What to do in a difficult life situation? Help in difficult life situations. Help for those in difficult life situations

Sooner or later, every person experiences significant events in life that throw them out of their usual rut and deprive them of confidence in themselves and the future. There can be plenty of reasons for feeling lost and empty: sudden loss of loved ones, work, other shocks. Help in a difficult life situation lies, first of all, in purposeful work with feelings, which should gradually lead to internal healing.

The main danger of such situations is that they always happen unexpectedly, leading to a dead end and depriving one of moral strength. A person is not ready to immediately accept the circumstances of life that led him to an internal crisis. A certain amount of time must pass for complete recovery. It is necessary to comprehend what happened, which cannot happen instantly. Thus, a whole complex of emotional reactions arises, leading to deep emotional experiences. In this article we will look at various life situations that lead to a state of powerful intrapersonal crisis, and we will try to answer the question of whether in this situation.

Loss of loved ones

This includes the death of relatives. Perhaps this is the most difficult case, since the event is completely irreversible. If the financial situation can, if desired, be improved over time, then all you need to do is come to terms with it. How does your loved one feel? Confusion, depression, emptiness, acute unbearable pain. At the moment of grief, interest in what is happening around is lost, the person is focused on himself and his feelings. Usually quite a lot of time passes before a person finally accepts the loss and learns to live without the deceased. Help in a difficult life situation should consist of several stages.

Listening. Here, the psychologist or psychotherapist must provide the client with the opportunity to speak without restrictions and any framework. The individual needs to throw out his emotions, speak out completely, and then it will become a little easier. At this moment it is so important to feel that someone needs you and cares.

Active work of grief- the next difficult stage, which should lead a person to accept what happened. This requires deep work with feelings. A competent specialist will ask questions about whether the person understands what is happening to him, about how he feels at the moment.

Making plans for the future. A vision of prospects is necessary, if only because a person cannot live without hope and faith in the best. Helping those in difficult life situations must necessarily be accompanied by developing a vision of future life, as the person can imagine it.

Loss of a loved one

Despite the external similarity with the previous case, the situation in this context may be very different. If the loss of relatives and loved ones is almost always associated with death, then the loss of a loved one can also occur as a result of divorce or infidelity. For many, it is synonymous with the devaluation of life. In this situation, the help of a specialist psychologist is important and necessary in order to help the individual find strength for future life and activities.

Help in a difficult life situation like this should be built on the gradual building of long-term perspectives. It is necessary to explain to a man or woman that life does not end there.

Teenage pregnancy

Having children is not always a joy for young people who have not yet reached adulthood themselves. This news can come as a shock to both teenagers and their parents. Fear is caused by the unwillingness to become parents and take responsibility for raising a child. On top of everything else, often there are also material problems associated with a lack of money. Help for pregnant women and families in difficult situations must be provided immediately, otherwise there is a risk of complications: abortions, abandoned children. Participation is not only desirable, but also mandatory.

Military operations in the home country

War brings great tragedies in life. Whatever it is, there is always destruction and, above all, of a psychological nature. Moral oppression, the inability to understand what is happening and where this world is heading, literally overwhelms a person and does not allow him to see the truth. When a big disaster happens, it seems that there is no one to turn to, all ideas are turned upside down, you understand that you cannot expect help from the state. The feeling of powerlessness gives rise to helplessness, self-absorption and internal bitterness. There are cases where, even after the cessation of hostilities, many people were never able to fully recover from a serious shock.

Help in a difficult life situation, which, without a doubt, is war, should be aimed at restoring mental balance. We need a conversation about feelings, various outbursts of emotions so that a person does not get stuck at a certain stage. First of all, you need to minimize the consequences of the stress you have experienced. The consulting psychologist needs to support the client in every possible way, aiming him at a long-term vision of his life.

Moving to another country as a result of any events

Migration is not always associated with military operations in the home country. Even in peacetime, adapting to new living conditions can be very difficult. Lack of money, the need to fill out documents, difficulties - all this does not have the best effect on the mental state of people. If difficulties cannot be overcome for a long time, many subsequently develop apathy, lethargy, and reluctance to do anything. Help in difficult life situations, discussion of problems should occur systematically, until the situation is completely resolved.

Dismissal from work

This can happen to anyone. We get so used to certain living conditions that under some changing circumstances we begin to feel uncomfortable. Someone, when losing a job, panics and loses How to behave and what to do in this situation? After all, this undermines self-confidence; a person is afraid to try something.

What should psychotherapeutic help be directed towards? First of all, to build long-term and short-term goals. It is important to explain to the client that losing a job is not the end of the world, but an opportunity to start a new life, build it in accordance with your goals and aspirations.

Medical rehabilitation

While a person is healthy, he does not feel how difficult it is for those who are bedridden. Help in difficult life situations for seriously ill patients must be carried out systematically. How to do this? Show increased attention to their desires and take into account the lack of communication. Think about how you can help your neighbor, friends or parents.

Disasters

This includes earthquakes, floods, fires, and terrorist attacks. In all these incidents, a person becomes overwhelmed by circumstances. Someone is left homeless, without food and warm clothing. How can you not lose faith in yourself and your capabilities? This is what a difficult life situation can lead to. Overcoming difficulties begins with the desire to change something in yourself, and then in the world around you.

Thus, it is important for a person in difficult living conditions to provide psychological assistance as soon as possible: moral support, financial assistance, and assurance that all the problems he has encountered have a solution.

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Coursework

Types of assistance to a person in difficult life situations

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The concept of a difficult life situation according to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation. Social security and social assistance

1.1 The concept of a difficult life situation

1.2 Fundamentals of social rehabilitation

1.3 Types of social rehabilitation

1.4 Legal regulation of social assistance

CHAPTER II. Specifics of social assistance to a person in difficult life situations

2.1 Providing social assistance to children, adolescents and youth

2.2 Problems of middle and mature age (using the example of social work with women)

2.3 Social protection of older people and people with disabilities

CONCLUSION

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

INTRODUCTION

The current socio-economic, moral, psychological and spiritual situation in Russia is extremely contradictory and multifaceted. Changes in Russian society in the last decades of the 20th and 11th centuries. had the following consequences: the emergence of a new, very contradictory structure of society, where some are exorbitantly elevated, while others are at the very bottom of the social ladder. We are talking primarily about the emergence of such socially vulnerable categories of the population as the unemployed, refugees, internally displaced persons, as well as those categories of citizens who at the present stage do not find adequate support from the state and society, and these are disabled people, pensioners, children, teenagers. In the country as a whole, the number of people in need of protection, marginalized people, alcoholics, drug addicts, homeless people, etc. is constantly growing.

In turn, the problems of social services worsened, since with the beginning of economic transformations a person with his problems was left to the mercy of the market elements. This process coincided with the professionalization of social work in Russia, which became a phenomenon of a civilized society. Often, social service bodies and institutions are the only structures that a person can turn to to hope for support and assistance in solving his life problems.

Large-scale structural changes in the economy caused by new economic realities and technologies, individualization of lifestyle and pluralization of values make social work in the life of modern society a stabilizing factor that helps maintain social balance and improve well-being.

All these circumstances have led to the fact that the study of the formation and functioning of the system of social work with the population in the Russian Federation, which does not yet have a clear, effectively operating model, is becoming more and more relevant every year.

Today, a whole network of institutions has already been created that provide social services to families and children, the unemployed, and the disabled, but their work is often not carried out actively enough. The activities of specialists are organized as a response to customer requests, which are still predominantly of a material nature. With the current “reactive” position of social welfare services, the number of low-income people, asocial families, and alcoholics is not only decreasing, but even growing. While endlessly receiving material subsidies from the state, individual members of society do not activate their own capabilities.

That's why target Our research is to build a model of social work with a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation.

Object Our research is social work with a person in a difficult life situation.

Item - a model of social work with a person in a difficult life situation.

In accordance with the problem, subject, object and purpose of the study, the following are set: tasks:

Study the theoretical and methodological foundations of social work with the population;

Study the experience of social work with people in difficult life situations;

Build a model of social work with a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation.

