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Medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials that have an astringent effect. Diploma of medicinal plant raw materials having an astringent effect

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State budgetary educational institution

Higher professional education

"Novosibirsk State Medical University"

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation

(GBOU VPO NSMU Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia)

Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany

COURSE WORK

Medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials,

astringent

Completed by: Volkova Alina Sergeevna

3rd year student, 1st group

Faculty of Pharmacy

Checked by: teacher

Novosibirsk 2011

Introduction______________________________ ______________________________ ___3

Main part of the work:

Classification of tannins_______________________ ___5
Physical and chemical properties ______________________ ____9
Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role __________________________ ________________________12

Characteristics of LRS

Oak bark ______________________________ _______________14
Bergenia rhizome_____________________ __________________17
Serpentine rhizome ______________________________ _______19
Burnet rhizomes and roots_________________________ ___21
Bird cherry fruits ______________________________ ___________23
Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots________________________ ____25

Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ______________________ __33

Conclusion____________________ _____________________________ 35

List of used literature____________________ _________36

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. “Currently, the range of herbal medicines in Russia is more than 40%. Medicinal plant raw materials (MPR) containing tannins are widely used to obtain drugs that have an astringent, hemostatic, and anti-inflammatory effect.

Crushed medicinal products containing tannins are sold from pharmacies without a prescription for the preparation of infusions and decoctions at home. The drug must be standardized and comply high standards pharmacopoeial requirements.

It is relevant to develop and improve methods for identifying medicinal products, including crushed and powdered substances, determining the content active ingredients; creation of projects of modern regulatory documentation for medicinal products containing tannins.”

Purpose of the work. Study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main part of the work

General characteristics of a class of chemical compounds

Tannins are a group of plant high molecular weight polyphenols with a molecular weight of 500-3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins, alkaloids and heavy metal salts, precipitating them, and also possessing astringent action.

“The name “tannin” was formed historically due to the ability of these compounds to tan raw animal skins, turning it into durable leather that is resistant to moisture and microorganisms.” This ability of tannins is based on the interaction with the skin protein - collagen, leading to the formation of structures that are resistant to decay processes. Polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of less than 500 do not have tanning properties, but are precursors of tannins. They are called tannins. “They are found in vegetables and fruits and give them an astringent taste.” To avoid confusion with genuine tanning agents, such substances are often called “food tannins” or “tea tannins.” And polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of more than 3000 do not tan the skin, since they do not penetrate between the fibrils.

The term “tannins” has 2 hypotheses of origin: from the French. “tanner” - “to tan leather” and from the supposed word “tan” - tanning bark. Initially, this was the name given to a mixture of substances extracted with water from oak bark and wood; currently, the term “tannins” is used to refer to hydrolyzed tannins, as well as especially industrially significant Chinese and Turkish tannins.

“Tanning, characteristic of all tannins, is a complex physical and chemical process in which the phenolic groups of tannins interact with collagen molecules. The final stage of this process is the formation of a stable cross-linked specific structure due to the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between collagen molecules and phenolic groups of tannins. But such bonds can only form when the molecules are large enough to attach adjacent collagen chains and have enough phenolic groups to form cross-links.”

Classification of tannins

Tannins are derivatives of pyrogallol, pyrocatechol, phloroglucinol and other compounds of phenolic nature.

There are 2 classifications of tannins:

According to G. Procter (1894) - based on the nature of the decomposition products of tannins at 180-200 degrees Celsius

Pyrrogallaceae

Pyrocatechols

According to G. Povarnik (1911) and K. Freudenberg (1920) - based on chemical nature tannins and their relationship to hydrolyzing agents

Hydrolysable

Condensed

Hydrolysable tannins

These are mixtures of esters of phenol carbonic acids with sugars and non-saccharides. In aqueous solutions, they are hydrolyzed under the action of acids, alkalis and enzymes into fragments of phenolic and non-phenolic nature (phenolic fragments are gallic acid, metadigallic acid, ellagic acid, hexahydroxydiphenic acid, quinic acid, chloragenic acid, etc., and the non-phenolic fragment is most often the monosaccharide glucose)

“Hydrolyzable tannins are in turn subdivided

Gallotannins
Ellagotannins
Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids

Gallotannins are esters hexoses (usually D-glucose) and gallic acid. Mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and polygalloyl ethers are found.”

Representatives: 1) D-glucogallin, isolated from rhubarb root and eucalyptus leaves 2) Chinese tannin, obtained from galls (growths) of Chinese sumac 3) Turkish tannin, isolated from Turkish galls formed on the leaves of oak.

“Ellagotannins are esters of D-glucose and hexahydroxydiphenic, hebulic and other acids that have a biogenetic relationship with ellagic acid.

They are complex in structure and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical plants.

Found in the peel of pomegranate fruits, eucalyptus bark, walnut peel, oak bark, alder fruit.”

Gallotannins and ellagitannins can occur simultaneously in plants.

“Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids are esters of gallic acid with quinic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic, caffeic, hydroxycinnamic), as well as flavans.”

Representatives: 1) galloyl esters of quinic acid were found in the bark of angustifolia oak.

2) Esters of gallic acid and catechins are found in tea leaves, for example, catechin gallate. Theogalline has been isolated from green tea leaves.

Hydrolyzable tannins are found in the leaves of sumac and mackerel, in the fruits of alder, in the rhizomes of burnet and bergenia.

