The most common poisonings. Principles of providing care for acute poisoning at the prehospital stage Providing care for acute poisoning

Poisoning is a condition of the body that occurs when it is exposed to poisons that, even in very small concentrations, can cause severe damage to tissues and organs.

Reasons Poisonings most often occur due to accidental ingestion of poisons into the body. It is also possible to deliberately take these substances, especially in adolescence and adolescence for the purpose of suicide (suicide attempt) or for the parasuicidal purpose of poisoning, that is, the desire to arouse sympathy for oneself, to demonstrate one’s protest through this action.

At home, there are poisonings with medicines, poor-quality or poisoned products, household chemicals, poisonous plants, mushrooms, and gases. Poisoning is also possible with hazardous chemical substances (HAS), such as chlorine, ammonia and others. as a result of man-made accidents.

Children and adolescents can become poisoned by drinking alcohol, drugs, or inhaling gasoline vapors and other aromatic substances.

Permeate Poisons can enter the body through the respiratory tract and mucous membranes. But most often they enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism The effects of poisons depend on their type and penetration into the body.

Signs poisoning depends on the type, amount of the toxic substance that has entered the body and the routes of its penetration. So sleeping pills, alcohol, and drugs primarily act on the central nervous system. Carbon monoxide disrupts the body's oxygen supply. In case of poisoning with methyl alcohol, visual acuity is impaired, and in case of poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, constriction of the pupils (miosis) is observed.

When toxic substances enter the respiratory tract, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain occur. The entry of poison through the gastrointestinal tract is manifested by vomiting and diarrhea.

The more toxic substances that enter the body, the more severe the poisoning will be.

Manifestations Many types of poisoning consist of a combination of mental, neurological disorders and disorders of other organs and systems of the body (cardiovascular, liver and others).

With mild poisoning, the person’s general condition may suffer slightly. In cases of severe poisoning, disturbances in the organs and systems of the body will be sharply expressed, including loss of consciousness and coma.

Principles of emergency care for acute poisoning.

In cases of acute poisoning, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance to the victim.

Measures to provide emergency care in case of acute poisoning must begin before the ambulance arrives, since any delay threatens an even greater intake of toxic substances into the body. These measures should first of all be aimed at stopping the effect of the toxic substance and its rapid removal from the body.

If toxic substances enter the respiratory tract, it is necessary to remove (carry out) the victim from the contaminated atmosphere or put on protective equipment (gas mask, cotton-gauze bandage). In cases of poison getting on the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes, it is necessary to urgently rinse them with running water for 15 minutes.

In case of poisoning by toxic substances that have entered the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to urgently rinse the stomach before the arrival of an ambulance doctor. To do this, the victim is given glasses of water to drink (for an adult up to 1.5-2.0 liters, for a child - depending on age), after which vomiting is induced by mechanical irritation of the root of the tongue with the fingers. The stomach should be rinsed many times until there is “clean water”.

If it is not known what poisoned the victim, then the first rinsing water should be placed in a separate container and stored until the doctor arrives. The study of wash water with toxic substance residues makes it possible to determine the composition of the toxic substance.

Before and after gastric lavage, the victim is given activated charcoal to drink (1 tablespoon of crushed charcoal is diluted with water until a slurry forms). After washing the stomach to remove poison from the intestines, give a saline laxative (100-150 ml of 30% magnesium sulfate solution) and do an enema.

The arriving emergency doctor continues these measures, gives the victim an antidote (if it is known what caused the poisoning), administers medications that support the function of the cardiovascular system, diuretics, and decides on the urgent hospitalization of the victim.

