The role of vaccinations in the prevention of infectious diseases. The role of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases The importance of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases
In the Leningrad region, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, from April 20 to April 26, 2009, it will be held European Immunization Week(ENI).
This initiative of the European Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) is carried out annually to raise public awareness and awareness of the importance of immunization, that everyone needs and has the right to be protected from preventable diseases.
The main goal is to increase the number of people vaccinated through measures aimed at informing the population about the importance and accessibility of immunization and overcoming skepticism about the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations.
The bodies of education, culture, youth policy, and the media are called upon to participate in EIW.
Immunization against infections such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, and measles has significantly reduced the incidence. Every year in Russia, thanks to vaccine prevention, the lives and health of about three million people are preserved. Even at the beginning of the last century, measles annually claimed the lives of almost a million children under the age of five, 21,000 newborns and 30,000 women died from tetanus, which even today affects the poorest children and women in some countries, when childbirth takes place in unsanitary conditions and mothers do not vaccinated against tetanus.
While developing countries are struggling to obtain vaccines for children, other problems are arising in developed countries: the population has calmed down due to the low incidence of diseases in children and adults, and parents are unreasonably refusing to vaccinate their children. These false beliefs can lead to an increase in the incidence of diseases such as diphtheria, measles, whooping cough, and mumps, as we had the opportunity to verify in the early 90s of the last century through the example of the diphtheria epidemic in the Russian Federation, incl. in the Leningrad region.
Currently, about 20 million people live on the planet with the consequences of polio. June 21, 2008 marked 7 years since WHO recognized the territory of the European Region, including the Russian Federation, as polio-free.
In the context of an unfavorable global epidemic situation regarding polio, the threat of importation of the infection into our country, including the Leningrad region, is sharply increasing. In 2007, an imported case of acute paralytic poliomyelitis was registered in the Russian Federation in a child who was not vaccinated against this infection, who arrived in the Russian Federation from Kazakhstan, already being sick. Every child can and should receive the polio vaccine. Immunization against poliomyelitis is carried out in medical and preventive institutions (HCI), regardless of place of residence and the presence of an insurance policy. There is no cure for polio, but it can be prevented. Vaccination against polio will protect your child from this terrible disease.
In 2008, no cases of measles were registered in the region, however, the import of infection into the region from other regions of Russia and neighboring countries and the presence in the region of persons susceptible to the measles virus among the adult population may contribute to the spread of the infection. Measles can lead to pneumonia, seizures, mental retardation, hearing loss and even death. The most effective protection against measles is vaccination.
Today, not only children and adolescents are vaccinated against measles, but also adults under the age of 35 who belong to “risk” groups: those who have not been sick and not vaccinated against measles, vaccinated once, and who do not have information about vaccinations. In the environment of a person with measles, additional immunization is carried out to all contacts, regardless of age.
Currently, there is a downward trend in incidence in the region mumps. In 2008, 37 patients were registered. Mumps (or “mumps”) is primarily a childhood infection. Sometimes mumps is very severe. One in 10 sick children will have symptoms of meningitis. Many children who have had this infection experience hearing loss . In boys, mumps is often accompanied by painful swelling of the testicles, which can lead to impaired fertility. Approximately 1/4 of all cases of male infertility are caused by an infection suffered in childhood.
In recent years, thanks to the introduction of the domestic mumps-measles vaccine into healthcare practice, the rates of vaccination coverage against mumps in children within the prescribed period have significantly improved.
Rubella continues to remain relevant due to its wide distribution, high morbidity rate in the child population and possible infection of pregnant women and the fetus with severe adverse consequences for the child.
Since 2000, rubella has been included in the number of infections controlled by means of specific prevention. After the introduction of active immunization of the child population, in the region since 2003 there has been a downward trend in the incidence of rubella: in 2008, the rate was 18.8 per 100 thousand population, which is 2.8 times lower than the incidence rate for 2007. This is due to active work on immunization of the population within the framework of a priority national health project.
