Giolitti. Giolitti Giovanni
Mondovi, Piedmont, Italy
Cavour, Piedmont, Italy
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Giovanni Giolitti first took charge of the government when disagreements over financial policy within Rudini's ministry led to his resignation in April 1892. Giolitti then formed a new cabinet.
Giolitti, unlike the previous government, was opposed to emergency measures and considered it necessary to defuse the situation in the country through reform of the tax system, improvement of social legislation, etc. But his cabinet also turned out to be short-lived: in 1893, the scandalous scams of the Bank of Rome became public and connections with this bank of many prominent parliamentarians and ministers. Giolitti, who was personally innocent of corruption, but knew about these unsightly facts and long resisted their publication, was forced to resign in November 1893.
Giovanni Giolitti died on July 17, 1928 in Cavour.
The period of Italian history from the late 1880s to the early 1920s, considered the “golden age” of Italian liberalism, is commonly called the “Giolitti era”, and Giolitti himself is called the “Italian Lloyd George”.
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Literature
- Deryuzhinsky V.F. Giolitti, Giovanni // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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Excerpt characterizing Giolitti, Giovanni
I recognized Radomir immediately, since there was too much left in him of that wonderful, bright young man I saw on my first visit to Meteora. He only matured greatly, became stern and more mature. His blue, piercing eyes now looked at the world carefully and harshly, as if saying: “If you don’t believe me, listen to me again, and if you don’t believe me even then, leave. Life is too valuable to give it to those who are not worth it.”He was no longer that “loving”, naive boy who thought that he had the power to change any person... that he could change the whole world... Now Radomir was a Warrior. His whole appearance spoke about this - his inner composure, his ascetically thin but very strong body, the persistent fold in the corners of his bright, compressed lips, the piercing gaze of his blue eyes, flashing with a steel tint... And all the incredible strength raging in him, forcing his friends to respect him (and his enemies to reckon with him!) clearly showed in him a real Warrior, and in no case a helpless and soft-hearted God, which the Christian Church he hated so persistently tried to show him. And one more thing... He had an amazing smile, which, apparently, began to appear less and less often on his tired face, exhausted by heavy thoughts. But when she appeared, the whole world around her became kinder, warmed by its wonderful, boundless warmth. This warmth filled all the lonely, deprived souls with happiness!.. And it was in it that the real essence of Radomir was revealed! His true, loving Soul was revealed in him.
Radan (and it was clearly him) looked a little younger and more cheerful (although he was one year older than Radomir). He looked at the world joyfully and fearlessly, as if no misfortune simply could or had the right to touch him. As if any grief should have passed him by... He, undoubtedly, was always the soul of any meeting, illuminating it with his joyful, bright presence, wherever he was. The young man seemed to sparkle with some kind of joyful inner light, which disarmed young and old, forcing him to unconditionally love him and protect him as a most valuable treasure that comes to please the Earth once every thousand years. He was smiling and bright, like the summer sun, with a face covered in soft golden curls, and you wanted to look at him, admire him, forgetting about the cruelty and malice of the world around him...
The third “participant” of the small meeting was very different from both brothers... Firstly, he was much older and wiser. It seemed that he carried the entire unbearable weight of the Earth on his shoulders, somehow managing to live with it and not break down, at the same time, preserving kindness and love for the people around him in his broad soul. Next to him, adults seemed like stupid children who came to the wise Father for advice...
He was very tall and powerful, like a large indestructible fortress, tested by years of hard wars and troubles.... The look of his attentive gray eyes was prickly, but very kind, and the eyes themselves were striking in color - they were incredibly light and bright, as only in early youth, until they are overshadowed by black clouds of bitterness and tears. This powerful, warm man was, of course, the Magus John...