L I T E R A T U R A

1.Valeology (Textbook for students of pedagogical universities, edited by Prof. V.A. Glotov). Publishing house Omsk State Pedagogical University, Omsk, 1997

2. Mezhov V.P., Dementieva L.V. First aid for injuries and accidents (Tutorial). - Omsk, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 2000

3. A.I.Novikov, E.A.Loginova, V.A.Okhlopkov. Sexually transmitted diseases. – Omsk book publishing house, 1994

4. Bayer K., Sheiberg L. Healthy lifestyle (English translation) - M.: Publishing house "Mir", 1997

5. Studenikin M.E. Book about children's health. – M.: Education, 1990

6. Chumakov B.N. Valeology (Selected lectures). – Russian Pedagogical Agency, 1997

7. Lisitsin Yu.P. Lifestyle and public health. – M.: Publishing house of the “Knowledge” society of the RSFSR, 1982

8. Lisitsin Yu.P. Book about health. - M.: Medicine, 1988

9. Sokovnya-Semyonova I.I. Basics of a healthy lifestyle and first aid. – M.: Publishing House Center “Academy”, 1997

10. Selye G. Stress without distress. – Per. from English 1974

11. Prokhorov A.Yu. Mental states and their manifestations in the educational process. - Kazan, 1991

12. Meerson F.Z. Adaptation, stress and prevention. - Education, 1991

13. Psychohygiene of children and adolescents (Ed. G.N. Serdyukovskaya, G.Gelnitsa.-M.: Education, 1986

14. Kazmin V.D. Forced to smoke. - M.: Knowledge, 1991

15. Levin M.B. Drug addiction and drug addict. (Book for teachers.) - M.: Education, 1991

16. Shabunin V.A., Baronenko V.A. Introduction to sexology and sex education for children in the first six years of life. (Tutorial). Publishing house Ural. state ped. University, Ekaterinburg, 1996

17. Ananyeva L.V., Bartels I.I. Fundamentals of medical knowledge. - M.: Publishing house "Alpha", 1994

18. Internal diseases. (Tutorial edited by Yu.N. Eliseev). - M.: Kron-Press, 1999

19. Shishkin A.N. Internal diseases. “World of Medicine”, St. Petersburg, Publishing House “Lan”, 2000

20. Klipov A.N., Lipotetsky B.M. To be or not to have a heart attack. M.: 1981

21. Small medical encyclopedia. – M.: Medicine, T.3, 1991

22. Zakharov A.I. Neuroses in children and adolescents. - L.: Medicine, 1998

23. Pokrovsky V.I., Bulkina I.G. Infectious diseases with nursing and basic epidemiology. M.: Medicine, 1986

25. Ladny I.D., Maslovska G.Ya. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. - M.: VNIIMI, 1986

26. Sumin S.A. Emergency conditions. - M.: Medicine, 2000

27. Nursing services for children. Ed. Associate Professor V.S. Rubleva, Omsk, 1997

28. Nurse's Handbook of Care. Ed. Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences N.R. Paleeva. M.: Publishing association “Quartet”, 1993

29. Modern herbal medicine. (edited by Veselin Petkov) Sofia, Medicine and Physical Education, 1988, p. 503

30. Zhukov N.A., Bryukhanova L.I. Medicinal plants of the Omsk region and their use in medicine. Omsk book publishing house. Omsk, 1983, p. 124

