Severe degree of radiation sickness. Radiation sickness: signs, symptoms and consequences

It occurs under the influence of exposure of large areas of the body to ionizing radiation, which leads to the death of dividing cells.

Ionizing radiation is a stream of particles and electromagnetic quanta that are formed during nuclear reactions (radioactive decay).

In the human body, these particles disrupt various functions or destroy living cells.

Radiation sickness is the result of exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation on tissues, cells and body fluids. At the same time, changes occur in molecular level with the formation of chemically active compounds in the tissues and fluids of the body, leading to the appearance of toxins in the blood or cell death.

With radiation sickness, radical changes in the function of the nervous and endocrine systems, dysregulation of the activity of other body systems, and damage to hematopoietic tissue cells bone marrow and in intestinal tissues. Irradiation leads to a decrease in the body's defenses, which contributes to intoxication and hemorrhage in the various organs and fabrics.

Radiation sickness can be acute or chronic. The acute form of the disease has 4 degrees of severity, which depends on the dose received: I degree – mild (dose 100–200 rem); II degree – medium (dose 200–400 rem); III degree– heavy (400–600 rem); IV degree – extremely severe (over 600 rem).

Chronic radiation sickness develops when the body is repeatedly irradiated in small doses, the total dose of which exceeds 100 rads. The severity of the disease depends not only on the total radiation dose, but also on its power.

Radiation sickness can occur as a result of accidents or total exposure to medicinal purposes, for example, in bone marrow transplantation or treatment of multiple tumors.

Radioactive damage also occurs when radioactive fallout occurs, when radionuclides that are a product of radioactive decay enter the body. They decay by emitting ionizing radiation.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute radiation sickness depend on the dose of radiation and the time that has passed after it.

Sometimes there are no primary symptoms at all.

However, after a few hours, nausea and vomiting appear.

The main characteristic of radionuclides is their half-life, that is, the period of time during which the number of radioactive atoms is halved.

Workers in radiology and radiology services very often develop chronic radiation sickness.

The cause of the disease is poor control over radiation sources, violations of safety regulations by personnel when working with X-ray equipment, etc.

Radiation sickness is diagnosed when clinical signs irradiation. The dose of radiation received is determined by chromosomal analysis of cells or by dosimetric data.

Treatment of chronic radiation sickness is symptomatic, aimed at weakening or eliminating symptoms of asthenia, recovery normal composition blood, treatment of concomitant diseases.

In moderate radiation sickness, the primary reaction is more pronounced: already 1–3 hours after exposure to ionizing radiation, the patient begins vomiting, which stops only after 5–6 hours. In severe radiation sickness, vomiting occurs 30–60 minutes after irradiation, and stops after 6-12 hours. With extremely severe radiation sickness, the primary reaction occurs immediately (no later than 30 minutes after irradiation).

Irradiation causes damage to the small intestine (enteritis), resulting in bloating, diarrhea, and increased body temperature. Often damaged large intestine, stomach and liver (radiation hepatitis). With radiation dermatitis, the skin is affected (burns), hair falls out.

Radiation can also affect the eyes (radiation cataracts), the retina and increase intraocular pressure.

The main symptoms of chronic radiation sickness are asthenic syndrome(weakness, fatigue, decreased performance, irritability) and suppression of hematopoiesis (decrease in the number of leukocytes, platelets,

Modern people have a vague understanding of radiation and its consequences, because the last large-scale disaster occurred more than 30 years ago. Ionizing radiation is invisible, but can cause dangerous and irreversible changes in the human body. In large, single doses, it is absolutely lethal.

What is radiation sickness?

This term refers to a pathological condition provoked by exposure to any type of radiation. It is accompanied by symptoms that depend on several factors:

type of ionizing radiation;
dose received;
the rate at which radiation exposure enters the body;
source localization;
dose distribution in the human body.

Acute radiation sickness

This course of pathology occurs as a result of uniform exposure large quantity radiation. Acute radiation sickness develops at radiation doses exceeding 100 rad (1 Gy). This volume of radioactive particles must be obtained once, over a short period of time. Radiation sickness of this form immediately causes noticeable clinical manifestations. At doses of more than 10 Gy, a person dies after short suffering.

Chronic radiation sickness

The type of problem under consideration is a complex clinical syndrome. The chronic course of the disease is observed if the doses of radioactive radiation are low, amounting to 10-50 rads per day for a long time. Specific signs of pathology appear when the total amount of ionization reaches 70-100 rad (0.7-1 Gy). Difficulty timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment consists of intensive processes of cellular renewal. Damaged tissues are restored, and symptoms remain unnoticeable for a long time.

The characteristic signs of the described pathology arise under the influence of:

x-ray radiation;
ions, including alpha and beta;
gamma rays;
neutrons;
protons;
muons and other elementary particles.

Causes of acute radiation sickness:

man-made disasters in the field of nuclear energy;
use of total irradiation in oncology, hematology, rheumatology;
use of nuclear weapons.

Chronic radiation sickness develops against the background of:

frequent X-ray or radionuclide studies in medicine;
professional activities related to ionizing radiation;
consuming contaminated food and water;
living in a radioactive area.

Forms of radiation sickness

The types of pathology presented are classified separately for acute and chronic diseases. In the first case, the following forms are distinguished:

Bone marrow. Corresponds to a radiation dose of 1-6 Gy. This is the only type of pathology that has degrees of severity and periods of progression.
Transitional. Develops after exposure to ionizing radiation at a dose of 6-10 Gy. Dangerous condition, sometimes ending in death.
Intestinal. Occurs when exposed to radiation of 10-20 Gy. Specific signs are observed in the first minutes of the lesion, death occurs after 8-16 days due to the complete loss of the intestinal epithelium.
Vascular. Another name is the toxemic form of acute radiation sickness, corresponding to an ionization dose of 20-80 Gy. Death occurs within 4-7 days due to severe hemodynamic disturbances.
Cerebral (fulminant, acute). The clinical picture is accompanied by loss of consciousness and sharp drop blood pressure after exposure to radiation 80-120 Gy. Fatal outcome observed in the first 3 days, sometimes a person dies within a few hours.
Death under the beam. At doses of more than 120 Gy, a living organism dies instantly.

Radial chronic disease divided into 3 types:

Basic. External uniform exposure to radiation over a long period of time.
Heterogeneous. Includes both external and internal irradiation with a selective effect on certain organs and fabrics.
Combined. Uneven exposure to radiation (local and systemic) with overall impact for the whole body.

Degrees of radiation sickness

The severity of the violation in question is assessed according to the amount of radiation received. Degrees of manifestation of radiation sickness:

light – 1-2 Gy;
moderate - 2-4 Gy;
heavy – 4-6 Gy;
extremely severe - more than 6 Gy.

