Lesson plan on ecology "Study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs."

“Natural zones of the cold belt” - Natural zones of the earth. Natural zones of the temperate zone. Natural zones of the cold zone. Taiga. Tundra zone. Tundra ecosystem. Deserts. Taiga mixed broadleaf forests. "Ecological systems". In the direction from the pole to the equator, natural zones replace each other in a certain order. cold moderate hot moderate cold.

“Natural zonality” - Make a description of the natural zone. Agroclimatic resources of a natural zone Problems of protection of a natural zone. What are indirect and direct impacts on natural areas? Learning new material. Human economic activity in natural areas. Name and geographical location. The doctrine of natural zones.

“Natural complexes and zones” - Equator. Water. Precipitation Relief. Man has created new natural complexes. Warmth. Sea. Equatorial forest. Variety of natural complexes. Components of the natural complex. Climate is the leading component of the natural complex. Give examples of natural complexes. Change of natural areas. Plants. Desert.

“Geography of natural complexes” - The entire hydrosphere. Interrelation of organisms Natural complex Geographical envelope and biosphere. Atmosphere. Lithosphere. The entire biosphere. “Component” translated from Latin means “an integral part of the whole.” Hydrosphere. Mountains. Large natural complexes - continents and oceans. “Complex” means “combination” in Latin.

“Savannas and woodlands” - Africa has the most diverse savannah wildlife. Dry. Soils. Australia. South America. Climatic features. Savannas and woodlands. Humus accumulates in the soil. Each continent has its own unique flora of savannas and woodlands. Animal world. Definition of a natural area. Climatic features, soils, flora and fauna.

"Natural areas of the world" - Tapir. Identify the natural area from the description. Steppes (pampa). Savannah-. The reason for the change in natural zones? Throughout the year. Lives near water, swims and dives, feeds on the stems of aquatic plants. Natural areas of South America. Vnazhnye villages (selva). You need to warn your geography teacher about your delay in the semi-deserts of Patagonia.

Obviously, the structure of the geographical shell depends on a specific region, therefore it consists of individual natural complexes.

Natural complexes of the Earth

The geographical envelope has a mosaic structure, this is due to the different natural complexes that are included in it. The part of the earth's surface that has the same natural conditions is usually called a natural complex.

Homogeneous natural conditions are relief, water, climate, soil, flora and fauna. Separately, natural complexes consist of components that are interconnected by historically established connections.

That is why, if a change occurs in one of the components of nature, then all the components of the natural complex change.

The geographic envelope is a planetary natural complex and the largest. The shell is divided into smaller natural complexes.

Types of natural complexes

The division of the shell into separate natural complexes is due to the heterogeneity of the earth's surface and the structure of the earth's crust, as well as the uneven amount of heat.

Due to these differences, natural complexes are classified into zonal and azonal.

Azonal natural complexes

The main azonal natural complexes are oceans and continents. They are the largest in size. Smaller areas are considered to be flat and mountainous areas that are located on continents.

For example, the Caucasus, West Siberian Plain, Andes. And these natural complexes can be divided into even smaller ones - the Southern and Central Andes.

River valleys, hills, and various slopes that are located on their territory will be considered even smaller natural complexes.

Interrelation of components of natural complexes

The interrelation of the components of natural complexes is a unique phenomenon.

This can be seen using a simple example: if the amount of solar radiation and its impact on the earth’s surface changes, then the nature of vegetation in a given area will also change. This transformation will lead to changes in soil and relief formation.

Human impact on natural complexes

Human activities have had a significant impact on natural systems since ancient times. After all, man not only adapts to the nature of the Earth, but also exerts a constant and extensive influence on it.

Over the centuries, man has improved his skills and created different ways to use nature to his advantage. This had an extremely negative impact on the development of most natural complexes.

It is for this reason that people are increasingly talking about such a phenomenon as rational environmental management. This concept is usually understood as human activity aimed at careful development of natural complexes and conservation of natural resources in any circumstances.

A forest is a natural complex, which includes, as its main part, woody plants growing close to each other (forming a more or less closed forest stand). The forest is characterized by stability, the interaction of all plant, animal, soil and other components, and a certain influence on the surrounding area

The microclimate of a forest differs from the microclimate of open spaces in increased air humidity, lower daytime temperatures, different wind strength, precipitation retention, uniform and slow melting of snow, etc.

