Natural immunity is developed. Vaccination – “just a shot” or loss of immunity? Innate immune defense

Immunity- This is the body's immunity to pathogens.

Leukocytes(white blood cells) provide immunity: protect the body from microorganisms and foreign particles.

Phagocytes- These are leukocytes that devour foreign particles. The phenomenon of phagocytosis was discovered by I.I. Mechnikov.

Antibodies are proteins secreted by white blood cells (B lymphocytes).

Antibodies match the shape of foreign particles and attach to them, thereby making it easier for phagocytes to destroy them.
To work out sufficient quantity antibodies against a new (unfamiliar) pathogen, B lymphocytes require 3-5 days.
The presence of antibodies to a specific virus (for example, HIV) in a person’s blood indicates that the person is infected.

Types of immunity

Natural passive(congenital)

From birth, a person has ready-made antibodies against many diseases. For example, a person is not sick canine distemper
The child receives ready-made antibodies from mother's milk. Conclusion: Breastfed children get sick less.

Natural active- after the end of the disease, memory cells remain in the body, remembering the structure of antibodies. When the same pathogen is re-infected, the release of antibodies begins not after 3-5 days, but immediately, and the person does not get sick

Artificial active appears after vaccination - administration of the vaccine, i.e. a preparation of killed or weakened pathogens. The body carries out a full immune reaction, memory cells remain.

Artificial passive- appears after the administration of serum - a preparation of ready-made antibodies. The serum is administered during illness to save a person. Memory cells are not formed in this case.

Choose the one that suits you best correct option. Injection into the blood of serum containing antibodies against pathogens certain disease, leads to the formation of immunity
1) active artificial
2) passive artificial
3) natural congenital
4) natural acquired

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Which Russian scientist discovered the process of phagocytosis?
1) I.P. Pavlov
2) I.I. Mechnikov
3) I.M. Sechenov
4) A.A. Ukhtomsky

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The vaccine contains
1) poisons secreted by pathogens
2) weakened pathogens
3) ready-made antibodies
4) killed pathogens

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Passive artificial immunity occurs in a person if they are injected into his blood

2) ready-made antibodies
3) phagocytes and lymphocytes
4) substances produced by pathogens

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. A person suffering from diphtheria must be given
1) vaccine
2) whey
3) antigens
4) saline solution

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Antitetanus serum contains
1) weakened pathogens
2) antibiotics
3) antibodies
4) bacteria that feed on tetanus bacteria

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Active artificial immunity
1) a person receives at birth
2) occurs after an illness
3) is formed after a preventive vaccination
4) formed after the introduction of serum

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Passive immunity is formed in humans when
1) use of antibiotics
2) the presence of fibrinogen protein in the plasma
3) administration of medicinal serums
4) excess of vitamins C

Answer

Match between protective property the human body and the type of immunity: 1) active, 2) passive, 3) innate. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma, inherited
B) obtaining antibodies with therapeutic serum
C) the formation of antibodies in the blood as a result of vaccination
D) the presence in the blood of similar proteins - antibodies in all individuals of the same species

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Vaccination of the population is
1) treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics
2) strengthening immune system stimulants
3) introduction healthy person weakened pathogens
4) administration of antibodies to the causative agent of the disease to a sick person

Answer

Establish the sequence of steps for preparing anti-diphtheria serum. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) obtaining diphtheria poison
2) development of stable immunity in the horse
3) preparation of anti-diphtheria serum from purified blood
4) cleansing the horse’s blood - removing blood cells, fibrinogen and proteins from it
5) multiple administration horses with diphtheria poison at certain intervals with increasing doses
6) taking blood from a horse

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Healing serums are characterized by the fact that
1) used for the prevention of infectious diseases
2) contain ready-made antibodies
3) contains weakened or killed pathogens
4) antibodies do not last long in the body
5) used to treat infectious diseases
6) after administration they cause mild illness

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the type of immunity (1) natural, 2) artificial - and the method of its appearance. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) inherited, congenital
B) occurs under the influence of a vaccine
C) acquired by introducing medicinal serum into the body
D) forms after an illness

D) transmitted through mother's milk

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of immunity: 1) natural, 2) artificial. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) human immunity to distemper that affects dogs
B) immunity to measles after vaccination
B) occurs after administration of serum
D) is produced after the administration of drugs containing antibodies
D) inheritance of immunity to infections