The boy, calmly sitting on the elder’s mighty lap, was thinking very intently about something, not paying attention to those around him. Despite his young age, he seemed very smart and calm, filled with inner strength and light. His face was concentrated and serious, as if the baby at that moment was solving some very important and difficult problem for himself. Just like his father, he was blond and blue-eyed. Only his facial features were surprisingly soft and gentle, more like his mother, Blessed Mary Magdalene.
The midday air around was dry and hot, like a hot furnace. Tired of the heat, the flies flocked to the tree, and lazily crawling along its immense trunk, buzzed annoyingly, disturbing the four interlocutors resting in the wide shade of the old plane tree. Under the kind, hospitably spread branches there was a whiff of pleasant greenery and coolness, the reason for which was the playful narrow stream running briskly right from under the roots of the mighty tree. Bouncing on every pebble and bump, he cheerfully splashed shiny transparent drops and ran on, pleasantly refreshing the surrounding space. With him next to you, you could breathe easily and cleanly. And people, protected from the midday heat, rested, enjoying the cool, precious moisture... It smelled of earth and herbs. The world seemed calm, kind and safe.
Radomir tried to save the Jews...
“I don’t understand them, Teacher...” Radomir said thoughtfully. – During the day they are soft, in the evening they are affectionate, at night they are predatory and insidious... They are changeable and unpredictable. How can I understand them, tell me! I cannot save the people without understanding them... What should I do, Teacher?
John looked at him very affectionately, like a father looks at his beloved son, and finally said in a deep, low voice:
– You know their speech - try to reveal it if you can. For speech is the mirror of their soul. This people were once cursed by our Gods, since they came here to destroy the Earth... We tried to help them by sending you here. And your Duty is to do everything to change their essence, otherwise they will destroy you... And then everyone else alive. And not because they are strong, but only because they are deceitful and cunning, and they strike us like a plague.
– They are far from me, Teacher... Even those who are friends. I can't feel them, I can't open their cold souls.
- Why then do we need them, dad? – suddenly joined the conversation of adults, a small “participant” of the meeting.
– We came to them to save them, Svetodar... To pull the thorn out of their sick heart.
“But you yourself say that they don’t want to.” But is it really possible to treat a patient if he himself refuses to do so?
– Through the mouth of a baby the Truth speaks, Radomir! – Radan, who was still listening, exclaimed. – Think about it, if they themselves don’t want it, can you force people to change?.. And even more so – an entire nation! They are alien to us in their faith, in the concept of Honor... which, in my opinion, they don’t even have. Go away, my brother! They will destroy you. They are not worth a day of your Life! Think about the children... about Magdalene! Think about those who love you!..
Radomir only sadly shook his head, affectionately patting the golden-haired head of his older brother.
“I can’t leave, Radan, I don’t have that right... Even if I don’t manage to help them, I can’t leave.” It will be like running away. I cannot betray my Father, I cannot betray myself...
– People cannot be forced to change if they themselves do not want to. It will just be a lie. They don't need your help, Radomir. They will not accept your teaching. Think about it, brother...
John sadly watched the argument of his beloved disciples, knowing that they were both right, and that neither of them would give up, defending their truth... They were both young and strong, and they both wanted to live, love, watch them grow children, fight for their happiness, for the peace and safety of other worthy people. But fate had its own way. They both went to suffering and, perhaps, even to death, all for the same others, but in this case - unworthy people who hated them and their Teaching, and shamelessly betrayed them. It looked like a farce, an absurd dream... And John did not want to forgive their father, the wise White Magus, who so easily gave up his wonderful, fabulously gifted children for the amusement of the mocking Jews, supposedly to save their deceitful, cruel souls.
Mondovi, Piedmont, Italy
Cavour, Piedmont, Italy
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Giolitti, unlike the previous government, was opposed to emergency measures and considered it necessary to defuse the situation in the country through reform of the tax system, improvement of social legislation, etc. But his cabinet also turned out to be short-lived: in 1893, the scandalous scams of the Bank of Rome became public and connections with this bank of many prominent parliamentarians and ministers. Giolitti, who was personally innocent of corruption, but knew about these unsightly facts and long resisted their publication, was forced to resign in November 1893.