The set goals and objectives are achieved using research methods such as

· content analysis

· study of regulations

· analysis of literature on the research topic

· description.

Since the 90s, one of the most significant trends in social policy has been the creation of a new model of social services for people in difficult life situations, as well as the widespread use of modern technologies and techniques in working with the population.

social work person life situation

CHAPTER 1. BASICS OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

1.1 Concept of difficult life situation

In accordance with Article 3 of the Federal Law of 1995, a difficult life situation is understood as a situation that objectively
disrupting the life activity of a citizen (disability, inability to self-care due to old age, illness, orphanhood,
neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a specific place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he cannot overcome on his own (Article 3 of the Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population” in the Russian Federation").

Thus, based on the definition of a difficult life situation given by federal law, the list of situations that can be classified as a difficult life situation is open-ended. Therefore, based on the logic of Art. 3 any situation that objectively disrupts a citizen’s life, which he cannot overcome on his own, gives him the right to receive appropriate measures of social support guaranteed by the state. Thus, the list of categories of citizens receiving appropriate social support measures is very extensive and mobile in composition.

In accordance with paragraph 24 of Art. 26.3 of the Federal Law of October 6, 1999 No. 184-FZ “On the general principles of the organization of legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation”, the provision of measures of social support and social services to citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations is classified as subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, carried out at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

1.2 Fundamentals of social rehabilitation

Every modern state makes the principle of humanism a priority. The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. This is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Article 7. Any society is heterogeneous and divided into different groups and communities. The social policy of the state is aimed at unifying, stabilizing and coordinating interests and relations between various social groups. The practical implementation of the state's social policy consists of social security and social services. Social security is benefits, subsidies, benefits, etc. that are paid to citizens.

Social service- is the provision by social services of various services and assistance to weakly protected segments of the population and to any person who finds himself in a difficult life situation (a situation that objectively disrupts life: disability, illness, orphanhood, poverty, unemployment, loneliness, etc., which a person cannot overcome on your own).

To perform these functions, social service centers have been created:

· Comprehensive social service centers

· Territorial centers of social assistance to families and children

· Social service centers

· Social rehabilitation centers for minors

· Help centers for children without parental care

· Social shelters for children and teenagers

· Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population

· Emergency psychological assistance centers by telephone

· Night stay houses

· Social homes for single elderly people

· Stationary social service institutions

· Gerontological centers

· Other institutions providing social services to the population

In the implementation of social rehabilitation, a large role belongs to medical personnel, who monitor the systematic implementation of rehabilitation measures by a person. Social rehabilitation in an outpatient setting allows the patient to return to his previous job or creates conditions for rational employment, and also contributes to the formation of useful interests in patients and the appropriate use of free time.

1.3 Types of social rehabilitation

The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees everyone social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

As an economic category, social security is a system of distribution relations, in the process of which, at the expense of a part of the national income created by able-bodied citizens and then redistributed through the budget system and extra-budgetary funds, public funds of funds are formed and used for material support and servicing of disabled and elderly citizens , as well as to provide financial assistance to certain groups of the population (single mothers, families that have lost their breadwinner), large families, etc.).

The main types of social security expenses are payments of cash pensions and benefits.

Pensions are periodic payments of certain amounts of money to provide material support for citizens in connection with old age, disability, length of service and in connection with the death of the breadwinner. Main types of pensions:

old age

· on disability

· for long service

· in case of loss of a breadwinner

Main types of benefits:

· due to temporary disability

· for pregnancy and childbirth

· at birth as a child;

· for children of conscripts

· on unemployment

· ritual.

Along with this, there are other forms of security:

· vocational and technical training

· retraining of the unemployed

· retraining and employment of disabled people

· free maintenance of disabled people in boarding homes for the elderly and disabled

· prosthetics and provision of disabled people with motorcycle and bicycle strollers, cars

· organization of many types of home assistance, etc.

An important feature of social security is the principles of its construction.

1. Universality - the extension of social security in the event of disability due to age or due to disability to all workers, without any exceptions and regardless of gender, age, nationality, race, nature and place of work, forms of payment. All disabled family members of the deceased breadwinner are subject to social security: minor children, brothers, sisters, grandchildren, elderly or disabled wives (husbands), father, grandfather, grandmother and some others.

2.Public availability - the conditions determining the right to a particular pension are available to everyone.

Thus, the right to an old-age pension for men arises at the age of 60 years, and for women at the age of 55 years. And for those employed in difficult types of labor, the retirement age for men has been lowered to 50-55 years, and for women to 45-50 years. The length of service required to receive this pension is 25 years for men, 20 years for women, and even lower for those employed in heavy work.

3. Establishing the dependence of the size and forms of support on past work: length of service, working conditions, wages and other factors. This principle is reflected indirectly through wages.

4.Wide variety of types of software and services provided. These are pensions and benefits, employment, various measures to promote health, prevent and reduce morbidity, placement in boarding homes for the disabled and elderly, etc.

5. The democratic nature of organization and management is manifested in resolving all issues of social security. The role of trade unions is especially important in this. Their representatives participate in the work of commissions for assigning pensions; they are directly involved, together with the administration, in the preparation of documents for retiring workers.

Social security contributes to the constant renewal of personnel and the growth of labor productivity. Survivor pensions provide children with the opportunity to study and acquire the necessary profession.

Pension legislation, by creating advantages for citizens working in more difficult working conditions, contributes to the retention of personnel in leading sectors of the national economy.

The state can implement social policy using funds mobilized into the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

The funds of state target extra-budgetary funds created in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR “On the Fundamentals of the Budgetary Structure and Budgetary Process in the RSFSR” are a financial guarantee of the constitutional rights of Russian citizens to social protection in the event of old age, illness, unfavorable social and economic situation of certain groups of the population.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated December 22, 1990. The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation was created, the purpose of which is the state management of pension provision for citizens.

The funds concentrated in the Pension Fund are used to pay state labor pensions, pensions for disabled people, benefits for children aged 1.5 - 6 years, compensation for pensioners, etc. Expenses of the Pension Fund in 2001. amounted to 491,123 million rubles.

The second largest social extra-budgetary fund is the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, formed in accordance with the Presidential Decree of August 7, 1992.

Its purpose is to finance the payment of benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, child care for up to one and a half years, financing the organization of sanatorium treatment and recreation.

In accordance with the Law of the RSFSR of April 19, 1991, the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation was created. At the expense of this fund, problems of professional retraining of the population, employment, and others are solved.

Significant allocations for social security are allocated directly from the state budget, bypassing these funds. They provide pensions and benefits to military personnel of the Russian Army, railway troops, internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, private and commanding personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service, foreign intelligence, tax police and their families.

The implementation of social security is entrusted to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, the republics within the Russian Federation and their local authorities.

Within this Ministry, a Pension Security Department has been created, which develops proposals for the formation of a state federal pension policy and its implementation in cooperation with the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation; organization and methodological support for the assignment, recalculation, payment and delivery of pensions; ensuring uniform application of federal pension legislation and preparing proposals for its improvement, and other tasks.

The assignment of pensions and benefits to officers, warrant officers, midshipmen and long-term servicemen of the Russian Army, border troops, railway troops, internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, private and commanding personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service, foreign intelligence, tax police and their families is carried out by the relevant departments.

Thus, the state’s social policy is aimed at providing material support for certain categories of citizens from the state budget and special extra-budgetary funds in the event of events recognized by the state at this stage of its development as socially significant, in order to equalize the social position of these citizens in comparison with other members of society.

1.4 Legal regulation of social assistance in relation to citizens in difficult life situations

The basis for legislative regulation of the provision of social services to citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations is established by Federal Law No. 195-FZ of December 10, 1995 “On the Fundamentals of Social Services to the Population.” This Federal Law defines social services as the activities of social services for social support, provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. In accordance with Art. 7 of this Federal Law, the state guarantees citizens the right to social services in the state system of social services according to the main types defined by Federal Law No. 195-FZ in the manner and under the conditions established by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The main types of social services for citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations, in accordance with the above-mentioned Federal Law, are:

financial assistance;

social services at home;

social services in inpatient institutions;

provision of temporary shelter;

organization of day care in social institutions
service;

advisory assistance;

rehabilitation services.