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the type medicinal drug: 1) vaccine, 2) healing serum. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) contains killed or weakened viruses or bacteria
B) contains ready-made antibodies
B) can cause mild illness
D) is administered, as a rule, to a sick person or when infection is suspected
D) participates in the formation of passive artificial immunity
E) forms active artificial immunity

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What is characteristic of natural human immunity?
1) inherited
2) produced after transfer infectious disease
3) produced after the introduction of toxins into the body
4) produced after the introduction of weakened microorganisms
5) is ensured by the transition of antibodies from the mother’s blood to the fetus’s blood
6) is formed after the administration of serum to a person

Answer

The human body has a complex multi-level defense system that protects it from the effects of an aggressive environment, destruction by pathogenic microorganisms, and mutations of its own cells.

This protection is called immunity.

In the classification system it is divided into different types, depending on the origin, speed of the immune response, location and other features.

Concept of the immune system

Immunity, otherwise resistance, is designed to ensure the constancy and integrity of the internal environment of the body.

How it works immune defense:

recognizes foreign agents that can cause harm and destroys them;
remembers antigens;
creates individual antibodies to specific antigens.

The immune system is constantly improving, along with changes in the environment and human living conditions. It is able to recognize various antigens - pathogenic microflora, poisons, allergens, implants. Even your own cells or the fetus in the womb can become the object of rejection.

The immune response varies according to the mechanisms of action of immunity:

specific recognizes and destroys a specific antigen;
non-specific provides protection from any potential pest;
humoral prevents the entry of antigen into body fluids;
cellular is a complex consisting of different cells, each of which has its own function.

The immune system is able to perceive a potentially dangerous element as if it were its own. In this case we talk about tolerance.

Basic

Human immunity is a complex system, with interdependent work of individual links. If one part fails, the entire system suffers. For the convenience of identifying violations and eliminating them, resistance is classified according to different signs: origin, varieties, direction or speed of action, location.

Immune defense is divided into two large groups:

congenital with a non-specific mechanism of action;
acquired, which is characterized by a specific immune response.

Innate and acquired types of immunity belong to the natural type of resistance. There are also artificial immune defenses. It is formed by introducing into the body vaccines containing weakened, dead pathogenic microorganisms or serums that are obtained from the blood of infected animals. In the first option they talk about active immunity, and in the second about passive immunity.

Innate immune defense

Congenital or nonspecific resistance- This is the main type of immunity that is formed in the body at the genetic level. First, in the embryo, specific cells are formed from stem cells - phagocytes, which have the ability to absorb foreign elements. The spleen then produces protein cells, which is part of the immune system.

This type of immune defense exists even before contact with various foreign agents. It already includes immunity to certain types of infection. At the local level, the body is protected by mucous membranes, skin, mucus, acid, cough reflexes. In the internal environment, protection is carried out immune cells.

Features:

formed in the process of evolution;
is hereditary;
in each person it is determined at the genetic level and is not subject to change;
resistance is of a species nature;
foreign elements are removed independently;
immediately reacts to antigens and instantly destroys them;
has no immune memory.

Acquired

Specific immune protection is also based on stem cells. However, for final formation they go to another organ - thymus gland. There, the cells are transformed into immunoglobulins, each of which acts only on a specific antigen. When the antigen is re-entered, the antibody immediately destroys it, so the person cannot get sick again, or the disease is cured faster. Vivid examples- measles, chickenpox.

Features:

is formed individually for each person;
improves throughout life;
is not hereditary;
specific antibodies are produced for each antigen;
recognizes any potential hazardous elements;
is able to destroy the antigen a few days after it enters the body;
foreign agents are removed by cells innate immunity;
remembers antigens that have entered the body at least once.

Other varieties

There is a wide list of types of immunity.

According to the formation mechanism, it belongs to one of two groups:

natural, which is formed by the body itself;
artificial, formed by introducing certain elements into the body.

Depending on the direction of action, immune defense is:

antitoxic;
infectious.

Antimicrobial resistance is divided into the following types:

sterile, if there is resistance, but there is no antigen in the body;
non-sterile in the presence of an infectious agent.