This group of tannins is widely used in medicine, but it is a good breeding ground for microorganisms.

Condensed tannins

“These are compounds that form condensation products that do not decompose under the action of acids, alkalis, or enzymes.” Under the influence of acids, they become even more dense and form more complex water-insoluble, amorphous compounds - phlobaphenes.

These substances are mainly represented by polymers of catechins (flavan-3-ol) or leukocyanidins (flavan-3,4-diol) or copolymers of these two types of flavonoid compounds. All fragments are connected to each other C-C connections. Unlike hydrolyzed tannins, condensed tannins contain few carbohydrates.

There are 2 hypotheses about the mechanism of formation of condensed tannins.

According to K. Freudenberg

Condensation is accompanied by rupture of the heterocycle (-C 3 -) and leads to the formation of linear polymers or copolymers of the “heterocycle ring – ring A” type with a high molecular weight. In this case, condensation is considered not as an enzymatic process, but as a result of the influence of heat and an acidic environment.

According to D. Hathaway

Polymers are formed as a result of oxidative enzymatic condensation, which can occur either as a “head to tail” type (ring A - ring B) or as a “tail to tail” type (ring B - ring B). It is believed that this condensation occurs during the aerobic oxidation of catechins and flavan-3,4-diols by polyphenoloxidases, followed by polymerization of the resulting o-quinones. For example, tail-to-tail polymerization.

Most often in plants, oxidative polymerization of catechins occurs in dead parts (bark, wood), as well as condensation under the action of enzymes (in leaves).

Condensed tannins are found in the bark of oak, chestnut, blueberry, bird cherry fruits, in the needles of coniferous trees, in the rhizome of serpentine, and cinquefoil.

The division of plants according to this classification can only be discussed with some approximation, since only very few plants contain one group of tannins. Much more often, the same plant contains condensed and hydrolyzed tannins together, usually with a predominance of one or another group. In addition, the mixture of these tannins includes simple phenols: resorcinol, pyrocatechol, free phenolcarboxylic acids (gallic, ellagic).

Often the ratio of hydrolyzed and condensed tannins changes greatly during the growing season of the plant and with age.

Physical and chemical properties

Tannins are amorphous compounds of yellow or yellow-brown color, odorless, astringent taste, and hygroscopic.

1. They dissolve well in water with the formation of colloids, in ethyl and methyl alcohols, acetone, ethyl acetate, butanol, pyridine.

2. Insoluble in non-polar solvents: chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether.

3. Optically active

4. Easily oxidized in air

5. Capable of forming strong intermolecular bonds with proteins and other polymers (pectin substances, cellulose).

6. Under the action of the tannase enzyme and acids, hydrolyzed tannins break down into parts, and condensed ones become larger.

7. Easily binds to alkaloids, salts of heavy metals, and cardiac glycosides.

8. Precipitated by solutions of protein and alkaloids.

Description

Purpose of the work. Study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Collect and analyze information about medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.
Explore characteristic features raw materials
chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main part of the work:
General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds__________4
Classification of tannins__________________________5
Physical and chemical properties__________________________9
Distribution in the plant world_______________________10
Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role__________________________________________________12
Characteristics of LRS
Oak bark _____________________________________________14
Bergenia rhizomes________________________________________________17
Serpentine rhizome _____________________________________19
Burnet rhizomes and roots__________________________________________21
Bird cherry fruits _____________________________________________23
Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots__________________________________________25
Alder infructescences (alder cones) ________________________________30
Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins___________________________33

Conclusion_________________________________________________35
List of used literature_______________________________________36

Section 2. Medicinal plant materials affecting the peripheral nervous system.

Topic 2.1. Medicinal plant materials affecting the afferent nervous system.

Medicinal plant raw materials with an enveloping effect.

SEMINA LINI

FLAX SEEDS

SEMINA LINI USITATISSIMI

Ripe and dried seeds of cultivated herbaceous plant flax (common) - Linum usitatissimum, fam. flax - Linaceae.

External signs. The seeds are flattened, ovoid, pointed at one end and rounded at the other, unequal, up to 6 mm long, up to 3 mm thick. The surface of the seeds is smooth, shiny, with a light yellow, clearly visible seed scar (10X magnifying glass).

The color of the seeds ranges from light yellow to dark brown. There is no smell. The taste is slimy and oily.

RADICES ALTHAEAE

MALTHEA ROOTS

Collected in autumn or spring, thoroughly cleared of soil and cork layer and dried lateral and non-lignified tap roots of wild and cultivated perennial herbaceous plants Althaea officinalis and marshmallow

Armenian - Althaea armeniaca, fam. Malvaceae - Malvaceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Roots cleared of cork, almost cylindrical in shape or split lengthwise into 2-4 parts, slightly tapering towards the end, 10-35 cm long and up to 2 cm thick. The surface of the root is longitudinally grooved with exfoliating long, soft bast fibers and dark dots - traces fallen or cut fine roots. The fracture in the center is granular - rough, fibrous on the outside.

The color of the root outside and at the fracture is white, yellowish-white (marshmallow) or grayish (Armenian marshmallow). The smell is weak and peculiar. The taste is sweetish with a mucous sensation.

Medicinal plant raw materials with astringent action.

