis, the corpus cavernosum is attached to the bones with the help of an unpaired infundibular ligament. The corpora cavernosa can be felt as ridges on the right and left inside the penis.
Main function of the corpora cavernosa- ensuring erection of the penis (increase in size and hardening of the penis during sexual arousal).
Corpus cavernosum consists of cavernous tissue surrounded by a tunica albuginea. Cavernous tissue has a cellular structure. Each cavity (cell) has the ability to change its internal volume by changing the tone of the smooth muscle elements (trabecular muscles) included in the structure of the cavern walls. Blood enters the caverns through arterioles radiating from the cavernous artery, located centrally inside the corpus cavernosum. During sexual arousal, in response to the release of a mediator (NO - nitric oxide), due to the relaxation of the trabecular muscles and the muscles of the walls of the cavernous arteries, the lumen of the cavernous arteries and the volume of the caverns increase. Increased blood flow to the cavernous tissue and filling of the caverns with a larger volume of blood leads to an increase in the total volume of cavernous tissue (tumescence or swelling of the penis). Normally, the outflow of blood from the cavernous tissue occurs through the venous plexuses located directly under the tunica albuginea. When pressed venous plexuses to the tunica albuginea, due to an increase in the volume of cavernous tissue during tumescence (the basis of the veno-occlusive mechanism), there is a decrease in the outflow of blood from the cavernous bodies, leading to the appearance of a solid erection. At the end of sexual activity (usually after ejaculation), the release of norepinephrine, a sympathetic transmitter that increases the tone of the trabecular muscles, leads to the disappearance of an erection (detumescence) in the reverse order to the appearance of an erection. Insufficient blood flow to the corpora cavernosa, excessive outflow venous blood from the cavernous bodies, damage to the nerves that conduct signals for the appearance of an erection, as well as damage to the cavernous tissue leads to a deterioration in the quality of erection up to its complete absence ().
The tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum is the case of the cavernous bodies and consists of elastic connective tissue. During an erection, the tunica albuginea stretches evenly in different directions, provides symmetrical enlargement of the penis. Congenital disorders elasticity of the tunica albuginea, scar changes after injuries to the penis and the formation of fibrous plaques on the tunica albuginea can lead to curvature of the penis during erection.
Cavernous or cavernous bodies(eng. corpora cavernosa) are structural parts of the erectile tissue of the penis, covered with a dense protein (fibrous) capsule. The key function of the corpora cavernosa is blood filling; they contain the prevailing part of the blood volume in the male penis during erection.
Anatomy
The two corpora cavernosa, along with the corpus spongiosum, through which the urethra passes, form the male penis. Corpora cavernosa are located along the entire length of the organ, from pubic bone right up to the head. They consist of porous tissue, including blood-filled spaces of varying sizes (larger in the center than at the periphery), lined by an endothelial layer and delimited by connective tissue septa, the so-called trabeculae. Trabeculae contain numerous nerves and arteries. All three bodies are surrounded by muscles that hold male organ during erection and contracting during ejaculation.
Physiological features
At sexual arousal the release of NO causes the three bodies of the penis to relax. The tissues fill with blood from the arteries along the entire length of the male genital organ. A small volume of blood enters the corpus spongiosum, and the remainder (about 90 percent) fills the corpora cavernosa, which expand in both width and length. Unlike the corpora cavernosa, the corpora spongiosum remains soft even during coitus, otherwise it would compress the urethra and become an obstacle to ejaculation. Blood is able to leave the erectile tissue only through the drainage system of venous vessels around the outer wall of the corpus cavernosum. The swollen spongy tissue presses against the surrounding white capsule, causing the veins to contract, preventing the outflow of blood. The penis becomes hard, but its head remains softer, since its membrane is thinner than in the corpora cavernosa. This minimizes the possibility of injury to a woman’s genitals during coitus.
Diseases and injuries
Pathologies of the corpora cavernosa include:
- cavernous fibrosis (tissue sclerosis);
- Peyronie's disease (also known as fibroplastic induration of the penis);
- incomplete absence of corpora cavernosa (extremely rare).
- Rough sexual intercourse can lead to rupture of the corpora cavernosa under the skin, the so-called. "penis fracture".
