Commas between parts of complex sentences of a task. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
1. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
Varenka stuck a needle into her sewing and turned her head towards the door, (1) it seems, (2) guessing in advance, (3) who should enter. (Avdeev M.)
2. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
And the ship was getting closer. Black, (1) stocky, (2) like a rock, (3) he still seemed small for this river, (4) lost in its bright plain, (5) although his roar, (6) like a hurricane, (7) shook the cedars on the mountains. (Fraerman R.)
3. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
At first, Reshetnikov simply looked at the sunset, (1) wondering, (2) how he hadn’t noticed all its beauty before. But soon vague, (3) elusive thoughts floated in an unclear sequence in his head under the low, (4) powerful hum of engines, (5) solemn, (6) like an organ chord. (Sobolev L.)
4. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
Lieutenant Ogarkov, (1) riding a white horse, (2) overtook the soldiers walking along the road and soon passed a small hill, (3) on the slope of which half-naked people, (4) sweating, (5) were digging a new defensive line. (Kazakevich E.)
5. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
I had to spend the night in haystacks in October, (1) when the grass at dawn is covered with frost, (2) like salt. I dug a deep hole in the hay, (3) climbed into it and slept all night in a haystack, (4) as if in a locked room. (Paustovsky K.)
6. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
Olya was slightly shorter than me. She had blond long hair, (1) braided in one thick braid, (2) and gray stern eyes. When Olya smiled, (3) this severity instantly disappeared. (Kokovin E.)
7. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
And suddenly there was a smell of a cold draft in the hall. The examiners' faces stretched out, (1) some of them winced, (2) and Ulyanov discovered (3) that no one was looking at him anymore. Everyone's gaze turned over his head, (4) to (5) where the entrance to the hall was. (Grigoriev N.)
8. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
The train was heading in a southwestern direction, (1) there, (2) where the climate is, (3) natural, (4) milder, (5) although winter had not yet given up its positions. (Vashentsev S.)
9. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
Here, (1) in the servants’ room, (2) I definitely found myself, (3) finally, (3) in my society, (4) instantly found a foothold in myself, (5) decided, (6) that I wouldn’t come here anymore I’ll come, (7) and kissed Aksyusha with all my heart. (Prishvin M.)
10. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence:
A large sailing ship, (1) that was standing in the roadstead, (2) raised the anchor, (3) set a tiny sail, (4) like a handkerchief, (5) and rushed to the port, (6) through the gate: it could not withstand the weather. (Zhitkov B.)
11. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a connective word.
1) The scouts found out in the afternoon that a dozen and a half Nazis were holed up on the mound with one light machine gun. (Alekseev M.)
2) From the fighter’s voice, Shakhaev realized that Maltsev was very excited about something. (Alekseev M.)
3) It smelled of dew, Chernobyl, sunflowers and something else inexplicably sweet and sweet that the steppe dawn gives birth to. (Alekseev M.)
4) Timothy was pleased that he did not hesitate to correct his mistake. (Akimov I.)
12. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a connective word.
1) The company commander ordered that the scouts rest until nightfall. (Alekseev M.)
2) There was a dining room where yesterday he [Nikita] sat with the silent guests. (Bondarev Yu.)
3) Martha laughed with a thin, joyful laugh, like well-behaved children laugh. (Sologub F.)
4) The night was dark because clouds covered the sky and did not let in the light of the stars. (Grossman V.)
13. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a subordinating conjunction.
1) Several minutes passed until the string with a knot at the end dropped and stopped two fathoms before Bumbarash’s outstretched hand. (Gaidar A.)
2) On the visible side of the monolith there are vaguely marked ledges from which all the boys in the town jumped. (Bakhvalov A.)
3) Apparently, not remembering who it was, Sokolov looked over his glasses in amazement at the presenter and extended his hand to him first. (Bakhvalov A.)
4) Andrei did not know anyone else who pitied and respected these cattle [horses] as much as his father. (Rasputin V.)
14. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a subordinating conjunction.
1) By midnight, having passed the grove, the scouts reached the edge of the forest, where our front line began. (Alekseev M.)