CORTEX QUERCUS

OAK BARK

Collected in early spring, the bark of shoots, thin trunks and young branches of common oak (pedunculate) - Quercus robur and sessile oak - Quercus petraea, fam. beech - Fagaceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Pieces of bark are tubular, grooved or in the form narrow stripes of various lengths, thickness about 2-3 mm (up to 6 mm). The outer surface is shiny, less often matte, smooth or slightly wrinkled, sometimes with small cracks; Transversely elongated lenticels are often noticeable. Inner surface with numerous longitudinal thin prominent ribs. When fractured, the outer bark is granular and smooth, while the inner bark is highly fibrous and splintered.

The color of the bark on the outside is light brown or light gray, silver, on the inside it is yellowish-brown. The smell is weak, peculiar, and intensifies when the bark is wetted with water. The taste is very astringent.

RHIZOMATA BISTORTAE

RHOZOMES OF THE SPINNER

Collected after flowering, cleared of roots, remnants of leaves and stems, washed from the ground and dried rhizomes of wild perennial herbaceous plants snakeweed (serpentine) - Polygonum bistorta and red knotweed - Polygonum carneum, family. buckwheat - Polygonaceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. The rhizome is hard, serpentine-curved, somewhat flattened, with transverse ring-shaped thickenings and traces of cut roots. The length of the rhizome is 3-10 cm, thickness 1.5-2 cm.

The color of the cork is dark, reddish-brown; on the break - pinkish or brownish pink, the break is even. There is no smell. The taste is very astringent.

RHIZOMATA TORMENTILLAE

cinquefoil rhizomes

Collected during the flowering period, cleared of roots, remains of stems, washed from the ground and dried rhizomes of a wild perennial herbaceous plant, Potentilla erecta, of the rose family - Rosaceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Rhizomes are from 2 to 9 cm long, at least 0.5 cm thick, straight or curved, often of uncertain shape, hard, heavy, with pitted marks from cut roots.

The color of the rhizome on the outside is from reddish-brown to dark brown, in the fracture - from yellowish to red-brown. The smell is weak, aromatic. The taste is very astringent.

RHIZOMATA ET RADICES SANGUISORBAE

Astringents –medicinal substances with local action, causing, upon contact with body tissues and fluids, their compaction or the formation of a dense film of insoluble compounds

Mechanism of action:

Dehydration, which leads to compaction of cell membrane proteins, mucus, and exudate.

Formation of a film of their albumins, which covers wound surface, protecting the inflamed tissue from the action of external factors and makes it difficult for bacteria to multiply and absorb their toxins.

The film mechanically tightens (narrows) the vessels, reducing their permeability. This leads to a decrease in inflammatory edema and hyperemia, to a decrease in irritation of sensitive nerve endings and reducing the feeling of pain. Conditions are created to reduce inflammation and heal wounds.

Classification:

Organic - These are tannins from many plants. They are taken in the form of infusions and decoctions. These substances (as well as enveloping and irritating substances) are not absorbed into the blood and do not have a toxic effect.

Decoction of oak carcasses

Chamomile, string, St. John's wort, bearberry.

Inorganic – These are metal salts. In low concentrations (up to 1%) metal salts have an astringent effect, in medium concentrations (1-5%) they have an irritating effect, and in concentrations above 5% they have a cauterizing effect.

Zinc oxide

Lead acetate

Bismuth nitrate basic

Silver nitrate
Copper sulfate.

Application:

Inflammatory processes of the skin, mucous membranes (in the form of lotions, rinses, douching, powders)

Inflammatory processes digestive tract(gastritis, colitis, enteritis)

Tannin(Ta n i n u m).

Gallodinic acid. Has an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect.

Application: stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis (1–2% solution for rinsing (3–5 times a day), externally for burns, ulcers, cracks, bedsores (3–10% solutions and ointments), poisoning with alkaloids, heavy salts metals (0.5% aqueous solution for gastric lavage).

Release form: powder.

St. John's wort herb (Herba hyperici

Contains tannins such as catechins, hyperoside, azulene, essential oil and other substances.

Application: as an astringent and antiseptic for colitis in the form of a decoction (10.0-200.0 g) 0.3 cups 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals, for rinsing the mouth in the form of a tincture (30–40 drops per glass of water ).

Release form: cut grass 100.0 g each, briquettes 75 g each, tincture (Tinctura Hyperici) in 25 ml bottles.

Oak bark (Cortex Quecus).

Application: as an astringent in the form of an aqueous decoction (1: 10) for rinsing with gingivitis, stomatitis and other inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, externally for the treatment of burns (20% solution).

Sage also available in the form of lozenges and lozenges (1 tablet 6 times a day after 2 hours), St. John's wort– in the form of tinctures (30-40 drops in ½ glass of water for rinsing the mouth). Infusions and decoctions are used internally for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, gastric ulcer, enteritis, colitis). For intestinal diseases accompanied by bloating (flatulence) it is more effective than others chamomile(has a carminative and antispasmodic effect), for diarrhea (diarrhea) it is more effective than other fruit decoctions blueberries and bird cherry.

Bismuth preparations.

Basic bismuth nitrate (Bismuthi subnitras).

Application: as an astringent, weak antiseptic, fixative for gastrointestinal diseases, prescribed orally at 0.25-1 g (for children 0.1-0.5 g) per dose 4-6 times a day 15-30 minutes before food.

Side effects: at long-term use in large doses, methemoglobinemia is possible.