Every year and over a long period, forests accumulate large plant mass (phytomass). Leaves, twigs and branches, falling to the ground, rot, forming forest litter, the decomposition of which occurs at different rates (depending on the climate) and ends with the transformation of organic substances into mineral ones.

Each forest contains certain types of trees, shrubs, and grasses. The natural combination of plants in the forest makes up the forest phytocenosis, or the plant community of a given forest (spruce, pine, oak grove, birch grove, etc.). Tree crowns, shoots, leaves of forest plants are located at different vertical levels - the forest has tiered structure vertically. The first, main tier includes tall trees of a forest-forming species; the second tier consists of less tall (not higher than 10 m) tree species; third tier - tall shrubs, crowns of short trees, undergrowth of the main tree species. Next come tiers of low shrubs (up to 1 m) and dwarf shrubs, tiers of tall and short grasses; the last tier consists of ground mosses, fungi and lichens. Along with the above-ground layer, there is also an underground layer. In most forests, the total mass of underground plant organs naturally decreases from top to bottom (Fig. 47).

Plants of different above-ground layers live in different conditions of lighting, air gas composition, humidity, temperature, etc.

Of great importance in the life of a forest are the species composition, the age of the main forest-forming species, the height of the trees, and the density of the crowns.

Plants living together in a forest phytocenosis are dissimilar not only in appearance and structure, but also in their requirements for the environment, and this latter contributes to their living together. For example, the vast majority of our tall trees are wind-pollinated plants: their crowns are well blown by the wind. Low trees and shrubs, covered by the crowns of tall trees, are mostly insect-pollinated plants, and those that are pollinated by the wind bloom before the leaves on tall trees unfold, when the wind still freely penetrates into the forest community (for example, hazel in a broad-leaved forest).

The complex layered structure also affects the arrangement of light-loving and shade-tolerant plants in the forest. This environmental factor (light) is more important for the combination of forest plants than for plants in open spaces.

The largest group in forests is autotrophic plants- active producers of organic matter. Smaller in volume, but significant in the degree of participation in the cycle of substances, the group heterotrophic plants(fungi, soil algae, bacteria) contains higher plants - saprophytes, which are much less common in other phytocenoses (see p. 89).

The long-term existence of forests in the territory depends on the regeneration of tree species. During natural regeneration, young trees grow to replace the older generation of trees under the forest canopy from seeds or from stumps (“stump shoots”). In a dense forest, such undergrowth often looks oppressed (for example, a spruce undergrowth in a spruce forest), but as soon as a tree of the upper tier dies, its place is taken by a new one that has grown in the vacated space from among the undergrowth trees. Often the regrowth of one tree species appears en masse under the canopy of another. Over time, this leads to a change in species in the forest, as a result of which one type of forest is replaced by another (for example, the replacement of a birch forest by a spruce forest).

During artificial reforestation, a person plants seedlings or seeds of tree species in new places or cleared areas and grows forest crops.

For each region in our country, types of forest crops have been developed and published in the form of instructions (located in the district forestry), which indicate the selection of species, the pattern of mixing plants in rows and between rows, planting density, soil preparation, plant care, etc.

Many forest herbs and shrubs are currently protected plants, the lists of which should be known to residents of the forest belt.

The abundance of plant food and shelters in the forest creates conditions for a large number and diversity of animal species, and also ensures a close connection between the plant and animal worlds.

Birds living in the forest are characterized by adaptations for flight that requires active maneuvering: shortened wings with blunt tips, a well-developed winglet, and a large tail.

In some species of birds, for movement along branches and trunks, a special arrangement of fingers is characteristic (three forward, one back), rough, soft thickenings on the lower surface of the fingers, and a special arrangement of plantar tendons.

To suspend themselves from the ends of branches, many small passerine birds use prehensile, flexible fingers, strong leg flexors, and a special location of the hip joint (close to the center of gravity).

In birds that lead a predominantly terrestrial lifestyle (the gallinaceous order), powerful pectoral muscles provide the ability to quickly take off, escaping from a predator.

For many mammals, life in forest conditions necessitated the need to climb trees. Movable limbs ending in curved, tenacious claws, special pads on the feet and extensions at the ends of the toes provide climbing animals with a strong grip on tree branches. And the long fluffy tail, which acts as a rudder, helps them when jumping from tree to tree. Well-developed vibrissae are used for quick orientation when jumping.