2) Lyutrov recalls fellow travelers whom he often puts in his car on the way to the airfield. (Bakhvalov A.)
3) Lyutrov was still finishing his cigarette when a dog growled and barked several times outside the door to the hallway. (Bakhvalov A.)
4) I will never understand why Klara Ivanovna agreed to be the head teacher. (Polyakov Yu.)
15. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a connective word.
1) When Vasily and Kuzma arrived, Aunt Natalya was sleeping and did not hear them. (Rasputin V.)
2) Grandfather Gordey’s crookedness apparently didn’t bother him much, because he still ran vigorously. (Rasputin V.)
3) Where once there were dense cherry orchards, now burnt black bushes stuck out. (Alekseev M.)
4) Finally the smell turned out to be so strong that it was no longer possible to go further. (Troepolsky G.)
16. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a subordinating conjunction.
1) My backpack, forlornly falling to one side, lay on the plank platform, where the station attendant went out to meet the trains. (Kuvaev O.)
2) Bim raced until he lost sight of the quail, and then, cheerful and joyful, he returned. (Troepolsky G.)
3) Kuzma, having come to his senses, catches up with the conductor and asks how long it is left to the city. (Rasputin V.)
4) The local villages have one feature that is unlikely to be found anywhere in the world. (Kuvaev O.)
17. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using the subordinating conjunction WHAT.
1) Egor keeps the money that he didn’t have time to put on the book in his suitcase. (Tendryakov V.)
2) Kuzma takes off his boots, unwinds his foot wraps and feels that Gennady Ivanovich is watching him. (Rasputin V.)
3) There was a smell of something unknown that stirred the blood. (Troepolsky G.)
4) Everything connected with childhood seems wonderful later. (Soloukhin V.)
18. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a connective word.
1) Irtysh walked along the noisy corridors and finally found himself in a room where several people were already waiting for the commissar. (Gaydar A.)
2) And now the sounds are coming from somewhere above. (Bakhvalov A.)
3) Trying to fall into someone’s tracks so as not to crush the snow, Kuzma walks across the rails to the station. (Rasputin V.)
4) In beekeeping calendars, if they want to indicate when a particular plant blooms, they indicate the number of days after the hazel tree blooms. (Soloukhin V.)
19. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a subordinating conjunction.
1) The acacia trees under the church fence, where he [Bumbarash] once often sat with Varenka, expanded like a solid wall. (Gaydar A.)
2) At these words, the entire army is divided into several detachments, which disperse halfway in different directions. (Gaidar A.)
3) Lyubishchev, at more than twenty years old, starting his scientific work, also knew exactly what he wanted. (Granin D.)
4) From questioning, Mechik learned that Japanese intelligence was approaching. (Fadeev A.)
20. Indicate a sentence whose parts are connected using a connective word.
1) Continue straight ahead until you come across a sapper platoon at the crossing. (Gaydar A.)
2) Tell me, Alexey, why do you feel sorry for him? (Bondarev Yu.)
3) The teacher thought with pleasure that this new boy would not spoil her class in any way. (Fraerman R.)
4) I didn’t have time to say anything to Stepan, because the sweet voice of the foreman thundered in the barracks (Stadnyuk I.)
1. Complex sentence.
Complex is a sentence that has two or more independent grammatical stems connected by coordinating conjunctions.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.
- A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:
- connecting ( and, yes in meaning and, neither... nor);
- adversative ( ah, but, yes in meaning but, however, on the other hand, otherwise, not);
- dividing ( or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not those... not that);
- connecting ( yes, yes and, too, also);
- explanatory ( that is, namely).
- If parts of a complex sentence are significantly common or have commas inside them, then between them a semicolon is added(before unions But And Yes meaning "and" only when they connect parts that would otherwise be separated by a point): Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town to Oreanda or to a waterfall; And the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time (H), I only had blue paint, But, despite this, I started to draw a hunt (L. T), I thought he started crying, A I must tell you that Azamat was a stubborn boy, and nothing could make him cry, even when he was younger (L.)