Social services are provided to the population free of charge and for a fee. Free social services in the state system of social services in the amounts determined by state standards of social services are provided to the following groups of the population:

citizens who are incapable of self-care due to old age, illness, disability, and who do not have relatives who can provide them with help and care - if the average income of these citizens is below the subsistence level established for the subject of the Russian Federation in which they live;

citizens who are in difficult life situations due to
unemployment, natural disasters, catastrophes, victims in
as a result of armed and interethnic conflicts;

to minor children in difficult life situations
situations.

CHAPTER II. SPECIFICITY OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR A PERSON IN A DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION

2.1 Providing social assistancecabbage soup for children, teenagers and young people

The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. Providing for this social sphere in Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, work as part of a group, and prepare for entering school.

Social protection of preschool children is carried out in interaction with medicine, pedagogy, and production. Social protection authorities promote the health and treatment of preschool children, for which they provide, for example, preferential conditions for preschool children to stay in sanatoriums. The education of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest ones learn the rules of behavior, get involved in group activities, and master the basics of culture.

The social protection system for schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities carried out at school, in out-of-school institutions, work with the family and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of social security of schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful socio-professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work promotes inclusion in productive work and the system of lifelong education.

Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without failures, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress their life. Social work of this type is of a preventive and therapeutic nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used.

An important area of socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for restoring abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities) are built, correctional groups are organized, relevant activities are selected that allow, in collective activities, to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to apply it in work, communication, and personal life .

The above is closely related to the problem of so-called “difficult”, maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when communicating with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities of a social teacher when communicating directly with minors.

When working with “difficult” children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, in the family, where his behavior, connections, personal characteristics are observable, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since the understanding of the problem is not limited only on the personality of the child.

Psychologists identify the following as the main directions for correcting social maladaptation of the individual in childhood:

Formation of communication skills;

· Harmonization of the child’s relationships in the “family” (place of permanent residence) and with peers;

· Correction of some personal properties that interfere with communication, or changing the manifestation of these properties so that they do not negatively affect the communication process;

· Correction of the child’s self-esteem in order to bring it closer to adequate.

In this regard, the main content of the work of a social worker is the creation of an atmosphere of real cooperation and partnership in relations with minors. The principle of voluntarily asking for help (search for help by the addressee) and the principle of offering help (moving help to the addressee) are equally applicable. When starting to work with “difficult” teenagers, you cannot be straightforward. The latter, unlike younger children, are by no means a passive object of social work; their disruptive activity is great and forces them to reckon with themselves. An offer of any help from a social worker must “outweigh” the teenager’s negative and distrustful attitude towards him and must contain not some abstract schemes, but attributes of the teenage subculture (often rejected by adults) - only after this can we move on to solving deeper issues . Consequently, the social worker has to not focus on official values, but take into account the child’s condition, producing and realizing those needs that are determined by his passions and preferences.

Social workers achieve success only if they do not ignore these circumstances and first create a kind of core of like-minded people among “difficult” teenagers, and involve everyone else in common activities. These two different tasks - forming a core of like-minded people and influencing the least amenable - have to be solved simultaneously.

But the tasks of a social worker do not end there; he is obliged to constantly maintain a trusting relationship with the teenager. In contact with the latter, the child’s pronounced and unsatisfied need for informal and confidential communication with an intelligent adult who adheres to generally accepted moral principles and helps to comprehend the meaning of life and the values of human relationships is realized. Here it is important for the social worker to demonstrate that he does not try to absolutize himself and his capabilities and is always ready to take into account the experience of his younger communication partner, that is, the teenager himself, taking him into account. Trusting relationships with teenagers exclude traditional methods - teaching, moralizing, strict regulation. The main mechanism of interaction becomes the ability to establish contact and the ability to accept a teenager as he is.

Traditional work with difficult-to-adapt children, which often involves their isolation from their families and placement in closed institutions, has demonstrated its ineffectiveness and even harm in relation to children with neuropsychiatric disorders. The new technology is based on the following provisions.

· Personally-oriented individual approach with an assessment of the child’s key family problems, education, communication, areas of interest, needs.

· Development of differentiated assistance and support programs, correctional and rehabilitation programs that are adequate to the individual psychological and age characteristics of children and adolescents.

· Organization of work with them in the aspect of social pedagogy, correctional and rehabilitation activities.

· Development and creation of a holistic system of assistance that excludes isolation of children and adolescents, in a comprehensive manner.

When determining the goals and objectives of social work with difficult-to-educate children and children with neuropsychic disorders, including neurotics, the main concept is “special social needs.” In such children, primary developmental disorders should be identified and determined as early as possible.
After diagnosis, targeted positive influence, correction, training, etc. begin (regardless of the age of the children). The lack of targeted psychological and pedagogical assistance, or neglect of it, can lead to irreversible consequences - the inability to achieve a certain level of the child’s rehabilitation potential.

The compliance of the development program chosen for a given child with his actual achievements is regularly monitored. In addition, the spatial organization of the rehabilitation environment is ensured. For example, neurotic children and neuropathic children need a special structuring of their living space, which makes it easier for them to understand the meaning of what is happening, allowing them to predict the course of events and plan their behavior. In general, children with various developmental disabilities need to develop mechanisms for conscious regulation of behavior, interaction with others, and correction of emotional states. Their comprehensive medical-psychological-social-pedagogical examination can be carried out using game diagnostics and game therapy with simultaneous correction.
The specificity of social work with maladjusted adolescents and children with special social needs is that they are quite satisfied with themselves and do not consider their situation to be in any way critical. You need something for which the child will want to voluntarily and consciously give up this or that behavior. In other words, adults (parents, social worker, teacher) must convincingly and clearly prove to the child the harmfulness of his behavior.

New properties that appear in a child and a new direction of his activity appear only in the course of his development. All this presupposes an active search for non-standard methods of early diagnosis and correction of impaired development of adolescents, which manifests itself in the form of various problems of social adaptation.

The most adequate technology for solving these problems can be considered the analytical-transformative method - re-educational adjustment of the child’s personality, carried out in the following sequence.

1) Psychological qualification of a teenager’s personal deformations, identification of their internal mechanisms, determination of the levels of mental changes (individual psychological, interpersonal, personal), motivational-need and value-semantic spheres.

2) Establishing, on the basis of the analysis, specific tasks of the sphere in relation to which preventive, didactic and corrective influences are indicated - that is, determining which features of the psyche of a given teenager will be amenable to effective influence from the outside.

3) Finding, developing and testing tactical techniques for diagnostic and corrective techniques, optimal conditions conducive to their implementation. Here preliminary hypotheses and conclusions are tested.

The beginning of preventive work with difficult-to-educate and other adolescents from risk groups involves studying the causes of personality deformation and their origins; then the social worker concentrates his efforts on preventing the numerous consequences of maladaptation from developing into socio-psychological pathologies.
The social worker and psychologist are faced with the task of creating in a “difficult” teenager a full-fledged need for a normal life in exchange for often only a verbally expressed willingness to “improve” (this is the specificity of adolescence). This kind of task can be implemented in four stages: the first is motivational (creating high personal interest in the proposed psychocorrectional classes); the second is indicative (numerous motives are introduced, potentially “objectifying” the existing state of need); the third is attitudinal (personally acceptable motives for “change” are formed for a given teenager, for example, individual attitudes toward conflict-free relationships with parents); the fourth is activity-based (development for a teenager of detailed plans and programs for organizing future behavior within the framework of a specific activity - sports, creative, educational, etc.). Rehabilitation is associated with an expansion of the reasons for changes in adolescent behavior, the emergence of new objects of activity - in other words, with positive changes in the development of the motivational sphere.

As a result, we can say that the antisocial activity of such difficult-to-educate adolescents does not yet mean an unconscious desire, say, to commit crimes. Only one thing is important here: to prevent final degradation, not to miss the moment until the asocial side of their lives has completely and completely transformed into their essence, way of life and thoughts, and begins to meet age-related and individual needs.