The forest is rich in various shelters for animals. They find them in the crowns and roots of trees, hollows, rotten stumps, and under windbreaks. Many birds build their nests on the branches of trees and bushes, on the ground. Hollow-nesting birds make their nests in hollows.

Some animals have also adapted to making nests in trees. Animals widely use natural hollows or hollows hollowed out by woodpeckers.

The presence in forests of a large number of diverse conditions for hiding and camouflage contributed to the development of adaptations in animal behavior. Thus, forest birds lack coloniality. Forest ungulates (red, sika and reindeer, elk, roe deer, wild boar) prefer to stay alone or in pairs. Only in winter do they sometimes gather in large herds.

The large number of shelters in the forest resulted in a relatively small number of burrowing animals compared to open spaces. Rich and varied plant and animal food provides a large number and diverse species composition of animals living in the forest.

The nature of food and the method of obtaining it left their mark on the structure of the beak and tongue of birds, which are very diverse. Some birds have special devices for transporting food: a crop, an esophagus that can stretch, and sublingual throat and neck pouches. Thus, the nutcracker in the sublingual pouch carries nuts with a total weight of up to 35 g. The jay in the oral cavity and esophagus, which is greatly stretched, carries 8-10 medium-sized acorns. However, in general, storing food is not typical for forest birds.

The nature of food and the method of obtaining it caused a number of adaptations in birds of prey and owls. Predators that kill birds in flight (peregrine falcon) have shortened legs with powerful claws, especially the hind ones. In contrast, predators that forage in dense brush or grass have long legs, long toes, and sharp saber-like claws.

Forests are rich in large amounts of food in the form of bark, branches, leaves, seeds, and fruits, which are high in calories. It is difficult to overestimate their environmental significance. They are the main supplier of atmospheric oxygen: more than half of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from forests. At the same time, they absorb carbon dioxide on a global scale. Forests are natural filters of the atmosphere, purifying the air from microorganisms and dust, and act as a regulator of the hydrological regime of rivers and the water balance in general.

Forests protect the soil, preventing blowing and erosion, and are used to secure moving sands. They prevent siltation of rivers, reservoirs and ponds. The role of forests in protecting agricultural land is great: they create a more favorable microclimate, reduce evaporation, and retain moisture.

In general, forests play a vital role in the conservation of natural territorial complexes. They act as one of the most important components of landscapes.

Forest protection is carried out on the basis of forest legislation, which includes a number of laws. Legislation provides for the rational use of forests, establishes measures for the protection of forests and wildlife, defines rules for the use of forests for hunting, picking mushrooms, berries and other fruits by citizens, establishes administrative, criminal and financial liability for forest violations, including for damage caused forest fauna. Special measures are provided for the protection of rare animals and plants that are threatened with extinction. They are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

A significant contribution to the general cause of conservation of forest resources is made by such forms of work as school forestry and green patrols. Environmental education is equally important.

On the territory of Russia, forests are very diverse in terms of living conditions (soils, climate, topography, etc.) and tree species. Therefore, forest plants and animals can be characterized with sufficient completeness only using the example of a specific type of forest.

Soil and vegetation cover- forests, shrubs, gardens, meadows, vegetable gardens, swamps, sands, etc. The main characteristics of the forest are determined by the species of trees, their age, thickness, height and density of the planting. According to the age of the forest, height and thickness of the trees, the forest is usually divided into: - into young forest - tree height 4-6 m, thickness 5-15 cm - middle-aged forest - tree height 6-10 m, thickness about 20 cm; - into a mature forest - the height of the trees is more than 10 m, the thickness is more than 20-25 cm. Based on its density, the forest is divided into dense forest - the distance between trees is less than 10 m, a medium-density forest is 10-15 m, a sparse forest is 15-30 m.

1. Name several natural complexes in your area. Briefly describe one of them and indicate the relationships between the components.
2. From natural history and biology courses, remember how soils are formed and what kind of soils you know.

Natural sushi complexes. The geographical envelope, being integral, is heterogeneous at different latitudes, on land and in the ocean.

Due to the uneven supply of solar heat to the earth's surface, the geographical envelope is very diverse. Near the equator, for example, where there is a lot of heat and moisture, nature is distinguished by the richness of living organisms, faster-moving natural processes, in the polar regions, on the contrary, slow-flowing processes and poverty of life. At the same latitudes, nature can also be different. It depends on the terrain, on the distance from the ocean. Therefore, the geographical envelope can be divided into areas of different sizes, territories or natural-territorial complexes (abbreviated as natural complexes, or PC).

