Describe the current population size. Population reproduction

Demography - the science of population. The world population is the totality of people living on Earth. Currently, the world population exceeds 7 billion people.

The population is constantly growing. Over the past 1000 years, the population on Earth has increased 20 times. At the time of Columbus the population was only 500 million people. Currently, one child is born approximately every 24 seconds and one person dies every 56 seconds.

Demography is the study of population - the science of the patterns of population reproduction, as well as the dependence of its character on socio-economic, natural conditions, and migrations. Demography, along with population geography, studies the size, territorial distribution and composition of the population, their changes, the causes and consequences of these changes and makes recommendations for their improvement. Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is understood as the continuous renewal of human generations as a result of the processes of fertility and mortality. Geographical features of the natural movement of the population are manifested in unequal rates of population growth in different regions and countries.

Current demographic trends are expressed in the rapid growth of the world population as a whole. At the same time, population growth is now slowing down. Particularly rapid population growth was observed in the second half of the twentieth century, when its number increased from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6 billion by 2000 (Fig. 27). Happened demographicexplosion- rapid, accelerated population growth over a relatively short period of time, especially in the second half of the 20th century. This occurred as a result of a decrease in mortality while the birth rate was too high. Thus, over the past 1000 years, the population on Earth has increased 20 times. Scientists suggest that the rate of population growth is slowing and by 2050 the population will increase to just 9.5 billion people.

Population growth rates vary widely across major regions of the world. In regions where economically developed countries predominate (Europe, North America, Australia), the population is growing slowly, and in some European countries it is even declining.

Germany's population is expected to decline from 82 million in 2010 to 70.1 million in 2090, and to decline from 125 million to 91 million, or 27.2%, over 100 years. The reason for this decline is the low birth rate.

Regions of developing countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America) are experiencing relatively rapid population growth. High rates of population growth in developing countries cause a number of problems: food shortages, low levels of health care and literacy, land degradation due to irrational land use, etc.

The essence of demographic problems lies not so much in the high growth of the planet's population, but in the disproportion of growth dynamics in developed and developing countries.

Modern demographic processes are so acute that they require intervention in their development. Therefore, in a number of countries around the world, demographicswhat is the policy- a system of various measures taken by the state with the aim of influencing the natural movement of the population, and primarily the birth rate, stimulating growth or reducing its number.

Demographic policy in China and India is aimed at reducing the birth rate and population growth. In developed European countries, on the contrary, they stimulate an increase in the birth rate of the population.

To solve the problem of population decline in Belarus, the state is taking measures aimed at increasing the birth rate in the country (material support for families raising two or more children, construction of subsidized housing, etc.).

The concept " quality of life of the population" - the degree of satisfaction of a person’s material, spiritual and social needs. The quality of life of the population is characterized by such indicators as average life expectancy, health status, level of education, monetary income, housing provision, etc. In developed countries, the average life expectancy of people is increasing (about 80 years). This leads to an increase in the number of pensioners and an aging population.

The predicted life expectancy of the world's population is 72 years for women and 68 years for men. The leaders are Japan and France, where life expectancy is more than 80 years. In Belarus it is 72 years, in African countries (Zambia, Angola, Swaziland) - 45-50 years.

The age structure of the population, which affects the level of economic development, is closely related to life expectancy. The middle-aged population is the most able-bodied; they are responsible for the material support of the country, for providing older people with all the necessary benefits of life. (How is the problem of labor supply solved in the countries of the European Union?) The elderly population has more than doubled over the past 50 years. Differences in the quality of life of the population exacerbate the instability of relationships between and within countries.

A significant part of the population in Africa, South, Southeast and East Asia, and Central America suffers from hunger and malnutrition. In areas where people constantly lack food, 2/3 of the world's population lives. Hence the high level of infant mortality and low life expectancy.

Differences in the quality of life of the population in different regions of the Earth today are one of the reasons for population migration. The movement of people from one country to another, often in large groups and over long distances, occurs for economic, religious, national reasons, as well as as a result of wars, natural and environmental disasters. In search of work, people move mainly from developing countries to developed countries in Europe and North America (labor migration). In economically developed countries such as Germany, Great Britain, France, etc., migration significantly replenishes the working-age population.

Recently, there has been an increase in illegal migration to countries with more favorable socio-economic conditions, an increase in forced migration due to armed conflicts and aggravation of interethnic relations, and the departure of people with a high level of education to the USA, France, and Sweden.

The main modern migration flows are directed from the countries of North Africa, Eastern Europe to Western Europe, from the countries of Latin America and Southeast Asia to the USA, from the countries of Central Asia to Russia.

The main modern demographic trends are the accelerated growth of the world population at the expense of less developed countries; differences in the quality of life of the population between developed and developing countries; influx of immigrants to developed countries. The essence of modern demographic problems lies in the territorial disproportion of population growth dynamics between highly developed and developing countries of the world.