The formation of social security for orphanage graduates has its own characteristics. At the first stages of social independence, children need social assistance. It is usually provided by the family. A child who does not have parents (at present these are mainly victims of social orphanhood: their parents are quite healthy mentally and physically, but they are socially deprived individuals), masters social roles and moral norms during the years of stay in an orphanage. In this regard, connections with social life become particularly relevant.

The socialization of children from orphanages is carried out in close interaction between educational and educational work. Social assistance is provided by a school psychologist and a school social worker. The core of the social protection of such children is to instill in them a sense of friendship and love, and on their basis a readiness for mutual assistance. We must not lose sight of the fact that mutual assistance in orphanage groups is combined with competition. Educators should complete groups taking into account the possibility of communication and leadership. Social work is designed to give civilized forms to this natural competition.

The main task of the orphanage is the socialization of the pupils. For this purpose, family modeling activities should be expanded: adult children should take care of the younger ones and show respect to the elders. It is advisable to prepare for family life in such a way that students develop skills in housekeeping, first aid, and organizing leisure time (in particular, students here learn the functions of family members). It is impossible not to take into account that the preparation of children and adolescents for family life takes place against a complex moral background, since they are jealous of children who have parents, relatives, as well as children who are chosen for adoption.

Obviously, the critical factor determining the characteristics of the mental development of children in an orphanage, the difficulties of their education and upbringing, is the lack of positive influence of the family. Sometimes teachers and educators in orphanages, realizing this, try to build their relationships with their pupils like family ones, setting themselves the goal of directly replacing the children’s mother or father. At the same time, the emotional side of communication is overexploited, which, however, does not bring the expected results, but only often emotionally exhausts and emasculates the teacher (it is not for nothing that the concept of “emotional donation” arose). Therefore, we should agree with those doctors and psychologists who believe that the connections between teachers and pupils of closed children's institutions should not imitate family ones.

Finally, the task of a social worker in an orphanage should be to help optimize the child’s relationships with his guardians, other relatives, as well as with parents, who, as is known, even being deprived of parental rights or being in prison or hospital, maintain certain relationships with the child : through correspondence, rare meetings, etc. Often such letters and especially meetings have a traumatic effect on the child, unsettling him for a long time. At the same time, no matter what, children often feel the need to communicate with their parents and other relatives.

In the activities of a boarding school, the principles of practical pedagogy and psychology, taking into account the individual characteristics of children, become particularly relevant. First of all, it is advisable to involve students in activities that are interesting to them and at the same time ensure the development of their personality, such as: primary vocational, technical, artistic, and musical education. Then, educational and work activities should be aimed at achieving success, which strengthens the motivation for personal self-development. Each schoolchild gets an idea of the strengths of their development; based on these qualities, children achieve a high level of general education and initial training. A variety of activities allow students to participate in the educational and labor process in accordance with their individual characteristics.

One of the most important ways to solve the problems of social protection is career guidance for schoolchildren and students of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. The career guidance system is a continuous process and is carried out purposefully at all age stages, performing diagnostic, educational, formative and developmental functions.

A feature of the current tasks of career guidance is the problem of freedom of choice that has actually arisen for a significant number of young people. Freedom of choice raises some ethical issues in professional counseling. In career guidance, ethical problems can be considered in two interrelated planes: from the point of view of the individual’s readiness to choose and implement a certain moral position and from the point of view of the readiness of a career consultant (in our case, a social worker) to provide real assistance to the individual in such self-determination, without any violation basic ethical standards for interaction with clients.
Studying the real needs of young people for social services is a key element in the formation of a system of their social protection. According to research, young people need, first of all, a labor exchange, points of legal protection and legal advice, a “helpline” and further - sexological consultation, a center for helping young families, a hostel - a shelter for teenagers who find themselves in a conflict situation at home.

When organizing social services for young people, it is very important to clearly define their tasks.

Thus, the social rehabilitation center for minors includes four departments: diagnostics, social rehabilitation, day care and hospital.

The tasks of the diagnostic department include: identifying maladjusted adolescents, identifying and analyzing factors, forms and stages of such social maladjustment; develop individual programs for social rehabilitation of youth, a set of measures aimed at removing young people from difficult situations and creating conditions for normal life activities.

The main objectives of the social rehabilitation department are: organizing the phased implementation of social rehabilitation programs for youth; restoration of lost contacts with the family, within the family; improvement of interpersonal relationships, elimination of traumatic situations, development of communication skills based on moral standards; assistance in obtaining a specialty and work; provision of comprehensive medical, psychological and legal assistance, etc.

2.2 Problems of middle and mature age (using the example of social work with women)

Social problems of middle and mature age, on the one hand, are very complex, since they require a differentiated approach in terms of the client’s social status, gender, religious-ethnic and other characteristics. These characteristics form a set of various social problems of such population groups as, for example, military personnel, women, representatives of national and religious minorities, etc.

On the other hand, all these groups are characterized by the well-known “midlife crisis.” It is with this, if we ignore the complex of everyday, economic, and legal problems, that a social worker most often faces when working with a middle-aged person. The difficulty here is precisely the need to isolate this psychological crisis in the structure of similar, recurring problems of a material, everyday, and legal nature. The fact is that often this very phenomenon is the cause of family and everyday troubles, misunderstandings in the work collective, and general mental depression. Thus, overcoming this problem may be the key to successfully solving other socio-psychological difficulties.
The named crisis is, in fact, a psychological phenomenon of a kind of disappointment, when the realization comes that the hopes of youth will never come true; fatigue comes from the monotony of family life and the monotony of labor relations. This causes general apathy and often deep depression. If these phenomena are accompanied by, say, a poor financial situation, cruelty in the family, the position of a national and religious outcast of the client himself and his family, then complex socio-economic and psychological assistance will be required to resolve the whole complex of problems.

Generally speaking, the midlife crisis is not of the same type; its various manifestations are characteristic of specific age intervals during the period of “maturity.” Thus, at the age of 30-35, the client usually faces the problem of “lost hopes” of youth, disappointment in family life, housing and everyday difficulties. As we approach old age, the problems of unrealized wasted potential, loneliness and uselessness in an increasingly accelerating pace of life, and material security in the conditions of approaching old age become more urgent. The above also determines the difference in methods of social work with such people - be it consultation, psychological training, group work, socio-economic assistance.

Taking into account the limited amount of work, we will consider the problems of middle age using the example of social assistance to women (taking into account the peculiarities of age periodization against the background of the socio-gender typology).

The complexity and complexity of women's social problems, the dependence of their causes on the general socio-psychological problems of society determine the need for a systematic approach to their resolution, the use of a wide variety of technologies to obtain specific positive results.

First of all, of course, it is necessary to guarantee a woman the opportunity to find a job that would allow her to both provide for herself and (if necessary) her family, and realize her personal potential, including its family and non-family components. According to research, women’s need to have a job outside the home is driven by three groups of motives:

· the need for a second income in the family,

· work is the most important means of “social insurance” for both a woman and her family,

· work is a means of self-affirmation, self-development, a way to gain recognition, a place where you can enjoy interesting communication, a break from monotonous household chores (this is typical for women mainly with a high educational status).

For women, the only option for a positive development of the situation is the need to quickly get rid of the illusion of the possibility of someone’s beneficial intervention in their situation, the situation and well-being of their families and build their lives, making maximum use of the principles of personal independence and freedom of choice.

In relation to employment, this should mean a struggle to achieve conditions where the ability to bear children will not be a discriminating factor in the labor market. A woman should be given the right to combine maternal and work responsibilities (including having young children), and to devote herself entirely to her family and children, if she considers such a choice to be the best. The permeability of the boundaries between these statuses and a painless transition from one to another must be ensured both by law and by a system of organizational measures that facilitate and ensure a woman’s adaptation to the changed conditions of the labor market.

Independence and freedom of choice should be ensured to women in family relationships. She must choose the best option for herself and her family: to be a housewife living on her husband’s income, or to be independent in terms of income and provide for her family herself - this choice involves changing the labor and employment policy in the country in such a way that honest, socially useful work gave people the opportunity to receive income sufficient to support life.