Radiation sickness - symptoms

The clinical picture of the pathology depends on its form and degree of damage internal organs and fabrics. General signs mild stage of radiation sickness:

weakness;
nausea;
headaches;
pronounced blush;
drowsiness;
fatigue;
feeling of dryness.

Symptoms of more severe radiation exposure:

vomit;
fever;
diarrhea;
severe redness of the skin;
fainting;
strong headache;
hypotension;
unclear pulse;
lack of coordination;
convulsive twitching of the limbs;
lack of appetite;
bleeding;
formation of ulcers on the mucous membranes;
hair loss;
thinning, brittle nails;
dysfunction of the genital organs;
respiratory tract infections;
trembling fingers;
disappearance of tendon reflexes;
decreased muscle tone;
internal hemorrhages;
deterioration of higher brain activity;
hepatitis and others.

Periods of radiation sickness

Acute radiation damage occurs in 4 stages. Each period depends on the stage of radiation sickness and its severity:

Primary reaction. The initial stage lasts 1-5 days, its duration is calculated depending on the radiation dose received - the amount in Gy + 1. The main symptom of the primary reaction is acute, which includes 5 basic signs - headache, weakness, vomiting, redness of the skin and body temperature.
Imaginary well-being. The “walking corpse” phase is characterized by the absence of a specific clinical picture. The patient thinks that radiation sickness has subsided, but pathological changes progress in the body. The disease can be diagnosed only by abnormalities in blood composition.
The height of At this stage, most of the symptoms listed above are observed. Their severity depends on the severity of the lesion and the dose of ionizing radiation received.
Recovery. At permissible quantity radiation compatible with life, and adequate therapy, recovery begins. All organs and systems gradually return to normal functioning.

Radiation sickness - treatment

Therapy is developed after the results of the examination of the affected person. Effective treatment of radiation sickness depends on the extent of the damage and the severity of the pathology. When receiving small doses of radiation, it comes down to relieving the symptoms of poisoning and cleansing the body of toxins. In severe cases it is necessary special therapy, aimed at correcting all violations that have arisen.

Radiation sickness - first aid

If a person is exposed to radiation, a team of specialists should be called immediately. Before their arrival, you need to perform some manipulations.

Acute radiation sickness - first aid:

Completely undress the victim (the clothing is then disposed of).
Wash your body thoroughly in the shower.
Rinse your eyes, mouth and nasal cavity soda solution.
Rinse the stomach and intestines.
Give an antiemetic (Metoclopramide or any equivalent).

Acute radiation sickness - treatment

Upon admission to the hospital hospital, a person is placed in a sterile room (box) to prevent infection and other complications of the described pathology. Radiation sickness requires the following therapeutic regimen:

Stop vomiting. Ondansetron, Metoclopramide, and the antipsychotic Chlorpromazine are prescribed. If there is an ulcer would be better suited platyphylline hydrogen tartrate or atropine sulfate.
Detoxification. Droppers with physiological and glucose solutions and Dextran preparations are used.
Replacement therapy. Severe radiation sickness suggests parenteral nutrition. For this purpose, fat emulsions and solutions with high content microelements, amino acids and vitamins - Intralipid, Lipofundin, Infezol, Aminol and others.
Restoration of blood composition. To accelerate the formation of granulocytes and increase their concentration in the body, Filgrastim is administered intravenously. Most patients with radiation sickness are additionally required to receive daily blood transfusions.
Treatment and prevention of infections. Strong ones are needed - Methyllicin, Tseporin, Kanamycin and analogues. Biological drugs, for example, hyperimmune, antistaphylococcal plasma, help increase their effectiveness.
Activity Suppression intestinal microflora and fungi. In this case, antibiotics are also prescribed - Neomycin, Gentamicin, Ristomycin. To prevent candidiasis, Nystatin and Amphotericin B are used.
Virus therapy. Acyclovir is recommended as a preventive treatment.
Fighting bleeding. Improved blood clotting and strengthening of vascular walls provide steroid hormones, Dicynon, Rutin, fibrinogen protein, E-AKK preparation.
Restoring microcirculation and preventing the formation of blood clots. Heparins are used - Nadroparin, Enoxaparin and synonyms.
Relief of inflammatory processes. Maximum quick effect produces Prednisolone in small doses.
Prevention of collapse. Indicated, Niketamide, Phenylephrine, Sulfocamphocaine.
Improvement of neuroendocrine regulation. Novocaine is administered intravenously, B vitamins and calcium gluconate are additionally used.
Antiseptic treatment of ulcers on mucous membranes. It is recommended to rinse with soda or novocaine solution, Furacilin, hydrogen peroxide, propolis emulsion and similar means.
Local therapy for affected skin. Wet dressings with Rivanol, Linol, Furacilin are applied to the burned areas.
Symptomatic treatment. Depending on the existing symptoms, patients are prescribed sedatives, antihistamines, painkillers, and tranquilizers.

Chronic radiation sickness - treatment

The main aspect of therapy in this situation is the cessation of contact with radiation. For mild damage, it is recommended:

fortified diet;
physical therapy;
natural stimulants of the nervous system (schisandra, ginseng and others);
bromine preparations with caffeine;
B vitamins;
according to indications - tranquilizers.

Radiation sickness is a pathological condition of a person, which is caused by systematic exposure of the body to radioactive radiation. The clinical picture appears if the radiation dose exceeds 100 rad (1 Gy). If the dose is less than indicated, then we can talk about asymptomatic radiation sickness.

Etiology

Etiological factors that can trigger the development of radiation sickness are the following:

short but intense exposure to radiation waves on the body;
systematic irradiation of a person with x-ray waves;
ingestion of radioactive compounds.

Radiation exposure is possible even in the case of minor exposure to radioactive rays on the skin. In this case, signs of the disease appear on the affected area of the skin. If at this stage the necessary medical care is not provided and treatment is not started, the disease can cause serious complications.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of radiation sickness is quite simple. Radiation that penetrates human tissue causes an oxidative reaction. Against the background of this process, the antioxidant defense system weakens significantly and cannot fully perform its functions. As a result, the affected cells die. This mechanism of disease development leads to disruption normal functioning such systems:

central nervous system;
cardiovascular;
endocrine;
hematopoietic.

How large dose exposure a person received, the faster he will develop clinical picture. In addition, it is worth noting that if a person is near the explosion or at its epicenter at this time, the body will have an additional effect:

exposure to mechanical and light energy;
high temperature.

Therefore, in addition to disruptions in the functioning of systems, chemical burns are possible.

Degrees of disease development and forms

There are two forms of radiation sickness - chronic and acute. Chronic radiation sickness may not show signs at all until certain moment. Acute radiation sickness has a well-defined clinical picture.