This infection poses the greatest danger to pregnant women. When a woman gets sick in the first three months of pregnancy, in almost 90% of cases the fetus develops severe damage to the heart, organs of vision, hearing, and brain. Therefore, vaccination against rubella is mandatory, especially for girls and expectant mothers. This will help avoid the serious consequences that the disease can lead to during pregnancy. Since 2007, as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the healthcare sector, immunization against rubella has been carried out among women aged up to 25 years. From 2004 to 2008, 264,856 people were vaccinated against rubella in the region, including women under 25 years of age.
Fig.1. The incidence of rubella and vaccination against this infection in the population of the Leningrad region in 2002-2008.
Viral hepatitis B (HB) is a common liver disease caused by a virus. Infection can occur through sexual contact and household contact, through intravenous drug administration, tattooing, and various medical procedures.
Transmission of infection from mother to child is possible.
The danger of hepatitis B lies in the significant frequency of transition from the acute to the chronic form, with the further development of liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Hepatitis B, acquired at an early age, takes a chronic course in 50-90% of cases, in adults - in 5-10% of cases.
According to WHO estimates, of the 2 billion people in the world who have had acute hepatitis B, about 350 million have become chronic patients or carriers of this infection. This indicates the paramount importance of protecting the population from hepatitis B, and preventive measures should be carried out among children from a very early age.
Vaccination is recognized throughout the world as the only active means of preventing this disease in children and adults, especially in families where there is a patient with chronic hepatitis B or a carrier. The use of a highly effective and safe hepatitis B vaccine provides a high level of protection against this infection and dangerous outcomes of the disease.
Since 2006, as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the healthcare sector, immunization against hepatitis B has been carried out in children, adolescents and adults 18-55 years old, who have not been sick and have not been vaccinated. For 2006-2008 About 457,736 people have been vaccinated in the region. or 30.0% of the region's population. In 2009, immunization of adults under 55 years of age continues as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the healthcare sector.
Fig.2. Incidence of acute viral hepatitis B and vaccination against this infection in the population of the Leningrad region in 2003-2004.
B Thanks to widespread immunization of children and adults against diphtheria The morbidity situation in the region remains stable. Over the past 5 years, no severe forms of the disease or deaths among children have been recorded. No cases of diphtheria were registered in 2008.
Epidemic situation regarding morbidity whooping cough has remained tense in recent years. Immunization remains one of the safest modern medical interventions that can protect young children from such a severe infection as whooping cough.
The trend towards an increase in the number of refusals by parents and adults to immunize their children continues. There are a significant number of children in the region who are not vaccinated against various infections due to parents’ misunderstanding of the importance and effectiveness of vaccination. Refusal to immunize children is a violation of the child's rights to life and health.
And today, the entire responsibility for protecting children from infections controlled by means of specific prevention lies with parents.
By vaccinating your child now, you prevent not only the development of the disease itself, but, what is much more important, the occurrence of severe complications. Help your child now, while he is not yet infected! Make his future life safer, give yourself the joy of having healthy grandchildren!
Immunization Week – Your chance to protect your child and yourself today!
From April 20 to April 26, 2009, visit the vaccination office and get the necessary vaccinations for your child and yourself, if indicated!
Take an active part in European Immunization Week!
Today, throughout the world, vaccination is considered the most effective measure for the prevention of infectious diseases.