- If in second part compound sentence contains an unexpected addition or sharp contrast to the first part, then between them a dash is placed instead of a comma: Deft and strong blows with sledgehammers on the barrels of machine guns - and the Nazis can no longer shoot (V. Stavsky). I rush there - and the whole city is already there (P.)
- Comma before unions oh yeah(meaning "and"), or, or in a compound sentence not placed:
- common minor member (In such a storm the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of the den);
- if parts of a complex sentence have (When the thunderstorm started, the game stopped and the children rushed to run home);
- between two nominal proposals (Walk in the forest and boating);
- between two interrogative proposals (What time is it now and how much time is left before the train leaves?).
- There is no comma between two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of the predicates (You need to rewrite the work and explain the mistakes made in it).
- A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence that have common minor member or general subordinate clause, if these parts are connected repeating conjunction (Heavy trucks were moving along the streets, cars were rushing, and pedestrians were hurrying along).
If the parts of the sentence are not connected by a repeating conjunction, but have a common member, then a comma between them not placed: The eyes sparkled on the pale face and the nose stretched out.
2. Complex sentence.
Difficult to subordinate a sentence is a complex sentence that contains main part And dependent(subordinate clause). The parts of such a sentence are interconnected subordinating conjunctions or allied words.
Punctuation marks in complex sentences.
- Subordinate clause separated from the main one comma or separated by commas on both sides, if located inside the main.
- Sometimes, with intonation emphasis, explanatory clauses (as well as conditional ones with the conjunction whether), standing before the main clause, are separated from it not by a comma, but dash: He who is cheerful laughs (L.-K.); As the teacher said, I listened for a long time at the window (Plsch.); Of course, it’s good that he’s getting married to her, but who knows how they’ll live (M. G.); Whether a plowman sings a song in the distance, the long song touches the heart; Will the forest begin - pine and aspen (N.)(in the last example in the second part there is an incomplete sentence).
- In rare cases, a subordinating conjunction is preceded by colon: this occurs when in the previous part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about further clarification(you can insert the words here "namely"): Hadji Murat sat next to him in the room and, although he did not understand what they were saying, he understood, however, what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him and that his departure from Shamil was a matter of great importance for the Russians.. (L T .)
- When a subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using complex subordinating conjunction (because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of that, so that, instead of, in order to, so that, after, while, since like, etc.), That the comma is placed once:
- before the union, if the subordinate clause follows the main clause: We sat on the corner of the bastion, so we could see everything in both directions (L.);
- after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main thing: As I spoke, he came to his senses (M. G.)
- If a subordinating conjunction or relative word is preceded by negation "Not" or repeating coordinating conjunction oh, or, or and so on., then the subordinate clause not separated from main comma: What matters is not what he said, but how he said it; It was noisy both when the children played in the yard and when they gathered in the dining room(a comma is placed between subordinate clauses in such cases).
- They are not subordinate clauses and do not separate That's why comma irreducible expressions at any cost, as if nothing had happened, whatever it takes, whatever it takes and so on.
- Subordinate clause, consisting of only one relative word, no comma separated: He was offended, but he said why.
3. Complex non-union proposal.
A non-union complex sentence is a sentence in which the parts that form it (simple sentences) are interconnected in meaning, intonation, and the order in which the parts are arranged. Between the parts of such a sentence no unions.
Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
- Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence
- Between independent sentences combined into one complex non-union sentence, a comma is added, if such proposals are closely related in meaning: The deep darkness in the sky was thinning, day fell on the dark valley, dawn rose (P.).
- If parts of a non-union complex sentence distant from each other by meaning or are very common and have commas inside them, then between them a semicolon is added: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked,” the huts were low and mostly covered with thatch (P.); It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a mile from the garden; its shadow stretched endlessly across the motionless fields (T.).
- If a non-union complex sentence falls apart(groups of sentences), meaningfully distant from each other, then between them a semicolon is added, and within these parts simple sentences are separated by a comma: The forest smell intensifies, there is a slight whiff of warm dampness; the wind that has taken off near you freezes (T.); The pale gray sky became lighter, colder, and bluer; the stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared; the ground became damp, the leaves began to sweat, in some places living sounds and voices began to be heard (T.).