Non-infectious immune defense can be:

reproductive, when immune cells react to the fetus, which contains antigens transmitted through the paternal line;
transplantation - foreign blood, transplants are perceived as foreign, dangerous elements;
antitumor, when the body protects itself from pathological cells;
autoimmune, if there is a failure in the system and immune cells begin to recognize the body’s own cells as foreign.

Based on the site of action, resistance is divided into:

local - protection in the area of skin, mucous membranes;
general - protection of the internal environment.

According to the timing of immune memory, resistance is:

lifelong - remains for life;
short-term - lasts several months;
long-term - protects for ten years or more;
transient - disappears immediately after the antigen disappears from the body.

Based on the speed of the immune response, acquired resistance is classified into:

primary - a slow response, since antibodies are just being formed;
secondary - a quick reaction, since immunoglobulins have already been formed.

Active and passive immunity: description of varieties

The immune system has two lines of defense. Local interaction with an antigen implies the body’s resistance to the environment through mucous membranes, skin, mucus, stomach acid, tears. Normal microflora The body also fights pathogens. If a gap has appeared in some place and a pathogenic agent has penetrated into the liquid environment of the body, then the second line begins to work, which ensures protection of the internal environment.

When antigens enter bloodstream, active and passive immunity begins to form. Pests are eliminated with the help of lymphocytes, macrophages, immunoglobulins, killer cells and other elements of the system.

Active type of immune defense

Such resistance is developed through the active introduction of antigens into the body. After the agents enter the blood, antibodies begin to be produced with the help of lymphocytes, designed to destroy harmful elements. It may take five days to two weeks for identical antibodies to form. With a subsequent invasion of the same antigens, immunoglobulins immediately go into action.

Natural immunity has a very powerful potential, so when normal functioning able to cope with almost any infection. However, the modern lifestyle, where there is stress, poor-quality food, and poor ecology, significantly undermines the state of the immune system.

When natural defenses fail and harmful agents penetrate internal environment, active or passive immunity is activated. It can be artificial or acquired. In the first case, resistance is formed through human activity (vaccination), and in the second, bacteria penetrate through damaged membranes.

Passive type of immune defense

Passive immunity differs from active immunity short term actions. He is present naturally in newborn children. Antibodies from the mother are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and then to the baby during breastfeeding. If a child is transferred to artificial nutrition immediately after birth, then such protection will disappear already in a few months. This is why all doctors recommend breastfeeding your baby for as long as possible until his immune system becomes more stable.

Passive artificial protection occurs if a person is injected with ready-made antibodies. Its duration is no more than one month.

Natural and artificial immunity: description of varieties

Innate or acquired immunity is capable of destroying almost any pathogen. However, if the immune system is impaired or if a person suffers chronic diseases, which weaken resistance, it may not cope, and the infection will begin to spread with high speed. It will help you cope with the problem artificial stimulation natural defense of the body.

In conditions modern reality, almost every person has two types of immunity: natural and artificial. The first is formed through human interaction with environment, and the second - through vaccines and serums. Thus, humanity manages to avoid serious epidemics.

Natural immune defense

Congenital protective system has two varieties:

absolute resistance - the disease cannot manifest itself under any conditions;
relative resistance - there is a likelihood of getting sick in the presence of provoking factors.

Acquired natural immunity can be:

passive - immunoglobulins are formed over five or more days;
active - antibodies are delivered immediately to the bloodstream and the immune system begins to act actively within a few hours.

Artificial immune defense

Unlike natural immunity, artificial immunity is aimed exclusively at stimulating the resistance system.

Artificial protection of the body from pathogenic microflora is formed if the following elements are introduced into the bloodstream:

dead infectious agents;
synthesized elements extracted during pathogen cell division;
small doses of toxins;
weakened bacteria and viruses that are unable to resist immune cells.

Here we also distinguish between active and passive forms of resistance. The active one is formed by vaccinations with vaccines, and the passive one by serums.

Serums are:

homologous - human blood;
heterologous - animal blood.

Specific immunity divided into congenital (species) and acquired .

Innate immunity inherent in a person from birth, inherited from parents. Immune substances pass through the placenta from mother to fetus. A special case of innate immunity can be considered the immunity received by a newborn through mother's milk.

Acquired immunity occurs (acquired) during life and is divided into natural and artificial.

Natural acquired immunity occurs after suffering an infectious disease: after recovery, antibodies to the causative agent of this disease remain in the blood. Often people, having had illnesses in childhood, for example, measles or chicken pox, in the future they either do not get sick with this disease at all, or get sick again in a mild, erased form.