A woman should be independent and have freedom of choice in sexual relations. This will help reduce the number of cases of family and sexual violence, protect women from unwanted pregnancies, introduce the basic provisions of family planning into the mass consciousness and, as a result, possibly eliminate Russia’s inglorious leadership among all countries in terms of the number of abortions performed annually.

In technological terms, it is necessary to make serious changes in the system of upbringing and education of children, which is only partly within the competence of social work. A social worker can, firstly, initiate attention to this area at the local level by contacting decision-making bodies, the media, and creating associations of people interested in resolving these issues and having the opportunity to influence social management bodies. Secondly, he can carry out sociotherapeutic and correctional work in order to change the unfavorable situation in a particular family.

Ensuring maximum (territorial, organizational and economic) accessibility of contraception and abortion services, disseminating reliable information about family planning technologies can also have a positive impact on the social well-being of women. Organization of healthcare and ensuring a healthy lifestyle are among those types of social activities that are carried out at all three levels - federal, regional and municipal. Medical education, promotion of knowledge, and family planning skills are the responsibilities of a social work specialist, and a variety of health improvement techniques are used by social service centers, whose main clients are women.

Speaking about gender areas of social work, we can distinguish three stages of tasks in the field of helping women: saving their lives and health, maintaining social functioning and social development. In specific individual and social conditions, one or another task is a priority.

To save the life and health of women and children, inpatient shelters, crisis centers, shelters with a range of social services (psychological and medical rehabilitation, legal advice and legal protection, assistance in finding another place of residence and suitable work, sometimes assistance in obtaining or restoring documents). Of course, providing assistance in emergency circumstances does not solve social problems as such, but it can sometimes save the life of a woman or her children. Acute economic difficulties give a woman the right to apply for targeted social or emergency assistance, which is also a short-term (in accordance with its conceptual purpose) one-time technology.

Maintaining social functioning is more long-term in nature, and the need for it is determined by a more complex set of reasons. Accordingly, the technologies used in this case are more diverse: all adequate types of socio-psychological, socio-economic, medical rehabilitation and support for women in difficult life situations. The most important means of social and labor rehabilitation should be considered the retraining or retraining of women in more necessary professions. Consultations or other legal assistance can help protect women's rights in the event of family conflicts or property disputes, in any situation where, due to either the imperfection of the regulatory framework or the characteristics of their social status, women are in a vulnerable position.

Social development can be ensured by informing women, teaching them progressive personal skills and social technologies, including technologies for self-employment and self-sufficiency, and small business. Of great importance is the support of self-help and mutual aid groups, associations for the protection of civil, social and other rights of various strata of the female population.

Of course, all these three types of tasks, as a rule, are performed by social workers together with employees of various spheres of the social complex - law enforcement agencies, employment services, medical and educational institutions, etc.
The most common types are social service centers for the population, as well as social assistance centers for families and children. The typology and names of such centers, their functions may vary depending on local conditions. In addition, social assistance institutions created by foreign organizations or with their help, confessions, private and public organizations can operate. It is characteristic that the majority of clients of almost any social institutions focused on providing a wide variety of services are women. It is important that the activities of these organizations do not violate the rights of the women they are intended to help, that they are transparent for control in terms of content and methods of work, and that information is also available to clients.

Emergency social assistance is a one-time single assistance to an individual or family experiencing difficulties by issuing money, food or things. Targeted social assistance is provided to low-income segments of the population and also provides for the issuance of money, food or things, but can be provided repeatedly, even regularly. This type of assistance can be received by various categories of the population, primarily representatives of socially disadvantaged families.
Protection from domestic violence in a non-stationary institution, as a rule, involves a combination of activities of law enforcement officials and social service institutions: the former suppress violence, and the latter provide rehabilitation, legal and other types of assistance to its victims.

An effective technology is the creation of therapeutic groups of people who have suffered domestic violence, whose members can best support each other, achieve better results under the guidance of a social work specialist in correcting their personality, protecting their social interests.

A higher level of work is the transition of therapeutic groups to the status of self-help groups, i.e., associations of clients that exist for a longer time, having a wider range of problems that develop the personality of group members. The social worker’s assistance in creating such groups means transferring his clients from the category of objects of influence to the category of subjects who equally participate in solving their own problems.

2.3 Social protection for peopleth elderly and disabled

The social service system for older people covers, in particular, geriatric medical care, both inpatient and outpatient; maintenance and service in boarding homes, home care for those in need of outside care; prosthetic assistance, provision of vehicles; employment of those wishing to continue passive labor activity and their professional retraining; organization of labor in specially created enterprises and workshops; housing and communal services; organizing leisure activities, etc. Guardianship of older people is one of the main areas of social work in general. Guardianship is understood as a legal form of protection of personal and property rights and interests of citizens. Its forms are very diverse, but the main form of social care for older people who are unable to fully (or at all) exercise their rights and fulfill their responsibilities due to health reasons is the functioning of the boarding house system.
It should be noted that currently, mostly people who have completely lost the ability to move and require constant care are admitted to boarding homes. Of course, older people want to live in their own home, in a familiar environment. Expanding home assistance (a variety of home-based services: home delivery of groceries, assistance in paperwork, purchasing essential goods, etc.) allows them to postpone the time frame for moving to nursing homes.
Moreover, contrary to popular belief, most older people do not experience limitations in their usual activities and are not dependent; they live in their own houses or in the houses of their relatives. Old age in itself does not mean that specialized help from a social worker is needed. Therefore, the main care for the elderly is provided through primary health care. The main measures for medical and social rehabilitation of the elderly are aimed at maximizing the possible preservation of the life activity of an elderly person in a family environment. Its forms include: specialized centers with inpatient departments, specialized care units, and rehabilitation institutions. The most important principle is preventive orientation.

Causes of difficult life situations in children

One of the main reasons for the emergence of the category “children in difficult life situations” is family dysfunction, namely:

drug addiction or alcoholism in the family;
low material security, poverty;
conflicts between parents and relatives;
child abuse, domestic violence.

Causes of family dysfunction

Reproduction of patterns of interaction and behavior adopted in the parental family.
A fatal combination of life circumstances, as a result of which the entire structure and conditions of existence of the family change. For example, sudden death, disability of one of the family members.
Changes in the surrounding world, entailing changes in each family system. For example, economic crisis, wars, etc.

1. Children without parental care

The number of orphans is increasing in direct proportion to the decline in socio-economic well-being in the country. Children are left without parental care for a number of reasons. Most often this is deprivation of parental rights.

Reasons for deprivation of parental rights:

failure to fulfill parental responsibilities or abuse of them,
presence of domestic violence,
presence of chronic drug addiction or alcoholism in the family,
commission by a parent of a crime against the life and health of his child or spouse.

Thus, children can be left without parental care and end up in an orphanage if staying in a family becomes dangerous for their lives.

The primary task of society is the early identification of families that are at risk, assistance to such families and their support, and the desire to preserve the blood family for the child. Sometimes a simple conversation with a neighbor who has begun to often appear at the entrance while intoxicated can prevent the development of a real catastrophe.

Of course, the dream of any child who has lost his parents and ended up in an orphanage and the best outcome of the situation for him is to find a new family, to find a mother, father and his own home again.

Nowadays, infants are most often adopted, while older children and teenagers have a chance to be placed under guardianship or guardianship. Recently, there has been such a form of guardianship as a “foster family.” By law, adoptive parents in such a family have the right to financial compensation due for raising a child. In addition, every month such a family is paid a child care allowance, which is an additional factor in attracting people who are ready to take custody of a child from an orphanage to solve this problem.

2. Children with disabilities (those who have developmental disabilities: mental and/or physical)

The causes of childhood disability can be disorders of intrauterine development caused by genetic factors, the lifestyle of parents (drug addiction, alcoholism and other types of deviations); birth injuries, as well as subsequent injuries of various origins.

Children with special needs often live and study at home. Currently, inclusive education has been developed, in which children with disabilities have the opportunity to live and study in the same environment with their peers.

Very often, the appearance of a child with a disability in a family leads to its disintegration. Men leave the family, unable to withstand the additional difficulties and problems associated with raising a special child. At the same time, it is obvious that raising such a child requires exorbitant efforts from a woman left alone.