ABOUT THE CHAPTER

	Preface
Chapter 1	Health and its determining factors (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
1.1.	Definition of the concept of “health” and its components
1.2.	Factors affecting health
1.3.	Methods of qualitative and quantitative assessment of health
Chapter 2	Stages of health formation (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
2.1.	Prenatal period
2.2.	Newborn period and infancy
2.3.	Early and first childhood
2.4.	Second childhood
2.5.	Adolescence and young adulthood
Chapter 3	Healthy lifestyle as a biological and social problem (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
3.1.	Definition of “lifestyle”
3.2.	Micro and macrosocial and psychological factors that determine the way of life of people in the process of the evolution of society
3.3.	Health in the hierarchy of human needs
3.4.	Civilization and its negative consequences
3.5.	Risk factors for diseases in the era of scientific and technological revolution, risk groups
Chapter 4	Social-psychological and psychological-pedagogical aspects of a healthy lifestyle (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
4.1.	Consciousness and health
4.2.	Motivation and concept of health and healthy lifestyle
4.3	The main components of a healthy lifestyle
Chapter 5	The teachings of G. Selye about stress. Psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis (Associate Professor Subeeva N.A.)
5.1.	Concept of stress and distress
5.2.	Definition of the concepts of “psychohygiene” and “psychoprophylaxis”
5.3.	Basics of psychoprophylaxis. Mental self-regulation
5.4.	Psychoprophylaxis in educational activities
Chapter 6	The role of the teacher and his place in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of morbidity in children and adolescents (Senior Lecturer Dementieva L.V.)
Chapter 7	The concept of emergency conditions. Causes and factors causing them and first aid (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
7.1.	Definition of the concept of “emergency conditions”. Causes and factors causing them
7.2.	Shock, definition, types. Mechanism of occurrence, symptoms. First aid for traumatic shock at the scene of an accident
7.3.	First aid for fainting, hypertensive crisis, heart attack, bronchial asthma attack, hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic coma
7.4.	The concept of “acute abdomen” and tactics for it
Chapter 8	Characteristics and prevention of childhood injuries (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
8.1.	Definition of the concepts “trauma”, “injury”
8.2.	Classification of childhood injuries
8.3.	Types of injuries in children of different age groups, their causes and preventive measures
Chapter 9	Terminal states. Reanimation (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
9.1.	Definition of the concepts “terminal conditions”, “resuscitation”
9.2.	Clinical death, its causes and signs. Biological death
9.3.	First aid for sudden respiratory and cardiac arrest
Chapter 10	The role of the teacher in the prevention of respiratory diseases in children and adolescents (senior teacher Dementieva L.V.)
10.1.	Causes and signs of respiratory diseases
10.2.	Acute and chronic laryngitis: causes, signs, prevention
10.3.	False croup: signs, first aid
10.4.	Acute and chronic bronchitis: causes, signs, prevention
10.5.	Acute and chronic pneumonia: causes, signs
10.6.	Bronchial asthma
10.7.	The role of the teacher in the prevention of respiratory diseases in children and adolescents
Chapter 11	The role of the teacher in the prevention of neuropsychiatric disorders in schoolchildren (Associate Professor Subeeva N.A.)
11.1.	Types and causes of neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents
11.2.	The main forms of neuroses in children and adolescents
11.3.	Psychopathy: types, causes, prevention, correction
11.4.	The concept of oligophrenia
11.5.	The role of the teacher in the prevention of neuropsychiatric disorders and the prevention of stressful conditions in students
Chapter 12	The role of the teacher in the prevention of visual and hearing impairment in students (senior teacher Dementieva L.V.)
12.1.	Types of visual impairment in children and adolescents and their causes
12.2.	Prevention of visual impairment in children and adolescents and features of the educational process for children with visual impairment
12.3.	Types of hearing impairment in children and adolescents and their causes
12.4.	Prevention of hearing impairment in children and adolescents and features of the educational process for children with hearing impairment
Chapter 13	Prevention of bad habits and painful addictions (senior teacher Gureeva O.G.)
13.1.	The effect of smoking on the body of a child and teenager. Tobacco prevention
13.2.	The mechanism of alcohol damage to organs and body systems. Alcohol and offspring
13.3.	Social aspects of alcoholism
13.4	Principles of anti-alcohol education
13.5.	The concept of drug addiction: causes of drug addiction, the effect of narcotic substances on the body, the consequences of drug use, signs of the use of certain narcotic substances
13.6.	Substance abuse: general concept, types, signs of toxic substance use, consequences
13.7.	Measures to prevent drug addiction and substance abuse
Chapter 14	Fundamentals of microbiology, immunology, epidemiology. Measures for the prevention of infectious diseases (Associate Professor V.A. Makarov)
14.1.	Definition of the concepts “infection”, “infectious diseases”, “infectious process”, “epidemic process”, “microbiology”, “epidemiology”
14.2.	Main groups of infectious diseases. General patterns of infectious diseases: sources, routes of transmission, susceptibility, seasonality
14.3.	Clinical forms of infectious diseases
14.4.	Basic methods of preventing infectious diseases
14.5.	General information about immunity and its types. Features of immunity in children
14.6.	Basic vaccination preparations, their brief characteristics
Chapter 15	Sex education and sex education for children and adolescents (senior teacher Shikanova N.N.)
15.1.	The concept of sex education and sex education for children and adolescents
15.2.	Stages of sex education and enlightenment. The role of the family in the formation of children's and youth's ideas about gender
15.3.	Prevention of sexual deviations in children and adolescents
15.4.	Preparing young people for family life
15.5.	Abortion and its consequences
Chapter 16	Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (senior teacher Shikanova N.N.)
16.1.	General characteristics of sexually transmitted diseases
16.2.	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
16.3.	First generation sexually transmitted diseases: causes, routes of infection, manifestations, prevention
16.4.	Second generation sexually transmitted diseases: causes, routes of infection, manifestations, prevention
16.5.	Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
Chapter 17	Use of medicines (Associate Professor Subeeva N.A., Senior Lecturer Dementieva L.V.
17.1	The concept of drugs and dosage forms
17.2	Suitability of drugs for use
17.3	Storage of medicines
17.4	Routes of administration of drugs into the body
17.5	Injection technique
17.6	Main complications during subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of drugs
17.7	Introducing the rules for using a syringe tube
17.8	Home first aid kit
17.9	Herbal medicine at home
Chapter 18	Caring for the injured and sick. Transportation (Associate Professor Makarov V.A.)
18.1	Importance of General Care
18.2	General provisions for home care
18.3	Special care in a hospital setting
18.4	Methods for monitoring health status (measuring body temperature, pulse, blood pressure, breathing rate)
18.5	Transportation of the injured and sick
18.6	Physiotherapeutic procedures for home care
Chapter 19	First medical aid for injuries and accidents (Associate Professor Mezhov V.P.)
19.1	Wound infection. Asepsis and antiseptics
19.2	First aid for closed injuries
19.3	Bleeding and ways to temporarily stop it
19.4	Wounds and first aid for wounds
19.5	First aid for broken bones
19.6	First aid for burns and frostbite
19.7	First aid for electrical injury and drowning
19.8	First aid for foreign bodies entering the respiratory tract, eyes and ears
19.9	First aid for animal, insect, snake bites
19.10	First aid for acute poisoning
	Literature
	Table of contents