Corpora cavernosa in the clitoris
The body of the female clitoris houses erectile tissue in the form of a pair of corpora cavernosa. However, the clitoris does not have a spongy body, unlike the penis, and the urethra is located separately - behind the female genital organ. The corpora cavernosa provide the clitoris with the ability to achieve an erection, but it is relatively small in size and is not intended for sexual penetration. During sexual arousal, blood fills the corpora cavernosa. This causes extrusion of the clitoral glans and increases sensitivity to physical contact.
| Anatomy of the human reproductive system | ||
|---|---|---|
| Male reproductive system | Corpora cavernosa | |
The physiology of males is very interesting, especially when it comes to their intimate areas. For example, in order for a man’s penis to become elastic and enlarge, the so-called cavernous or cavernous bodies must take part in this process. This component of the body, at the moment of blood flow to the male penis, expands quite strongly and it is due to this that the penis increases in length and volume.
If not everyone still understands what these bodies are, how they look and function, then this topic should be considered in more detail. Knowing everything about male physiology, you can try to make sure that everything is fine with the sexual health of a man of any age.
Not all guys, and even more so women, have a sufficient understanding of what such physiological units as the corpora cavernosa are. So, under such an unusual and interesting name is one of the building blocks of the male sexual organ.
Without the presence of these building blocks, erection function would be impossible in practical life, and if we describe them a little closer, we can say the following about such important building units:
- in the male genital organ, there are quite a few structural units of this type;
- in each such structure there is a very large number of active nerve roots or endings;
- large bodies pass through the cavernous bodies blood vessels, namely arteries;
- this component is plastic, flexible, thanks to which it has the opportunity to significantly increase in volume;
- expansion of this part of the male intimate organ may take place after that. as blood rushes to the penis, specific nerve impulses come from the brain;
- from the inside, each element of this type resembles a sponge in structure, the erectile tissues of which are successfully constructed from epithelial cells;
- The cavernous body is built from the upper distal part, the middle and the proximal lower part - the pedicle.
Structure and properties
As mentioned above, these bodies of representatives of the strong part of humanity consist of three parts. Upper part called distal, the middle consists of epithelial fibers and has the property of stretching, reminiscent of a sponge. Bottom part, or as it is scientifically called, the leg is proximal. The main purpose of these components of the intimate organ is erectile function.
It is their properties that allow stretching that are responsible for the elasticity, as well as the increase in terms of length and volume of the male penis. These structural units have a composition in the form of elastic fibers, as well as muscle cells, which are closely intertwined with each other and form cells that are filled with blood, during sexual arousal, causing the male intimate organ to become large and elastic.
What enlarges the corpora cavernosa in the penis?
Many men and women have already been able to fully understand what the so-called corpus cavernosum is and what its role is. But not everyone has an idea of what exactly helps increase these units in volume. So, the corpus cavernosum of the penis becomes significantly larger due to the fact that it contains individual cells that have the ability to expand. When the trabecular fibers change tone, blood rushes to the cells of the cavernous bodies and fills them completely, which gives green light expansion.
The process of stretching these male specific bodies follows the following algorithm:
- sexual desire contributes to the production of nitric oxide in the body of an adult man;
- under the above mentioned nitrogen components, trabecular fibers relax;
- a fairly large amount of unfilled space is formed between the arterioles;
- a rush of blood gets a chance to completely fill the cells of the cavernous bodies;
- cavernous tissues begin to grow and due to this, a significant increase in these bodies occurs.
Pay attention! In order for such a structural unit of the body to perform its functions well, it can be stimulated with the help of essential oils, which provide positive action on reproductive system men.
Essential oils to enlarge the corpora cavernosa
The cavernous bodies are an important structural unit of the structure of the intimate organ, which is responsible for its increase in length and volume. To increase this structural part, experts often advise using different essential oils. They penetrate deeply into the capillaries, and it is due to this that they increase blood flow to the male penis, which causes the cavernous bodies to stretch as much as possible. To increase the volume of the cavernous bodies, experts recommend using the following types of oils purchased at the pharmacy:
- anise and mint;
- brown and amaranth;
- ginseng oil.
Do you use essential oils to support men's health?
YesNo
The choice is really rich, but you shouldn’t immediately run to the pharmacy, buy and actively use these essential oils. Before applying essential oil to the penis, a man should test for sensitivity and allergies. To do the test, you just need to apply a small amount of oil to your elbow or wrist area and leave it for a day. If there was no itching, redness or rashes, then this natural oil can be safely used.
Why enlarge the corpora cavernosa?
Spongy erectile tissue that is located inside the presented structural unit, has the ability to expand them after the blood flows. It is due to this process that the male sexual organ lengthens and becomes elastic. Based on this, we can conclude that it is worth increasing this building unit for the following reasons:
- so that potency is always good;
- so that the penis can become as elastic as possible;
- so that sexual contact lasts quite a long time and brings maximum pleasure.
If these specific bodies do not become voluminous enough, then the sexual organ will not be as elastic as possible, which will adversely affect a man’s sex life. Of course, a mistake in bed is something unacceptable, so you need to make sure that the cavernous bodies expand well.