Hello readers! We now live in a world where the population is only growing, but just imagine for a second that such a number of people was not always there. I want to tell you about this growth.

The dynamics of the world population are constantly growing; Only in certain, comparatively short historical periods, due to epidemics, natural disasters, and war did it temporarily decrease (for example, about 15 million people died from the plague epidemic in the 14th century; from famine in the 19th century - 25 million people in India and almost as many in China; about 20 million people died from the Spanish flu after the First World War (1914 - 1918); 60 million people died in the two world wars, and the indirect losses of humanity were even more significant. increase in mortality and decrease in birth rate).

Over the millennia, the population increased extremely slowly, this can be explained by the poor development of production and the very large dependence of man on Mother Nature in the early stages of history.

The natural environment limited the increase in the number of primitive people, whose basis of life was hunting, fishing and gathering. Until the end of the Paleolithic, according to rough estimates, people mastered less than 1/3 of the modern ecumene (approximately 40 million km 2), and the average hardly exceeded 8 - 10 people per 100 km 2.

Many researchers agree that by the end of the Paleolithic era (approximately 15 thousand years BC), the population reached approximately 3 million people, and by the end of the Neolithic era (2 thousand years BC), the population was approximately 50 million people. There were 230 million people on Earth already at the beginning of our era, until the end of the 1st millennium AD. e.- 275 million people, and before 1500 it increased to 425 million.

Since the 17th century. The rate of world population growth has apparently increased. The rapid rise of agriculture, the increase in industry, and the advances in medicine in many Western European countries (XVI-XVIII centuries) affected the population.

Population growth accelerated very quickly from the second half of the 18th century. At this time, the first (of statistically recorded) and extremely strong jump in population growth occurred in individual countries of Western Europe. From 1500 to 1900 The world population has almost quadrupled.

For the second half of the 19th century. Characterized by a particularly rapid acceleration of population growth rates, this is explained by a decrease in mortality, especially among children.

Throughout history, the dynamics of the world population are constantly increasing, and this is evidenced by such data. The population has increased 25 times in the last millennium alone; the first doubling of the population took almost 600 years, the second almost 250 years, the third less than 100 years, and the last just over 40 years.

The population reached 1 billion people around 1820, 2 billion reached 107 years later (in 1927), 3 billion reached 53 years ago (in 1959), 4 billion reached 15 years ago. years (in 1974), 5 billion - reached 13 years later (in 1987).

At the end of 2011, the 7 billionth inhabitant of the planet was born. At the moment, more than 7 billion people live on Earth.

Due to uneven population growth, the share of individual regions in the total world population in the 19th – 20th centuries. has changed a lot. The rate of population growth has accelerated sharply since the middle of the 20th century. The population increased by 116.8% between 1959 and 1992...

Average annual growth in 1950 – 1960 became 53.3 million people, in 1960 - 1970. – 66.7 million, in 1970 – 1980 – 70.3 million, in 1980 – 1990 – 86.4 million, in 1991 – 1992 – 92.2 million. This acceleration in the rate of population increase is different from all previous ones.

During this period, the birth rate changed very significantly. Through natural growth, the population of many countries and even regions (Africa) from 1950 to 1992. more than tripled.

Developing countries.

And in developing countries, life expectancy has increased, but remains lower than in countries with developed economies: in - 53 years, in - 61 years, in Latin America - 67 years.

In developing countries, where about 77% of the world population is concentrated, a decrease in mortality by the early 1990s. was mainly caused by advances in health care rather than by social and economic changes.

The birth rate remains high, especially in rural areas. For example, mortality in Kenya between 1965 and 1969 decreased by half, and in the early 1980s. population growth averaged 3.8% per year. Accordingly, Kenya's population has doubled in less than 20 years.

In developing countries, the proportion of the population under 15 years of age is about 37% and only 4% is over 65 years of age. For comparison, in developed countries, the population under 15 years of age is 22%, and over 65 – 11%.

As a result, developing countries are home to large numbers of children whose contribution to the economy is minimal, but the resources required for their education and health care are significant.

And developed countries must remember the constantly increasing number of pensioners.

Nowadays, there are more than 2 thousand peoples on Earth. The geographical distribution of the population is uneven: according to experts, 70% of humanity lives on 7% of the land mass.

Forecasts.

In developed countries with low population growth, most couples have no more than two children. The population in some countries is declining. For example, in Germany during the 1980s. the population decreased by 0.1% per year.

The use of contraception is encouraged by many developing countries. In the 14 largest developing countries, including India and China, the reproduction rate, measured by the number of children per woman, was . fell by almost two thirds.

In the 1980s in China, growth was reduced to 1.3%, but the target was not achieved. Most Chinese couples want a son to support them in their old age.

Over the next few decades, the general trend remains a rapid increase in the world population, despite falling fertility rates. According to the UN Population Fund, the number of people living on Earth was expected to exceed 6.2 billion by 2000, and by 2025 – 8.5 billion.