Release form: powder included in Vikair tablets used for stomach ulcers and duodenum, and “Neo-Anuzol” suppositories, which are used for hemorrhoids.

"De-Nol" destroys H. Pylori, a microbe that contributes to the formation of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum.

Xeroformium.

Apply externally as an astringent, drying and antiseptic agent in powders, powders, ointments (3-10%). Included in balsamic liniment (Vishnevsky ointment)

Dermatolum.

Synonym: Bismuthi subgallas.

Apply as an astringent, antiseptic and drying agent externally for inflammatory diseases skin, mucous membranes in the form of powders, ointments, suppositories.

Release form: powder.

Lead preparations: lead acetate (Plumbi acetas) – lead lotion – 0.25% solution.

Aluminum preparations: Alum (Alumen). Used as an astringent and hemostatic agent (0.5–1% solution).

Burnt alum (Alumen ustum).

As an astringent and drying agent in the form of a powder included in the powder

The flora is rich and diverse. Grows on the territory of our country large number various types of plants, many of which have medicinal properties. Plants are a source for obtaining a variety of medicinal substances. It is known that over 30% of all medicines obtained from plants.

Plants -- inexhaustible pantry natural medicinal raw materials. Throughout human history, plants have been used by people for medicinal purposes.

The book "Odo of Mena" gives an idea of how before people studied and used medicinal plants. How they treated the properties of plants with reverence. Here are a few lines from this book.

We call the grass nettle, which the Greeks call Akalithe; they say that the power is too hot. In this herb and from here it received its name; After all, if you touch nettle, it burns your fingers. Often combined with wine, it helps jaundice;

120 Nettle seed with honey is a remedy for colic;

Drink it often, and it will cure an old cough.

It expels cold from the lungs and bloating.

With honey, its powder helps with these ailments.

Or its juice with wine, if you take it often.

125. A poultice of nettle leaves is useful with salt for ulcers.

And it also cleanses contaminated wounds.

The poultice also has power against dog bites.

Treats cancrosis ulcers, parotids, dislocations also,

She replenishes the meat that has fallen off the bone,

130 Usually it dries up harmful moisture.

Grind with vinegar to relieve swelling of the spleen

The root can, and it also helps with gout

And for any ailments that affect our joints;

In cases of yati, it will help if it is applied on top or

135 Boiled in olive oil, you will warm your limbs with that ointment.

The leaf or juice of nettle, when injected into the nostrils, causes

Blood; and so strong is the heat of her innate strength,

What if you want to stop the bleeding yourself?

Apply the juice to your forehead and it will stop the flow of blood.

140 Add it with myrrh - the expiration of menstruation drives you away.

If the uterus is closed by its tissue, which is swollen with moisture, Three nettle leaf and it will become denser as before. Nettle seed with wine, if drunk, arouses love: It is better if you add honey and pepper to the grated nettle,

145. And, as stated above, take it together with wine. The lungs and chest will be healed by those suffering from pleurisy and its seed, if taken in combination with honey, and if drunk with honey water, it will excrete urine in abundance. If you boil fresh nettles like you cook vegetables,
150. Give a decoction after preparing it, this remedy will soften the stomach. If you rinse your mouth with its juice, hold it for a long time. It will be able to relieve the swelling of the tongue. Whoever anoints himself with nettles boiled in oil will sweat. If a male is rejected by domestic cattle, it is necessary
155 Rub her genital organ with nettle leaves,

The heat in it also excites the heat of nature. If you apply the juice of nettle seeds to your head, as Galen says, hair loss will stop. Sometimes taken from the harvest and dried nettle seed

160 Will useful medicine in many cases equal..

The Greeks call “Scordeon” garlic, and the Latins call “allia”: The wisdom of doctors bestowed the fourth degree in power

Warm and dry for him. If you eat it or rub it,

He heals those bitten by a scorpion, as well as a snake;

165 When applied with honey, it heals dog bites;

The smell of grated garlic expels harmful worms.

Boiled with vinegar together in honey water, expels

He gets worms and worms, if you drink medicine, from the womb;

With herbs, if you boil the garlic in olive oil,

170 With such an ointment you will neutralize fatal bites;

You will heal the bodies that are worn out with the same treatment;

Bloating and pain in the bladder will stop with an ointment like this.

Hippocrates himself says that when burning garlic, its smoke

The afterbirth can be removed if the uterus is smoked for a long time.

175 Different lungs suffering, boiled and drunk, heals

It is with milk or also raw, eaten often.

Diocles prescribed to give with centaury for dropsy

Together with garlic, it dries the abundant moisture with water;

It’s also a decoction of garlic. Prescribed for kidney problems

180 And Praxagoras used it with wine and coriander. This medicine treated all kinds of jaundice; Drinking like this, he says, garlic softens the stomach. Garlic boiled with beans is said to relieve pain in the head when anointed with grated whiskey.
185 Combine goose fat with it and pour it warm into the patient’s ear, such a medicine will help excellently. So, with shortness of breath, the decoction also helps with coughs, a hoarse voice will clear garlic, both raw and boiled. However, boiled is better, since it is eaten often;
190 Cooked in the form of a paste, it softens the torment of urges. If you grind garlic with pork lard in combination, applying it frequently will reduce excessive swelling. He will not receive any harm from unknown people. Changing different places is by no means dangerous,
195 Who takes garlic in the morning on a lean stomach...