How to enlarge the cavernous bodies: basic methods
All representatives of the male part of society would like to know how to enlarge the cavernous bodies. Effective ways, which will help fulfill this mission, exist. And so, to give volume to the cavernous bodies, you can massage the genital organ with essential oils or use the following methods:
- use of special techniques physical training– gripping and stretching;
- carrying out surgical intervention- plastic;
- frequent stimulation of blood flow to the genital organ, which occurs through watching erotic films and other similar practices;
- use of special medications.
And so, there are many ways to achieve enlargement of the cavernous bodies, and, accordingly, the penis, but if there is no urgent need to use them, then you can only get by with exercises and essential oils.
Conclusions
Cave bodies in men are responsible for the enlargement of the penis and its elasticity. If they function normally, then there will be no problems in your sex life. In order for the cavernous bodies to perform their functions for as long as possible, you need to stimulate them with the help of essential oils or by performing special exercises. If a man treats his intimate health carefully then sex life he will be at his best for a long time, pleasing the macho man and his partner.
Corpus cavernosum of the penis: structure, functions, injuries, treatment, injections
Contents of the article:The male penis is one of the the most important organs V male body. It is responsible for several functions at once: urinary and reproductive. The corpus cavernosum of the penis is one of the main functionally active units, which plays formative, skeletal and erectile functions in this body. It is the corpus cavernosum that forms the corpus spongiosum of the penis and forms the body of the male penis. Since the corpora cavernosa occupy most of the volume of the tissues of the penis, many diseases of the external male genitalia are associated precisely with dysfunction in the cavernous bodies.
Anatomical features and structure
The structure of the corpus cavernosum involves a complex connection of small cells, with histological examination resembling small caves or caverns. By the way, speaking in medical language, the cavernous bodies are called cavernous.
The corpora cavernosa form two longitudinal structures that form the body and root of the male penis; at the base of the penis, the corpora cavernosa merge into unified education, which has a groove in which the corpus spongiosum of the penis is formed and fixed. Externally, the cavernous bodies of the male penis are covered with a tunica albuginea, mainly consisting of connective tissue without smooth muscle inclusions.
The tunica albuginea, despite its small thickness, has high strength and elasticity, which allows you to give the penis the required form. The corpus spongiosum is not covered by the tunica albuginea and runs along bottom surface the body of the penis, ending with the head of the penis. The urethral canal passes through the thickness of the corpus spongiosum, which ends at the glans penis with the external urethra. Special trabeculae, or beams in other words, extend from the tunica albuginea into the thickness of the cavernous bodies, which divide the cavernous bodies into small segments. The deeper the trabeculae extend into the thickness of the cavernous bodies, the more smooth muscle fibers extend from them, which divide the segments of the cavernous bodies into small cells. The cellular structure is precisely responsible for blood supply during an erection.
Microscopically, the spongy and cavernous bodies resemble a complex system of lacunae and caverns, which expand and fill with blood when the smooth muscle elements of the trabeculae contract. The blood supply to the cavernous bodies occurs due to the deep celiac artery, which branches into arterioles and small capillaries that flow into the cavernous bodies. A feature of the vessels located in the male penis is thickened muscle layer, due to additional muscle fibers extending from the trabeculae. When an erection occurs, these muscle fibers contract and block the lumen of the capillaries anastomosing with the corpora cavernosa, which leads to their filling with blood and stretching, which visually leads to an increase in the volume of the penis, mainly in length.
Functional Features
A little higher we explained in general outline how an erection is formed based on the anatomical features of the structure of the penis, however, an erection is the result of not only the active contraction of the smooth muscle fibers of the vessels of the penis, but also a complex neuro-hormonal mechanism. The filling of the cavernous bodies occurs due to the influx arterial blood, and as a result of spasm venous system penis, which leads to the accumulation of blood inside the man's penis and an increase in the organ's size.
The lacunae and caverns of the cavernous bodies are distinguished by a high degree of elasticity, which allows them to actively stretch and increase their internal volume, several times greater than that in the non-erect state. The absence of the tunica albuginea in the corpus spongiosum ensures normal functioning urinary function, since there is no clamping of the urethral canal. Also, during an erection, there is no compression of the urethral lumen, which allows the ejaculation process to proceed normally, since the corpus spongiosum remains soft throughout the erection.
Pathological conditions
Exists huge amount urological diseases, which to one degree or another manifest themselves due to pathology associated with the anatomical structure or functioning of the cavernous bodies of the penis. Among the most common diseases, two categories can be distinguished: diseases associated with penile deformation and erectile dysfunction. Diseases can be like congenital anomalies development, and acquired as a result of injuries, infectious and inflammatory diseases and the use of certain medications.