The pace is then expected to slow, with the global population expected to reach 11.6 billion by 2120. If current efforts to reduce the birth rate prove ineffective, the figure could reach 14 billion.

Obviously, 95% of the growth will occur in poor countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa, which are not able to feed such a number of people. In order to stabilize fertility, the replacement level, which was 4 births per woman in developing countries in 1990, must fall to 2.

Promoting the use of contraceptives is not enough for this. It is necessary to implement economic and social reforms that improve people's living standards.

Thus, we found out that the population is always growing, and, moreover, the further, the faster... I mean that our planet is filled with new people faster than in the past (especially at its initial stage of development). And this is happening despite the fact that population growth has almost halved...

And of course, in this issue, as in many others, there are many opinions, reasoning, many forecasts, including overpopulation; but if the world's population slows down its growth further, I think at the expense of developing countries, because growth has already decreased at the expense of developed countries, then this will only be beneficial for everyone...

The state and development of society are largely determined by the size and composition of the population. The population is characterized both as an element of the productive forces and as a bearer of production relations. Self-reproduction is also inherent in it.

Population- this is a naturally historically developing and continuously renewed in the process of production and reproduction of life a set of people living in a certain territory - in a village, city, district, region, country.

Labor resources- this is the working-age part of the population, which, having physical and intellectual capabilities, is capable of producing material goods or providing services.

From this definition it follows that labor resources include, on the one hand, people engaged in economic activities (in various industries), and on the other, those who are not employed, but who can work. Thus, labor resources consist of actual and potential workers.

The necessary physical and intellectual abilities depend on age: in the early period of a person’s life and at the time of maturity, they are formed and increased, and are lost in old age. Age acts as a kind of criterion that allows us to select the actual labor resources from the entire population.

Population is all people regardless of their characteristics, i.e. it is the broadest concept to denote human resources. The concept of “population” is often used in the same sense in socio-economic literature.

At the same time, the population is the source, the “material” from which all other groupings of people are obtained (for example, those that in labor economics are designated as the economically active population, labor resources). Therefore, the study of the size, composition and dynamics of the population (this is the subject of research in the science of demography) is extremely important for labor economics. Economists view the population as a source of resources for labor, as a carrier of certain economic relations and, most importantly, as a consumer who creates demand.

The population of Ukraine is constantly declining (by approximately 0.4 million annually since 1994). This reduction is caused, on the one hand, by a decrease in the number of births and an increase in the number of deaths (the annual natural decrease in population exceeds 300 thousand people in recent years, and on the other hand, by a negative balance of external migration (almost 100 thousand people annually). These two reasons have led to a strong decrease in the population of Ukraine over the last decade. An alarming indicator in population dynamics is an increase in the number of people of retirement age and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of young people, which shows the aging process of the population and reduces the source of resources for work.

Migration, social and economic movements of the population are interdependent and interconnected. Together, they determine the size and qualitative characteristics of the population.

In the natural movement of the population there are types of its reproduction: traditional (extensive) and modern (intensive).

Traditional type of reproduction characterized by high unregulated birth rate and high mortality (due to underdeveloped medicine, low standard of living, wars, epidemics). As a result of the interaction of these factors, the overall population growth rate is low, and the proportion of young people predominates in the structure. This type is characteristic of the early stages of the development of human society.

Modern type of reproduction due to socio-economic development, rising living standards, medical advances, emancipation and involvement of women in economic activities, and other reasons, as a result of which the birth rate sharply decreased, average life expectancy increased significantly, the mortality rate decreased, and the number of older people in the population increased .

Distinguish three reproduction modes population: expanded, simple, narrowed.

Expanded reproduction characterized by a predominance of birth rates over deaths (both in absolute terms and per 1000 people) and, accordingly, natural population growth.

Simple reproduction means a constant population size resulting from approximately equal birth and death rates.

Reduced reproduction, or depopulation, is typical for countries in which mortality rates exceed birth rates, resulting in an absolute decrease in the population, which is what we are seeing now in Ukraine.

The peculiarities of the historical development of Ukraine greatly influenced the dynamics of the entire population, and in particular the labor force. In the 20th century, the life of all generations and almost every person was alarmed and worsened by severe dramatic events (the First and Second World Wars and civil wars, industrialization, collectivization, famines, mass repressions, participation in military conflicts (in particular, in Afghanistan), the Chernobyl tragedy, deep crisis of the 90s). As a result, not only thousands and even millions of young healthy people died or became disabled, but also the birth rate sharply decreased and the age-sex structure of the population was deformed. Therefore, the reproduction of the population and labor resources for work in Ukraine did not occur and is not uniform, but “wave-like”: certain upswings are followed by deep downturns.

Reproduction of labor resources is a process of constant and continuous renewal of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the economically active population.

