Bovine pox clinical signs. Cowpox
Mineral waters containing arsenic
Until the first half of the 20th century, it was generally accepted that arsenic mineral waters should include such waters, the absolute arsenic coefficient of which is at least 1 mg per 1 kg of water, and most of the arsenic waters also contain large doses iron and sulfate anion.
IN recent years It is generally accepted that water with an arsenic concentration of at least 0.7 mg/l can be classified as arsenic-containing. This arsenic concentration is taken to be lower limit norms because op;| corresponds to the minimum one-time pharmacological dose and calls physiological effect during its medicinal use.
In waters used for drinking treatment, arsenic should contain no more than 0.2 mg/l. Permissible concentrations of arsenic for fresh water drinking water should not exceed 0.06 mg/l.
A doctor should treat arsenic-containing mineral waters as a medicine, the prescription and dosage of which should be thought out and individual for each patient. Arsenic also enters the body with food. From food products greatest number arsenic was found in beluga and stellate sturgeon, and from products plant origin relatively large number cocoa contains arsenic.
In the CIS and Russia we have 35 deposits of arsenic-containing waters. True, they are not the same in composition, mineralization, arsenic concentration, water temperature and gas composition. Based on the indicated properties, 6 main groups of arsenic-containing waters can be distinguished.
1. Carbon dioxide cold and thermal.
2. Oxygen-nitrogen (cold).
3. Methane nitrogen-methane (thermal).
4. Hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide thermal.
5. Nitrogen-carbon dioxide thermal.
6. Nitrogen thermal.
It is noteworthy that the first group of waters is characterized by a significant concentration of carbon dioxide (3.5-9 g/l), with carbon dioxide contained up to 95%. Rest gas composition falls on the share of nitrogen and rare gases. Carbon dioxide arsenic waters are most widespread among the Essentuki type waters (sodium chloride-hydro-carbonate). A specific microcomponent characteristic of these waters is arsenic, which is found in water in the form of arsenous acid. The maximum concentration of arsenic in Sinegorsk waters reaches 60-PO mg/l. .
Based on the concentration of arsenic in this type of water, several groups can be distinguished: 1) weak, containing 0.7-5.0 mg/l of arsenic; such waters are common in the Caucasus (Chvizhipse, Atsetuki, Avadhara, Teplinskie, Karmadon, Nakalakevi, Vardzia, Isti-Su, Dvin), in Kamchatka (Oksinskie), in Transcarpathia (Gornaya Tissa); 2) strong, containing 5-10 mg/l of arsenic; such waters are available in the Caucasus region (Nagad-zhir), in Transcarpathia (Gornaya Tissa, Goverla), in Kamchatka (Nalachevsky); 3) very strong waters, with arsenic content over 10 mg/l. These waters are located in the Caucasus region (Grushevskaya Polyana and Darydag), in Transcarpathia (Gornaya Tissa) and on Sakhalin (Sinegorsk).
It is interesting to note that the Darydag waters can bring 100 times more arsenic to the surface of the earth than the Sinegorsk waters, and contain large amounts of boron (2 g/l) and silicic acid. There is a lot of boron in Essentuki-type waters. Some waters (Grushevskaya Polyana, Gornaya Tissa and Goverla) are distinguished by a significant iron content (28-42 mg/l). In addition, very strong arsenic waters contain bromine (up to 60 mg/l) and iodine (up to 17 mg/l).
Oxygen-nitrogen (mine) arsenic waters are found in 2 types: a) purely sulfate - ferrous-aluminum and b) sulfate-hydrocarbonate - hydrocarbonate sulfate of complex cationic composition. The first type includes the Zubiya, Gai, Blyavin and Karabash waters, the second type includes the Kochkar, East Kounrad and Khovuaksa arsenic waters.
The third group of waters (methane and nitrogen-methane) is located, according to V.V. Ivanov (1970), within the Terek-Caspian trough. Hot springs, which ceased to exist, belonged to this type.