Infectious disease provides a person with immunity or immunity against a particular disease. And if there is no immunity, a person can be attacked by an infection at any moment. The vaccine is aimed both at eliminating infectious diseases (smallpox, polio, measles) and preventing complications and severe forms of diseases (diphtheria, influenza, viral hepatitis B). Today, 85% of diseases are mild. Severe cases occur primarily in people who have not been vaccinated with the vaccine. An indisputable fact: vaccination is the most powerful method of combating infectious pathology. When you compare the side effects of vaccinations with the diseases they are intended to prevent, the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations becomes clear. By obtaining artificial active immunity, disability and mortality can be prevented and the transmission of infections can be limited. Immunization begins from the first days of a child’s life - already in the maternity hospital, our children receive vaccinations against hepatitis and tuberculosis. Every person needs and has a right to be protected from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Remember when you were vaccinated yourself and get vaccinated! Protect yourself and your loved ones! Immunobiological preparations for immunization of the population undergo strict control. Any drug is tested for reactogenicity - the ability to cause complications and immunogenicity - the ability to provide full protection. There are no absolute contraindications to vaccination; there may only be temporary ones, determined by the state of health of the person at the time of vaccination. If a person has any allergic manifestations, then vaccination is carried out against the background of special drugs. In any case, vaccination is always carried out after a medical examination. There may also be acceptable severe reactions - fever, headaches, aches. Complications from vaccination are extremely rare, maybe one in a million cases, but complications from the infectious disease itself are many times larger and more serious. According to the WHO Regional Office for Europe, routine immunization against diseases such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough saves the lives of approximately three million people worldwide every year. In addition, it relieves millions of people from the suffering associated with debilitating diseases. The more people vaccinated, the more lives will be saved. Medical workers are convinced that modern vaccine preparations do not aggravate most diseases, develop immunity in people and reduce the risk of exacerbation of existing chronic diseases, and of course, each person should decide the issue of vaccinations with their local doctor.
European Immunization Week
Every April, European Immunization Week (EIW) is celebrated throughout the European Region. In 2016, EIW will be held on April 24-30.
Its goal is to raise public awareness of the importance of immunization for health and well-being.
Large-scale implementation of immunization programs over the past 30 years has made significant progress. Since 2002, the European region, including the Republic of Belarus, has been free of polio; in the last decade in Europe, the number of measles cases has decreased by more than 90%.
However, the fight against infectious diseases must continue, as vulnerable populations exist in all countries. Paradoxically, the very fact that immunization has turned many infectious diseases into rarities that almost no one has heard of has led to the belief among parents and medical professionals that vaccines are no longer needed. For this reason, the formation of public opinion regarding vaccines may be influenced by propaganda from anti-vaccination groups and Internet resources.
The campaign is running for the second year under the slogan: “Closing the immunization gap.”
Events in 2016 will focus on the progress made and the challenges each country in the European Region faces in implementing a coordinated effort to implement routine immunization.
EIW is part of World Immunization Week. The 2016 global campaign will focus on the need for immunization throughout the life course; In addition, the organizers will try to draw the attention of the world community to the importance of immunizing vulnerable people who live in areas affected by conflict or affected by emergencies.
We encourage citizens to take part in European Immunization Week in order to protect their children, family and friends against infectious diseases preventable through preventive vaccinations.
The role of preventive vaccinations.
So, Are preventative vaccinations necessary? We know what terrible deadly diseases existed before. Epidemics of plague and smallpox covered cities, countries, and entire continents. The population often died out completely, only a few recovered. However, now these diseases almost never occur. It was preventive vaccinations in all countries that saved humanity from these terrible infections. The first preventive vaccinations were made by the English doctor E. Jenner at the end of the 18th century. At this time, nothing was known yet about immunity, that is, about the body’s defenses against infections, or about how a person’s susceptibility to disease could be reduced.
In our time, such terrible infectious diseases as diphtheria and polio have been successfully eliminated. After the start of vaccination of children against polio, the most terrible paralytic forms of the disease completely disappeared.
So, Do children need to be vaccinated? Yes, it is necessary. Every child should receive age-appropriate vaccinations. Children with chronic diseases need vaccinations to a greater extent than healthy children, because their bodies are more susceptible to various infectious diseases. At the same time, the body's defenses are weakened in most of these children.