Since labor resources are part of the population, the reproduction of labor resources reflects the state and nature of the reproduction of the population as part of the whole. The dynamics of the total population determines the dynamics of the economically active population, but this relationship is not simple. That is, an increase (decrease) in the population leads to an increase (decrease) in the number of the working population only under other identical conditions, but in real life, under the influence of various reasons, these changes do not occur simultaneously and not on the same scale.

For example, the birth of children increases the population immediately, but the number of labor resources increases only after 15–20 years, and then only on the condition that these people become economically active. The mortality of disabled people reduces the population, but does not change the resources for labor. With a constant population size, labor resources can significantly increase (decrease) due to an increase (decrease) in the labor activity of the population, for example due to changes in living standards.

In the reproduction of labor resources, as in the reproduction of the entire population, there are types of movement, types and modes.

Natural, migration and economic movement of the population affect the quantitative characteristics of labor resources, and social – on the qualitative ones. Each type of movement is determined by the action of numerous different reasons, and their interaction and interdependence determine the number of economically active population, which is a fundamental indicator for any society or state. Therefore, it is important to analyze the impact of any of these factors separately on the dynamics of the economically active (working) population.

Types of reproduction of labor resources compared with types of population reproduction have different semantic meanings. The extensive type of reproduction is associated with a change in the quality of human resources: an increase in educational level, qualifications, improvement in health, mental abilities, etc., which means an increase in labor potential.

Thus, population reproduction has not only demographic, but also economic and social aspects. It determines the formation of labor resources, the development of territories, the state of productive forces, the development of social infrastructure, etc.

The population and labor resources have quantitative and qualitative parameters necessary for the analysis and assessment of demographic processes and the development of a strategy in the field of labor resource management. To characterize population reproduction, indicators of fertility, mortality and natural increase are used.

The difference between the number of births and deaths with a positive result is called natural population growth.

The average annual number is determined at the middle of the year as the arithmetic average of the population at the beginning and end of the year or by adding half of its increase to the initial population size.

The size and composition of the population in all countries of the world are determined using censuses. The last census in our country took place in 2001. Its main data was published and became the basis for obtaining demographic data in the subsequent period. Censuses provide the most accurate data on population size.

Population forecasting is very important. Forecast calculations make it possible to identify expected changes in the population, assess the demographic situation developing both in individual regions and throughout the country, determine the number of labor resources, changes in their educational and professional qualification levels, and trace the influence of other socio-economic and environmental factors on reproductive process.

According to the classification of the International Labor Organization (ILO), the population over a certain minimum age established to account for the economically active population (in Ukraine - 16 years old) is divided into three categories: employed, unemployed and outside the labor force. The employed and the unemployed make up the labor force or population active in a given period. Persons outside the labor force include residual groups who do not have a job, are not looking for work, and are not available to work, including those under working age. This group represents the population that is currently economically inactive.

Division according to the ILO methodology

Detailed solution to topic Topic 3 in geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017

• Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Analyze Fig. 7. Calculate how many times the world's population has increased from the beginning of our era to 2010. By how many millions of people did it increase in the 19th and 20th centuries? Make other calculations and comparisons to prove the provisions of the textbook.

By 2010, the Earth's population had increased 30 times compared to the population at the beginning of our era. Thus, over the 20th century, the population increased by 4.41 billion people (from 1.66 billion in 1900 to 6.07 billion in 2000), and in the first decade of the 21st century (2000-2010) it grew by another 0. 83 billion people.

Task 2. Using data from the textbook, plot six countries on a contour map of the world, which account for 50% of the world's population.

Task 3. Use fig. 10 to specify the provisions of the textbook. Using it, characterize the distribution of the first and second types of population reproduction. Analyze the average digital indicators (“formulas”) of reproduction of individual regions, compare them and explain the differences. Please also use Tables 12 and 13 in the Appendices.

The first type of reproduction is typical for the countries of Europe, North America, the CIS, China, Australia and Oceania, countries of Foreign Asia (China, Japan, Thailand), and some countries of Latin America (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay). However, this group is heterogeneous in terms of growth, since the countries of Europe and the CIS have practically zero or close to zero population growth, while for the countries of North America (USA and Canada) the growth ranges from 3 to 6 people. per 1000 inhabitants, or 3-6%o. Such countries (for example, the USA, Australia, Canada) are experiencing quite significant population growth.

The second type of reproduction is typical for African countries, most countries in Latin America, and Asia.

Task 4. Using the data from table. 2, compare the population dynamics of individual large regions of the globe; calculate how their share in the total population of the Earth changes; explain these changes.

Based on the data in the table, we can conclude that the population of the Earth as a whole during the specified period (from 1950 to 2010) increased by 2.7 times. However, population growth rates differ in different regions of the world. The fastest pace is characteristic of Africa (the population increased by 4.6 times by 2010), followed by Latin America (3.5 times) and Foreign Asia (2.9 times). North America and Australia with Oceania differ in average growth rates (2 times). The lowest rates are typical for the CIS countries and Europe (1.5 times and 1.3 times, respectively).