IN modern medicine There are four degrees of radiation sickness:

light (irradiation up to 2 Gy);
medium (from 2 to 4 Gy);
severe (from 4 to 6 Gy);
very severe (more than 6 Gy).

The last two stages of the disease have already irreversible processes. Death is no exception.

General symptoms

Chronic radiation sickness occurs on initial stages asymptomatic. The clinical picture appears somewhat later.

Acute radiation sickness manifests itself in the form of the following symptoms:

severe headache, sometimes accompanied by dizziness;
nausea and vomiting;
nosebleeds;
general malaise, weakness;
can be seen in a blood test increased content And ;
In some places the skin turns red and begins to itch.

The period of manifestation of such symptoms lasts no more than one week. As the disease develops, the clinical picture is supplemented by the following symptoms:

low body temperature;
severe headache;
cramps in the lower extremities;
loss of appetite, nausea;
unstable blood pressure.

With the last stage of development of acute radiation sickness, the patient’s general condition worsens significantly, the clinical picture is supplemented by the following symptoms:

hair loss, thinning of skin and nail plates;
disruption of the genitourinary system (in women, disruption menstrual cycle, men have problems with potency);
the formation of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines and stomach;
elevated temperature for no apparent reason;
severely weakened immunity.

Last period of development acute form The disease begins approximately 4 weeks after irradiation. Restoring the functionality of the systems is possible if correct treatment is started. The most difficult thing is to restore the functioning of the genitourinary system.

It is noteworthy that at the second stage of development of acute radiation sickness, symptoms may partially disappear, and the patient’s condition may significantly improve. But this does not at all indicate the person’s recovery.

After radiation sickness, there is a high probability of developing complications. Most often this is due to the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system.

Classification of the disease

In modern medicine, types of radiation sickness are distinguished by time and nature of localization.

Depending on the irradiation time, the following forms are distinguished:

one-time;
prolonged;
chronic.

By the nature of localization:

local or general shape;
uniform or uneven.

As shown medical practice, acute stage The development of the disease is accompanied by damage in all areas of the skin and at all levels - tissue, molecular, organ. Cerebral edema is almost always observed. If the patient is not provided with the correct treatment, then death is possible.

Diagnostics

If you have the above symptoms, you should immediately contact an oncologist or therapist. After a personal examination and clarification of symptoms and general history, laboratory and instrumental research methods are carried out.

To the program laboratory research includes the following:

testing blood for clotting.

Regarding instrumental methods research, the standard program includes the following tests:

puncture biopsy of bone marrow;
electroencephalography.

Only on the basis of all the tests completed can an accurate diagnosis be made, the degree of development of the disease identified and the correct course of treatment prescribed.

It should be noted that the diagnostic program can be supplemented with other research methods. It all depends on the degree of development of radiation sickness and what systems human body involved in the pathological process.

Treatment

Human radiation sickness at an early stage can be treated quite well. But it should be understood that such effects of radiation on the human body do not pass without leaving a trace. After completing a course of treatment, the patient requires a long period of rehabilitation.

Drug treatment involves taking the following drugs:

antihistamines;
antibiotics;
for general strengthening immune system;
vitamin complexes.

If the patient is diagnosed with the third stage of the disease, then in addition to the above drugs, antihemorrhagic drugs are prescribed. Blood transfusions are also mandatory.

In addition, at any stage of the development of the disease, physiotherapeutic procedures are used - oxygen masks and exercise therapy. It is worth noting that during this period it is very important for the patient to eat properly. Correct treatment radiation sickness treatment gives positive results and significantly reduces the risk of serious diseases.

Nutrition for radiation sickness

During the period of treatment and taking medications, the patient should eat properly:

consume the optimal amount of liquid - at least 2 liters per day (including juices and tea);
do not drink while eating;
preference is given to steamed food;
The consumption of fatty, spicy, salty foods is minimized.

You need to eat in small portions, but quite often - at least 5 times a day. Smoking and drinking alcohol are naturally excluded.

Possible complications

Depending on the nature of the disease and general condition health of the patient, radiation sickness can cause complications. The most common consequences of radiation sickness are:

diseases of an ophthalmological nature;
malignant tumors that can cause severe cancer;
complete baldness of human skin;
disorders in hematopoiesis.

Such complications can be avoided, at least partially, if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage and correct treatment is started. Therefore, at the first symptoms, you should immediately seek medical help.

Prevention

Prevention of radiation sickness is especially important for those people who live in the area increased radiation. But such events are also important for residents of other countries.

For people who are at risk, prevention is as follows:

taking vitamins B6, P, C;
hormonal anabolic drugs;
drugs to strengthen the immune system.

But you need to consume such drugs strictly as prescribed by your doctor.

General prevention includes taking radioprotectors, vitamins and general strengthening immunity. Such measures minimize the risk of developing pathological process. If a person develops the above signs of illness, they should immediately seek medical help. Delay or self-medication can not only accelerate the development of the disease, but also cause the development of serious complications.

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY

Treatment of acute radiation sickness is carried out comprehensively, taking into account the form, period of the disease, severity and is aimed at relieving the main syndromes of the disease. It should be remembered that only the bone marrow form of ARS can be treated; therapy for the most acute forms (intestinal, vascular toxicemic and cerebral) is not yet effective in terms of recovery all over the world.

One of the conditions that determines the success of treatment is the timely hospitalization of patients. Patients with the bone marrow form of ARS IY degree and the most acute forms of diseases (intestinal, vascular-toxemic, cerebral) are hospitalized according to the severity of the condition immediately after the lesion. Most patients with the bone marrow form I-III degrees after relief of the primary reaction, they are able to perform official duties until signs of the height of ARS appear. In this regard, patients with stage I ARS should be hospitalized only when clinical signs of the height or development of leukopenia appear (4-5 weeks); in case of moderate and severe degrees, hospitalization is desirable from the first day in a favorable environment and is strictly required from the 18th-20th and 7th -10 days respectively.

Measures for urgent indications are carried out in case of radiation injuries during the period of the primary reaction to radiation, the development of intestinal and cerebral syndromes, for health reasons in case of combined radiation injuries, as well as in case of ingestion of radioactive substances.

When irradiated in doses (10-80 Gy) that cause the development of intestinal or vascular-toxic forms of acute radiation sickness, already during the period of the primary reaction, symptoms of intestinal damage, the so-called early primary radiation gastroenterocolitis, begin to come to the fore. Complex emergency care in these cases, it should consist mainly of means to combat vomiting and dehydration. If vomiting occurs, the use of dimetpramide (2% solution 1 ml) or aminazine (0.5% solution 1 ml) is indicated. However, it should be remembered that the administration of these drugs is contraindicated in case of collapse. Dinetrol is an effective means of relieving vomiting and diarrhea in the intestinal form of acute radiation sickness. In addition to the antiemetic effect, it has an analgesic and tranquilizing effect. In extremely severe cases, accompanied by diarrhea, signs of dehydration and hypochloremia, intravenous administration of a 10% sodium chloride solution, saline solution or 5% glucose solution is advisable. For the purpose of detoxification, transfusion of low molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidol, polyglucin and saline solutions is indicated. If there is a sharp decrease in blood pressure, caffeine and mesaton should be prescribed intramuscularly. In severe cases, these drugs are administered intravenously, and if their effectiveness is low, norepinephrine is added dropwise in combination with polyglucin. Camphor can also be used (subcutaneously), and in cases of heart failure - corglycone or strophanthin (intravenously).