The last 3 groups (hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide, nitrogen-carbon dioxide and nitrogen-arsenic-containing thermal waters) have different mineralization. The content of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide does not exceed 5 mg/l and the content of arsenic reaches 25 mg/l. In the last two waters, mineralization reaches 2 g/l, the concentration of arsenic does not exceed 1-2 mg/l. In similar chloride-sulfate acidic thermal waters of Japan, according to N. Kimio and N. Redzo (1970), the arsenic content in the Tashibana spring reaches 6.7 mg/l, Karabuki - 17.4 mg/l.
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The main healing factor of the resort of Sochi and all coastal resort towns included in the region are: climate, mineral waters, silt mud of the Imereti deposit.
Famous Matsestinskoye field hydrogen sulfide waters is one of the largest in the world. Translated from Ubykh, matsesta means “fire water”. Mineral water springs here were discovered in ancient times. The Romans, Athenians, and Byzantines sailed here. The Romans called Matsesta water “happy springs.” The first mention of “fire water” appeared in 1840 in London. The highest assessment of Sochi water was given by Professor Gram from the University of London. He predicted a bright future for her. The first hydropathic clinic appeared in Matsesta in 1902. The city became a balneotherapeutic resort. Now the balneohydrological complex " Matsesta" - the largest in Russia medical complex. The Matsesta emblem on bottle caps has long been synonymous with a sign of quality. The deposits are unique not only huge reserves waters, but also by a variety of hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Also unique is the presence huge amount others minerals: iodine, colloidal sulfur, boron, fluorine, bromine. Concentrations of substances have therapeutic significance. The resort uses Matsesta baths, irrigation, showers, inhalations, microenemas, etc. All these balneoprocedures have a pronounced therapeutic effect and are indicated for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, including chronic, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system, skin diseases, post-burn keloid scars, gynecological and dental diseases.
Since 1976, in addition to hydrogen sulfide waters, the resort has used iodine-bromine waters from the Kudepsta spring. These are sodium chloride waters with high concentration iodine and bromine, saturated with methane. Kudepsta waters have a gentle effect on the cardiovascular and nervous systems. They are used in the balneotherapy of patients with contraindications to aggressive Matsesta baths.
Sochi is distinguished by a rich variety of mineral waters, among which the famous Chvizhepsinsky Narzan from Krasnaya Polyana and alkaline mineral water" Lazarevskaya". These waters are indicated for diseases of the digestive system, and for urological diseases. No less popular" Plastunskaya", "Sochi", "Psezuapse". They have earned recognition and are in high demand among local population and for resort guests. Medicinal properties The drinking mineral water of the Old Matsesta pump room has received the widest and highest praise throughout the world.
Consumption of drinking mineral waters in healing process effectively complements the course of balneotherapy, and also provides the Sochi region with the opportunity to add additional resort specialization, i.e. The status of a drinking resort should be added to the status of a balneological resort.
Resort climate- second powerful healing factor region of the Sochi region. Both the amazing mountain and sea air. The sea warms it and saturates it with negatively charged ions of minerals, especially iodine. These substances, combined with phytoncides, transform the air into a natural healing cocktail, so beneficial to the human body! The most favorable season for treatment all kinds of diseases in the Sochi region it is autumn, spring and winter. Even in winter, temperatures rarely drop below zero. Mostly it stays between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius. Almost never happens in Sochi cloudy days. The sun actively warms the entire coast, creating comfort at any time of the year.
Indications for balneotherapy with Matsesta
- Musculoskeletal system: osteochondrosis, polyarthritis, other diseases
- Cardiovascular system: hypertension and hypotension, ischemic disease heart, other diseases
- Central nervous system: neurocircular dystonia, post-traumatic encephalopathy, migraines, other diseases
- Peripheral vessels and nerves: thrombophlebitis, endarteritis, varicose veins veins, plexitis, neuritis, other diseases
- Gynecological diseases: chronic inflammation appendages, infertility, adhesions
- Skin diseases: psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis, diathesis, others
- Post-burn and post-operative keloid scars
- Diseases of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses nose, oral cavity and gums (periodontitis, periodontal disease, gingivitis, stomatitis, etc. diseases
- Treatment of victims of industrial accidents
- Occupational diseases
The range of procedures provided at the resort includes: hydrogen sulfide procedures (general hydrogen sulfide bath, four-chamber bath, inhalations, microenemas, head irrigation, gynecological irrigation, gum irrigation, ascending shower, iodine-bromine baths, radon baths, iodine-bromine inhalations and gum irrigation, gynecological radon irrigation.