Giovanni Giolitti died on July 17, 1928 in Cavour.
The period of Italian history from the late 1880s to the early 1920s, considered the “golden age” of Italian liberalism, is commonly called the “Giolitti era”, and Giolitti himself is called the “Italian Lloyd George”.
Write a review of the article "Giolitti, Giovanni"
Notes
See also
Literature
- Deryuzhinsky V.F.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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Excerpt characterizing Giolitti, Giovanni
One shot hit a French soldier in the leg, and a strange cry of a few voices was heard from behind the shields. On the faces of the French general, officers and soldiers at the same time, as if on command, the previous expression of gaiety and calm was replaced by a persistent, concentrated expression of readiness to fight and suffer. For all of them, from the marshal to the last soldier, this place was not Vzdvizhenka, Mokhovaya, Kutafya and Trinity Gate, but this was a new area of a new field, probably a bloody battle. And everyone prepared for this battle. The screams from the gate died down. The guns were deployed. The artillerymen blew off the burnt blazers. The officer commanded “feu!” [fallen!], and two whistling sounds of tins were heard one after another. Grapeshot bullets crackled against the stone of the gate, logs and shields; and two clouds of smoke wavered in the square.A few moments after the rolling of shots across the stone Kremlin died down, a strange sound was heard above the heads of the French. A huge flock of jackdaws rose above the walls and, cawing and rustling with thousands of wings, circled in the air. Along with this sound, a lonely human cry was heard at the gate, and from behind the smoke appeared the figure of a man without a hat, in a caftan. Holding a gun, he aimed at the French. Feu! - the artillery officer repeated, and at the same time one rifle and two cannon shots were heard. The smoke closed the gate again.
Nothing else moved behind the shields, and the French infantry soldiers and officers went to the gate. There were three wounded and four dead people lying at the gate. Two people in caftans were running away from below, along the walls, towards Znamenka.
“Enlevez moi ca, [Take it away,” said the officer, pointing to the logs and corpses; and the French, having finished off the wounded, threw the corpses down beyond the fence. No one knew who these people were. “Enlevez moi ca,” was the only word said about them, and they were thrown away and cleaned up later so they wouldn’t stink. Thiers alone dedicated several eloquent lines to their memory: “Ces miserables avaient envahi la citadelle sacree, s"etaient empares des fusils de l"arsenal, et tiraient (ces miserables) sur les Francais. On en sabra quelques "uns et on purgea le Kremlin de leur presence. [These unfortunates filled the sacred fortress, took possession of the guns of the arsenal and shot at the French. Some of them were cut down with sabers, and cleared the Kremlin of their presence.]
Murat was informed that the path had been cleared. The French entered the gates and began to camp on Senate Square. The soldiers threw chairs out of the Senate windows into the square and laid out fires.
Other detachments passed through the Kremlin and were stationed along Maroseyka, Lubyanka, and Pokrovka. Still others were located along Vzdvizhenka, Znamenka, Nikolskaya, Tverskaya. Everywhere, not finding owners, the French settled not as in apartments in the city, but as in a camp located in the city.