- A colon in a non-union complex sentence is placed:
- If the second part (one or more sentences) explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part (you can insert words between both parts "namely"): I was not mistaken: the old man did not refuse the offered glass. (P.) Here a rather interesting picture opened up: a wide hut, the roof of which rested on two sooty pillars, was full of people (L.);
- If in the first sentence using verbs see, look, hear, know, feel etc. a warning is given that what will follow is a statement of some fact or some description: I know: in your heart there is both pride and direct honor (P.); Pavel feels: someone’s fingers are touching his arm above the elbow (N.O.).
- Notes.
- Sometimes these verbs are omitted: He thought, sniffed: it smells like honey (Ch.)(missing: and felt that).
- If the first sentence is pronounced without a hint of warning, then a comma is placed instead of a colon: I hear the earth tremble (N.).
- If the second part indicates the basis, the reason for what is said in the first part (you can insert a conjunction between both parts because): They were silent the whole way to the farm: the bumpy ride made it difficult to talk (Ch.).
In these cases, most often the main part of the statement (corresponding to the main clause in complex sentences) is contained in the first part of the non-union complex sentence, and in the second part (corresponding to the subordinate clause in complex sentences) an explanation is provided, revealing the content of the first part.
- A dash in a non-union complex sentence is placed:
- If the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a rapid change of events: Suddenly men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled (N.); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired (Ch.);
- If the second part contains sharp contrast in relation to the first part: The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground (Kr.); They mowed a mile - they mowed a penny (M. G.);
- If the second part contains consequence, conclusion from what is said in the first part: Praise is tempting - how can you not want it? (Kr.);
- If in the first part the time of the action is indicated, which is discussed in the second part (you can add the union When): They plow the arable land - they don’t wave their hands (ate); The forest is being cut down - the chips are flying (ate);
- If the first part means condition for performing an action, which is discussed in the second part (you can add the union If): If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds(last); Lying on the stove - no workdays to be seen(last);
- If one part contains comparison with what is said in another: Says a word - the nightingale sings (L.).
A dash is placed also in cases where The second part a non-conjunctive complex sentence is incomplete sentence: (I thought it was a wolf).
Writing -n- and -nn- in adjectives and participles
Attention! When studying this topic, first of all, learn to distinguish between denominal adjectives and verbal adjectives and participles, since their spelling is subject to different rules.
-Н- and -НН- in non-derivative adjectives and adjectives formed from nouns
NN - written:
in adjectives with a base ending in -n-, formed with the suffix -n-:
cardboard - cardboard; truth - true; name - name - name;
in adjectives with the suffixes -ONN-, -ENN-: revolutionary, medicinal.
Exception: windy.
But the prefix adjectives windless, windward, leeward are written with a double n.
Attention! The adjectives differ: windy (windy day, windy person) and windy (windmill, windmill, chicken pox).
N- is written:
in non-derivative adjectives, for example: young, zealous, porky, crimson, spicy, ruddy;
in adjectives with the suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in-: sandy, silver, duck.
Exceptions: wooden, tin, glass.
Spelling -Н- and -НН- in full participles and verbal adjectives
NN - written:
in adjectives and participles formed from perfective verbs (with and without prefixes): bought, in love, brought up, mended, broken, abandoned.
Exceptions: a dead man, wounded, shell-shocked, named brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, baptized;
in passive past participles formed from imperfective verbs, if the participle has dependent words: a suit woven in gold, a wall painted with red lead;
in participles and adjectives formed from verbs, -ovanny, -evanny: rhymed, lined, spoiled, uprooted.
Attention! In the adjectives forged, chewed, pecked, one letter n is written (but: chained, chewed, pecked).
N- is written:
in verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs that do not have
no prefixes, no dependent words: boiled (vegetables), frozen (fish), confused (trace).
Attention! In a few adjectives formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, the spelling is -nn-. These exceptions should be remembered: desired, sacred, unheard of, unseen, unexpected, unforeseen, accidental, minted, swaggering, slow, awake, cutesy, feigned, scribbled, counted, etc.
in the adjective intelligent, formed from the imperfective verb to understand,
and in complex adjectives with a repeating base, the second part of which has a prefix: read-reread (books), darned-redarned (socks).