Vaccination of children and adults is carried out as planned and requires compliance with certain deadlines and schedules, the totality of which makes up the calendar of preventive vaccinations. Systematic implementation of these procedures leads to the protection of children from viral hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, and the adult population from diphtheria and tetanus. It should be noted that many vaccinations can be done at the same time. At the same time, there are a number of drugs that are initially a mixture of several vaccines. For example, DPT is directed against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, MMR is against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Is it possible to have a reaction to vaccinations and what can it look like? Yes, but it is always milder than the infection against which the vaccine is given. The most common reaction to vaccinations is a short-term increase in temperature, local reactions (redness, swelling at the site of vaccination).
For immunization in our country, we use vaccines that have passed quality control and are registered in the Republic of Belarus. At all stages of production, transportation, storage and use of temperature conditions that ensure that vaccines remain effective. The vaccines used for immunization are highly effective and safe.
To give preference to domestic or imported vaccines is a person’s choice. Vaccination with drugs that do not come from the republican budget is carried out on a paid basis. In addition, vaccination against some infections is not included in the calendar, but is recommended for certain groups. Alternative vaccination significantly expands the possibilities of preventing many diseases.
Modern vaccines also make it possible to prevent diseases that were previously considered non-infectious, such as cervical cancer (cervarix). The cost of treating any infectious disease always significantly exceeds the cost of vaccination. Paid vaccination expands the possibilities of disease prevention.
Being healthy is not only the right, but also the responsibility of every person. Taking a responsible attitude towards our health depends on ourselves. Being vaccinated means you are protected and your loved ones are protected.
Vaccines offered on a paid basis at the Kopyl Central District Hospital
|
Vaccine |
Firm |
Country |
|
Infanrix (DPT) |
GlaxoSmithKline |
Belgium |
|
Priorix (measles, rubella, mumps) |
GlaxoSmithKline |
Belgium |
|
Hiberix (hemophilus infection) |
GlaxoSmithKline |
Belgium |
|
Cervarix (papillomavirus, cervical cancer) |
GlaxoSmithKline |
Belgium |
|
Tick-e-vac, Encevir (tick-borne encephalitis) |
PIPVE im. Chumakova RAMS |
Russia |
For more detailed information on paid vaccination, please contact the vaccination office of the pediatric department of the clinic of the Kopyl Central District Hospital.
Pediatrician of the infectious diseases department Chernous I.A.
Infectious diseases is a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms into the body. This group includes such serious diseases as malaria, rubella, measles, whooping cough, viral hepatitis, influenza and other acute respiratory diseases, mumps, dysentery, salmonellosis, diphtheria, plague, cholera, brucellosis, botulism and many others.
These diseases have been known to mankind since ancient times. Epidemics of “pestilence diseases” covered vast territories, including entire states and peoples, and their prevention and control at all times represented the most serious public problem.
Prevention of infectious diseases and their spread includes the following measures:
- increasing the body's resistance through hygiene and physical education;
- carrying out preventive vaccinations;
- quarantine measures;
- cure the source of infection.
The most effective method prevention of infectious diseases - graft .
GRAFT- This is the introduction into the body of weakened or destroyed pathogens in the form of a vaccine. The task of vaccines is to “introduce” the human body to the infection before the body encounters the “wild” virus. Vaccines use either components of microbes and viruses, or microorganisms that are greatly weakened and devoid of all dangerous properties.
How does the vaccine work?
From the point of view of the immune system, any substance that enters the body is foreign. And almost any foreign substance is a so-called “antigen”, that is, it is capable of causing an immune response in the body. After vaccination, in response to vaccine antigens, the body begins to produce antibodies- special substances that can fight the virus of a specific disease. Having protective antibodies in sufficient quantities, a person becomes immune to the disease against which the vaccine was given. Some vaccinations need to be given once in a lifetime - full immunization, while others need to be repeated regularly.