Task 5. Use the text of the textbook and other sources of information to specify the diagram of the demographic transition. Give examples of regions and countries of the world that at the beginning of the 21st century. are at different stages of this transition.

The demographic transition includes 4 stages:

Stage 1 is characterized by very high birth and death rates and, accordingly, very low natural growth (nowadays it almost never occurs);

The 2nd stage is characterized by a sharp reduction in mortality (thanks primarily to advances in medicine) while maintaining the traditionally high birth rate (typical of Bhutan);

During the 3rd stage, low mortality rates are observed (and sometimes even a slight increase in them, associated with the “aging” of the population), the decline in fertility also decreases, but usually it still slightly exceeds mortality, ensuring moderate expanded reproduction and population growth (Türkiye) ;

At the 4th stage, fertility and mortality rates coincide (European countries).

Task 6. Analyze the map of the sex composition of the population in the atlas. Use it to specify and illustrate the provisions contained in the text of the textbook.

In approximately 2/3 of the world's countries, women are in the majority. This advantage is most significant in a number of CIS countries, in foreign Europe, and in North America, which is explained by the fact that the average life expectancy of women is usually several years longer. This is also influenced by a number of other factors: standard of living, the presence of wars in the history of the country/region, etc. In Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately the same. In overseas Asia, men significantly predominate. Regarding the gender structure of the population on a global scale, it is approximately the same (100 women to 101 men).

Task 7. Compare Figures 10 and 11. Use them to prove the textbook’s position on the influence of types of population reproduction on its age composition. How do you explain this interaction?

Countries with a predominance of the first type of population reproduction are characterized by either the same number of children (0-14 years old) and elderly (over 60 years old) population, or a slight predominance of children (for Europe, 16% of children and 17% of older people). While in countries with the second type of population reproduction, the number of children in the total population structure is several times higher than the elderly population (for Asia 28% of children and 6% of elderly people, Africa 42% and 3%, respectively).

Task 8. Analyze Fig. 9. Explain the differences between the age-sex pyramids of countries of the first and second types of population reproduction.

Countries with the first type of population reproduction are characterized by approximately the same ratio of men and women in the age-sex structure, which is explained by the high standard of living and medicine. In countries with the second type of reproduction, there is a predominance of men in the age groups from birth to 30 years, which is explained by the social position of women in society (humiliation, early marriage, preference for having male children due to religion, etc.). Then the number of women and men in the age structure equalizes, which can be explained by the increased mortality of men due to heavy physical labor and a not very high level of medical care.

Task 9. Using Internet search engines, find information about the results of the population census in Russia conducted in October 2010. Based on these data, build an age-sex pyramid of Russia on this date.

According to the results of the 2010 population census, the total population is 142,856,536 people. Data taken from http://www.gks.ru

Task 10. Using the map of the national composition of the population in the atlas, study the main language families and areas of their distribution around the globe. Determine which language families' peoples predominate in foreign Europe, foreign Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia and Oceania. Write your conclusions in your notebook.

The most widespread language family is Indo-European. The languages ​​of this family are spoken by 150 peoples with a total population of more than 3 billion people, belonging to 11 language groups and living in all parts of the world. In foreign Europe and America, the languages ​​of this family are spoken by 95% of the total population. Approximately 1.8 billion people. speak languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 300 million speak languages ​​of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic. The number of most other families is much smaller.

Task 11. Explain:

11.1. Why do not only the British speak English, but also residents of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa? Why is English widely spoken in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and many other countries?

India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh were colonies of Great Britain for a long time, and therefore English is widely spoken there. And since Great Britain had extensive colonial possessions and traded around the world, English became one of the main languages ​​for international communication. The USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are countries that were founded by settlers from the Old World, including from Great Britain.

11.2. Why was the Spanish language until the 16th century? dominated only in Spain, and is now the official and native language of most peoples of Latin America?

Since the 16th century, Spain began to pursue an active policy of conquering new lands in the New World (Latin America), which then became the colonial possessions of Spain for several centuries.

11.3. Why is the Arabic language, which until the 7th century. used only by the population of the Arabian Peninsula, then spread throughout North Africa?

The spread of the Arabic language in North Africa is associated with the conquest of these territories and their inclusion in the Arab state of the Caliphate (founded in the early 7th century on the territory of Saudi Arabia) and the spread of Islam as the main religion of this state.

Task 12. Based on the map of religions in the atlas, characterize the areas of distribution of world religions. Determine which religions predominate in certain large regions of the Earth.

The most common religions are Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism and Orthodoxy), Islam and Buddhism. In the Old and New Worlds, Catholicism and Protestantism predominate), and these branches of Christianity are also common in Australia and Africa, which is associated with the colonial past of these regions. Orthodoxy is widespread in the CIS countries. Islam is widespread in North and Central Africa, as well as South-West and Central Asia. Adherents of Judaism mainly live in India and its neighboring countries. Also among the most widespread religions is Buddhism (China, eastern Russia).