Although ragged, hungry, exhausted and reduced to 1/3 of their previous strength, the French soldiers entered Moscow in orderly order. It was an exhausted, exhausted, but still fighting and formidable army. But it was an army only until the minute the soldiers of this army went to their apartments. As soon as the people of the regiments began to disperse to empty and rich houses, the army was destroyed forever and neither residents nor soldiers were formed, but something in between, called marauders. When, five weeks later, the same people left Moscow, they no longer constituted an army. It was a crowd of marauders, each of whom carried or carried with him a bunch of things that seemed valuable and necessary to him. The goal of each of these people when leaving Moscow was not, as before, to conquer, but only to retain what they had acquired. Like that monkey who, having put his hand into the narrow neck of a jug and grabbed a handful of nuts, does not unclench his fist so as not to lose what he has grabbed, and thereby destroys himself, the French, when leaving Moscow, obviously had to die due to the fact that they were dragging with the loot, but it was as impossible for him to throw away this loot as it is impossible for a monkey to unclench a handful of nuts. Ten minutes after each French regiment entered some quarter of Moscow, not a single soldier or officer remained. In the windows of the houses people in greatcoats and boots could be seen walking around the rooms laughing; in the cellars and basements the same people managed the provisions; in the courtyards the same people unlocked or beat down the gates of barns and stables; they laid fires in the kitchens, baked, kneaded and cooked with their hands rolled up, scared, made them laugh and caressed women and children. And there were many of these people everywhere, in shops and in homes; but the army was no longer there.
On the same day, order after order was given by the French commanders to prohibit troops from dispersing throughout the city, to strictly prohibit violence against residents and looting, and to make a general roll call that same evening; but, despite any measures. the people who had previously made up the army dispersed throughout the rich, empty city, abundant in amenities and supplies. Just as a hungry herd walks in a heap across a bare field, but immediately scatters uncontrollably as soon as it attacks rich pastures, so the army scattered uncontrollably throughout the rich city.
There were no inhabitants in Moscow, and the soldiers, like water into sand, were sucked into it and, like an unstoppable star, spread out in all directions from the Kremlin, which they entered first of all. The cavalry soldiers, entering a merchant's house abandoned with all its goods and finding stalls not only for their horses, but also extra ones, still went nearby to occupy another house, which seemed better to them. Many occupied several houses, writing in chalk who occupied it, and arguing and even fighting with other teams. Before they could fit in, the soldiers ran outside to inspect the city and, hearing that everything had been abandoned, rushed to where they could take away valuables for nothing. The commanders went to stop the soldiers and themselves unwittingly became involved in the same actions. In Carriage Row there were shops with carriages, and the generals crowded there, choosing carriages and carriages for themselves. The remaining residents invited their leaders to their place, hoping to protect themselves from robbery. There was an abyss of wealth, and there was no end in sight; everywhere, around the place that the French occupied, there were still unexplored, unoccupied places, in which, as it seemed to the French, there was even more wealth. And Moscow sucked them in further and further. Just as when water pours onto dry land, water and dry land disappear; in the same way, due to the fact that a hungry army entered an abundant, empty city, the army was destroyed, and the abundant city was destroyed; and there was dirt, fires and looting.
The French attributed the fire of Moscow to au patriotisme feroce de Rastopchine [to Rastopchin's wild patriotism]; Russians – to the fanaticism of the French. In essence, there were no reasons for the fire of Moscow in the sense that this fire could be attributed to the responsibility of one or several persons. Moscow burned down due to the fact that it was placed in such conditions under which every wooden city should burn down, regardless of whether the city had one hundred and thirty bad fire pipes or not. Moscow had to burn down due to the fact that the inhabitants left it, and just as inevitably as a pile of shavings should catch fire, on which sparks of fire would rain down for several days. A wooden city, in which there are fires almost every day in the summer under the residents, house owners and under the police, cannot help but burn down when there are no inhabitants in it, but live troops smoking pipes, making fires on Senate Square from Senate chairs and cooking themselves two once a day. In peacetime, as soon as troops settle into quarters in villages in a certain area, the number of fires in this area immediately increases. To what extent should the probability of fires increase in an empty wooden city in which an alien army is stationed? Le patriotisme feroce de Rastopchine and the fanaticism of the French are not to blame for anything here. Moscow caught fire from pipes, from kitchens, from fires, from the sloppiness of enemy soldiers and residents - not the owners of the houses. If there were arson (which is very doubtful, because there was no reason for anyone to set fire, and, in any case, it was troublesome and dangerous), then the arson cannot be taken as the cause, since without the arson it would have been the same.