The idea of vaccination appeared in China in the 8th century AD, when humanity was trying to escape from smallpox. The idea was that surviving an infectious disease could prevent this disease in the future. Therefore, a method was invented inoculation- transfer, or preventive infection smallpox by transferring smallpox pus through an incision.
In Europe, this method appeared in the 15th century. A French chemist made a great contribution to the development of vaccination Louis Pasteur who studied bacteriology. He proposed a new method to weaken the infectious disease. This method paved the way for new vaccines. The method proposed by Pasteur consisted of successive dilutions of the disease product, which contained the pathogen, in order to weaken it. In 1885, Pasteur vaccinated against rabies the boy Joseph Meister, who was bitten by a rabid dog. The boy survived. This became a new round in the development of vaccination.
Every year, 130 million children are born around the globe and approximately 12 million children die between the ages of 1 week and 14 years. About 9 million die from infectious diseases, 3 million from infections for which effective vaccines are available.
Today, vaccination is the only reliable way to avoid infectious diseases and the complications they cause. Currently, 80% of the world's child population is vaccinated, which helps save 3 million lives annually and prevent the development of severe complications from these infections.
In the 20th century, outstanding scientists developed and successfully used vaccinations against polio, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza. Currently, new vaccines have emerged, such as the vaccine against cervical cancer.
Safety of modern vaccines , meeting international standards of purification and efficiency, is not in doubt. The effectiveness of vaccination is clearly demonstrated by the example of individuals in high-risk groups.
In modern medical practice, various types of drugs are used to form protection against infections:
* Live vaccines - consist of specially grown living microorganisms (bacteria, viruses). When they enter the body, they do not cause the development of an infectious disease, since they are devoid of aggressive properties. But at the same time, they form strong and long-lasting (sometimes lifelong) immunity. Live vaccines are used to create immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox and other infections.
*Killed (inactivated ) vaccines - consist of specially grown killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses). Inactivated vaccines are used to create immunity against whooping cough, influenza and other infections.
*Vaccines that do not contain the whole microorganism , but only its individual components (antigens). These include vaccines for the prevention of viral hepatitis B, acellular (cell-free) vaccine against whooping cough, etc.
The causative agents of some infectious diseases (diphtheria, tetanus, etc.) when they enter the human body, release toxins that determine the symptoms and severity of the disease. Toxoids are used to prevent the development of severe forms of such diseases and deaths. They are produced by special processing of toxins to deprive them of their toxic properties and preserve their immunity-building properties.
We are on the threshold of the emergence of a new generation of vaccines.
If the purpose of classical vaccines is to teach the immune system to recognize a weakened or dead enemy for the purpose of prevention, then therapeutic vaccines are designed to help already initiated patients, when the body has already entered the battle with the virus.
REMEMBER!
ANY VACCINATION IS HUNDREDS OF TIMES SAFER THAN THE DISEASE IT PROTECTS AGAINST.
Deputy Chief Physician
on the medical side
Kisel I.V.
The importance of preventive vaccinations
Today, vaccinations have become firmly established in our lives as a highly effective means of preventing dangerous infectious diseases, which have negative consequences in the form of complications or even deaths. In modern medical practice, they are done either with the aim of creating immunity to dangerous infections, or to treat an infected person at an early stage. Accordingly, all vaccinations are usually divided into preventive and therapeutic. Basically, a person is faced with preventive vaccinations, which are given in childhood, and then re-immunization is carried out if necessary.