An even more serious condition of patients requiring urgent interventions by medical personnel occurs when cerebral form acute radiation sickness (occurring after exposure to doses above 80 Gy). In the pathogenesis of such lesions, the leading role belongs to radiation damage to the central nervous system with early and profound impairment of its function. Patients with cerebral syndrome cannot be saved and they should be treated with symptomatic therapy aimed at alleviating their suffering (analgesics, sedatives, antiemetics, anticonvulsants).

In case of combined radiation injuries, a set of measures provided as emergency medical care consists of combining methods and means of treating acute radiation sickness and non-radiation injuries. Depending on the specific types of injuries, as well as the leading components of the lesion at a given period, the content and sequence of assistance may vary, but in general they represent unified system complex treatment. During the acute period (i.e. immediately and shortly after the injury) with radiation-mechanical injuries, the main efforts should be aimed at providing emergency and emergency care for mechanical and gunshot injuries(stopping bleeding, maintaining cardiac and respiratory function, pain relief, immobilization, etc.). For severe injuries complicated by shock, it is necessary to carry out anti-shock therapy. Surgical interventions are performed only for health reasons. It should be borne in mind that surgical trauma can increase the severity of mutual burden syndrome. Therefore, surgical intervention should be minimal in volume and carried out under reliable anesthesia. During this period, only emergency resuscitation and anti-shock operations are performed.

For radiation burn injuries medical care in the acute period consists of anesthesia, application of primary dressings and immobilization, and in case of burn shock, in addition, in anti-shock therapy. In cases where there are manifestations of a primary reaction to radiation, their relief is indicated. The use of antibiotics in the acute period is primarily aimed at preventing the development of wound infection.

If radioactive substances enter the gastrointestinal tract emergency assistance consists of measures aimed at preventing their absorption into the blood and accumulation in the internal organs. For this purpose, the victims are prescribed adsorbents. It should be remembered that adsorbents do not have polyvalent properties and in each individual case it is necessary to use appropriate adsorbents that are effective for binding a specific type of radioisotope. For example, when strontium and barium isotopes enter the gastrointestinal tract, adsorbar, polysurmine, highly oxidized cellulose and calcium alginate are effective; when radioactive iodine enters the body - stable iodine preparations. To prevent the absorption of cesium isotopes, the use of ferrocine, bentonite clay, vermiculite (hydromica), and Prussian blue is indicated. Such well-known sorbents as activated carbon (carbolene) and white clay are practically ineffective in these cases due to the fact that they are not able to capture small amounts of substances. Ion exchange resins are used with great success for these purposes. Radio active substances, which are in cationic (for example, strontium-90, barium-140, polonium-210) or anionic (molybdenum-99, tellurium-127, uranium-238) form, replace the corresponding group in the resin and bind to it, which reduces by 1 ,5-2 times their resorption in the intestine.

Adsorbents should be used immediately after establishing the fact of internal contamination, since radioactive substances are absorbed very quickly. Thus, when uranium fission products are ingested, within 3 hours up to 35-50% of radioactive strontium has time to be absorbed from the intestines and deposited in the bones. Radioactive substances are absorbed very quickly and in large quantities from wounds, as well as from the respiratory tract. Isotopes deposited in tissues and organs are very difficult to remove from the body.

After using adsorbents, it is necessary to take measures to release the gastrointestinal intestinal tract from the content. Optimal time for this purpose, the first 1-1.5 hours after the incorporation of radionuclides are considered, but this must be done at a later date. Effective means for emptying the stomach of contents are apomorphine and some other drugs that cause vomiting. If the use of apomorphine is contraindicated, it is necessary to perform gastric lavage with water.

Since isotopes can remain in the intestines for a long time, especially in the colon (for example, poorly absorbed transuranium and rare earth elements), to cleanse these parts of the intestinal tract, it is necessary to give siphon and regular enemas, as well as prescribe saline laxatives.

In case of inhalation contamination with radioactive substances, victims are given expectorants and the stomach is washed. When prescribing these procedures, it should be remembered that 50-80% of radionuclides retained in the upper respiratory tract soon enter the stomach as a result of ingestion of sputum. In some cases, it is advisable to inhale in the form of aerosols the use of substances that are capable of binding radioisotopes and forming complex compounds. Subsequently, these compounds are absorbed into the blood and then excreted in the urine. Similar assistance should be provided when radioactive substances enter the blood and lymph, i.e. later after infection. For these purposes, it is recommended to prescribe pentacin (trisodium calcium salt of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid), which has the ability to bind radionuclides such as plutonium, transplutonium elements, radioactive isotopes of rare earth elements, zinc and some others into strong non-dissociating complexes.

To prevent the absorption of radioactive substances from wound surfaces, wounds must be washed with an adsorbent or saline solution.

DURING THE PRIMARY REACTION of the bone marrow form of ARS, treatment is carried out in order to preserve the combat and working capacity of the victim and early pathogenetic therapy. The first includes the use of antiemetics, psychostimulants (dimetpramide, dimethcarb, dixaphen, metaclopramide, diphenidol, atropine, aminazine, aeron, etc.). To prevent nausea and vomiting, take orally tablets of dimethcarb or dimedpramide 20 mg 3 times a day, as well as chlorpromazine (especially against the background of psychomotor agitation) 25 mg 2 times a day. If vomiting develops, dimetpramide is administered intramuscularly at 1 ml of a 2% solution, or dixafen at 1 ml, or aminazine at 1 ml of a 0.5% solution, or atropine at 1 ml of a 0.1% solution subcutaneously. To combat hemodynamic disorders, cordiamine, caffeine, camphor can be used; for collapse - prednisolone, mezatone, norepinephrine, polyglucin; for heart failure - corglycon, strophanthin). For uncontrollable vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration - 10% sodium chloride solution, saline solution.

The basis of the early pathogenetic therapy are the development of post-radiation toxicosis and inhibition of cell proliferation processes, accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of protective proteins, suppression of phagocytosis, the function of immunocompetent cells, etc. This therapy consists of detoxifying, antiproteolytic therapy, the use of agents that restore microcirculation, stimulate hematopoiesis and nonspecific immunological resistance of the body.