). Father, Giovinale Giolitti - a social service lawyer elected chairman of the local court - came from a family of poor peasants; he died of pneumonia when the boy was one year old. Mother, Enriquetta Plochi - from the petty bourgeoisie. After the death of her husband, she moved her son to her parents’ house in Turin, where she herself began teaching him to read and write. The rest of his primary education was received at home under the guidance of his sister's brothers. At the gymnasium, Giolitti did not show much interest in learning or discipline, preferring the novels of Walter Scott and Balzac to mathematics and Latin. Despite his family's closeness to Piedmontese political circles (one uncle was a member of parliament and a close friend of Cavour's private secretary), Giolitti showed little interest in the Risorgemento and was not keen to volunteer for the army. Subsequently, many politicians who participated in the wars with Austria and Garibaldi's campaigns criticized Giolitti for his inaction.
Giolitti, unlike the previous government, was opposed to emergency measures and considered it necessary to defuse the situation in the country through reform of the tax system, improvement of social legislation, etc. But his cabinet also turned out to be short-lived: in 1893, the scandalous scams of the “Rome” became public. bank" and connections with this bank of many prominent parliamentarians and ministers. Giolitti, who was personally innocent of corruption, but knew about these unsightly facts and long resisted their publication, was forced to resign in November 1893.
He was considered a simple, balanced, sober-minded person, not cynical, a pragmatist, who did not recognize any sectarian actions and strived for the golden mean. He belonged to the “left constitutionalists”, but did not attach the slightest importance to political labels. Heading the government, when distributing ministerial portfolios, he did not seek to ensure a balance of political forces, but selected people based on their competence and dynamism, often their personal good attitude. In order to achieve stable support from the majority of deputies, he tried to satisfy local interests and personal ambitions. While heading the government, he simultaneously acted as Minister of the Interior, which made it possible to keep prefects subordinate and thereby exercise direct control over local political life.
The period of Italian history from the late 1880s to the early 1920s, considered the “golden age” of Italian liberalism, is usually called the “era of Giolitti”, and Giolitti himself - the “Italian
Giolitti was born on October 27, 1842 in Mondovi (Piedmont). Received a law degree from the University of Turin. In 1876, in the ministry of Depretis, he was appointed director of the customs department. In 1889, Crispi gave him the post of Minister of the Treasury, and in 1890 - Finance. Soon, however, Giolitti left the cabinet due to disagreement with the Minister of Public Works, and then contributed greatly to the downfall of the Crispi Ministry. Giolitti was a supporter of the moderate liberalism of the time of Cavour, whose ideas he tried to translate into reality. Giolitti's political views are explained by the fact that he came from an environment of Piedmontese bourgeois bureaucrats, to a certain extent free from conservative prejudices, but distinguished by a strict upbringing. It is possible that the policy chosen by Giolitti for the liberal path of development of Italy turned out to be a failure precisely because of its conservative basis.
Giovanni Giolitti first headed the government when disagreements over financial policy within Rudini's ministry led to his resignation in April 1892, and Giolitti formed a new cabinet.
Giolitti, unlike the previous government, was opposed to emergency measures and considered it necessary to defuse the situation in the country through reform of the tax system, improvement of social legislation, etc. But his cabinet also turned out to be short-lived: in 1893, the scandalous scams of the Bank of Rome became public and connections with this bank of many prominent parliamentarians and ministers. Giolitti, who was personally innocent of corruption, but knew about these unsightly facts and long resisted their publication, was forced to resign in November 1893.
In total, in the years 1882-1924, Giolitti was elected several times to the Chamber of Deputies and repeatedly served as prime minister (1892-1893, 1903-1905, 1906-1909, 1911-1914 and 1920-1921). Seeking favor with the reformist wing of the labor movement, Giolitti introduced socialists into the government, carried out liberal reforms, legalized workers' organizations, recognized the right of workers to strike (1901), and introduced universal suffrage for men (1912). Giolitti was a master of all kinds of intrigue, pressure, and manipulation of votes, while remaining a democratic figure. Giolitti brought Italy into the Triple Alliance, but also improved relations with France; took over Libya.