Artificial immunity is developed through special medical measures, and it can be active or passive.

Active artificial immunity occurs as a result of preventive vaccinations, when a vaccine is introduced into the body - or weakened pathogens of a particular disease ("live" vaccine), or toxins - waste products of pathogenic microorganisms ("dead" vaccine). In response to the introduction of the vaccine, a person seems to fall ill with this disease, but in a very mild, almost imperceptible form. His body actively produces protective antibodies. And although active artificial immunity does not appear immediately after the vaccine is administered (antibodies take some time to develop), it is quite strong and lasts for many years, sometimes throughout life. The closer a vaccine immunopreparation is to a natural infectious agent, the higher its immunogenic properties and the stronger the resulting post-vaccination immunity. Vaccination with a live vaccine, as a rule, provides complete immunity to the corresponding infection for 5-6 years, vaccination with an inactivated vaccine creates immunity for the next 2-3 years, and administration chemical vaccine and toxoid provides protection for the body for 1-1.5 years. At the same time, the more the vaccine is purified, the less likely it is that unwanted, side reactions will occur after its introduction into the human body. Examples of active immunity include vaccinations against polio, diphtheria, and whooping cough.

Passive artificial immunity occurs as a result of the introduction into the body of serum - defibrinated blood plasma that already contains antibodies to a particular disease. Serum is prepared either from the blood of people who have recovered from the disease, or, more often, from the blood of animals that are specially inoculated with the disease and in whose blood specific antibodies are formed. Passive artificial immunity occurs almost immediately after the administration of serum, but since the injected antibodies are essentially foreign, i.e. have antigenic properties, over time the body suppresses their activity. Therefore, passive immunity is relatively unstable. Immune serum and immunoglobulin, when introduced into the body, provide artificial passive immunity that retains a protective effect for a short time (4-6 weeks). The most typical example of passive immunity is anti-tetanus and anti-rabies serum.

The bulk of vaccinations are carried out in pre-school and preschool age. At school age, revaccination is carried out aimed at maintaining the proper level of immunity. An immunization schedule is a rule-prescribed sequence of vaccinations with a specific vaccine, which specifies the age of the child to be immunized, prescribes the number of required vaccinations against a given infection, and recommends certain time intervals between vaccinations. There is a special, legally approved vaccination calendar for children and adolescents (general schedule of immunization regimens). The administration of serums is used in cases where the likelihood of a particular disease is high, as well as in the early stages of the disease, to help the body cope with the disease. For example, vaccinations against influenza when there is a threat of an epidemic, vaccinations against tick-borne encephalitis before leaving for field practice, the bite of a rabid animal, etc.

Natural immunity is Mother Nature’s clever idea to preserve the vitality of the body. Think about it, how long could a person live without natural protection? The answer is clear: not at all. Microbes will immediately “eat” him, leaving not the slightest chance of salvation.

It is the immune system that protects us from various infections, ensuring the body's resistance to diseases.

Types of protection

The human immune system, which includes the work of many organs, creates a barrier against cells unusual for the body: bacteria, fungi, viruses. This barrier can form in various ways. Depending on the origin, there are two types:

congenital;
acquired.

Innate defense

This species is a “gift from the ancestors” and is inherited from generation to generation. It can be absolute, that is, completely excluding the possibility of a certain disease, and relative, when the disease can still pose a threat under certain conditions.

For clarity, let's give examples. Under no circumstances can a person become ill with plague cattle, having absolute immunity to this disease. But the resistance of the bird’s body to anthrax is completely destroyed when the body temperature of birds is artificially reduced.

Acquired protection

Acquired immunity is developed throughout a person’s life and is not passed on to subsequent generations. This species is divided into subspecies:

artificial active;
artificial passive;
natural active;
natural passive.

Natural and acquired immunity is formed after foreign cells enter the body through ordinary household means. Active immunity occurs as a result of a person's illness.

Passive defense appears during intrauterine development child and persists for some time after his birth.

Artificial acquired immunity is created in a person after medical intervention. Active immunity is the result of vaccination. In response to the administered vaccine, the body begins to produce antibodies.

Passive artificial immunity means that the body does not need to produce antibodies; they are already in finished form in the serum administered during vaccination.