Many of the plants firmly occupy a place of honor in scientific medicine as a one-of-a-kind medicine. However, the healing properties of many plants have been little studied or are completely unknown to humans. In plants, during their life processes, they form various substances, many of which have a pronounced effect on the human and animal body. Plants serve as a source for the production of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and many other valuable medicinal substances. Plants contain many vitamins necessary for humans.

It should be borne in mind that in plants vitamins and other biologically active substances are found in certain proportions, which were created in the process of evolution during the interaction of the organism with environment. Apparently this is the advantage herbal preparations in comparison with medicinal substances obtained by synthesis or isolated in isolated form and used separately from the accompanying other substances of the plant.

It has now been established that in the human and animal bodies vitamins are in a balanced ratio, therefore, having a mutual influence, they contribute to the manifestation of the characteristic properties of each of these components. Therefore, it is advisable complex application vitamins taken in physiological ratios in which they are found in plant organisms.

Regarding a number of medicines, there is information indicating a unique effect of the complex of substances contained in plants in comparison with the effect of pure drugs on the body. Thus, herbal preparations obtained from belladonna contain the entire complex of active substances of the plant and have a pronounced therapeutic effect in Parkinson’s disease, functional disorders vegetative nervous system, while main alkaloid belladonna - atropine, used alone, does not have this property.

Great progress has been made in the study of the healing properties of medicinal plants. Our country has large research institutes for medicinal and aromatic plants, in which research is carried out in a diverse manner medicinal properties plants of interest for medicine and chemical industry. Used in scientific medicine large number medicines plant origin. Many of them are extremely valuable therapeutic agents, without which it would be impossible to treat a number of diseases.

For example:

Milk thistle contains a biologically active substance that is rarely found in nature - silymarin, unique complex flavonoids, which can change the membranes of liver cells in such a way that even the most dangerous poisons and toxins, including alcohol, cannot penetrate the cells and destroy them. Silymarin is included as the main active ingredient in the hepatotropic drug Karsil.

Or one more example. Back in the times of the Aztecs, the Indians used the fruits of the low-growing Sabal palm tree, growing in the United States and northern Mexico. Modern scientific research showed that the extract of Sabal fine serrata has not only a blocking effect on further growth prostate gland, but also anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effect. Based on the extract of Sabal finely serrated, a new effective drug, intended for the treatment and prevention of prostate adenoma - Prostamol uno.

The medicinal properties of medicinal plants depend on the content of so-called active substances in them, i.e. chemicals, capable of exerting a physiological therapeutic effect on a living organism. They can be found either throughout the plant or only in certain parts of it. The amount of active ingredients depends on the phase of plant development. Therefore, when harvesting medicinal plants, you need to know which parts of them and in what phase of plant development should be collected.

The active ingredients belong to various groups of organic compounds - alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, phytoncides, etc. Let's give brief description these groups of compounds.

Alkaloids are organic substances of plant origin that contain nitrogen and can combine with various acids to form salts. They give alkaline reaction, which was the reason for this name (“alkali” in Arabic - alkali). In most cases, alkaloids have a strong and often toxic effect on the body, but many of them have very important medicinal value. These are, for example, morphine, atropine, quinine, caffeine, papaverine, strychnine, pilocarpine, ephedrine, platyphylline, nicotine, etc. They are used to treat nervous diseases and diseases internal organs. Usually the same alkaloid has various influences on the body. In an alkaloid-bearing plant, several alkaloids are most often found. The plant families of poppy, legumes, and ranunculaceae are richest in alkaloids. Alkaloids in different plants are found in different parts of the plant and are present in the form of salts of organic (less often inorganic) acids.

Glycosides are organic substances of plant origin that decompose under the action of enzymes (as well as during boiling) into some sugar (glucose, rhamnose, etc.) and a non-sugar part - aglycone. IN pure form glycosides are bitter crystalline substances, usually soluble in water. The nature of the action of glycosides on the body is determined chemical structure aglycone. The variety of structures of various aglycones allows the use of glycosides for treatment various diseases. The so-called cardiac glycosides are especially widely used. They are very poisonous and should only be used under strict medical supervision. The most valuable glycoside-containing plants are foxglove, adonis, jaundice, bearberry, etc.

Saponins are glycosides that, when shaken in water, form a persistent foam reminiscent of soap (“sapo” in Latin means soap). They also break down into sugar and an aglycone, in this case called sapogenin, the chemical structure of which determines the therapeutic effect of sapogen-containing plants. Rich in saponins, primrose, istod, licorice are used as expectorants, horsetail and kidney tea- as diuretics, dioscorea - as anti-sclerotic, aralia Manchurian, ginseng, lure and eleutherococcus - as stimulants of the central nervous system.

It should be borne in mind that dust particles of dried plants containing saponins, if they come into contact with mucous membranes respiratory tract cause irritation, coughing and sneezing.

Vitamins are substances with different chemical structures that play important role in metabolic processes and necessary for the formation of enzymes. Lack of vitamins in the body leads to serious illnesses(hypovitaminosis and vitamin deficiency).

Currently, more than 20 are known various vitamins; many of them are found in medicinal plants. Vitamins are used by medicine not only for the prevention and treatment of hypo- and avitaminosis, but also for other, very diverse diseases, as well as for overwork and exhaustion.