What are preventive vaccinations? Preventive vaccinations are a method of immunizing a person against certain infectious diseases, during which various particles are introduced into the body that can lead to the development of stable immunity to pathology. All preventive vaccinations involve the administration of a vaccine, which is an immunobiological preparation. The vaccine is a weakened whole microbe - pathogens, parts of the shells or genetic material of pathogenic microorganisms, or their toxins. These components of the vaccine cause a specific immune reaction, during which antibodies are produced against the causative agent of the infectious disease. Subsequently, it is these antibodies that provide protection against infection. Today, all preventive vaccinations are classified into:
1. Planned. 2. Conducted according to epidemiological indications. Routine vaccinations are given to children and adults at a certain time and at a specific age, regardless of whether an epidemic focus of infection has been identified in a given region or not. And according to epidemiological indications, vaccination is given to people located in a region in which there is a danger of an outbreak of a dangerous infectious disease (for example, anthrax, plague, cholera, etc.). Among the scheduled vaccinations, there are those that are mandatory for everyone - they are included in the national calendar (BCG, MMR, DPT, against polio), and there is a category of vaccines that are administered only to people at risk of contracting infections due to the specifics of their work (for example, against typhoid, tularemia , brucellosis, rabies, plague, etc.). All scheduled vaccinations are carefully worked out, the timing of their administration, age and time are established. There are developed schemes for the administration of vaccine preparations, combination possibilities and the sequence of immunization, which is reflected in regulations and guidelines, as well as in vaccination calendars.
Preventive vaccination of children. For children, preventive vaccinations are necessary to protect vulnerable children from dangerous infectious diseases that can be fatal even when treated with modern high-quality drugs. The entire list of preventive vaccinations for children is developed and approved by the Russian Ministry of Health, and then, for ease of use, is drawn up in the form of a national calendar. In addition to those indicated in the national calendar, there are a number of preventive vaccines that are recommended for administration to children. The recommendation for vaccination is given by the child’s attending physician based on an analysis of the child’s health status.
The importance of preventive vaccinations. Despite the different structure of possible components for a specific vaccine, any vaccination is capable of creating immunity to infection, reducing the incidence and prevalence of pathology, which is its main purpose. The active components of the drugs, in response to introduction into the body of any person, cause a reaction from his immune system. This reaction is in all respects similar to that which develops when infected with an infectious disease, but much weaker. The meaning of such a weak reaction of the immune system in response to the administration of the drug is that special cells are formed, which are called memory cells, which provide further immunity to infection. Memory cells can remain in the human body for varying periods of time - from several months to many years. Memory cells that live only a few months are short-lived, but vaccination is necessary to form a different type of memory cell - long-lived. Each such cell is formed only in response to a specific pathogenic microorganism, that is, a cell formed against rubella will not be able to provide immunity to tetanus. The formation of any memory cell, whether long-lived or short-lived, requires a certain period of time - from several hours to a whole week. When the causative agent of a disease enters the human body for the first time, all manifestations of the infection are caused precisely by the activity of this microbe. During this period, the cells of the immune system “get acquainted” with the pathogenic microbe, after which B lymphocytes are activated, which begin to produce antibodies that have the ability to kill the pathogen microorganism. Each microbe requires its own special antibodies. Recovery and relief of the symptoms of infection begins only from the moment when antibodies are developed and the destruction of the pathogenic microorganism begins. After the microbe is destroyed, some of the antibodies are destroyed, and some become short-lived memory cells. B lymphocytes that produced antibodies go into the tissue and become those very memory cells. Subsequently, when the same pathogenic microbe enters the body, the memory cells available against it are immediately mobilized, producing antibodies that quickly and effectively destroy the infectious agent. Since the pathogen is quickly destroyed, an infectious disease does not develop. It makes no sense to vaccinate against infections that the human body can cope with. But if the infection is dangerous, the mortality rate of sick people is very high, it is necessary to vaccinate. Vaccinations are simply a carrier of the antigen of a microbe - a pathogen, for which memory cells are produced. Vaccination ensures the formation of this immunity without mortal risk and the need to endure a severe infection with extremely painful symptoms. It is quite natural that in response to vaccination, the process of formation of memory cells during activation of the immune system is accompanied by a number of reactions. The most common reactions are at the injection site, and some are general (for example, fever for several days, weakness, malaise, etc.).