Characteristics of mineral waters in the Sochi region
Matsestinskaya water contains more than 20 chemical elements and belongs to a rare type of mineral water. The world's largest deposit of sulfide (hydrogen sulfide) water is located in Sochi. It is unique in geological and hydrogeological conditions, volume of reserves and quantitative composition mineral medicinal water. Four areas have been explored: Matsestinsky, Khostinsky, Mamaysky and Kudepstinsky. These are thermal waters with temperatures from 18°C to 46°C, sulfide-chloride-sodium with a mineralization from 3 to 41 g/l, with a hydrogen sulfide concentration from 60 mg/l to 420 mg/l. In addition to free hydrogen sulfide, Matsesta water contains therapeutically significant concentrations of iodine, bromine, fluorine, and colloidal sulfur.
Matsestinsky sulfide waters very widely used in the treatment of childhood diseases aged 7 to 17 years. Today, another 23 areas have been explored that are promising for development and contain mineral water deposits of different compositions. In 2008, the first drinking pump room opened in Sochi.
Iodine-bromide waters Kudepstinsky and Lazarevsky According to their ion-salt composition, deposits are classified as hydrocarbonate-chloride or sodium chloride. They contain from 36 to 100 mg/l bromine, from 13 to 33 mg/l iodine, and have a total mineralization of 24.5 g/l. They also contain fluorine, boron, calcium, magnesium, iron, methane, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride.
Mineral water Chvizhepse hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium type, has low mineralization, belongs to carbonic arsenic waters, slightly acidic, cold. The concentration of free carbon dioxide is up to 1.9-2.2 g/l, total mineralization is 1.2-2.7 g/l. The water does not contain magnesium sulfate, which gives bitter taste mineral waters. The temperature of this water is 14 °C - 6 °C. Biologically active form contains arsenic. In the mineral water of the Chvizhepse spring it is presented in the form of salts of arsenic acid with trivalent arsenic. Its concentration at the time of outflow from the wellhead reaches 4.9-6.0 mg/l.
Drinking mineral waters in Sochi are characterized by relatively low mineralization, from 1.2 to 7 g/l, and therapeutically significant concentrations of boron and fluorine. They contain biologically active components such as iron, bromine, silicon. All waters are bottled and used for treatment in the city’s sanatoriums in in kind, and are also sold as medicinal and medicinal table mineral waters after technological processing. Drinking mineral waters Sochi fluorinated. This makes it possible to use them for the treatment and prevention of dental caries, for the active removal of radionuclides and salts from the body heavy metals. "Plastunskaya" subthermal water 31°C: sodium boron carbonate, with increased content fluorine, slightly mineralized and slightly alkaline. Mining has been carried out since 1971, from a depth of 550 m at the Plastunskoye mineral water deposit, which is located in the Khostinsky district of Sochi. Water promotes the regeneration of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, removes radionuclides, pesticides, heavy metal salts from the body, normalizes redox processes, metabolism, increases general tone and body resistance.
"Sochi"bicarbonate-chloride-sodium, iodide, slightly alkaline medium mineralization, with a high fluorine content (higher than all waters in the Sochi region). It also contains iron, bromine, silicon. It is mined in the valley of the Mamayka River, at the Mamayskoye deposit since 1982. The water is regenerated gastric mucosa, reduces cholesterol levels, stimulates the process of hematopoiesis, cellular metabolism, normalizes blood viscosity, calcium metabolism, biosynthesis of hormones thyroid gland, raises nonspecific immunity, promotes the removal of radionuclides and pesticides.
"Lazarevskaya"hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium, alkaline, low mineralization, with a high content of fluorine, boron and iodine. Contains bromine and silicon. Mined in the valleys of the Tsushvadzh and Chudo-Krasotka rivers, at the Volkonsky deposit in the Lazarevsky district of Sochi. Mining depth - 250-550 m Mineral water improves adaptation processes, increases immunity, improves regeneration processes of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, promotes the removal of radionuclides and heavy metals, normalizes metabolism, increases the overall tone and resistance of the body.