Rich in vitamins: rose hips, black currants, walnut(Not ripe fruits), various citrus fruits, pine, primrose, sea buckthorn, garlic, rowan, nettle and many other medicinal plants.

Essential oils are very complex mixtures of different volatile substances, mainly terpenoids and their derivatives, which have specific odors. They dissolve well in alcohol, fatty oils and other organic solvents. As a result of various chemical composition essential oils have an effect on the body and different action: antimicrobial, antispasmodic, improves heart function, analgesic, enhances the secretion of digestive juices, etc. Plants such as mint, lemon balm, sage, cumin, kishnets, oregano, thyme, wormwood, rose, anise, chamomile, lemon are the best known as essential oils. tangerine, valerian, etc.

Phytoncides are organic substances of various chemical compositions that have a pronounced antimicrobial effect. They are used for some infectious diseases. When applied externally, phytoncides act as disinfectant. Phytoncides of garlic, onion, eucalyptus and other plants are widely used in medicine.

Lactones are substances formed from hydroxy acids. Some of them have medicinal value. Coumarin, for example, increases the body's sensitivity to light, affects blood composition, and exhibits antitumor activity.

Bitters are nitrogen-free bitter substances. They help strengthen the activity of the gastric glands and are used to improve digestion. Wormwood, watch, dandelion, etc. contain a lot of bitterness.

Flavones are organic compounds of the heterocyclic series. Their derivatives are called flavonoids. Flavones and flavonoids are yellow in color (“flavum” in Latin - yellow) and are poorly or not at all soluble in water. Many flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, hesperidin, citrine, etc.) have capillary-strengthening properties. They are used for diseases accompanied by impaired wall permeability blood vessels(allergies, infections, radiation sickness etc.). In addition, flavonoids are used for vascular spasms, intestinal spasms, smooth muscular organs, stomach and duodenal ulcers, hepatitis and other diseases. Flavones and flavonoids are generally not poisonous. They are found in knotweed, thorns and other plants.

Tannins or tannides are derivatives of polyhydric phenols that do not contain nitrogen. They have an astringent taste, are not poisonous, and when acting on the wound surface and mucous membranes, have an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, constrict blood vessels and reduce the secretion of moisture and mucus. Tannins are widely used in medicine for gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and other organs, with skin diseases, burns, etc. They are found in oak, sage, blueberry, chamomile, burnet, St. John's wort and many other plants.

Organic acids are found in the cell sap of most plants in the form of salts or in a free state. Some of them have a specific effect on the body (valeric, isovalsrian, salicylic, benzoic, etc.) and have important medicinal value. The most common organic acids in plant materials (malic, citric, tartaric and some others), when introduced into the body, participate in metabolic processes and lead to the accumulation of alkalis, which is important for some diseases. Lemon, cranberries, apple trees, currants, rose hips, sea buckthorn, sorrel and many other plants contain noticeable amounts of organic acids.

Pectins are gelling intercellular substances. They bind toxic products formed in the intestines or trapped there, act against diarrhea and inhibit the proliferation of some pathogenic microbes in the intestines. Apples, beets, cranberries, rose hips, oranges, lemons, black currants, etc. are rich in pectin substances.

Mucus - nitrogen-free substances of various chemical origin and composition, mainly polysaccharides. They have softening and enveloping properties. The largest amount of mucus contains marshmallow, which is an important component in breast preparations.

Resins are complex in composition, sticky and insoluble in water, with various odors. Some of them have a laxative effect, others have a wound-healing effect, and others have a diuretic effect.

Resins are found in many conifers, birch, St. John's wort, aloe, etc.

Fixed oils and fat-like substances - esters of glycerol and higher fatty acids. Well-known fatty oils are sunflower, olive, apricot, almond, etc. Fatty oils in their pure form are used as medicines(castor, sometimes sunflower) or serve as solvents for other medicinal substances (for example, camphor) in the manufacture of medicines. Fat-like substances include plant waxes, sterols and other substances. Plant sterols, called phytosterols, are quite widespread in the plant kingdom. Some of them have a pronounced therapeutic effect on the body.

Mineral salts - found in plants, they include chemical elements(potassium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, etc.), which play an important role in metabolism, the formation of enzymes and hormones in the body, as well as in hematopoiesis.

Enzymes are organic substances of a protein nature that play a large role in the metabolism in the body of animals and humans: they act as catalysts, participating in complex biochemical reactions.

As stated above, chemical compounds, called active substances, accumulate in the plant unevenly throughout the year, even days. IN different times Over the course of a year, plants may contain varying amounts of chemical components, sometimes to the point of their complete absence.

Therefore, raw materials should be collected when they are rich in these substances, and those parts of plants that contain them should be harvested. As a rule, in the above-ground parts of plants (leaves, flowers, herbaceous stems), biologically active substances accumulate as much as possible at the beginning of flowering and during the period of full flowering before fruiting. The peels and rhizomes contain greatest number active ingredients in early spring, before growth begins, or in late autumn, after the above-ground parts have withered; fruits and seeds - in the period of full ripening (ripeness).

The grass (all above-ground parts of the plant) is collected during flowering in dry, clear weather, after the dew has dried. Plants are usually pruned with a sickle, knife, scissors, or mowed with a scythe. The plant should not be pulled out by the roots from the soil; it must be cut at the level of the lower leaves or at the base of the plant. The flowering tops of plants are most often processed manually or cut off to a length of no more than 40-50 cm. Plants with thick stems, usually devoid of medicinal properties, are threshed and the stems are thrown away. The collected grass is placed loosely in a basket or heap, layered with dry twigs.