The prefix not- and the presence of another root in the word do not affect the spelling of one or two n in adjectives: ice cream - not frozen, freshly frozen (but frozen - not frozen, freshly frozen).
-N- in short participles, short adjectives and adverbs
The difference between short participles and short adjectives
In short participles, only one n is always written: the windows are curtained, the tree is cut down.
In short adjectives and adverbs, the same number of n is written as in full adjectives,
from whom they are formed: ordinary people - ordinary people - went ordinary.
Attention! Some participles in full form coincide with verbal adjectives. The short form of such participles and adjectives should be distinguished: The clouds are scattered by the wind. The exhibition was organized by veterans. (What was done by something? by someone? - short participles). Students are distracted and disorganized. (What are they? - short adjectives).
You can point out the following signs of short participles:
indicate an action and can be replaced by verbs: the desk was assembled in an hour - the desk was assembled
in an hour. Compare: my mother is very collected;
with them there is or you can add a dependent word to them in the instrumental case: the desk was assembled (by whom?) by the students.
Attention!
In nouns formed from participles and verbal adjectives, as many n are written as there were in the generating stem: chosen one - chosen one; confused - confused; educated - pupil.
Types of complex sentences
The concept of a complex sentence
A complex sentence (SPP) consists of unequal parts, where one part depends
from another. The independent part is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate part. Parts of the NGN are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words that are in the subordinate clause. For example: And all the fish rushed away in horror into their deep depths, when we churned the sparkling foamy waterfalls with laughter (Gaidar). And the black mustachioed crayfish, which I pulled out of its underwater country, began to cower and jump in fear (Gaidar). We approached the fence from the side from where the tall flowers, like soldiers, were guarding the estate - sunflowers (Gaidar). Then we saw a log house at the edge of the forest and immediately guessed that the watchman’s daughter Valentina and her son Fyodor (Gaidar) lived here.
Subordinating conjunctions have the following categories of meaning:
temporary: when, while, barely, only;
causal: since, because, for (obsolete);
conditional: if, if (obsolete), if (obsolete);
target: in order to, in order to, in order to (obsolete);
concessive: although, despite the fact that;
consequences: so;
comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than;
explanatory: what, how, to.
In addition, there are compound subordinating conjunctions: while, as if, only, in connection
so that, for the purpose of, until.
Conjunctive words are:
relative pronouns (who, what, which, whose, which, how many, etc.);
pronominal adverbs (where, where, where, whence, why, how, etc.).
Unlike conjunctions, allied words not only serve as a means of connecting parts of the dictionary, but are also members of the sentence in the subordinate part.
Some conjunction words (what, how, when, than - the form of the pronoun that) are homonymous to conjunctions. In order to distinguish them, it is necessary to try to replace the conjunctive word with a significant one (if such a replacement is impossible, this is a conjunction): I know that you love me - a conjunction. I know what (what thing) they will buy me as a gift - a conjunction word, an addition. In addition, the phrasal stress falls on the conjunctive word: I broke a vase and I don’t know what (what words) I should tell my mother.
Attention!
The criterion for distinguishing between conjunctions and allied words can often be the type of subordinate clause, since some of them are attached only by conjunctions or only by allied words.
When determining the type of subordinate clause, the means of communication and semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts are taken into account.
In most cases, a question can be asked from the main part to the subordinate clause, revealing the semantic relationships between the parts. A special group consists of SPPs with subordinate clauses, in which the question is not raised about the subordinate clause.
The subordinate clause can refer to a specific word in the main part or to the entire main part as a whole.
The subordinate part can be located behind the main part, in front of the main part, or inside the main part.
Attention!
Some types of subordinate clauses can only be placed after main or certain words
in the main clause, the placement of other types of subordinate clauses is free.