The formation of any natural complex took a long time. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of natural components: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils (Fig. 32). All components in the natural complex, as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form an integral natural complex; metabolism and energy also occur in it. A natural complex is a section of the earth's surface that is distinguished by the characteristics of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries and has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a forest, a swamp, a mountain range, a lake, etc.).

Rice. 32. Relationships between the components of the natural complex

Natural complexes of the ocean, unlike land, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks and bottom topography. In the World Ocean there are large natural complexes - individual oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, in the ocean there are natural complexes of surface layers of water, various layers of water and the ocean floor.

Variety of natural complexes. Natural complexes come in different sizes. They also differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is determined by the structure of the earth's crust. On continents and oceans, smaller complexes are distinguished - parts of continents and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, i.e. on geographic latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small ones include, for example, a ravine, lake, river valley, sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is the geographical envelope.

All natural complexes experience enormous human influence. Many of them have already been greatly changed by centuries of human activity. Man has created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc. Such natural complexes are called anthropogenic (from the Greek “anthropos” - man).

1. Using the text of the textbook, write down the components of the geographical shell in the left column of your notebook, the components of the natural complexes of the land in the middle column, and the components of the natural complexes of the ocean in the right column. What do the components of each natural complex have in common?
2. What is a natural complex?
3. How do natural complexes differ?

Lesson______________________________ date________________

Subject: Study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, ponds.

Target : continue to introduce forests, meadows, fields and ponds to the PTC

Progress of the lesson:

1.Org moment

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, ponds.

3. Consolidation

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, ponds

The geographic envelope can be divided into areas of different sizes - territories or natural-territorial complexes. The formation of each of them took billions of years. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of natural components: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form an integral natural complex; metabolism and energy also occur in it.Natural complex - called a section of the earth's surface that is distinguished by the characteristics of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries and has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a lake, a swamp, a forest, a meadow). Natural complexes of the ocean, unlike land, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks, and bottom topography. In the World Ocean there are large natural complexes - individual oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, in the ocean there are natural complexes of surface layers of water, various layers of water and the ocean floor. Natural complexes come in different sizes. They also differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is determined by the structure of the earth's crust. On continents and oceans, smaller complexes are distinguished - parts of continents and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, i.e., on geographic latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small ones include, for example, a ravine, a lake, a river valley, a sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is the geographical envelope. All natural complexes experience enormous human influence. Many of them are greatly modified by human activity. Man has created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc.

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Forest: meetboreal coniferous forests and temperate deciduous forests

The former are located in the northern part of the temperate climate zone with severe winter temperatures. Taiga is represented by dark coniferous species - spruce, fir, pine and light coniferous species - larch. The largest animals are bear, wolf, elk. Birds, squirrels, chipmunks and other small rodents feed on the seeds. and the needles are insects. The forest is of great importance. Coniferous forests - lumber. The forest is rich in mushrooms and berries. There is also moss and grass in the forest.

The second broad-leaved forests are to the south of the taiga. The dominant trees are oak and beech. Birds build nests. There are wild boars, foxes, and hares. Fierceness is more difficult than in the taiga. There are bushes. In our region, forests are represented by Tukays - floodplain forests along the river. Ural. Where poplar predominates. Also from shrubs are thorns and rose hips. From small shrubs - blackberry.

Meadows – vast areas with grassy vegetation, which are located along the low-lying banks of rivers and lakes. Meadow and forest live nearby. Both communities have enough warmth and light. The soils are similar in composition. But a forest cannot grow right on the bank of a river. Since in the spring the area is flooded with water when the river floods. Trees cannot grow in such moisture. Grasses grow quickly after the water recedes, since melt water brings a lot of silt, which is a good fertilizer. Such meadows are called flooded meadows. People never settle in meadows. Because during high water, housing will be flooded.