Task 13. Analyze the population density map in the atlas. Highlight regions with high density on it and try to explain the reasons for their occurrence. By overlaying a physical map of the world and a population density map in the atlas, determine what types of extreme conditions are not conducive to human settlement. Give examples of countries with particularly sharp differences in the population of the territory, explain their reasons.

The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 2/3 of all people live on 8% of the land area. The highest population density is characteristic of Europe, South Asia (India, Bangladesh), and Southeast Asia. Population density is influenced by natural and historical factors. People settled and developed first of all the most favorable territories for life: lowlands and plains located at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, regions with a warm, favorable climate. Also, throughout the history of human civilization, the settlement of people has been strongly affected by the attraction to transport and trade routes.

Task 14. Using the Internet, find information about the population density of countries around the world. Based on them, create a classification table with examples of three to five countries that have population density indicators (people/km2): 1) less than 10; 2) from 10 to 100; 3) from 101 to 200; 4) from 201 to 500; 5) over 500.

Task 15. Using the data from the work performed, prove with specific examples that the level of socio-economic development of a particular country cannot be judged by population density.

The population density in a country is in no way related to the level of its socio-economic development, so among the countries with the maximum density (>500) there are both developed countries (Singapore, Monaco) and developing countries (Bangladesh).

Task 16. Using the main text of the textbook, plot the main areas of labor immigration on a contour map of the world. Show with arrows where labor comes from in these areas.

Task 17. Using Fig. 14 and table. 16 in "Appendices", explore the placement of the world's largest cities. Distribute them among major regions and countries and characterize the general trend of changes.

The largest number of large cities (more than 5 million people) are located in North and Latin America, Europe, and Southeast Asia (India, China), which are the most densely populated regions of the world. One can identify a trend towards the formation of such agglomerations (more than 5 million) in Africa (Lagos).

Task 18. Using the website googl-maps, look at satellite images of the world's largest urban agglomerations and compare their geographic microlocations.

After analyzing satellite images of the world's largest agglomerations, we can conclude that capitals and the most important industrial and port centers often become the cores of the largest urban agglomerations.

Task 19. Use fig. 15 and a map of world urbanization in the atlas to concretize and illustrate the provisions contained in the text of the textbook. Determine which indicators of the level of urbanization can be considered very high, high, medium, low, very low for a particular country. Show this with examples. Consider the distribution of highly, medium and low urbanized countries and try to explain it.

The most urbanized countries are typical for North and Latin America, Europe, the CIS, Australia and South-West Asia. Medium and weakly urbanized countries are typical for Africa and Asia. Modern urbanization as a worldwide process has three common features that are characteristic of most countries: 1 - rapid growth of the urban population (especially in less developed countries), 2 - concentration of population and economy mainly in large cities, 3 - urban sprawl, expansion their territories.

Task 20. Using the data from table. 4, construct a map of the urban population of large regions of the world in 1950 and 2010 on a contour map of the world. Analyze it and draw conclusions.

Conclusion: During the second half of the 20th century, the world's population increased from 750 million people to 3.7 billion people. The populations of Asia, Africa and Latin America have grown particularly rapidly.

Task 21. Analyze the data in the table. 4. Calculate how many times the urban population increased in certain regions of the world in 1950-2010. Calculate the share of individual regions in the total urban population of the world. Make a table in your workbook. What provisions of the textbook support her data? Also use the table. 16 in "Applications".

Task 22. Work in a notebook.

22.1. Based on the acquired knowledge, make a table of the leading features of the concept of “urbanization”.

22.2. Based on the acquired knowledge, name the reasons for the following phenomena:

a) Mortality rates in developing countries have fallen in recent decades, but fertility rates have remained high?

Answer: The decrease in mortality is observed due to an increase in the level of medicine in developing countries and a gradual improvement in living standards.

b) China and India are the most active in pursuing government demographic policies?

Answer: China and India are the world leaders in terms of population. In this regard, they have problems providing the population with food, jobs, education, etc. By pursuing a planned state policy, China and India are trying to regulate the birth rate and, as a result, the population in order to increase the standard of living in the country.

c) Is the world population unevenly distributed?

Answer: The world population is unevenly distributed. So 2/3 of all people live on 8% of the land area.

d) Is the urban population concentrated primarily in large cities?

Answer: Large cities have better infrastructure, which attracts people from rural areas to cities. However, it is worth noting that there is no single concept of “city” for all countries. So for some countries a large city will have a population of more than 100 thousand people, and for another country with a population of 5000 thousand or less.

22.3. Compile a glossary of new terms that you came across while studying the topic.

Demographic policy is a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires.

Demographic transition is a historically rapid decline in fertility and mortality, as a result of which population reproduction is reduced to simple replacement of generations.

Economic activity of the population is the degree of involvement of the population in economic production.

22.4. Study text maps and atlas maps describing the world's population. Determine by what cartographic methods they are compiled. In your opinion, what information can be obtained as a result of their analysis?