Acute poisoning is a fairly common danger that can await every person. This is why we must be aware of the measures that should be taken in such cases. Correctly provided first aid can often save the victim's life. Poisoning is a special pathological condition of the human body, in which oppression of vital organs and their functional activity occurs under the influence of some toxins.

Toxins are all poisonous substances that can have harmful effects on the body. The main ones include medications that were taken in violation of the instructions, various food products of insufficient quality, household chemicals, etc.

Household poisoning

Most often, household poisoning occurs with the following substances:

1. Medicines. Particularly often affected are children who took medications left within reach by adults, as well as people who wanted to commit suicide and took a large dose of potent drugs to do so.

2. Household chemicals. Such poisonings are also typical for children, and in addition for those people who carried out certain work without proper adherence to safety precautions.

3. Poisonous plants. Both children and adults who eat them unknowingly can become poisoned.

4. Poor quality food. Expired food, as well as food that has been stored in improper conditions, poses a danger.

Possible poisoning schemes

Toxic substances can penetrate the human body in completely different ways.
So the main route of entry is through the digestive system. Medicines, household chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers), cleaning products and all kinds of solvents, vinegar, etc. penetrate the body through ingestion.

Some toxic elements, such as carbon monoxide and some fumes, can be toxic if inhaled.

There is also a certain group of dangerous substances that can enter the body through direct contact with the surface of the skin, for example, poison ivy.

Symptoms

In acute poisoning, various symptoms may occur, very different from each other. However, there are general signs that appear in acute poisoning: nausea and/or vomiting, as well as a general depressed state. If a person is poisoned by medications or some other substances that affect the nervous system, he or she experiences increased anxiety and confusion.

The patient needs to provide first aid as soon as possible and take the necessary measures, regardless of the type of toxic substance.

First aid

The first step is to call the ambulance service. Answer the dispatcher’s questions as calmly and clearly as possible. Before the medical team arrives, it is important to understand exactly how much of the toxic substance has entered the victim’s body. If a child is poisoned, he will not be able to give you the necessary information, so you need to check all household chemicals and all medications yourself. It may well be that you will be able to identify the substance that led to the poisoning.