Post-radiation toxicosis develops immediately after irradiation as a result of the accumulation in cells and tissues of so-called radiotoxins, which, depending on the timing of appearance and chemical nature, are divided into primary and secondary. Primary radiotoxins include products of radiolysis of water, substances of quinoid nature and compounds that appear during the oxidation of lipids (aldehydes, ketones, etc.). Secondary radiotoxins result from the breakdown of radiosensitive tissues; These are mainly the oxidation products of phenolic and hydroaromatic compounds formed in excess quantities. They appear at later stages of the formation of radiation damage as a consequence of deep biochemical changes in metabolism and physiological disorders. Radiotoxins, having high biological activity, can cause breaks in chemical bonds in DNA molecules and interfere with their repair, contribute to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations, damage the structure of cell membranes, and suppress the processes of cell division.

Means and methods of pathogenetic therapy are aimed at preventing the occurrence or reducing the formation of toxic products, inactivating or reducing their activity, and increasing the rate of elimination of toxins from the body. The latter can be achieved by forcing diuresis using osmotic diuretics. However, since these measures can cause undesirable changes in the water-electrolyte balance, currently in the system of combating early post-radiation toxemia, preference is given to detoxifiers - plasma substitutes with hemodynamic, detoxification and multifunctional action. Among the first, in the mechanism of action of which the main role is played by the effect of “dilution” of the concentration of toxins and the acceleration of their elimination, include polyglucin, reopoliglucin and some other drugs based on dextran. The introduction of these drugs not only dilutes the concentration of radiotoxins, but also binds them. Polyvinylpyrrolidone derivatives hemodez (6% solution of PVP), aminodez (a mixture of PVP, amino acids and sorbitol), gluconeodez (a mixture of PVP and glucose), preparations based on low molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol - polyvisolin (a mixture of NSAIDs, glucose, potassium, sodium and magnesium salts), reogluman (10% dextran solution with the addition of 5% mannitol), in addition to the complex-forming effect, also has a pronounced hemodynamic effect, which helps improve blood microcirculation and improve lymphatic drainage, reduce blood viscosity, and inhibit the processes of aggregation of formed elements.

Many detoxifiers-plasma substitutes have an immunocorrective effect (stimulate the mononuclear phagocyte system, interferon synthesis, migration and cooperation of T- and B-lymphocytes), which ensures a more favorable course of post-radiation repair processes.

The methods of extracorporeal sorption detoxification - hemosorption and plasmapheresis - are very effective. Currently, the positive effect of hemosorption has been confirmed by extensive practice in treating patients with acute radiation injury, however, this procedure causes a number of undesirable consequences (increases thrombus formation, hypovolemia, increases blood viscosity, hypotension, causes nausea, chills). Plasmapheresis is more promising in this regard; it is a transfusiological procedure that involves removing a certain volume of plasma from the bloodstream while simultaneously replenishing it with an adequate amount of plasma-substituting fluids. Conducting plasmapheresis in the first 3 days after irradiation, in the mechanisms of therapeutic action of which it is believed that not only the elimination of antigens and autoimmune complexes, decay products of radiosensitive tissues, inflammatory mediators and other “radiotoxins” plays a significant role, but also the improvement of the rheological properties of blood. Unfortunately, extracorporeal detoxification methods are very labor-intensive and therefore can be used mainly at the stage of specialized medical care if appropriate forces and resources are available.

The development of toxemia and microcirculatory disorders in the first days after irradiation is partly due to the activation of proteolytic enzymes and disseminated intravascular coagulation. To mitigate these disorders, the use of protease inhibitors (contrical, trasylol, gordox, etc.) and direct anticoagulants (heparin) during the first 2-3 days of the irradiation field for radiation sickness of degrees III-IY is indicated.

In addition to detoxifiers, a large group of drugs used in the early stages after irradiation include biologically active substances of natural and synthetic origin: cytokines, interferon inducers, polyribonucleotides, nucleosides, coenzymes, some hormonal drugs.

The mechanisms of their anti-radiation action are associated with an increase in tissue radioresistance by activating the migration of lymphoid cells into the bone marrow, increasing the number of receptors on immunocompetent cells, enhancing the interaction of macrophages with T- and B-lymphocytes, increasing the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, and activating granulocytopoiesis. At the same time, stimulation of the synthesis of gamma globulin, nucleic acids and lysosomal enzymes occurs, the phagocytic activity of macrophages increases, the production of lysozyme, beta-lysines, etc. increases. Some high-molecular compounds (polysaccharides, exogenous RNA and DNA) are also capable of sorbing and inactivating radiotoxins.

Early pathogenetic therapy, as a rule, will be carried out only in hospitals.

IN THE HIDDEN PERIOD

During the latent period, possible foci of infection are sanitized. Sedatives, antihistamines (phenazepam, diphenhydramine, pipolfen, etc.), vitamin preparations (group B, C, P) may be prescribed. In some cases, with an extremely severe degree of acute radiation sickness from relatively uniform irradiation (dose equal to or more than 6 Gy), if there is such a possibility, on days 5-6, it is possible earlier; after irradiation, a transplantation of allogeneic or syngeneic (previously prepared) from damaged and preserved) bone marrow. Allogeneic bone marrow must be selected according to the ABO group, Rh factor and typed according to the HLA antigen system of leukocytes and lymphocyte MS test. The number of cells in the transplant must be at least 15-20 billion. Transplantation is usually done by intravenous administration bone marrow When transplanting bone marrow to an irradiated person, we can count on three effects: engraftment of the transplanted bone marrow of the donor with subsequent reproduction of stem cells, stimulation of the remnants of the victim's bone marrow, and replacement of the affected bone marrow with the donor's without its engraftment.

Engraftment of donor bone marrow is possible against the background of almost complete suppression of the immune activity of the irradiated person. Therefore, bone marrow transplantation is performed with active immunosuppressive therapy with antilymphocyte serum or a 6% solution of antilymphocyte globulin using corticosteroid hormones. Engraftment of the graft with the production of full-fledged cells occurs no earlier than 7-14 days after transplantation. Against the background of an engrafted graft, a revival of the remnants of the irradiated hematopoiesis may occur, which inevitably leads to an immune conflict between one’s own bone marrow and the engrafted donor’s. In the international literature, this is called a secondary disease (foreign graft rejection disease), and the effect of temporary engraftment of donor bone marrow in the irradiated body is “radiation chimeras.” To enhance reparative processes in the bone marrow in patients who have received sublethal doses of radiation (less than 6 Gy), untyped allogeneic bone marrow compatible with the ABO system and Rh factor in a dose of 10-15x10 9 cells can be used as a stimulating hematopoiesis and a replacement agent. At the end of the latent period, the patient is transferred to a special regime. In anticipation of agranulocytosis and during it, to combat exogenous infection, it is necessary to create an aseptic regime: bed confinement with maximum isolation (dispersal of patients, boxed rooms with bactericidal lamps, aseptic boxes, sterile rooms).