The buds are collected at the moment of their strong swelling, before the appearance of green leaves, since the blossoming buds do not have medicinal value. They are cut off along with pieces of branches. When harvesting pine buds along with them sharp knife cut off 2-3 mm of shoots from last year.

Leaves are best processed by hand. The leaves to be collected are fully developed, green, not susceptible or affected by diseases. You should not collect faded, insect-eaten leaves.

Flowers should be harvested at the beginning of flowering, when they contain more active ingredients, fall off less, and are brightly colored. Flowers are collected by hand, tearing off together with the stalks or plucking the corollas separately, always in dry weather.

Fruits and seeds are collected selectively as they are fully ripe. If ripe fruits fall off easily, then the above-ground parts of the plant are cut off along with the fruits until they are fully ripe and tied into sheaves. The sheaves are dried by hanging them indoors, and then threshed and the fruits are sifted out.

The bark is collected only from young (usually two-year-old) branches during the period of sap flow, i.e., during the period of swelling of the buds. To remove the bark, use a sharp knife to make two transverse half-cuts at a distance of 20-30 cm from each other and connect them with two or three longitudinal cuts.

Then the strips of bark are slightly peeled off towards the lower cut and, before reaching it, they are left on the branch to wilt, after which the bark is easily removed. The bark should not be planed, as this will leave unnecessary pieces of wood on it. Bark is not collected from branches affected by lichens or with growths.

Roots, rhizomes and tubers are usually dug up in autumn or early spring, when they contain the maximum active substances and gain heavy weight. Roots and rhizomes are dug up with shovels at a distance of 10-15 cm from the stem of the plant, after which they are shaken off or cleared of soil, placed in a wicker basket and washed in a running water cold water. The roots of some plants cannot be washed in water. They are cleared of soil, the outer skin is removed with a knife and dried, after which the aerial parts and sometimes thin side roots are cut off.

Talking about healing properties medicinal plants available to everyone, since they are found in the nature around us, it should be especially emphasized that successful treatment herbs are possible only as prescribed by a doctor and if available medical supervision. How medicine is more effective, the more harm it can cause if used incorrectly, and among plants there are many that have strong effect on the body and can cause poisoning of humans and animals.

Despite great successes in the field of studying medicinal plants, the possibilities associated with medicinal use plants. The use of traditional medicine data, a deep scientific analysis of established popular ideas about the healing properties of many plants will help to further enrich the arsenal medicinal products and put them at the service of protecting public health.

References

medicinal plant astringent medicinal

1. Odo of Mena (Matzer Floridus) “On the properties of herbs.”
2. “Library of medicinal plants” volume 1. Compiled by V.M. Zimin.
3. “Plants in Medicine” Compiled by: S.L. Freidman et al.
4. “Green Aptera” Mishin A.V.

Plants with an astringent effect have the property of having an anti-inflammatory effect. When they come into contact with living tissues, they form albuminate surfaces on them, as a result of which the permeability of membranes decreases, blood vessels narrow, gland secretion and exidation decrease tissue fluid.

The formation of a surface film of coagulated protein leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of nerve endings and protects tissues from irritation.

These changes and determine the anti-inflammatory effect that astringents have. Astringents, unlike cauterizing agents, do not cause cell death and have a reversible effect.

Types of plants with astringent action

Plants with an astringent effect are used for inflammatory lesions of the mucous membranes, in the treatment of wounds and ulcers, and for inflammatory processes in the intestines - they have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Snake knotweed

In the rhizomes mountaineer snake contains tannins such as tannin, free gallic and ellagic acids, catechin, oxymethylene traquinone, starch, glucose, vitamin C, provitamin A, coloring matter.

Rhizome snake mountaineer used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent orally in the form of an extract in drops or in the form of a decoction (1:10) in tablespoons.

Prescribed for colic, uterine, gastro- intestinal bleeding, externally – for stomatitis, gingivitis, for the treatment of bleeding wounds or ulcers in the form of rinses and lotions.

The effect on bleeding may be explained by the effect on blood clotting.

In folk medicine, the rhizomes of the snakeweed are also used to treat boils, internally for diarrhea and for diseases. bladder. The powder from the rhizome is taken orally, 0.5-1 g per dose, 3 times a day for diarrhea and dysentery.

For gall and bladder stones, give a decoction of 20 g of this plant per 1 liter of water. Boil for 20 minutes over low heat.

Take 1-1.5 glasses per day. At the same time, they follow a diet with limited meat, fish and spicy seasonings.

For stomach and intestinal bleeding, take 1 tbsp every 2 hours. l. decoction from the mixture: 5 g of knotweed powder and 1 tsp. flax seeds per 200 ml of water.

Externally, a decoction of this herb is used to make lotions (15 g of plant per 0.5 liter of water) for old wounds, ulcers and boils. A decoction is made from knotweed mixed with other plants for douching for colpitis.

Common oak

Common oak contains protein, tannins, starch, quercite and levulin. The effect of drugs from various parts plants comes down to an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect based on the ability of tannins to thicken cell membranes.