When creating maps characterizing the world's population, a huge number of cartographic methods are used, among which the most common are:

Method of qualitative background (to indicate population size and density, mortality, birth rate, etc.);

Point method (used to designate populated areas);

Movement signs (applicable to such social phenomena as population migration);

Maps and cartograms (serve to translate into a visual image such statistical data as the birth rate, religious and ethnic composition, etc.).

22.5. Prepare a short oral report on the topic “The population explosion and its consequences” or “Urbanization in the modern world.”

The population explosion is a figurative designation for the rapid quantitative growth of the world population that began in the 1950s. The main reason that led to this explosion is a decrease in the mortality rate while maintaining high birth rates. The reduction in the mortality rate was influenced by: the development of healthcare, the spread of hygiene measures, and the improvement of material living conditions. Population growth rates differ in developed and developing countries. Population growth is particularly rapid in developing countries, while the rate is slower in developed countries.

Consequences of the population explosion: extremely rapid growth of the Earth's population, increasing unevenness in the distribution of the world's population (9/10 of the Earth's population lives in developing countries).

Self-control and mutual control block

How would you explain:

1. What are the main features and indicators of the first and second types of population reproduction?

The first type of population reproduction is characterized by low rates of birth rate, death rate and, accordingly, natural increase. The second type of population reproduction is characterized by high and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates.

2. What reasons influence the distribution and density of the world's population?

The distribution of the population is influenced by natural factors, so first of all the population populates territories with favorable conditions. The historical factor plays a significant role. Today, the distribution of the population is influenced by the level of economic development of a region of the world, a country.

3. What changes have occurred since the Second World War in the nature and geography of external migrations of the world's population?

After World War II, international migration began to increase again, leading to a new “migration explosion.” The main reason for these migrations is economic, since the countries destroyed after the war had a bad economic situation.

4. What are the main common features of the global urbanization process?

The main features of the urbanization process: rapid growth of the urban population, concentration of the population in large cities with developed infrastructure, expansion of cities due to the inclusion of new territories with a rural population within the city limits.

How do you think:

1. What did the famous Russian geographer A.I. mean? Voeikov, when he wrote: “The decisive factor in the distribution of the population is not so much the environment surrounding a person, but the person himself”?

Since a person can change his habitat to suit himself, a person’s choice of place of residence may not depend on natural conditions and be based only on his preferences.

2. Why does the average population density of the Earth tend to constantly increase?

As the world's population is constantly growing, the average population density is also increasing.

3. Why was one of the UN reports called “Our Demographically Divided World”?

The level of socio-economic development of a country affects the birth rate. Thus, in developed countries, the birth rate is low (slightly more than, equal to, or less than the death rate). In developing countries the situation is the opposite. So high birth rate and relatively low death rate. Thus, the world is divided into regions that differ greatly in the level of natural population growth.

4. Are those demographers right who believe that the 21st century will be the century of the aging of the Earth's population?

This opinion has a right to be, since in developed countries there is zero or negative natural growth, which leads to an increase in older people in the age structure. As more and more countries reach a high level of socio-economic development, it can be assumed that the proportion of older people in these countries will also increase.

Did you know:

1. Which of the following “formulas” for population reproduction applies to countries of the second type of reproduction: 14-8=6 or 22-8=14?

The second formula characterizes countries with the second type of reproduction.

2. What do the following countries have in common: a) Kenya, Kuwait, Indonesia, Vietnam, Algeria, Nicaragua; b) France, Canada, Bulgaria, Australia, Cuba, Japan?

The countries listed in point A are countries with the second type of population reproduction. Point B lists countries with the first type of population reproduction.

3. Which of the following peoples belong to the Indo-European family of languages: Chinese, Hindustani, Russians, Japanese, Brazilians, American Americans, British?

Answer: Hindustani, Russian, English.

4. In which of the following countries does the majority of the population profess Catholicism: 1) Ukraine; 2) The Netherlands; 3) Italy; 4) Greece; 5) Philippines; 6) Indonesia; 7) Sudan; 8) Argentina?

Answer: Italy, Philippines, Argentina.

Can you:

2. Define the concepts of “population reproduction”, “urbanization”?

Urbanization is the growth of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population in a country, region, world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities.

Population reproduction is understood as the totality of the processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.

3. Give examples of countries in the second, third and fourth stages of the demographic transition?

1st stage: Sudan.

Stage 2: Butane.

Stage 3: Türkiye.

4th stage: Germany.

4. Indicate which of the following countries belong to the first and which to the second type of population reproduction: Austria, India, Jordan, Italy, Mozambique, Sudan, Tajikistan, Uganda, Philippines, Australia?

The first type of reproduction includes: Austria, Italy, Australia, Philippines.

To the second type of reproduction: India, Mozambique, Sudan, Uganda, Jordan, Tajikistan.

5. Characterize the geographical features of the first and second types of population reproduction and the grouping of countries within them?