DURING THE HIGH PERIOD, treatment and preventive measures are carried out aimed primarily at:

Replacement therapy and restoration of hematopoiesis;

Prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic syndrome;

Prevention and treatment of infectious complications.

Treatment of acute radiation sickness should be carried out intensively and comprehensively using not only pathogenetically based means, but also medications for symptomatic therapy.

Before entering the patient’s room, the staff puts on gauze respirators, an additional gown and shoes placed on a mat moistened with a 1% chloramine solution. Systematic bacterial control of the air and objects in the ward is carried out. Careful oral care and hygienic treatment of the skin with an antiseptic solution are necessary. When choosing antibacterial agents, one should be guided by the results of determining the sensitivity of the microorganism to antibiotics. In cases where individual bacteriological control is impossible (for example, when there is a mass intake of affected people), it is recommended to carry out a selective determination of antibiotic sensitivity to microorganisms isolated from individual victims.

To treat this group of patients, antibiotics should be used to which the most common pathogenic strain of the microbe is sensitive. If bacteriological control is impossible, antibiotics are prescribed empirically, and the therapeutic effect is assessed by body temperature and clinical symptoms characterizing the severity of the infectious process.

Prevention of agranulocytic infectious complications begins within 8-15 days, depending on the severity of ARS (II-III stage) or a decrease in the number of leukocytes less than 1x10 9 /l with maximum doses of bactericidal antibiotics, which are prescribed empirically even before determining the type of pathogen

The use of sulfonamides, due to the fact that they increase granulocytopenia, should be avoided; they are used only in the absence of antibiotics. The antibiotics of choice are semisynthetic penicillins (ocacillin, methicillin, ampicillin 0.5 orally 4 times a day, carbenicillin). The effect is assessed by the clinical manifestations of the first 48 hours (decrease in fever, disappearance or smoothing of focal symptoms of infection). If there is no effect, it is necessary to replace the indicated antibiotics with ceporin (3-6 g per day) and gentamicin (120-180 mg per day), ampiox, kanamycin (0.5 twice a day), doxycycline, carbenicillin, lincomycin, rifampicin. Replacement is carried out empirically, without taking into account the data of bacteriological studies. If successful, continue administering the drug until agranulocytosis ends - the leukocyte content in the peripheral blood increases to 2.0-3.0x10 9 /l (7-10 days). The emergence of a new focus of inflammation during a given antibiotic regimen requires a change in drugs. If possible, regular bacteriological examination is carried out, and antibiotic therapy becomes targeted. Antibiotics are administered (including penicillin up to 20 million units per day) at intervals not exceeding 6 hours. If there is no effect, you can add another antibiotic, for example, carbencillin (20 grams per course), reverine, gentomycin. To prevent superinfection with fungi, nystatin is prescribed 1 million units per day 4-6 times or levorin or amphitericin. For severe staphylococcal lesions of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx, pneumonia, septicemia, anti-staphylococcal plasma or anti-staphylococcal gammaglobulin and other targeted globulins are also indicated. In case of acute radiation sickness of degrees 2 and 3, it is desirable to introduce drugs that increase the nonspecific resistance of the body.

To combat hemorrhagic syndrome, agents that replenish platelet deficiency are used in appropriate doses. First of all, this is the platelet mass. Previously, it (300x109 cells in 200-250 ml of plasma per transfusion) is irradiated at a dose of 15 Gy to inactivate the immunocomponent cells. Transfusions begin when the number of platelets in the blood decreases to less than 20x10 9 cells/l. In total, each patient receives from 3 to 8 transfusions. In addition, in the absence of platelet mass, direct blood transfusions of native or freshly collected blood are possible for no more than 1 day of storage (the presence of a stabilizer and storage of blood for a longer period increases the hemorrhagic syndrome in ARS and transfusion of such blood is not advisable, except in cases of anemic bleeding). Agents that enhance blood coagulation (aminocaproic acid, Ambien) and affect the vascular wall (serotonin, dicinone, ascorutin) are also used. In case of bleeding from the mucous membranes, local hemostatic agents should be used: thrombin, hemostatic sponge, tampons moistened with a solution of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, as well as dry plasma (can be done topically for nosebleeds, wounds)

For anemia, hemotransfusions of same-group Rh-compatible blood are necessary, preferably red blood cells, erythrocyte suspension, direct transfusions of freshly prepared blood for no more than 1 day of storage. Hematopoietic stimulants are not prescribed during the peak period. Moreover, leukopoiesis stimulants pentoxyl, sodium nucleinate, Tezan-25 cause bone marrow depletion and aggravate the course of the disease. To eliminate toxemia, an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, a 5% glucose solution, hemodez, polyglucin and other liquids are injected into a vein by drip, sometimes in combination with diuretics (Lasix, mannitol, etc.), especially with cerebral edema. Doses are controlled by the volume of diuresis and electrolyte composition.

In case of severe oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal syndrome - nutrition through a permanent (anorexia) nasal tube (special nutrition, pureed food), prescribe pepsin, antispasmodics, pancreatin, dermatol, calcium carbonate in standard doses. In case of oropharyngeal syndrome, treatment of the oral cavity is also necessary antiseptic solutions and drugs that accelerate reparative processes (peach and sea buckthorn oil).

For severe intestinal lesions - parenteral nutrition (protein hydrolysates, fat emulsions, polyamine mixtures), fasting. If necessary, symptomatic therapy: if vascular insufficiency- mezaton, norepinephrine, prednisolone; for heart failure - corglycon or strophanthin.

DURING THE RECOVERY PERIOD, in order to stabilize and restore hematopoiesis and central nervous system function, small doses of anabolic steroids (Nerobol, Retabolil), Tezan, pentoxyl, lithium carbonate, sodium nucleic acid, securinin, bemityl are prescribed; vitamins of group B, A, C, R. The patient receives a diet rich in protein, vitamins and iron (diet 15, 11b); gradually the patient is transferred to a general regimen, antibacterial (when the number of leukocytes reaches 3x10 9 / l or more, hemostatic (when the number of platelets increases to 60-80 thousand in 1 μl) drugs is canceled, rational psychotherapy is carried out, and he is correctly oriented in work and life mode The period of discharge from the hospital does not exceed 2.5-3 months for ARS III, 2-2.5 months for ARS II.

Treatment of those affected by ionizing radiation at the stages of medical evacuation is carried out in accordance with the main directions of ARS therapy, taking into account the intensity of the flow of those affected, the prognosis for life, the standard and time capabilities of the stage.