Characteristics of families with disabled children:

poverty: caring for a sick child requires, in addition to large material costs, a large amount of personal time, so many have to give up high-paying jobs in favor of work with a more flexible schedule and convenient location;
isolation from society: difficulty visiting entertainment places and events due to insufficient readiness of society to accept children with disabilities and poor technical support for the needs of people with disabilities;
difficulties in obtaining education and profession. To carry out educational and professional activities, special children need special conditions. In addition, they often encounter rejection and bullying among their peers.

Currently, social projects and programs are being developed for the socialization and adaptation of disabled children, teaching them work skills, and programs are being introduced to integrate them into the environment of healthy peers. An important factor is the identification of various defects at an early stage of children's development. Nowadays, throughout the country there is an early assistance service for children under three years of age, which can be contacted by parents with children with developmental disabilities or at risk. Consequences of identifying defects at an early stage of child development:

preventing the development of secondary disorders in the development of children,
revealing the rehabilitation potential of the family in providing support to the child, providing advisory assistance to the family itself,
social adaptation and inclusion of the child among peers at an early stage,
completing earlier preparation for studying according to the school curriculum, reducing difficulties in subsequent learning.

The implementation of such social programs and projects requires the active participation of all of us and a sincere desire to change the attitude of our society towards disability. Everyone can help, for example, look after a child in the absence of parents, or help mothers of children with developmental disabilities find employment to the best of their ability.

And we must start with the fact that we should all try to understand and accept the simple truth: not being like me does not mean bad.

There is nothing shameful or shameful about disability, and we should teach this to our children. And most importantly, this can happen in every family, regardless of age, place of residence and income level! It is important not to look away embarrassedly from the boy in the wheelchair, but to be able to explain to your child that all people are different and some are less fortunate, but this does not mean that he is less worthy of respect, attention and communication. You can support families raising disabled children - in word and deed. Without a doubt, any help (both psychological support and material participation) is very necessary and invaluable for them!

3. Children who have become victims of interethnic (including armed) conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children in extreme conditions

Essentially, these children are victims of extreme conditions, i.e. situations that go beyond normal human experience. The source of childhood trauma is often another person - this includes terrorist acts, attacks, local wars.

In the modern world, the number of such children, unfortunately, is growing. The primary task in times of emergency is to place children in a safe place and provide them with everything they need, from personal hygiene products to the opportunity to receive an education. After all, often, finding themselves on the street and losing a roof over their heads, children are forced to independently provide themselves with everything they need, which can lead them to the path of crime.

The main problem of such children is that very little attention is paid to their experiences associated with a change of place of residence. But they are faced with a number of issues that are not easily resolved even by adults. Along with their place of residence, children need to change school, social circle, usual places of recreation and entertainment, and adapt to a new environment. Often children who find themselves in extreme situations lose close relatives and even parents. Undoubtedly, they all experience loss.

In the future, such children experience difficulties in communication, their overall development is hampered, and their academic performance and interest in life decrease. Children in extreme conditions need qualified help from psychologists in overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder.

4. Children who have been subjected to violence, including in the family

An abused child lives with deep trauma from an early age. The child, as a rule, carefully hides the cause of the injury from others; the pain from the injury can torment him for the rest of his life.

Types of violence:

physical violence when a child is beaten, and there may be traces of beating on the body, or they are not fed,
sexual violence,

psychological violence when a child is humiliated in every possible way, isolated, lied to and threatened.

Consequences of violence:

Children develop anxiety and various fears,
children may be subject to feelings of guilt, shame,
children do not know how to navigate their feelings and emotions,
In adulthood, children often face a number of difficulties when creating their own family.

The main role in helping child victims of violence is played by early identification of this difficult situation. We need to be more attentive to the children around us in order to notice that the child may be depressed or upset.

First of all, this applies to the child’s parents. It is extremely important for parents to be in close contact with their children. It is very useful to discuss with your child what he does outside the home, with whom he communicates, and it is important to maintain a trusting relationship so that he does not hesitate to tell at home if someone behaves with him differently from what is customary in his family. It is necessary to pay attention to even minor changes in the child’s behavior. Sudden tears, loss of appetite and other changes are a good reason for a confidential conversation. In order to prevent violence against children, you can develop their self-defense skills by playing small riddle games. For example, you can ask: “What would you do if a stranger offered you a ride in a car?” A good activity for spending time together is to draw together with your child reminder sheets with basic safety rules: do not leave with strangers, do not open the door for strangers, keep your parents informed of your whereabouts, etc. In particular, it is worth paying special attention to any manifestations of childhood aggression directed both at oneself and at others, try to identify its causes and prevent it from getting worse.

The worst thing that can happen to a little person is violence against him in the family, when it seems to him that no one will ever protect him, there is no one to complain to. After all, the tormentors are his closest people, his parents, who for personal reasons became alcoholics, drug addicts, religious fanatics, or are mentally ill people.

A big role in such situations is played by where children can call without fear of exposure. Everyone can and should report situations of domestic violence that we witness: relatives, neighbors, school psychologists and teachers.

5. Children serving a sentence of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions

As a rule, such children are characterized by a desire for deviant behavior, or deviant behavior, i.e. behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society.

Levels of behavioral deviation:

pre-criminal level– these are minor offenses, consumption of alcohol and psychoactive substances, leaving home;
criminal level- this is an extreme case of deviant behavior - delinquent behavior that can lead a child to criminal offenses.

Reasons for deviations in behavior:

socio-pedagogical neglect, specifics of education;
family dysfunction, as a result of which the child experiences deep psychological discomfort;
personal characteristics of the child: developmental deviations, transitional stages of growing up;
insufficient opportunity for self-realization and self-expression;
neglect.

In helping this category of children it is extremely important prevention and prevention manifestations of deviant behavior in the early stages of its manifestation. Here the main role is given to parents and teachers, since their duty is to treat children with due attention. In the modern world, the most common types of deviant behavior are represented by various forms of addictions - alcohol, tobacco, drugs, computer. In order to know how to behave in a situation if your child is susceptible to addiction, we recommend watching the following videos:

If a crisis situation arises in the life of a child or in his family, it is necessary to turn to qualified specialists for help and support as soon as possible. For children, teenagers, as well as their parents, there is a number they can call if necessary.

In practice, social assistance to children who find themselves in difficult situations consists of constant work with their families when they are unfavorable. The main type of such assistance is social support for the child and his family. Accompaniment is social assistance, including pedagogical and psychological assistance. Accompanying is also called patronage. This is a whole comprehensive system of psychological, pedagogical and social assistance provided by social service specialists. But each of us can help a child in a difficult life situation. You just have to stop, don’t pass by and don’t turn away from the little person in trouble.

In the life of each of us there arise difficult life situations, and we all react to troubles in our own way and look for a way out of a difficult situation in different ways. Some people make peace and adapt, “go with the flow.” Others are looking for a way out of a difficult life situation through actions aimed at overcoming problems and troubles. Someone withdraws into himself and, instead of trying to somehow overcome the difficulty, prefers not to notice it. And many, cursing fate, only complain about a difficult life and, in fact, without solving any problems, fall into depression.

It is possible to generalize the behavior of people in difficult situations and describe ways to overcome difficulties using the transformation strategies that are used in these situations: coping (adaptation and overcoming), protection and worry. But before we talk about them in detail, a few words about the concept of “difficult life situation.”

This is how the concept of “difficult life situation” is interpreted by one of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation - “ Difficult life situation - this is a situation that directly disrupts a person’s life, which he is not able to overcome on his own" This law also provides several examples of difficult life situations - illness, disability, orphanhood, unemployment, insecurity and poverty, lack of a specific place of residence, abuse, conflicts, loneliness, etc.

Russian psychotherapist, Fedor Efimovich Vasilyuk, who studies aspects of difficult life situations, suggests understanding them as situations of impossibility, in which a person is faced with the difficulty of realizing the internal needs of his life (aspirations, motives, values, etc.).