A decoction of oak bark is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the form of rinses for stomatitis, gingivitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and internally for gastric and intestinal bleeding, as an antidiarrhea. In addition, oak bark is used in complex treatment burns, skin diseases accompanied by excessive exudation, excessive sweating of the feet, as well as inflammatory diseases of the urogenital area (in the form of douching).

St. John's wort

St. John's wort used as an astringent, anti-inflammatory and aseptic agent that promotes rapid regeneration of damaged tissues.

It is prescribed orally for inflammatory diseases gastrointestinal tract, used to rinse the mouth and lubricate the gums when they are inflamed.

St. John's wort is used externally to treat wounds from burns and all kinds of skin lesions (ulcers, abscesses, boils, mastitis), as well as for acute inflammatory diseases of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa.

St. John's wort is used in the form of infusion, tincture, extract, St. John's wort oil. Fresh St. John's wort herb is ground and applied to bruises, wounds, and aches. St. John's wort stimulates appetite, improves bowel function, increases urine output, stops bleeding, has a general strengthening effect and improves mood.

Willow (willow)

Willow (willow) contains vitamin C, flavones, salicyl glucoside, tannins.

In folk medicine, willow bark is used in the form of a decoction, mainly for feverish conditions, rheumatism, and also as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for stomatitis, gingivitis and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, as a hemostatic for gastric and uterine bleeding, as a diuretic and cholagogue. Often, to increase the anti-inflammatory effect, decoctions of willow bark are prescribed in combination with salicylic drugs. Willow bark powder is used as a hemostatic when applied to the surface of a wound.

Burnet (officinalis)

Burnet (officinalis) contains huge amount biologically active substances.

A decoction of burnet roots has the ability to inhibit intestinal motility.

An extract obtained from burnet roots has an anti-inflammatory effect when applied externally.

Burnet is valuable as an astringent, anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, and analgesic in the treatment of acute enteritis, gastrogenic and toxic diarrhea, especially in children, intestinal catarrh, in the complex treatment of patients suffering from cholecystitis.

Burnet is also used as a hemostatic in case of bleeding: pulmonary, intestinal, hemorrhoidal, uterine; bloody vomiting and bloody diarrhea.

Burnet is prescribed for hypertension, with a rush of blood to the head. The anti-inflammatory properties of burnet have found application in the external treatment of inflammation of the eyelids and burns.

A decoction of burnet, obtained at the rate of 1:10, an alcoholic extract, has received medical use. A decoction of burnet roots can be prepared at home as follows: 1 tbsp. l. chopped burnet roots are poured with a glass of boiling water and simmered over low heat for half an hour, then allowed to cool, filter, squeeze and take 1 tbsp. l. 5-6 times a day.

Cinquefoil erecta

In the rhizomes Potentilla erecta contains tannins, crystalline tormenthol ester, chylic and ellagic acids, flabophenes, wax, resins, gum, starch.

The rhizomes are used in the form of a decoction, which is prepared at a ratio of 1:10, and alcohol tinctures internally and externally, mainly in folk medicine as a good astringent and hemostatic agent. Has minor antimicrobial and deodorizing effects.

It is used internally for dysentery, diarrhea, stomach, intestinal, uterine bleeding, externally - in the form of rinses and lotions for sore throat, bleeding gums, for the treatment of bleeding wounds, ulcers and various skin diseases. Cracks in the skin of the hands and feet and on the lips are lubricated with ointment from the roots of the cinquefoil. The ointment is prepared as follows: 5 g of finely chopped cinquefoil roots are boiled for 5 minutes in a glass of cow butter and filtered while warm.

Comfrey officinalis

Comfrey officinalis contains a toxic substance - the alkaloid lasiocorpine, traces of essential oil. IN medical practice Comfrey has extremely limited use.

In folk medicine, comfrey root is used as a weak astringent, antidiarrheal and emollient, and sometimes as a laxative. Fresh root or juice from it is used externally for various wounds and ulcers, as well as nosebleeds. The plant requires caution in use. In case of comfrey poisoning, gastric lavage should be performed as quickly as possible. weak solution potassium permanganate, prescribe saline laxatives and drugs that support breathing and circulation.

Common chamomile

Common chamomile used as a sedative and antistatic agent for intestinal spasms, flatulence, as a laxative, but also for the treatment of diarrhea, and as an aseptic and analgesic.

It is used for menstrual disorders and as a diaphoretic, externally as a weak astringent antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent in the form of rinses, general baths, enemas, lotions and poultices. The effect of chamomile preparations is due to a complex of substances, especially chamazulene and matrices.

Hamazutrin has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, it enhances regenerative processes, weakens allergic reactions and has a local anesthetic effect.

Apigenin, apiin and herniarin have a moderate antispasmodic effect. Chamomile essential oil has a disinfectant effect, reduces the formation of gases in the intestines, reduces pain, weakens inflammatory phenomena.

In folk medicine, chamomile is used as a sedative (in the form of tea), as an anticonvulsant, diuretic, choleretic, mild laxative, and is also used for dysmenorrhea.

Externally, chamomile is used for abscesses, boils and for washing the eyes. Therapeutic baths with chamomile is used for rheumatism and gout.

Bird cherry

Medicinal substances bird cherry concentrated in fruits.

Bird cherry fruits contain tannins, organic acids, bitter almond essential oil and glucosidalgdanide. IN practical medicine A decoction of bird cherry fruits is taken orally as an antidiarrheal agent.