If the symptoms were caused by inhalation of toxic elements, then you can simply stop the victim’s contact with the toxic substance and remove him to fresh air.

If a person is poisoned through the digestive tract, it is important to perform gastric lavage. For this purpose, you need to dissolve a couple of crystals of potassium permanganate in three liters of water and give the patient the resulting solution. After this, vomiting is induced by mechanical action on a point on the root of the tongue. It is important to remember that such manipulation cannot be performed on children under six years of age; in them it can cause reflex cardiac arrest.

In addition, vomiting should not be induced if a person has lost consciousness, as it can lead to asphyxia.

In the event that poisoning is caused by the ingestion of some chemical substances into the body, gastric lavage is also performed. If there is reliable information about what led to the poisoning, the patient should be given neutralizing substances. For example, the effect of acids is quenched with a weak alkaline solution. To prepare it, dissolve a teaspoon of baking soda in half a glass of heated water. If the cause of poisoning was alkaline substances, you need to give the victim milk.

If all the symptoms were caused by the penetration of toxins through the skin, you should remove them with a napkin and then rinse the skin area with running water. The contact area should then be covered with a clean napkin.

Information for doctors

To help emergency medical technicians, prepare a brief medical history for them. It is necessary to indicate the age of the victim, whether he has any health conditions and allergic reactions to medications. It is important to clarify the time and circumstances of the poisoning that occurred, the type of toxins, the routes of their entry into the body and the time of exposure. In addition, doctors will need information about symptoms and the amount of toxic substance that has entered the body. Collect the remains of the toxic substance and its packaging. If you performed gastric lavage, collect the vomit. They need to be handed over to the doctors who arrived at the scene.

Acute poisoning occurs when toxic substances enter the human body. This painful condition can occur after eating food, drinking, taking medications and after contact with various chemicals. Such intoxication is characterized by sudden weakness, increased sweating, vomiting, convulsions and changes in skin color. There may be a group infection of people who dined together or came into contact with hazardous substances. First aid for acute poisoning should be provided immediately. This will save the victim not only health, but in some cases life.

What can cause acute poisoning?

Acute poisoning can be caused by various reasons:

1. Taking medications in higher dosages or with expired expiration dates.
2. Food products of inadequate quality.
3. Poisons of plants and animals.

The way poison enters the human body is different. It is possible for toxins to penetrate through the digestive tract, respiratory organs, eye mucosa, or through injections of poisons. Toxins can act both locally, which happens very rarely, and spread the toxic effect throughout the entire body.

Acute poisoning is often diagnosed in young children. Out of curiosity, children take medicines and detergents without asking, which they taste.

Basic principles of first aid

The general first aid algorithm consists of a number of measures aimed at supporting the patient until doctors arrive:

• At the first symptoms of acute poisoning, call an ambulance.
• In case of breathing problems or heart failure, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
• Measures are taken to quickly remove unabsorbed toxins from the body.
• Use specialized antidotes.

Arriving doctors need to show the remains of food that the victim ate, medication packaging or a container for chemicals that caused intoxication. This will allow you to quickly identify the toxin and prescribe adequate treatment to the victim.

Resuscitation measures aimed at restoring heart function are carried out only in the absence of a pulse in the carotid artery. Before this, the remaining vomit is removed from the patient’s mouth with a soft napkin. Indirect cardiac massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs are carried out very carefully so as not to aggravate the situation.

Removal of poison residues from the body that have not had time to be absorbed is carried out in different ways, depending on the location of the process.

Removing toxins from the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes

When the toxic substance is on the skin, these areas are washed with running water for 20 minutes. Residues can be carefully removed with a cotton swab. It is not recommended to use alcohol and detergents, or to rub the affected area with a sponge. All this leads to the expansion of capillaries and strong absorption of poison.

If a toxic substance gets on the mucous membrane of the eye, then it is necessary to moisten the swab in water or milk and rinse the conjunctiva well. Wash the eyes with different swabs to avoid severe damage to the organs of vision.