List of preventive vaccinations. So, today in Russia the list of preventive vaccinations includes the following vaccines that are given to children and adults: against hepatitis B; against tuberculosis - only for children; ... diphtheria; ... whooping cough; ... tetanus; ... Haemophilus influenzae; ...poliomyelitis; ... measles; ... rubella; ...mumps (mumps); ...flu; ... meningococcal infection; ... tularemia; ... tetanus; ... plague; ... brucellosis; ... anthrax; ...rabies; ... ... tick-borne encephalitis; ... yellow fever; ... cholera; ... typhus; .. . hepatitis A. This list includes mandatory vaccinations that are given to all people, and those that are performed for epidemiological reasons. Epidemiological indications can be different - for example, living or temporarily staying in the outbreak of a dangerous infection, leaving for regions with an unfavorable situation, or working with dangerous microbes - pathogens or with livestock, which are carriers of a number of pathologies.
Carrying out preventive vaccinations. Preventive vaccinations can be carried out in a state medical and preventive institution (polyclinic), or in specialized centers for immunization of the population, or in private clinics licensed to carry out this type of medical manipulation. Preventive vaccinations are administered directly in the vaccination room, which must meet certain requirements and standards.
What does the lack of preventive vaccination entail? The lack of preventive vaccinations entails the following consequences, according to the law of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 157 F3 dated September 17, 1998, Article 5: 1. A ban on citizens traveling to countries where they will stay in accordance with international health regulations rules or international treaties of the Russian Federation, requires specific preventive vaccinations. 2. Temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health institutions in the event of widespread infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics. 3. Refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases. The list of works, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases, requires mandatory preventive vaccinations, is established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation. As can be seen from the law, a child or an adult may not be allowed to visit a child care facility, and an employee may not be allowed to enter the workplace if there are no vaccinations and the epidemiological situation is unfavorable. In other words, when Rospotrebnadzor announces the danger of any epidemic, or the transition to quarantine, unvaccinated children and adults are not allowed into groups. During the rest of the year, children and adults can work, study and attend kindergartens without restrictions.
Order on preventive vaccinations. Today, on the territory of Russia, Order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011 “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications” is in force. It is in accordance with this order that the current national vaccination calendar was approved.
In Russia, a vaccination calendar for children and adults has been approved, valid throughout the country. The vaccinations included in this calendar are performed for all people. Vaccines from the national calendar are shown in the table:
|
Vaccine |
Age at which vaccination is given |
|
Against hepatitis B |
On the first day after birth, at 1 month, at 2 months, at six months, at a year. Then every 5–7 years |
|
Against tuberculosis (BCG) |
Children 3–7 days after birth, at 7 years old, at 14 years old |
|
Against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus (DTP) |
3 months, 4 – 5 months, six months, one and a half years, 6 – 7 years, 14 years, 18 years |
|
Against polio |
At 3 months, at 4 - 5 months, in six months, in one and a half years, at 20 months, at 14 years |
|
Against measles, rubella and mumps |
At 1 year, at 6 years |
|
Against rubella |
11 years every five years until the age of 18 for boys and until the age of 25 for girls |
|
Against measles |
At 15 – 17 years old, then every five years until age 35 |
These vaccinations are given to all children within the specified time frame. If vaccination has not been carried out, the dates are postponed taking into account the child’s condition, but the scheme of procedures remains the same.
Preventive vaccination in kindergarten. For children, preventive vaccination can be carried out individually or in an organized manner. Vaccinations are administered to children attending kindergartens and schools in an organized manner. In this case, the medical workers of the child care institution draw up vaccination plans that include those children who require them. All information about the manipulations performed in kindergarten is recorded on a special vaccination sheet (form 063/y) or in a medical record (form 026/y). Vaccinations in kindergarten are carried out only with the consent of the parents or other legal representatives of the child. If you wish to refuse your child's vaccinations, you should record your refusal in writing and give it to the nurse.
Senior nurse MBDOU No. 38 “Cognition”
Sharonova E.S.
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