FIRST MEDICAL AID is provided immediately after radiation injury in the form of self- and mutual assistance. The means of preventing the primary reaction are taken orally - dimethcarb, in case of developed vomiting and physical inactivity - dixafen intramuscularly; when skin and clothing are contaminated with RV - partial sanitization; if there is a danger of further exposure (being on the ground) to contaminated radioactive substances, a radioprotector - cystamine or B-130 - is taken orally.

FIRST CARE is provided by a paramedic or medical instructor. If vomiting and physical inactivity develop, use dimetpramide or dixafen intramuscularly; at cardiovascular failure- cordiamine subcutaneously; caffeine IM; for psychomotor agitation, take phenazepam; if further stay in the zone of increased radiation is necessary, take cystamine or B-130 inside; if skin or clothing is contaminated with RV - partial sanitization.

FIRST MEDICAL AID is carried out at the medical station. It is of great importance to carry out correctly, quickly and accurately medical triage. At the sorting post, those infected with radioactive substances are identified and sent to the site for partial sanitization (PST). All others, as well as those affected after PSO, are examined by a doctor at the triage site as part of a medical team (doctor, nurse, registrar). Those affected are identified as requiring emergency care.

Emergency first aid measures include: in case of severe vomiting - dimetpramide intramuscularly, in case of uncontrollable vomiting - dixafen intramuscular or atropine subcutaneously, in case of severe dehydration - drinking plenty of salted water, saline solution subcutaneously and intravenously ; for acute vascular insufficiency - cordiamine subcutaneously, caffeine intramuscularly or mezaton intramuscularly; for heart failure - corglycone or strophanthin intravenously; for convulsions - phenazepam or barbamyl intramuscularly.

Delayed treatment measures include prescribing oral ampicillin or oxacillin, intramuscular penicillin to febrile patients; if bleeding is severe, EACA or Ambien IM.

Patients with ARS stage I (dose - 1-2 Gy) after stopping the primary reaction, return to the unit; in the presence of manifestations of the height of the disease, like all patients with ARS of a more severe degree (dose more than 2 Gy), they are sent to the OMEDB (OMO) to provide qualified assistance.

QUALIFIED MEDICAL CARE. When those affected by ionizing radiation are admitted to the OMEDB, during the process of sorting, victims with contamination of the skin and uniform with radioactive substances in excess of the permissible level are identified. They are sent to the OSO, where complete sanitary treatment is carried out and, if necessary, emergency assistance is provided. In the sorting and evacuation department, the form and severity of ARS and the state of transportability are determined. Non-transportable patients (acute cardiovascular failure, uncontrollable vomiting with signs of dehydration) are sent to the anti-shock department, patients with signs of severe toxemia, psychomotor agitation, convulsive-hyperkinetic syndrome - to the hospital department. Patients with ARS stage I (dose 1-2 Gy) after stopping the primary reaction, return to their unit. All patients with a more severe degree of ARS (dose more than 2 Gy), with the exception of those with cerebral form of radiation sickness, are evacuated to therapeutic hospitals; patients with ARS stage I during the height of the disease, they are evacuated to the VPGLR, at stages II-IY. - to therapeutic hospitals.

Emergency qualified medical care measures:

in case of severe primary reaction (persistent vomiting) - dimethpramide or dixafen intramuscularly or atropine subcutaneously, in case of severe dehydration, sodium chloride solutions, hemodez, rheopolyglucin - all intravenous.

in case of cardiovascular failure - mezaton intramuscularly or norepinephrine intravenously with a glucose solution, in case of heart failure - corglicon and strophanthin intravenous drip in a glucose solution;

for anemic bleeding - EACC or IV Ambien, locally - thrombin, hemostatic sponge, as well as transfusion of red blood cells or freshly collected blood (direct blood transfusions);

for severe infectious complications - ampicillin with oxacillin or rifampicin or penicillin, or erythromycin orally.

Deferred measures of qualified assistance include the appointment of:

when excited - phenazepam, oxylidine orally;

when the number of leukocytes decreases to 1x10 9/l and fever - tetracycline, sulfonamides orally;

in the latent period - multivitamins, diphenhydramine, plasma transfusion, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyglucin every other day;

in the cerebral form of ARS, to relieve suffering - phenazepam intramuscularly, barbamil intramuscularly, promedol subcutaneously.

After providing qualified assistance and preparing for evacuation, ARS patients are evacuated to the hospital base.

SPECIALIZED MEDICAL CARE is provided in therapeutic hospitals. In addition to qualified assistance activities in initial period with ARS II-III stage. Hemosorption can be performed in the latent period in patients at stage IY. ARS (dose 6-10 Gy) - transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow, and in the peak period with the development of agranulocytosis and deep thrombocytopenia and severe enteritis - placement of patients in aseptic wards, tube or parenteral nutrition, transfusion of leukemia concentrates and platelet mass obtained by cell separation.

Staged treatment of concomitant and combined radiation injuries has a number of features.

With SRP incorporation, in addition to the treatment of ARS, medical care measures are carried out aimed at removing radioactive substances that have entered the body: gastric lavage, prescribing laxatives, adsorbents, cleansing enemas, expectorants, diuretics, administration of complexones (EDTA, pentacin, etc.). For betadermatitis - pain relief (novocaine blockade, local anasthesin), bandages with antibacterial agents, etc.

For CRP, it is necessary to combine complex therapy radiation sickness with treatment of non-radiation injuries. Surgical treatment must be completed in the latent period of radiation sickness; during the peak period, operations are carried out only for health reasons. A feature of the treatment of CRP in the initial and latent periods of radiation sickness is the prophylactic administration of antibiotics (before the occurrence of infectious processes and agranulocytosis).

At the height of the illness he turns special attention for the prevention and treatment of wound infections and the prevention of bleeding from wounds (the use of fibrin and hemostatic sponge, dry thrombin).

After completion of treatment of patients with ARS, a military medical examination is carried out to determine suitability for further service in the Armed Forces.

Radiation sickness can occur due to exposure of the body to quantities significantly exceeding the limit values. The circumstances that provoke the development of the disease can be called: external irradiation of the body, its individual part.

In addition, the catalyzing factor in the development of the disease is internal irradiation, which is observed due to the ingress of radioactive substances.

The method of penetration can be very diverse: respiratory tract, contaminated food, water.

Once inside, they begin to “store” inside tissues and organs, and the body is filled with the most dangerous foci of regular radiation exposure.

Signs of radiation sickness

Symptoms during irradiation can manifest themselves in diametrically opposite ways:

– cardinal disturbance of appetite, sleep, extremely violent excited state

– weakness of the body, “rolling” complete apathy towards everything, frequent diarrhea, vomiting.