What you need to know about passive mode

So, in general outline You already have an idea of what passive immunity is. However, to complete the picture, we advise you to supplement your knowledge about it with some useful information to be fully prepared.

The passive type of protection assumes that the body’s own immune system agents do not take part in its formation, that is, in this case the person must receive antibodies from the outside. At the same time, passive immunity tends to weaken after some time after receiving antibodies, but quickly creates an effective protective barrier(literally immediately after the introduction of a special serum).

Natural passive immunity is formed in the fetus in the womb by the transfer of antibodies through the placenta; it is called transplacental. Passive immunity, acquired naturally, continues to function in a child up to 6 months; its effect is prolonged if the mother feeds the baby with breast milk. It is for this reason that modern pediatricians advocate breastfeeding so much.

The point is that breast milk contains lacto- and bifidobacteria, due to which correct microflora. No adapted milk formula can completely replace breast milk for an infant.

Artificial passive immunity involves the introduction of ready-made antibodies into the body. They are contained in serum, which is obtained from the blood of donors who are immune to the disease. Such donors can be:

animals (the resulting serum is called heterologous);
immunized volunteers (serum is called homologous).

Heterologous serums allow the body to protect itself from diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene. And homologous ones protect against measles, viral hepatitis and a number of other infectious diseases.

Passive artificially created protection operates while the injected antibodies (gamma globulins) circulate in the body; this period lasts about a month.

Serums can be applied to persons infected with a long-term infectious disease, and to people who are in areas of infection.

Thus, passive immunity allows one to acquire short-term, but very effective protection from diseases. Therefore, one should not neglect breastfeeding your baby, nor prevention dangerous illnesses. As they say, it is easier to prevent a disease than to spend a lot of money and your precious time on getting rid of the disease.

The human body is a mystery, especially for people far from medicine. It is not always possible to understand what is happening under the beautiful shell of our body. Despite the fact that the body often does not give any cause for concern, a disease can arise in it that a person does not even suspect.

Congenital and acquired

Nature considered that the body should be able to protect itself from diseases on our own. Still at the stage embryonic development the formation of the immune system occurs. Innate immunity it is inherited and serves to protect the body from various ailments.

However, throughout life, the human body acquires its own protection. In this case, immunity is produced by the body itself in response to changing environmental conditions, to viruses and infections living in it.

This species is called acquired; it is not inherited by subsequent generations. This type can be active (its production occurs after an illness or during the administration of a vaccine) or passive (arising as a result of the administration of serum or when antibodies enter the child’s body through the placenta or breast milk).

Innate immunity cannot protect a person from all diseases, so acquired immunity comes to the rescue. Often this causes an increase in body temperature, as the body fights pathogenic viruses, activating all the forces of the immune system. In this regard, it is not recommended to lower the temperature to 38º.

Active view

Active immunity assumes that the fight against disease occurs through the body's own immune system. This type of immunity is characterized by a long formation and even longer functioning.

Active immunity (and passive immunity too) can be of two types:

natural;
artificial.

Natural immunity

Natural active immunity occurs as a result of an infectious disease in which hostile antigens enter the body through water, air or food. This type of protection is also called post-infectious. It is divided into sterile and non-sterile.

Sterile immunity persists throughout a person’s life. Non-sterile - only as long as the pathogen is in the patient’s body.

Artificial active immunity is developed after administration of a vaccine (microbial antigen). It is also called post-vaccination. Let’s talk about what post-vaccination immunity is in more detail.

Entered into medical conditions The vaccine contains pathogens in a weakened or killed form. However, the body cannot help but react to the appearance of foreign objects and begins to produce antibodies. They can persist throughout life, excluding the possibility of disease upon repeated contact with the pathogen (for example, with chickenpox or rubella).

Sometimes after vaccination you can observe post-vaccination reaction. It could be:

local, when inflammation is created at the site of vaccine administration;
general, which is expressed by general malaise, elevated temperature, joint pain or headaches.

The reaction is a purely individual phenomenon, depending both on the characteristics of the organism and on side effects administered vaccine, which must be created under certain conditions. Instead of the desired active artificial immunity, you can get big problems with health - no one has canceled this risk.

The immune system cannot fully function without proper care. Be attentive and careful about your own health, do not forget about routine examinations and medical examinations, and all ailments will bypass you!