Preventing the absorption of toxins in case of poisoning with acids and alkalis

If poisoning is caused by scalding chemicals, then the victim is given any enveloping products. It can be fat, butter, milk, egg white or jelly.

In case of poisoning with burning substances, gastric lavage should not be performed at home. This threatens great damage to the digestive organs!

Removing toxins from food or drug poisoning

If poisoning is caused by poor-quality food or an overdose of drugs, first aid is provided in the following sequence:

• The stomach is washed with a large volume of water. At home, take at least 3 liters of clean water or with the addition of table salt for rinsing.. You can use a solution of potassium permanganate, which is pre-filtered to prevent crystals from getting into the gastric mucosa.
• They do a cleansing enema, for which they take starch water, chamomile decoction or rehydron solution. The procedure is carried out until the waste water is clean.
• They give adsorbents; as first aid, you can give any medications of this group that you have in the house - atoxil, polysorb, smecta, activated carbon. All sorbents must be diluted with a small amount of water.
• Give the patient a large volume of liquid. Use decoctions of raisins, dried apricots, green apples or just clean water without gas. Add a little honey to the drink, this will quickly restore the electrolyte balance in the body.

For children under 3 years of age, gastric lavage and cleansing enema are done with great care. Due to low weight, rapid dehydration can occur, which can lead to serious conditions.

The use of various antidotes, if available, is permitted only in a hospital setting. In addition, in a hospital setting, manipulations are also carried out aimed at quickly removing toxins from the bloodstream, for example, forced diuresis.

Traditional methods of first aid

Often in case of poisoning, folk methods are used to alleviate the condition of the victim:

• If there are no sorbents or activated carbon at hand, You can use birch charcoal.
• After the urge to vomit stops, the victim is given a decoction of yarrow. This medicinal herb has a bactericidal effect and can help with food poisoning.
• They give a decoction of rice with raisins. For a liter of water, take two tablespoons of rice and a tablespoon of raisins. Boil, strain and drink in small portions every 15 minutes.

To dehydrate children, use honey with lemon juice dissolved in warm water. Children drink such a tasty drink with pleasure, unlike the rehydron solution, which is very difficult to drink even for an adult.

Features of first aid

There are several features to consider when providing first aid:

1. Under no circumstances should you try to rinse the victim’s stomach if there is even the slightest suspicion of a perforation of the stomach or esophagus.
2. You should not try to feed a patient with acute poisoning immediately after the main symptoms have subsided. Any food that gets into the stomach will again provoke an attack of uncontrollable vomiting. After poisoning, therapeutic fasting for 24 hours is indicated.
3. You cannot self-medicate and start taking antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription. These medications are prescribed only after laboratory tests through which the pathogen is identified.

At the first signs of acute poisoning, it is necessary to call a team of doctors. Especially if the poisoning occurred in children and was caused by chemicals, drugs or poisons. Only a qualified doctor will be able to correctly assess the situation and do everything possible to avoid consequences.

Emergency care for acute poisoning consists of a combination of the following therapeutic measures: accelerated removal of toxic substances from the body; specific therapy that favorably changes the transformation of a toxic substance in the body or reduces its toxicity; symptomatic therapy aimed at protecting and maintaining the body function that is predominantly affected by a given toxic substance

At the scene of the incident, it is necessary to establish the cause of poisoning, find out the type of toxic substance, its quantity and route of entry into the body, if possible, find out the time of poisoning, the concentration of the toxic substance in the solution or the dosage in medications

In case of poisoning by toxic substances taken orally, a mandatory and extreme measure is gastric lavage through a tube. To lavage the stomach, use 12–15 liters of water at room temperature in portions of 300–500 ml

In severe forms of poisoning in unconscious patients (poisoning with sleeping pills, etc.), the stomach is washed again 2-3 times in the first day after poisoning, since due to a sharp slowdown in absorption in a state of deep coma in the gastrointestinal tract A significant amount of unabsorbed toxic substance may remain. At the end of the lavage, 100–150 ml of a 30% solution of sodium sulfate or petroleum jelly is injected into the stomach as a laxative. Equally important is the early release of the intestines from toxic substances using high siphon enemas

In a comatose patient, in the absence of cough and laryngeal reflexes, in order to prevent aspiration of vomit into the respiratory tract, the stomach is washed after preliminary intubation of the trachea with a tube with an inflatable cuff

The use of emetics and induction of vomiting by irritation of the posterior pharyngeal wall is contraindicated in young children (under 5 years of age), in patients in a stuporous or unconscious state, as well as in those poisoned by cauterizing poisons.