"Chvizhepsinskaya"- low-mineralized carbonic bicarbonate calcium-sodium (sodium-calcium) arsenic mineral water with a high content of boron, lithium, iron. Therapeutic and prophylactic effect: stimulates hematopoiesis, regulates tissue respiration, regulates redox processes, promotes the regeneration of the gastric mucosa.
Mineral water well No. 7"Bear's Corner", "Mountain Spring" low-mineralized carbon dioxide, bicarbonate-calcium-sodium, arsenic. Water is extracted from a depth of 700 m. It stimulates blood circulation, regulates tissue respiration, redox processes, and regeneration of the gastric mucosa.
In addition to mineral waters and climate in the Sochi region, they use mud therapy. Natural medicinal silt deposits were discovered in 1941. The mud of the Imereti deposit physical properties similar to other silt medicinal mud, it differs almost complete absence hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide. This allows it to be used in the treatment of weakened patients and young children. At the Sochi Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy, a method was developed (F.I. Golovin, 1967) for enriching Adler mud with hydrogen sulfide from Matsesta mineral water. Nowadays in Sochi there is the only unique installation in the country, with the help of which high-sulfide, medium-mineralized therapeutic mud is prepared from local freshwater silts of the Imereti deposit and Matsesta water, the main factors of which when affecting human body are:
- thermal (local heating of tissues, thermal reflex reactions)
- chemical (penetration through the skin of biologically active compounds of hydrogen sulfide, hormones, sulfur, amine bases).
- mud pressure at the point of application
- mechanical effect on the skin.
Mud treatments improve blood circulation, reduce muscle tension, anesthetize, have an anti-inflammatory effect, change blood pressure, increase heart rate, normalize metabolic processes immunity.
Multidisciplinary medical resort Sochi invites everyone for relaxation and treatment. Contraindications to treatment can serve as: diseases with circulatory failure stage II, with prognostically unfavorable disorders heart rate and conductivity; stomach ulcer and duodenum, chronic diseases liver and biliary tract with a tendency to exacerbation, chronic nephritis and nephrosis; rheumatoid arthritis With high activity inflammatory process, arthritis of tuberculous etiology, chronic osteomyelitis in the presence of copious discharge and large sequestrations, irreversible changes joints and spine, if self-care is impossible; decompensated diseases of the lungs, pleura and severe forms bronchial asthma; diseases of the thyroid gland with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis (medication with mace is contraindicated and stay in Sochi is not recommended). For cardiovascular diseases, traveling to Sochi in August is not recommended due to the unfavorable combination of high humidity and high temperature.
Resort facilities, sanatoriums, boarding houses, holiday homes in Greater Sochi, including Adler , Lazarevskoe , Host , Kudepstu , Mamaika and other cities and towns in the region offer a full range of medical procedures, various options relaxation for the benefit of soul and body! Relax in Greater Sochi! Professional teams of famous health resorts are at your service, developed infrastructure, gentle sea, hot sun, beauty and nature of the resort.
ARSENICAL WATERS- natural mineral waters containing arsenic in an amount of more than 0.7 mg/l (mainly in the form of arsenic acid, as well as its dissociation products), used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
According to the content of arsenic (As) M. century. subdivided into weak arsenic (As 0.7-5.0 mg/l), which includes the waters of the Avadhara, Vardzia, Gornaya Tissa (well 1-P), Nakalakevi, and Chvizhipse deposits; strong arsenic (As from 5.0 to 10 mg/l) - Goverla (source No. 4), Gornaya Tissa (well 2-R), Nagadzhir; very strong arsenic (As over 10 and up to approximately 100 mg/l) - Gornaya Tissa (well 2-K), Darydag, Sinegorskoye. According to the pH value, all M. v. are slightly acidic (almost neutral). Based on temperature, they are divided into cold - below 20° (Avadhara, Sinegorskoye, Chvizhiise); hot - from 35 to 42°, very hot - St. 42e (Vardzia, Darydag, Nagadzhir. Nakalakevi). By amount of content mineral salts There are waters with low mineralization - from 2 to 5 g/l (Gornaya Tissa - well 1-R, 4-R, 352 and 353, Chvizhipse), with medium mineralization - from 5 to 15 g/l (Avadhara, Vardzia, Nagadzhir , Nakalakevi); with high mineralization - from 15 to 30 g/l (Goverla, Darydag, Sinegorskoe) and brine (Gornaya Tissa, well 2-K).