The disease is actively manifested by significant changes (disturbances) in the normal functioning of the nervous, hormonal systems observed in conjunction with damage to cells and tissues. Especially, the cells of the intestinal tissue and bone marrow are exposed to maximum danger during radiation. The body’s defenses weaken, which inevitably entails a list of very unpleasant consequences: infectious complications, poisoning, hemorrhage.

Forms of the disease

There are two key types of this disease: acute and chronic.

1. Regarding the acute form radiation sickness, then it actively manifests itself during the initial irradiation of the body. During the course of the disease, the patient is exposed to damaging radiation small intestine. Very characteristic indicators for this state are, diarrhea, high temperatures. In addition, the large intestine, stomach are in the danger zone, and in some situations, the liver comes under attack.

Of course, there are a number of others negative consequences for the body after irradiation. Sites skin who have been exposed to radiation experience burns and radiation dermatitis. The eyes are also in the zone of maximum risk - radiation cataracts, retinal damage - just a few, possible consequences irradiation.

After a minimum period of time has passed, after the body has been exposed to radiation, accelerated “depletion” of the bone marrow is observed. The quantitative content in the blood decreases extremely greatly.

In the vast majority of those exposed, literally after 60 minutes nausea occurs and vomiting is possible.

Main primary symptoms, for acute radiation sickness having average degree heaviness, vomiting.

Their onset fluctuates in the range of 60-120 m, and completes their effect after 6 hours.

Vomit in severe cases of the disease, it occurs almost instantly, literally within thirty minutes, and the interval of its possible completion ranges from 8-12 hours.

Vomiting brings severe suffering to the body, is extremely painful, and is very difficult to “tame.”

2. Speaking about the chronic form, they mean repeated exposure to ionizing radiation in small doses.

In addition to the total radiation dose received by the body, it is necessary to take into account the fact over what time interval the radiation dose was absorbed by the body. Symptoms for this type of disease are very diverse:

– severe fatigue

– lack of desire to work

– feeling of weakness, severe irritability

– inhibition of hematopoiesis, expressed by a sharp decrease in formed blood elements, possible occurrence of

– it happens that with a given symptomatic background, they arise and get their further development various tumors (leukemia).

Causes of radiation sickness

Circumstances that can lead to radiation damage to the human body can be conditionally classified into emergency and general. Talking about the former is a topic for a separate article, although accidents, thank God, do not happen so often, but they still exist (Fukushima, Chernobyl). Speaking of general exposure, then it means therapeutic radiological effects, for example, during bone marrow transplants, treatment of all kinds.

In most cases, the chronic form of radiation sickness cannot be called a consequence acute phase of this disease. Basically, the risk group consists of employees of radiological services and X-ray laboratories.

Treatment of radiation sickness

Of course, the key, fundamental condition for treatment will be the final cessation of any contact of the patient with the source of ionizing radiation. If possible, using specialized drugs, are trying to remove radioactive substances. I would like to note that this cleansing procedure, by means of which radioisotopes of heavy and rare earth metals are removed from the body, is relevant and can bring positive effect, only at the most early stages development of the disease.

In the chronic form of the disease, physiotherapy is prescribed. If there are vegetative-vascular problems that make themselves felt by dizziness, various types, then this is a powerful argument for use during galvanic collar therapy, ultrasound, massage.

The doctor also prescribes medications that have high general tonic and calming properties. During therapy, much attention is paid to B vitamins, since they are the most in an active way take part in the production of hemoglobin and nucleoproteins. Vitamin therapy is carried out 2-3 times, with an intermediate interval of two weeks. Also useful pine baths, shower, followed by rubbing.

1. Pre-grind the celandine completely, including the stem and leaves. Next, place the resulting mixture (200 g) in a gauze bag in advance and lower it to the bottom of a three-liter container. After filling the jar with 3 liters of whey, add sour cream (1 tsp). To completely prevent the occurrence of wine midges, it is strongly recommended to carefully cover the bottle with several (3-4) layers of gauze. For the full formation of strong lactic acid bacteria, this composition should be kept in a warm, dark place for three weeks.

Taking celandine enzymes for 10 days, 100 ml will be in to a large extent contribute to the restoration of the epithelial gastric surface, and indeed, entirely. Radionuclides and various heavy metals are detached from the intestinal epithelial hairs.

2. Inhalation with celandine enzymes allows you to remove radionuclides from the lungs. To achieve this goal, you need to breathe over celandine vapors every day for ten minutes. After several days, dust particles containing radionuclides will be gradually removed from the lungs along with sputum.

3. The use of chestnut-based kvass, thirty minutes before meals, 200 ml, has proven extremely positive. This procedure will allow for a “drastic cleansing” of the body from radionuclides, heavy metals, at least from most of them. Cut 40 chestnut fruits in half. We fill them with a 3-liter container, previously filled with well water. After which, the following components should be added sequentially: sugar (200g), whey (100 ml), sour cream (20g). Kvass should be stored in a warm room (approximately thirty degrees), with a storage duration of two weeks.

Kvass based horse chestnut significantly increases immunity, minimizes the chances various diseases for penetration. Along the way it gets stronger and grows percentage iodine, calcium. One more nuance needs to be taken into account. If you use 200 ml of kvass from a container, then you should definitely add the same amount of water plus a couple of spoons of sugar. After 12 hours, the total volume of kvass will be the same.

4. An excellent remedy that can significantly cleanse the body of radionuclides is eggshells. The intake should be no more than 3 grams. Eggs are washed thoroughly warm water with soap and then rinse well. After which, the shell should be boiled for five minutes. The best tool for bringing the shells to a powder state is a mortar. Depending on age, it is best to take it for breakfast, for example with cottage cheese or porridge.

5. Flax-seed(200 g), pour into a container filled with two liters of very hot water. By betting on water bath, cook for two hours. After cooling, drink the decoction often in 100 ml doses.

6. The removal of radioactive substances from the stomach will be actively facilitated by the consumption of seaweed, steamed bran.

Nutrition for radiation sickness

The issue of well-planned nutrition is very important, since some foods, when ingested by the body, contribute to the elimination of certain types of radioactive substances. For example, magnesium salts (prunes, apples) can successfully combat “retained” strontium. White bread, cereals, are consumed in extremely limited quantities.

– the daily protein component should be quite significant (minimum 140 g)

– for normalization, a nutritious diet must contain fermented milk products

– from fats, special preference should be given to those with a plant base.

When eating salads, adding a forest fern leaf will be very beneficial. Carrots, apples, and beets have a good binding effect against radionuclides.

Radiation sickness represents the final stage of a series of events that are actively developing due to the impact of large doses of radiation on the body. At the same time, molecular changes, the emergence of active elements in liquids and tissues, inevitably entail contamination of the blood with toxins, poisons, and most importantly, cells inevitably die.

Beware of this disease, take an interest in your health in a timely manner, goodbye.