Another type of meadow is found in nature – in the mountains. These are alpine meadows, which are located high on the slopes of the mountains. The higher we climb into the mountains, the colder it becomes. Forests give way to shrubs and then grasses. During the short summer, grasses in mountain meadows have time to grow, bloom and produce seeds.Meadow plants also have their own tiers - floors, but they are not as pronounced as in the forest. Light-loving herbs grow highest in the meadow, and shade-loving herbs grow lower.Mouse peas grow by clinging to other plants with tendrils. It ripens in pods and is violently scattered around when the pod bursts. Dandelion has light seeds and is carried by the wind. Bluegrass. Its seeds do not get wet well. They are light and float like boats on the water after rain. Burdock. Its seeds have hooks that attach to animal fur and “move” to new places. Among meadow insects you can find predators - dragonflies that eat mosquitoes and midges; omnivorous ants that feed on other insects, as well as plant sap and nectar. Beetles live in the meadow - meadow orderlies. This is a gravedigger beetle and a dung beetle. From birds -quail, corncrake, wagtail. There are a lot of small animals, especially rodents, mice and moles.

Fields. viewing the presentation .

A FIELD is also a natural community, but it was formed under the influence of man. The field was occupied by different plots of land. In the steppe it was simpler - plots closer to housing were plowed. It's more difficult in the forest. First, you need to cut off the bark at the base of the tree so that the tree dries out. The dried trees were then burned. Then the hardest work began - we had to uproot the stumps. After that it was possible to plow.

What crops are grown in the field? Potatoes, corn, sunflowers, oats, buckwheat, beets, melons: watermelons, melons, etc.

What pests are there in fields? -Mice, hamsters, moles, insects, slugs, Colorado potato beetles, sparrows peck sunflower seeds.

What else needs to be done in the fields? It is necessary to destroy weeds, weed, and treat with chemicals. But you must use chemicals carefully; along with weeds and pests, you can poison the earth. Water the fields, there are irrigation systems.

Let's test your knowledge and solve a crossword puzzle . 1. The best variety of this crop grows in the Saratov region; rolls, cookies, and wheat bread are made from it. (Wheat) 5 2. Rye bread is baked from these grains. (Rye) 3. A house grew up in a field, The house is full of grain. The arrows are gilded, the shutters are boarded up, the house is shaking, on a golden stalk. (Spike) 4. I am a cheerful fellow, I am green - (Cucumber)

Water: Look here. There is a toothless fish, a pond snail, the water is quietly splashing, and the water strider is running. Duckweed, lilies, cattails, Life is in full swing everywhere. Both the egg capsule and the reed. This is a fresh .... (reservoir).

When you come to a body of water in the warm season, for examplesteps to a small lake, you see only some of its obitateley. It is impossible to see everyone. But there are a lot of them!A body of water is a place where a wide variety of living things live.creatures.

Here are the plants. Some of them(cattail, reed, reed, arrowhead) their roots are attached to the bottom, and the stemsand the leaves of these plants rise above the water. Rootsku yellow buds and white water lilies also at the bottom, and they are wideleaves float on the surface of the pond. But there are also plants that do not attach to the bottom at all. This is, for example,duckweed, which floats on the surface of the water. And tiny green algae float in the water column. See themonly possible under a microscope. But sometimes they happen like thisso much that the water appears green.

The role of plants in a reservoir is great. They serve as foodwater, release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets of plants serve as sheltersfood for animals.Animals are everywhere in the reservoir: on the surface and in the depthswater, at the bottom and on aquatic plants.Here they are running swiftly across the surface of the waterbedbugs- water striders Their long legs are covered with fat underneath, andThat's why water striders don't drown. They are predators, hunting comaditch and other small animals.Predatory creatures swim in the water columnswimming beetles, growcarnivoresfrog tadpoles, different types of fish. To the worldnym" fish include, for example,crucian carp He feeds on larvaeinsects, plants. Predatory fish includeperch, pike. They live at the bottomshellfish, which the guys usually callThey are served with “shells”.

Their soft body is protected by a shell, which consistsof two halves - doors. These mollusks feed very interestingly. They absorb and pass water through their body,in which algae and other small living substances are foundsociety. Crayfish also live at the bottom of clean reservoirs. They feedcontaining the remains of dead animals.Other mollusks live on aquatic plants - growcarnivorous snails pond snail and coil. They've got it twistednye, without shell valves.

Mammals also live in the reservoir - muskrat, beaver,ra. The life of many birds - ducks, herons, storks - is also connectedarea with ponds.

When the plants and animals of a body of water die, their remainsfall to the bottom. Here, under the influence of microbes, the deadthe remains rot and are destroyed. Salts are formed from them.These salts dissolve in water and can then be usednew plants for nutrition.

Fastening: I divide them into groups and give them the task of characterizing the community; location, animals, plants, etc. Give examples.