In 1911, Giolitti again became Prime Minister of Italy. However, during the years of Giolitti's premiership, social and political contradictions in Italy sharply worsened. Strikes became more frequent; workers demanded Giolitti's resignation. Despite this, Giolitti won the elections in 1914, but this is not so important, since Giolitti resigned “for health reasons.” Giolitti tried to prevent Italy from entering World War I by leading the neutralist camp. The success of the People's Party and the Socialists in the 1919 elections caused a change in his pre-war political tactics.
Giolitti's last term as prime minister was from June 15, 1920 to July 4, 1921. Like most pre-war politicians, Giolitti initially supported the fascists, but after the assassination of Matteotti he went into opposition and opposed Mussolini. Giolitti died on July 17, 1928 in Cavour. The period of Italian history from the late 1880s to the early 1920s, considered the “golden age” of Italian liberalism, is usually called the “Giolitti era”, and Giolitti himself is called the “Italian Lloyd George”.
Italian statesman, prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy (five times).
Received a law degree from the University of Turin. In 1876, to the ministry Depretis, he was appointed director of the customs department. In 1889 Krispy gave him the post of Minister of the Treasury, and in 1890 - Finance. Soon, however, he left the cabinet due to disagreement with the Minister of Public Works, and then contributed greatly to the downfall of the Crispi Ministry. Was a supporter of moderate liberalism of the times Cavour, whose ideas he tried to translate into reality. His political views are explained by the fact that he came from an environment of Piedmontese bourgeois officials, to a certain extent free from conservative prejudices, but distinguished by a strict upbringing. Perhaps his chosen policy of the liberal path of development of Italy turned out to be a failure precisely because of its conservative basis.
For the first time he headed the government at a time when there were disagreements on financial policy issues within the ministry Rudini led to his resignation in April 1892. Then a new cabinet was formed. Unlike the previous government, he was opposed to emergency measures and considered it necessary to defuse the situation in the country through reform of the tax system and improvement of social legislation. His cabinet turned out to be short-lived: in 1893, the scandalous scams of the Bank of Rome and the connections with this bank of many prominent parliamentarians and ministers became public. The Prime Minister, who was personally innocent of corruption, but knew about these unsightly facts and long resisted their publication, was forced to resign in November 1893. Total in 1882-1924. He was elected several times to the Chamber of Deputies and served as Prime Minister several times (1892-1893, 1903-1905, 1906-1909, 1911-1914 and 1920-1921). Seeking favor with the reformist wing of the labor movement, he introduced socialists into the government, carried out liberal reforms, legalized workers' organizations, recognized the right of workers to strike (1901), and introduced universal suffrage for men (1912). He was a master of all kinds of intrigue, pressure, and manipulation of votes, while remaining a democratic figure. Introduced Italy into the Triple Alliance, but also improved relations with France; took over Libya.
In 1911 - again Prime Minister of Italy. However, during the years of this premiership, social and political contradictions in Italy sharply worsened. Strikes became more frequent; workers demanded the politician's resignation. Despite this, he won the elections in 1914, but resigned “for health reasons.” He tried to prevent Italy from entering World War I, leading the camp of neutrality supporters. The success of the People's Party and the Socialists in the 1919 elections caused a change in his pre-war political tactics. The last term of office of Prime Minister was from June 15, 1920 to July 4, 1921. Like most pre-war politicians, at first he supported the Nazis, but after the murder Matteotti went into opposition and spoke out against Mussolini. The period of Italian history from the late 1880s to the early 1920s. Considered the “golden age” of Italian liberalism, it is customary to call the “era of Giolitti”, and the politician himself is called the “Italian Lloyd George”.