A difficult life situation is always characterized by a discrepancy between what we want (to achieve, do, etc.) and what we can. Such a discrepancy between desires and abilities and capabilities prevents the achievement of goals, and this entails the emergence of negative emotions, which signal the emergence of a difficult situation. A developing person, mastering and learning the world around him, but not possessing sufficient life experience, it is inevitable to encounter something unexpected, unknown and new. Using your own abilities and capabilities in a given situation may not be sufficient and therefore may cause disappointment. And any difficult life situation leads to disruption of activities, deterioration of existing relationships with people around us, gives rise to worries and bad emotions, causes various inconveniences, which can have negative consequences for personal development. Therefore, a person should know as much as possible about possible options and paths.

Behavioral techniques that people most often use in difficult situations

Defense techniques are a group of non-adaptive (behaviors that contribute to the occurrence of severe mental distress) reactions to difficulties: depression, silent resignation, depression, as well as avoidance of difficult life situations and suppression of thoughts about the cause and source of the difficulty.

Overcoming - actions aimed at achieving success, changing and overcoming difficulties. They are associated with the expenditure of energy and with certain efforts; involve intense thought aimed at solving a difficult situation, high level mental self-regulation, searching for the necessary information and involving other people in solving the problem.

By persistently transforming any difficult situation, a person changes greatly, but often these changes are unconscious and unintentional. However, sometimes a situation requires a conscious change in its characteristics, only in this case can prosperity and overcome difficulty. In this case, changing personal properties and attitudes to a difficult situation becomes the main strategy or an important component of another strategy.

TECHNIQUES OF ADAPTATION

Adaptation to the basic aspects of the situation(social attitudes, social norms, rules of business relations, etc.). Having mastered this technique, a person freely enters the world of morality and law, labor, culture, and family relationships. Under normal social conditions, this technique predetermines success. For example, it helps to get used to new working conditions (in this case, the person successfully completes the probationary period) or in case of moving to a new place of residence. However, if a person got into a difficult life situation, in a situation of upheaval, when something has changed dramatically, where new rules have not yet taken shape, and the old ones no longer apply - this technique will not help.
Adapting to the characteristics and needs of others will be of great importance in a situation of social upheaval. The study of this technique has shown that it is most often used during crisis stages of social development. Next to it is another method of adaptation - taking care of maintaining existing social contacts and establishing new social contacts.
Choose a role for yourself and behave in accordance with it. People use this technique in situations where the source of experiences and difficulties are their personal qualities and properties of their own character (for example, self-doubt or shyness), which do not allow them to freely adapt to new living conditions, ask for help, etc. This technique involves the conscious use of an identification mechanism. A person chooses a certain model of behavior to emulate; it could be a movie hero or a book character who personifies confidence, or a friend who has this missing quality. In a difficult life situation, he tries on the role of this character: he begins to behave differently, his gait, his manner of speaking, his speech becomes persuasive, he even begins to feel differently. Since he does not completely identify himself with the chosen role, but only “plays it,” he attributes all his failures and awkwardness to the chosen character, and not to himself. This helps to avoid embarrassment, be more free from opinions of others and do not lower your self-esteem when you make mistakes. With the right choice of role, it helps to cope with a difficult situation that arises in communication, and also causes tangible changes not only in behavior, but also in one’s own life values and attitudes.
A frequently used form of device is identifying oneself with more fortunate people or identifying with serious and influential associations and organizations. People who have suffered disappointments and failures, who consider themselves a failure, sometimes resort to this technique. By identifying with a successful subject, they seem to add special abilities to themselves, and by becoming an employee of an influential and authoritative organization, they not only get the opportunity to feel like they belong to it and talk about “our successes,” but also actually begin to feel strong and act more successfully and confident.
Technique for identifying the boundaries of your own capabilities, as a rule, is used when there is a sudden change in life circumstances. The most striking example is a person becoming disabled. Finding themselves in such a difficult life situation, people are forced to dramatically change their established way of life. At first they learn about their capabilities. Like a person walking through a swamp testing the waters, they analyze the extent of their remaining abilities and try to make up for what they have lost. It is worth noting that those who find themselves in unknown or complicated conditions also resort to door-to-door tactics.
Foretelling and anticipating events. This technique is used by people who have already had sad experiences of failure or who are expecting the imminent onset of an approaching difficult life situation (for example, a layoff, an upcoming operation, or the death of a sick relative). Anticipatory sadness or preconceived notions have adaptive value and allow a person to mentally prepare for possible difficult experiences and make a plan to avoid unfortunate circumstances. Like any other technique for coping with a difficult situation, anticipatory coping, depending on a particular situation, can be both useful and harmful.

(+) An example of the productive use of anticipatory coping is the experience often used in some foreign hospitals in preparing young patients for the intended operation. Medical staff, under the guidance of a qualified psychologist, organize special role-playing games, during which the operation situation is played out. Such psychological preparation reduces children's fear of surgery and significantly speeds up their recovery.

(-) A clear example of a clearly unproductive anticipatory coping is the so-called “St. Lazarus symptom”; psychologists identified it when working with some relatives of HIV-infected people. It consists in such an attitude towards the patient, as if he were already dead and mourned (sometimes it comes to the point that family members avoid all communication with the sick person, openly collecting money for the wake and preparing for his funeral).

AUXILIARY METHODS OF SELF-PRESERVATION IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS

These are methods of dealing with emotional disruptions that, in the subject’s opinion, occur in connection with insurmountable difficult situations.

This is escape from a difficult situation. It occurs not only in a physical, but also in a purely psychological form - by suppressing thoughts about the situation and internal alienation from it (this may be a refusal promotions, from other tempting offers). For people who have experienced large number various failures and disappointments, such avoidance of dubious connections and situations often becomes a personal characteristic. For them, this is the “last line of defense.”
Denial and rejection, a traumatic, overwhelming and tragic event is another common self-preservation technique. Finding yourself in a difficult life situation and faced with tragedy, non-acceptance and denial, a person builds a psychological barrier to the penetration of this traumatic and destructive event into his inner world. He gradually digests it in small doses.

Technicians overcoming difficulties with the help of adaptation and transformation, they can be both secondary and basic for a person, both situationally specific and characteristic. Situation-specific ones are: “resistance”, “adjusting one’s expectations”, “hope”, “taking advantage of a chance”, “self-affirmation”, “identifying with the destinies and goals of other people”, “relying on other people”, “delaying gratification of one’s own” needs”, “manifestation of aggression in the form of action or unfounded criticism"etc.

TECHNIQUES USED IN CASES OF FAILURE

Here are the techniques that people use when... overcoming difficult life situations there is no longer any way to solve them. That is, a person who finds himself in an unpleasant situation has made every effort to somehow solve it, but the problem remains unresolved and he has no choice but to simply admit that he failed. He experiences this defeat as a collapse of personality, because he set himself a difficult task, put in so much effort, hoped, and even saw its solution as part of his future life. If a person has not experienced serious setbacks and failures before this time, he is overly vulnerable. In such a situation, a person tries in any way to maintain or restore a good attitude towards himself, a sense of his own well-being and dignity.

Most often in such cases, people try to devalue failure by using psychological defense mechanisms that help reduce the burden of emotional experiences and do not require them to painfully reconsider their attitude towards themselves. Among such techniques are:

Depreciation of an object. Unable to find way out of a difficult situation, in this case, having failed to achieve an important goal (get married, go to college, defend a dissertation, etc.), a person reduces its importance. Thus, he devalues his failure (“ Do I need this??», « This is not the most important thing in life") and writes the difficult situation into his biography as an insignificant episode.
Adjusting your hopes and aspirations. Since failure is an unpleasant and difficult event for most people, depriving a person of what he needs, he can resort to adjusting his hopes and expectations. This often leads to minimizing needs. Of course, this method saves you from failures, smoothes out unpleasant sensations and experiences, but it impoverishes the future and does not in any way increase self-respect as an individual.
Acceptance is the acceptance of a situation as it really is. In psychology, this technique is sometimes called “patience” or even more often they use the phrase “let go of the situation” (i.e., stop actions that are not bringing results to change a difficult situation). This is not a silent response to difficult life circumstances, but a conscious decision made after analyzing the life situation and comparing one's own difficult situation with the even worse situation of other people. This technique may be applicable in situations of disability or serious illness.
Positive interpretation of your situation. This technique is similar to the previous one. It consists in using comparison options: people compare themselves with someone who is in an even more precarious position (“comparison goes down”), or remember their merits and successes in other areas: “Yes, I didn’t succeed, but then…” (“the comparison goes up”). Remember, one of the heroines of E. Ryazanov’s popular film “Office Romance” had the following defensive phrases: “ I live outside the city, but close to the train», « My husband had a stomach ulcer, but Vishnevsky himself performed the operation"etc.