Peyronie's disease
One of the most common in urological practice The problem is curvature or deformation of the external male genitalia. At the moment when the penis is in a non-excited state, the curvature can be practically unnoticeable, but with the onset of an erection and blood filling of the cavernous bodies, the penis begins to bend, which leads to mechanical difficulties during sexual intercourse. Not to mention psychological discomfort which a man experiences during sexual intercourse.
Peyronie's disease, with sufficiently active movements, can also lead to additional trauma to the cavernous bodies, which only aggravates the pathological condition.
Visually, the disease manifests itself in the form of characteristic plaques on the surface of the penis. Plaques are formed by dense fibrous connective tissue, which is formed due to constant microtrauma of the tunica albuginea. Subsequently, the plaques undergo calcification - the deposition of calcium crystals inside, which leads to their wrinkling and thickening and increases the deformation of the penile body. As a result, these plaques lead to disruption of the normal blood supply to the cavernous bodies and organic erectile dysfunction. Typically, plaques form on top surface or the dorsum of the penis, which causes it to curl upward during erection.
Penile injuries
There are often cases when, during too active movements during sexual intercourse, trauma to the cavernous bodies or even a fracture of the penis occurs. But if the fracture is severe and an acutely developing pathological condition, then trauma to the cavernous bodies without their rupture may, at first glance, not be such an obvious problem.
A fracture of the corpus cavernosum or a fracture of the penis occurs more often in a position when the partner is on top and does too much active movements. When exposed to a large penis physical strength at the moment when the penis is erect, the tunica albuginea ruptures and the corpus cavernosum fractures. This condition is accompanied by the occurrence of immediate subcutaneous hemorrhage with the development of an extensive hematoma and deformation of the body of the penis. A penile fracture requires immediate medical attention, as the risk of subsequent complications is very high.
With minor injuries or tears, hemorrhage into the penis and deformation do not occur, but after some time a condition such as fibrosis of the cavernous bodies develops.
Cavernous fibrosis
Cavernous fibrosis develops in men of any age with a predisposition to fibrosis. The process of fibrosis occurs very slowly. As the pathological condition progresses, the elastic tissue of the corpora cavernosa is gradually replaced by rigid connective tissue cords that do not have sufficient elasticity and resilience. Ultimately, with advanced fibrosis of the cavernous bodies, sclerosis of the cavernous bodies occurs, which entails a permanent loss of erection of the male penis.
The most common cause of progression of fibrosis of the cavernous bodies is a condition with a pathologically long erection - priapism. Excessive duration of erection leads to overstretching of the walls of the cavernous bodies and their local inflammation. Inflammation of the cavernous bodies leads to vascular spasm and a decrease in the trophism of the tissues of the male penis, which entails a loss of elasticity and restructuring of the cellular components of the cavernous bodies with a predominance of fibrous connective tissue. With the development of fibrosis, the external male genitalia visually become somewhat deformed, the penis becomes unusually dense and decreases in size.
Erectile dysfunction
The most common condition which forces a man to seek counseling and medical care see a specialist urologist or sexologist. Erectile dysfunction of the penis may be associated with pathology in anatomical structure cavernous bodies, which leads to functional failure or it could be a psychological problem. In the second case, erectile dysfunction does not arise as a result of pathology on the part of the cavernous bodies and can be quite easily corrected, but in the case of organic damage tissues of the cavernous bodies, things are more serious.
Erectile dysfunction can occur due to impaired sensitivity and innervation of the lacunar and trabecular systems, which are responsible for the blood supply to the cavernous and spongy bodies during erection. In other cases, blood supply is impaired due to severe deformation of the corpora cavernosa and disruption of the tunica albuginea.
In any case, erectile dysfunction leads to a persistent inability to perform sexual intercourse, which makes the man functionally infertile.
Treatment
Treatment pathological conditions related to anatomical features or improper functioning of the cavernous bodies can be completely different. Treatment can be conservative, surgical or combined. In some cases, in the absence of pathology, consultation with a psychotherapist or sexologist can help. Treatment of cavernous bodies is a complex process that requires endurance and patience from a man.
Drug therapy
Conservative treatment consists of prescribing a man medications that affect the formation and metabolic processes in the connective tissue of the body. Drugs can be either systemic or local action. Local medications are often used, which enhance metabolism in the tissues of the penis and help increase the elasticity of the walls of the cavernous bodies. Drugs are used that include anti-inflammatory, enzymatic substances that can increase the elasticity of connective tissue.