To absorb toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract, activated carbon with water is used (in the form of a slurry, one tablespoon orally before and after gastric lavage) or 5 - 6 carbolene tablets

In case of inhalation poisoning, you should, first of all, take the victim out into clean air, lay him down, ensure airway patency, free him from restrictive clothing, and give oxygen inhalation. Treatment depends on the type of substance that caused the poisoning.

Basic principles of first aid for poisoning(at the first aid stage) :

1. Stop, and if possible immediately, further exposure of the victim to the toxic agent.
2. Remove the toxic substance from the body.
3. Maintaining the basic vital functions of the body (central nervous and cardiovascular systems, respiratory organs) until the arrival of medical workers.

First aid for inhalation poisoning (general requirements):

1. Remove or remove the victim from the poisoned atmosphere to a warm, ventilated, clean room or fresh air.
2. Call emergency medical assistance.
3. Remove clothing that makes breathing difficult.
4. Remove clothing that absorbs harmful gas or is contaminated with a toxic substance.
5. If a toxic substance gets on your skin, wash the contaminated area thoroughly with warm water and soap.
6. In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract (lacrimation, sneezing, nasal discharge, cough):
rinse eyes with warm water or 2% soda solution;
rinse your throat with a 2% soda solution;
If you have photophobia, wear dark glasses.
7. Warm the victim (using heating blankets).
8. Create physical and mental peace.
9. Give the victim a position that makes breathing easier - half-sitting.
10. During coughing attacks, drink warm milk with Borjomi mineral water or soda in small sips.
11. In case of loss of consciousness, ensure airway patency (prevent suffocation with the root of the tongue or vomit).
12. If breathing stops, start artificial ventilation (ALV).
13. When pulmonary edema begins:
apply venous tourniquets to the arms and legs;
make hot foot baths (place your feet up to the middle of the shin in a container of hot water).
14. Ensure constant monitoring of the victim’s condition until medical workers arrive.

First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning:

1. Take the victim to fresh air.
2. Loosen clothing that restricts breathing.
3. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration.
4. If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, perform an indirect cardiac massage.
5. In case of simultaneous cessation of breathing and blood circulation (heartbeat), carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures.
6. Urgently deliver the victim to a medical facility by transport.

First aid for food poisoning (toxic infection):

1. Rinse the stomach, give the victim plenty of fluids and induce a gag reflex.
2. Take activated charcoal orally at the rate of 1 gram per kilogram of the victim’s weight or 1 tablespoon of enterodesis dissolved in water (a small amount).
3. Give a laxative to drink (for example, castor oil, 30 grams for an adult).
4. Give plenty of fluids.
5. Cover warmly and give hot sweet tea/coffee.
6. In severe cases, urgently transport the victim to a medical facility.

Transport the victim in a sitting or lying position, depending on his condition.
Technique of tubeless gastric lavage:
1) drink fractionally (in several doses) 6-10 glasses of a warm, weak solution of sodium bicarbonate (dissolve 2 teaspoons of baking soda in 1 liter of water) or warm water, slightly tinted with potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate);
2) induce vomiting (press the root of the tongue with two fingers and induce a gag reflex);
3) empty the stomach of its contents (to clean rinsing water);
4) give hot strong tea to drink, a caffeine tablet - 0.1 g, 20 drops of cordiamine solution.
Before and after gastric lavage, you can use activated charcoal in the form of a paste.
It is prohibited to use the tubeless method of gastric lavage in case of poisoning with aggressive substances (acids and alkalis) !

Attention ! Removal of chemicals from the stomach is carried out only with the help of a tube and only by medical professionals.