The main part may contain demonstrative words that show that the main part has a subordinate clause. These are demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs then, that, such, there, there, then, so many and others, which are paired with certain conjunctions and allied words: that - that, there - where, as much - as, etc. When In certain types of subordinate clauses, the presence of an indicative word is mandatory; in this case, the subordinate clause refers specifically to it.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
Commas between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence
The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is highlighted by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause: Several Antonov apples, which accidentally remained on the tree, turned into plump white lamps (Koval). If the subordinate part comes before or after the main part, then it is separated from it by a comma: When I’m not feeling well, I like to wrap myself in a warm blanket and read my favorite children’s books. Once I was sailing on a ship and saw snow falling in the sea (Grishkovets).
A comma is not placed between the main part and the subordinate clause attached by a simple conjunction or allied word:
if the subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a coordinating conjunction and: It will soon become known who committed this crime. He did not forgive me even when many years had passed after these events;
if there is a particle not before a subordinating conjunction or allied word: I was interested in finding out not what he had already done, but what he was going to do next. Precautionary measures should be taken not when the fire started, but much earlier;
if the subordinate clause is reduced to a conjunctive word: I would also like to know why (L. Tolstoy). I don’t know why, but I didn’t understand him (Trifonov). They invited one of their team players, but I would like to know who;
if the subordinate part, thanks to the conjunctions and, or, is included in a series of homogeneous members: While I was at school and when I entered the university, I didn’t think much about it. He suddenly wanted ice cream and it was fruity, sour, in a crispy waffle cup. Come to me every day or whenever you want.
Comma before a simple subordinating conjunction for intensifying-restrictive conjunctions
If a simple subordinating conjunction is preceded by intensifying-restrictive words (particles, conjunctions or their combinations, introductory words) especially, even, in particular, including, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only, etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the conjunction.
For example: My sister promised me to sew a dress for a doll, but only when she has done all her homework. It's good to be in the forest at the end of May, especially when the lilies of the valley bloom. She loved to fly to Kyiv in the spring to see friends and also to enjoy the chestnut blossoms. It’s not a bad idea to go to the conservatory at least once a month in winter, especially if there are a lot of good concerts.
A comma or its absence in complex (compound) subordinating conjunctions
If the subordinate part of the SPP is connected to the main one using a complex (compound) subordinating conjunction due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case of if, while, due to the fact that , based on the fact that, meanwhile, despite the fact that, because, before, likewise, in proportion as, because, before, in order to, before, in order to, since since, for the purpose of so that, just as, so that, especially since, etc., this conjunction is usually not broken by a comma - commas are placed in the same way as with a simple conjunction.
For example: All the carts, because there were bales of wool on them, seemed very tall and plump (Chekhov). The apple trees disappeared because the mice ate all the bark around. But before this piece had time to fall to the ground, the worker with extraordinary dexterity wrapped it in a hand-thick chain (Kuprin).
Sometimes, depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical selection (strengthening) of the first part of the union, a compound union can break up into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence, and the second plays the role of a union. In these cases, a comma is placed only before the second part of the conjunction: I loved coming here because I first met you here. Because I had been lying in bed all day with a book in my hands, my head felt like lead and ached mercilessly.
Usually, compound subordinating conjunctions do not fall apart while, as, before, if the subordinate part precedes the main one: As the chaise approached the porch, Manilov’s eyes became more cheerful (Gogol). Before taking up the violin, he rolled up his shirt sleeves, exposed his chest and stood towards the window (Fedin).
The union is therefore not dismembered if it has the meaning of a consequence: A cold rain was falling, the wind was blowing, so it became cooler outside (clause of consequence). The wind howled so much that it became scary (adjective of the manner of action).
The conjunction while is dismembered when the temporary meaning is strengthened, especially when words are added just, yet, most, precisely:
I understood the solution to the problem just at the moment when the teacher decided to give me a one in the journal. Such sentences are close to sentences with the conjunction when (at the time): Legends and myths of Ancient Greece were my favorite reading even when I was a child.
Attention! The dismemberment of the conjunction while at the beginning of a sentence is acceptable, although somewhat outdated: While I was taking a nap, the moon rose (L. Tolstoy).