According to the ion-salt composition of M. century. mainly belong to calcium-sodium bicarbonate (Narzan type) and sodium chloride-hydrocarbonate or hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium waters(like Essentuki No. 4, 17).
Carbon dioxide arsenic mineral waters are most widely used in balneology, the saturation of which is carbon dioxide reaches 3.5-9.0 g/l. In the USSR it is known approx. 20 carbon dioxide deposits. The main group of carbon dioxide sources. located in Transcarpathia, the Caucasus, Kamchatka, Sakhalin. Resorts with M. v. there are also in Poland (Kudova), in France (La Bourboule), in Germany (Dürkheim), etc.
It is believed that the enrichment of underground mineral waters with arsenic occurs in the process of intensified leaching under conditions elevated temperature and pressure.
M.v. used for drinking treatment, general and local baths. When prescribing drinking treatment, it is assumed that the water received contains therapeutic dose arsenic (including one-time, daily, course), adopted by the pharmacopoeia. Due to the different content of arsenic in the water of a particular source, the amount of water prescribed for drinking at one time can vary widely - from 5 to 200 ml. For example, water from the Sinegorsk field at drinking cure dose with teaspoons (approximately 5 ml per dose), water from the Chvizhepse deposit - up to one glass (approximately 200 ml) per dose.
For baths: apply M. v. for one bath. with arsenic content from 20 to 50 mg/l, temperature 36-37°; The duration of the procedure is 10-15 minutes, for a course of treatment from 10 to 15 baths every other day or daily.
Both with internal and external use of M. v. Arsenic ions penetrate through intact skin or mucous membrane into the internal environment of the body. The intensity of arsenic penetration depends not only on the concentration of arsenic in mineral water, but also on the general mineralization of water, its main ionic composition: what more quantity arsenic, the higher the general mineralization and the lower the pH, the more intense the penetration of arsenic ions through the skin or mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. tract. Arsenic enters all organs and tissues, but has a special affinity for the nervous and muscle tissue. By entering into enzymatic reactions of tissue respiration, arsenic reduces its intensity and reduces the level of free radical oxidation, and therefore the energy potential of cells increases, their resistance and the resistance of the body as a whole to damaging factors increases. Formed during external use of M. v. arsenic deposits on the skin to a certain extent reduce impulses from its receptors, this helps to normalize the processes of excitation and inhibition in the c. n. With. During drinking treatment, the intestinal tract entering the cells of the mucous membrane. tract arsenic increases its resistance to aggressive action gastric juice. An increase in the body's resistance occurs due to the activation of the body's adaptation systems, normalization of nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Course of treatment for M. v. helps improve central and peripheral hemodynamics, tissue trophism, accelerate regeneration processes, increase contractility myocardium.
Indications and Contraindications
M.v. used mainly for diseases, the pathogenesis of which is associated with a violation of cellular metabolism: functions, disorders of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system, hypertension Stages I and II, atherosclerosis in initial stage, atherosclerotic coronary artery sclerosis, coronary heart disease, rheumatism (inactive phase), peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, endocrine diseases, hyperthyroidism, ovarian dysfunction due to chronic conditions, adnexitis (all diseases outside the period of exacerbation). For all of these diseases, both internal and external treatment of M. v. is used. or their combination, however, for diseases of the gout. tract - predominantly internal, and in diseases of the cardiovascular system and metabolic diseases - predominantly external.
Contraindications to the use of M. v. serve all diseases for which balneotherapy is contraindicated (see. Sanatorium-resort selection, table).
Bibliography: Issues of experimental and clinical balneology and physiotherapy, ed. Yu. E. Danilova, p. 114, M., 1975, p. 33, 69, M., 1976; Methods of prevention, diagnosis and therapy endocrine disorders in women, ed. JI. S. Persianinov and M. L. Krymskaya, p. 133, M., 1975; Arsenic-containing mineral waters of the USSR, ed. L. A. Yarotsky, M., 1973.
I. N. Danilova.