In case of trauma to the tunica albuginea and hemorrhage in the subcutaneous area of the body of the penis, it is also possible conservative treatment, which consists of using an ointment containing heparin. Heparin can effectively combat hematomas and prevent the development of fibrous connective tissue, which causes deformation of the penis.
Intracavernous therapy
This is a minimally invasive treatment method where a urologist performs a series of injections into the cavernous bodies. For microinjections, papaverine is used, a substance better known as No-shpa. An antispasmodic drug, when administered into the corpora cavernosa, leads to normalization of erection and also relieves vascular spasm, which improves trophism of penile tissue. Injections are made using insulin syringe with the finest needle for less trauma to the penis and the tunica albuginea itself.
Surgical intervention
Surgery is required when the disease has progressed too far, i.e. The patient experiences severe deformation of the penis in combination with persistent loss of erection. It can be carried out as removal of the cavernous bodies, followed by plastic surgery and replacement with silicone implants, and restoration of the cavernous bodies.
Restoration is a microsurgical operation during which the anatomical integrity of the torn tunica albuginea is restored or areas in places of severe deformation of the penis are excised. The plaques are removed and with proper postoperative therapy no longer progress. To eliminate severe deformation, it is possible to create special folds on the side of the penis body opposite to the curvature.
After surgery, it is very important to follow all the recommendations of the attending physician, since the absence adequate therapy may lead to re-development fibrous component in the cavernous bodies.
The cavernous body is the most important element, involved in creating a stable erection of the penis, ensuring an increase in size and hardening of the penis during sexual arousal. There are three bodies in total: two paired and one unpaired. In their structure, they resemble a sponge, the inside of which consists of through which they pass blood arteries and nerve endings.
Location
Two cavernous bodies, having a cylindrical shape, are involved. Attachment to the lower branches is made using the pointed ends of each cylinder. The first cavernous body is connected to the second, and these paired formations are completely fused with each other.
Due to this, a depression is formed on the lower surface of the pubic symphysis, in which the cavernous bodies are located. If necessary, the corpus cavernosum can be palpated on the right and left sides inside the penis. Their shape resembles small rollers. The cells inside them can change significantly in size due to the influx of blood.
Appearance
The corpus cavernosum ends in front of the head of the penis. On top they are covered with a white membrane. It is noteworthy that it is completely absent. This structure is characteristic of the entire penis, with the exception of the head.
The inner surface of the tunica albuginea is dotted with many trabeculae (processes) consisting of dense connective tissue.
Fabric structure in large quantities contains smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers. At the same time, they branch and intertwine again along the entire length of the cavernous bodies, forming among themselves a system of cells - lacunae and caverns, which, during sexual arousal, are filled with blood.
Work of the cavernous bodies
The deep artery, running along the entire length of the penis, splits into separate branches located in trabeculae. It is the main supplier of blood when agitation occurs. If the branch is in calm state, their shape is convoluted, as a result of which they are called helical, or cochlear.
Blood arteries have thick muscular walls with a wide lumen and open directly into the cells. Due to bundles of muscle fibers that thicken the wall of the arteries and have a smooth shape, the lumen vascular wall closes when contracted. It should be noted that the veins passing through the penis also have a developed muscle layer.
How is an erection achieved?
Smooth muscle cells of the arteries, together with arterioles and sinusoidal capillaries, play a major role in achieving an erection, during which the size of the penis increases significantly. At normal operation arteries passing in and around the cavernous bodies, the penis straightens, becoming much denser in structure and completely ready for sexual intercourse.
At the end of sexual intercourse, ending with ejaculation, norepinephrine is released, causing the complete completion of the erection. If the blood flow to the cavernous bodies is insufficient, destruction occurs nerve endings, which leads to a deterioration in the quality of erection up to impotence.
Workouts for penis enlargement
Most men, having learned about the functions that the elements in question perform, wonder how to enlarge the cavernous bodies, and develop a special training method for penis enlargement, based on a special technique for gripping and stretching the penis.
To enlarge the penis, you need to grab it tightly at the base with your hand, stretching it as far as possible towards the head. Carry out this exercise to achieve maximum effect it is necessary at least 10 times, thereby dispersing the cavernous bodies. Penis enlargement occurs due to the fact that blood rushes to the head of the penis, thereby distributing the cavernous bodies throughout the genital organ.
Despite the complete safety this method, it is not particularly effective. In order to significantly compress the cavernous bodies in men along the entire length of the penis, it is necessary to apply a force much higher than the standard degree. It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that the cavernous bodies are adapted to increase only during the period of their growth. Consequently, enlargement of the penis, even with the help of long-term physical training, cannot bring significant results.