In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations. Even in the most tranquil times we face difficulties. For one it is a search for a job or a change of place of residence, for another it is one’s own illness or the illness of a loved one, divorce or the passing of loved ones. This is how it has always been and will always be. Difficult life situations arise in the lives of children and adults, entire families and nations.

This article provides techniques and techniques that largely relate to adaptation to circumstances that can no longer be changed. There are opinions that such techniques indicate a passive strategy and an inability to cope with one’s life. But in reality, everything is not so simple, because sometimes temporary adaptation acts as a wise strategy for surviving a difficult life situation, taking into account life prospects with their real features.

The simplest example is probationary period for employment dictates to a person the rules of the game, to which he must adapt in order to get a job in a good place and be accepted into a new work team. He knows when is it better to remain silent, refuses self-affirmation and certain forms of behavior in favor of his future.

However, everyone has the right to independently choose those techniques and strategies from their repertoire that will help them get out of a difficult life situation. We are not always able to change everything. The most we can do is to take a sober look at the situation, direct maximum efforts to change what can be improved, and find ways to coexist with what cannot be changed.

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Social support - in the most general sense - is information that leads a person to the belief that he is loved, valued, cared for, that he is a member of a social network and has mutual obligations with it. Social support is defined as the exchange of resources between people.

Social support of the population is a system of measures providing social guarantees to certain categories of citizens established by laws and other regulatory legal acts, with the exception of pensions. The presented definition is based on the provisions of Federal Law No. 122-FZ “On Amendments to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and Recognition of Invalidity of Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of Federal Laws “On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Legislative Acts” (representative) and executive authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation", adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on August 5, 2004. . Before the adoption of this law, in the scientific, legal and business literature, as well as in regulatory documents, social support was interpreted as one-time and (or) episodic measures of a short-term nature.

Social support for the family is also considered as assistance in cash and in kind, which is provided taking into account legally established guarantees for social security.

There are the following types of social support for families:

1. emotional, intimate - caring for another, trust and empathy for him;

2. instrumental (material) - financial assistance, provision of resources;

3. informational - assistance in resolving the problem by offering important information and advice;

4. feedback or support in the form of evaluation - evaluation of performance after the problem has been resolved.

Social support networks play a special role. Social support networks are structures that can provide assistance to a person or family. Our country has created a whole network of institutions providing social assistance to families and children. In the Chelyabinsk region there is a wide network of institutions whose activities are aimed at providing social support and assistance to families and children. These are 55 educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (orphanages and boarding schools), 23 specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation (social shelters and social rehabilitation centers), 3 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities, 2 centers for social assistance to families and children and 1 crisis center for women.

Family social support is a complex process that includes three parts:

1. search for social support (the family’s ability to find people willing to help);

2. the presence of a social support network (structures capable of providing support);

3. perception of social support (the family’s ability to accept help from others).

The Russian family needs support from the state and society, but such support from the state and society cannot be reduced only to material, economic (monetary or in-kind) assistance, it must include assistance in organizing other possible needs of the family, in resolving any problems and crisis situations of any nature, not just economic. As noted by P.D. Pavlenok, the most promising is a balanced combination of monetary and non-monetary types of assistance.

The family is a full-fledged institution of social education. In order to preserve and develop the social functions of the family, the state develops and implements family policy, which includes two main tasks: on the one hand, it is aimed at stabilizing the situation of the family, creating real preconditions for the positive dynamics of its life support processes, and on the other hand, at creating an effective social protection systems for socially vulnerable families.

Social support for families is a set of measures to provide assistance to certain groups of families who are temporarily in difficult economic situations by providing them with information, financial resources, loans, training and retraining and other benefits. The hallmarks of social support are temporary or partial; active participation of the person in need in solving the problem; use of the principle of repayment of allocated financial resources. An integral element of social support for a family is social assistance. According to Russian legislation, “state social assistance is the provision to low-income families, low-income citizens living alone ... of social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, social services and vital goods. Recipients of state social assistance can be low-income families and low-income citizens living alone who have an average per capita income below the subsistence level established in the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation"

To date, the following main forms of state assistance to families with children have been established and are in effect:

Cash payments to families for children in connection with their birth, maintenance and upbringing (pensions, benefits, subsidies);

Labor, tax, housing, medical, credit and other benefits for parents and children;

Social services for families (providing social services and advisory assistance), etc.

Russian legislation also defines social support measures to which a family in difficult life situations is entitled:

1. One-time targeted financial assistance to citizens in difficult life situations

2. Monthly cash payment to families consisting exclusively of disabled people who have not worked since childhood.

3. Providing children of the first and second year of life with special dairy products of baby food.

4. Providing meals to children studying in municipal educational institutions without charging a fee.

5. One-time targeted financial assistance for the repair of residential premises.

Currently, it is impossible to follow the path of eliminating poverty through additional payments from the budget to all families with incomes below the official subsistence level. Social assistance in modern conditions can only be specific and provided in an individual form as a targeted one. Only in this case can the very limited funds for social protection be used optimally.

Social protection bodies cover all categories of families: low-income, single-parent, large, disadvantaged and at-risk families.

The main directions for social protection of families and children are:

1) prevention of family troubles and social orphanhood with the introduction of modern technologies;

2) comprehensive material support for families and children, including low-income and large families;

3) organization of work on recreation and health improvement of children.

A special category of clients are families at risk or in a socially dangerous situation. In 2011, 7,000 families were registered in Chelyabinsk; in 2010, the number of such families was 6,984. The Family and Children Assistance Departments of Municipal Institutions, the Integrated Center for Social Services for the City Population, perform the primary function of identifying such families, their social patronage, and selecting a rehabilitation program.

It is necessary to identify problematic, dysfunctional families at an early stage, when intervention can be especially effective, to intensify work with such families, and to develop family educational groups in shelters and social rehabilitation centers for minors.

In total, 2 billion 724.1 million rubles are allocated to assist in the growth of real incomes of families with children in 2011 in the Chelyabinsk region. Of these, more than 1 billion rubles are allocated annually for the payment of monthly child benefits, and 121 million rubles for a one-time benefit for the birth of a child. More than 330 thousand families with children will receive benefits.

The system of providing subsidies for housing and utility bills (including targeted subsidies in connection with the increase in utility bills in 2011), which is one of the types of state social assistance, helps protect low-income families from growing debts for housing payments. utilities, and, ultimately, from losing their home. More than 1 billion rubles are allocated annually for these purposes. More than 100 thousand families receive subsidies in the region.

Ensuring social security for low-income citizens and families, citizens in difficult life situations, is facilitated by the payment of a one-time social benefit. This year, the amount of funding for its payment will be 19.5 million rubles.

The main goal of social support for the family is to mobilize the family’s internal strength to overcome the crisis. The specific content of social support for a family in each individual case is determined by its individual characteristics: structure, financial situation, the nature of internal relationships, the specifics of problems, the degree of their severity, the aspect of disadvantage.

The family is a society in miniature, on the integrity of which the security of the entire large human society depends. It is possible to achieve a revival of the authority of the Russian family, strengthening basic family values and traditions by improving family policy, developing the content of social support for the family, spiritual and moral education of the population, improving social relations, introducing children and youth to family values, through preserving cultural traditions and studying genealogy. Without strong and strong families there will never be a strong and strong state. The main goal of state social support for families and children is the well-being of the family. State family policy must constantly develop and improve, based on scientific research, introduce new state standards, form new mechanisms for interaction with the family, thereby providing the necessary conditions for the family to realize its basic functions.