The first type of population reproduction is typical for the countries of Europe, the CIS, North America, Australia and some Latin American countries (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile).

Second type of reproduction: countries of Africa, Asia, most countries of Latin America.

6. Tell us about the meaning of the average life expectancy indicator and give its quantitative characteristics?

Life expectancy is an important general criterion for the health status of a nation. At the beginning of the 21st century. Life expectancy for the entire world is 69 years (67 years for men and 72 years for women). For economically developed countries they are 75 and 81, for developing countries - 66 and 69, including for the least developed countries - 55 and 58 years.

7. Describe the ethnolinguistic classification of the peoples of the world?

The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship. This relationship is usually associated with the origin of several languages ​​from one parent language. The most common of them is the Indo-European family. The languages ​​of this family are spoken by 150 peoples with a total population of more than 3 billion people. In foreign Europe and America, the languages ​​of this family are spoken by 95% of the total population. Approximately 1.8 billion people. speak languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 300 million speak languages ​​of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic.

8. Choose the correct answer: Islam is practiced by the majority of the inhabitants of: Spain, India, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, Algeria, Brazil?

Answer: Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, Algeria.

9. Indicate which of the following regions and countries are the main centers for attracting labor migration: Western Europe, the Gulf countries, Southeast Asia, North Africa, North America, Russia, Australia, Germany?

Answer: Western Europe, Gulf countries, North America, Germany, Australia.

10. Mark the ten largest cities in the world on a contour map of the world from memory.

(Data taken for 2015)

11. Distribute the countries listed below according to their level of urbanization (in descending order): Australia, China, USA, Great Britain, Ethiopia, Argentina, Germany?

Answer: Ethiopia - 15% of the country's population, China - 47% of the country's population, Germany - 75%, USA - 80%, Argentina - 87%, Australia - 88%, UK - 89%.

The population of our planet, now over 5 billion people, is growing very quickly - by a quarter of a million people per day. In the current decade alone, the world population will grow by 1 billion people (which is essentially almost the population of modern China).

However, in different parts of the Earth the rate of population change is different. The bulk of new residents are born in developing countries, while in the economic group the population is growing either at a moderate pace or very slowly (or even declining).

Another type of population reproduction is characterized by average and even low, as well as low mortality rates and a slowdown (or stabilization) of population growth rates. It is typical for economically.

The vast majority of the world's population now lives in developing countries, and their share of the world population is constantly growing. In 1990, more than 3 billion people lived in developing countries. During the period from 1990 to 2025. (projected) will increase their population by another 3 billion people, which will account for 95% of world population growth.

The increase in world population would be welcome if it were not accompanied by an increase in the number of hungry, poor, illiterate, unemployed, as well as land degradation, deteriorating quality of life and the environment.

Different types of population reproduction determine the formation of its structure: age and gender composition, on which, in turn, the country’s resource supply depends.

The share of children in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America usually exceeds 40% of the country's population, and sometimes reaches 50% (, etc.).

And in European countries, for example, the share of children in the total population of the country is often less than 20%. At the same time, the share of elderly people is large - about 20% (since with the improvement of living conditions of the population, successes in healthcare, etc., the expected indicator increases). In developing countries, the proportion of older people in the population is much lower - about 6%

The global average life expectancy for women is higher than for men. So, in and it reaches 79-80 years for women and 74-75 years for men (these are the best indicators in the world, with the world average being 65-69 years). In developing countries (especially Muslim ones), the average life expectancy for men is higher than for women, but the indicators themselves are often lower than the world average.

The gender and age structure of the population (the ratio of the male and female population by age group) largely determines the size of the labor force (for example, in Muslim countries, women are very poorly involved in social production). In this case, the concept of “economically active population” is often used - part of the labor resources directly employed in material production and the non-material sphere (i.e. in the national economy).

The world (as a whole) is experiencing a steady decline in population growth rates. But there are countries and regions, for example, where the demographic situation is particularly complex and the population growth rate is high, which essentially causes a further deterioration in the social situation of people.

State demographic policy is called upon to change the existing state of affairs - a system of measures taken by the state in order to influence the natural movement of the population and regulate the process of population reproduction.

In some countries, these are measures to stimulate the birth rate, especially in countries characterized by the concept of “demographic crisis” (i.e. P=C or P<С).

And in other countries, in recent years, family planning policies have been pursued in order to reduce the birth rate. For example, in (the largest country in the world by population), the most tangible results were achieved as a result of the implementation - annual population growth decreased from 28 ppm (1968) to 11 ppm (in the 1990s), i.e. natural the growth rate has become even lower than the world average (the generation “without brothers and sisters” is growing).

A number of other countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa also pursue a policy of state birth control. Moreover, in the latter region, demographic policy is least effective (especially in the underdeveloped countries of Africa). Adult illiteracy is one of the significant obstacles to the successful implementation of this policy. In the modern world, about 1 billion people over 15 years of age are illiterate.