A comma in a complex sentence when dividing a subordinating conjunction
The dismemberment of a complex union is mandatory:
if there are words that put emphasis on the first part of the conjunction. These words (particles, introductory words, adverbs) adjoin the first part of the conjunction and logically highlight it: I’m not telling you all this because I want to offend you. I came only to remind you of your promise. Are you not answering me just because you don't know what to say?
if the first part of the conjunction is included in a homogeneous series of members of the sentence: I was ashamed of my helplessness, and hurt for my sister, and because I could not help her in her grief;
when contrasted: I’m crying not because I’m in pain, but because you’re nearby and I have someone to cry to.
Complex sentences- these are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by intonation and subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
In a complex sentence, the subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma, and if it is inside the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides:
I really want everything to work out. The road we were driving along was winding.
There is no comma between the main and subordinate clauses, If:
- homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by single conjunctions AND, OR:
We knew that the weather would be good and that the hike would be a success;
- Before a subordinating conjunction or allied word there is NOT:
He came not to study, but to socialize with friends;
- the subordinate clause consists of one conjunction or allied word:
I am writing to you by chance, really, I don’t know how or why. (M.Yu. Lermontov)
Punctuation marks for compound conjunctions.
If the subordinate clause is attached to the main one using composite union due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, because, despite the fact that, instead of, after, while, due to the fact that, likewise, since then, the comma is placed only once depending on the meaning of the statement and intonation:
We were able to overcome this obstacle due to the fact that we prepared for the test for a long time.
A comma is placed between two or more subordinate clauses, If:
- they are homogeneous and not connected by unions or connected by repeated unions (In this city, where he was born, where he spent his childhood, he felt especially good.);
- they are connected according to the method of parallel subordination (To catch the train, we got up early and packed the things we had prepared the day before.)
Remember: A comma is not placed with two subordinating conjunctions standing next to each other if the second part of a complex conjunction follows:
She decided what if If the weather is good, we will go to the dacha. (The subordinate clause cannot be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without damaging the meaning.)
Distinguish: sentences with indirect and direct questions:
Everyone wanted to know if the excursion would take place. - Where can I find out if the excursion will take place?
In a complex sentence, in addition to commas, the following punctuation marks can be used:
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Dash |
Colon |
Semicolon |
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for intonation separation of the main part from the subordinate clause, if there is a subordinate clause before the main one: |
Before a subordinating conjunction, when the main clause contains a warning for further clarification: |
If homogeneous subordinate clauses are common and there are already punctuation marks inside them: |
Test tasks (B7)
In the sentences below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas between parts of a complex sentence.
1 option
She did not yet know (1) what lay ahead of her. The fact that (2) I am your wife, (3) certainly, (4) does not give me any advantage. (A. Rybakov)
Option 2
And the more he looked at her, (1) the more his heart became clouded with soft and bright sadness, (2) compassionate for himself, (3) joyful for her, (4) for this new Lenochka, (5) and quiet gratitude for former. It was exactly the same feeling (6) that he so craved in Moscow, (7) only bright, (8) almost completely purified of selfishness. (A. Kuprin)
Option 3
And on such a night, (1) at that late hour, (2) when he was the only one awake in the city, (3) you were waiting for me in your garden, which had already dried up by autumn. He quietly opened the gate, (4) which you had previously unlocked, (5) quietly and quickly ran across the yard and behind the shed in the depths of the yard entered the motley gloom of the garden, (6) where there was faint whiteness in the distance, (7) on a bench under the apple trees, (8 ) your dress. (I. Bunin)
Option 4
And at this time, amazing music, (1) as if obeying her grief, (2) continued to persuade. She simultaneously thought about (3) that a great love had passed her by, (4) which is repeated only once every thousand years. (A. Kuprin)
Option 5
It seemed (1) that the day was over and it was already twilight. Maybe (2) there was some kind of clearing or cutting, (3) from which you can understand (4) where you went? (V. Belov)
Keys to tests
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1 option | |
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Option 2 | |
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Option 3 | |
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Option 4 | |
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Option 5 |
Punctuation analysis. Punctuation marks in compound and complex sentences
Russian language grade 9 | ID: 6414 | Date: 6.12.2015
