How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell? Cell structure, difference between a plant cell and an animal cell

Under the pressure of the evolutionary process, living organisms acquired more and more new characteristics that contributed to adaptation to environment and helping to occupy a certain ecological niche. One of the first to occur was a division according to the method of organizing the cellular structure between two kingdoms: plants and animals.

Similar elements of the cellular structure of plant and animal cells

Plants, like animals, are eukaryotic organisms, i.e. have a nucleus - a double-membrane organelle that separates the genetic material of the cell from the rest of its contents. To carry out the synthesis of proteins, fat-like substances, their subsequent sorting and elimination in cells of both animals and plants, there is an endoplasmic reticulum (granular and agranular), the Golgi complex and lysosomes. Mitochondria are an essential element for energy synthesis and cellular respiration.

Distinct elements of the cellular structure of plant and animal cells

Animals are heterotrophs (they consume ready-made organic matter), plants are autotrophs (using solar energy, water and carbon dioxide synthesize simple carbohydrates and then transform them). It is the differences in types of nutrition that determine the difference in cellular structure. Animals do not have plastids main function which is photosynthesis. Plant vacuoles are large and serve to store nutrients. Animals store substances in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusions, and their vacuoles are small and serve mainly to isolate unnecessary or even hazardous substances, and their subsequent removal. Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch, animals - in the form of glycogen.

Another fundamental difference between plants and animals is the way they grow. Plants are characterized by apical growth; a cell wall, which is absent in animals, is intended to guide it, maintain cell rigidity, and also to protect it.

Thus, a plant cell, as opposed to an animal cell,

has plastids;
has several large vacuoles with a supply of nutrients;
surrounded by a cell wall;
does not have a cell center;

The cells of animals and plants, both multicellular and unicellular, are in principle similar in structure. Differences in the details of cell structure are associated with their functional specialization.

The main elements of all cells are the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleus has a complex structure, changing to different phases cell division, or cycle. The nucleus of a non-dividing cell occupies approximately 10-20% of its total volume. It consists of karyoplasm (nucleoplasm), one or more nucleoli (nucleoli) and a nuclear membrane. Karyoplasm is nuclear sap, or karyolymph, which contains strands of chromatin that form chromosomes.

Mandatory elements of the nucleus are chromosomes, which have a specific chemical and morphological structure. They accept active participation in metabolism in the cell and are directly related to the hereditary transmission of properties from one generation to another.

The cytoplasm of the cell exhibits a very complex structure. The introduction of thin sectioning techniques and electron microscopy made it possible to see the fine structure of the underlying cytoplasm.

It has been established that the latter consists of parallel located complex structures, having the form of plates and tubules, on the surface of which there are tiny granules with a diameter of 100-120 Å. These formations are called the endoplasmic complex. This complex includes various differentiated organelles: mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, in animal cells and lower plants- centrosome, animals - lysosomes, plants - plastids. In addition, the cytoplasm contains a whole series inclusions that take part in cell metabolism: starch, fat droplets, urea crystals, etc.

Centrioles(cellular center) consists of two components: triplets and centrosphere - a specially differentiated section of the cytoplasm. Centrioles consist of two small rounded rings. IN electron microscope it is clear that these bodies represent a system of strictly oriented tubes.

Mitochondria there are in cells different shapes: rod-shaped, null-shaped, etc. It is believed that their shape can vary depending on functional state cells. The size of the mitochondria varies widely: from 0.2 to 2-7 microns. in cells of different tissues they are located either evenly throughout the cytoplasm, or with a higher concentration in certain areas. It has been established that mitochondria take part in oxidative processes cell metabolism. Mitochondria are composed of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. A number of enzymes involved in aerobic oxidation, as well as those associated with phosphorylation, were found in them. It is believed that all reactions of the Krebs cycle occur in mitochondria: most of the energy is released while the energy is spent on the work of the cell.

The structure of mitochondria turned out to be complex. According to electron microscopic studies, they are bodies narrowed by a hydrophilic sol and enclosed in a selectively permeable shell - a membrane, the thickness of which is about 80 Å. Mitochondria have a layered structure in the form of a system of morning ridges-crystals, the thickness of which is 180-200 Å. They are moving away from inner surface membranes, forming ring-shaped diaphragms. It is assumed that mitochondria reproduce by fission. When cells divide, their distribution among the outermost cells does not follow a strict pattern, since %, apparently, can quickly multiply to the number required by the cell. By shape, size and role in biochemical processes Mitochondria are characteristic of each type of organism.

At biochemical research microsomes are found in the cytoplasm, which are fragments of membranes with the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

IN significant amount in the cytoplasm there are ribosomes, their sizes vary from 150 to 350 Å and in light microscope invisible. Their special feature is high content RNA and proteins: About 50% of all cellular RNA is found in ribosomes, indicating great value last in cell activity. It has been established that ribosomes are involved in the synthesis of cellular proteins under the control of the nucleus. The reproduction of the ribosomes themselves is also controlled by the nucleus; in the absence of a nucleus, they lose the ability to synthesize cytoplasmic proteins and disappear.

The cytoplasm also contains Golgi apparatus. It represents a system of smooth membranes and tubules located around the nucleus or polar. It is believed that this device provides excretory function cells. Its fine structure remains unclear.

Organelles of the cytoplasm are also lysosomes- lytic bodies that perform the function of digestion inside the cell. They have been discovered so far only in animal cells. Lysosomes contain active juice - a number of enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides entering the cell. If the lysosome membrane ruptures and the enzymes move into the cytoplasm, they “digest” other elements, the cytoplasm, and lead to the dissolution of the cell - “self-eating”.

The cytoplasm of plant cells is characterized by the presence of plastids, which carry out photosynthesis, the synthesis of starch and pigments, as well as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Based on color and function, plastids can be divided into three groups: leucoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts. Leukoplasts are colorless plastids involved in the synthesis of starch from sugars. Chloroplasts are protein bodies of a denser consistency than the cytoplasm; Along with proteins, they contain a lot of lipids. The protein body (stroma) of chloroplasts carries pigments, mainly chlorophyll, which explains their green color; chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis. Chromoplasts contain pigments - carotenoids (carotene and xanthophyll).

Plastids reproduce by direct division and, apparently, do not arise anew in the cell. Until now, we do not know the principle of their distribution among daughter cells during division. It is possible that the strict mechanism ensuring equal distribution, does not exist, since the required number of them can be quickly restored. During asexual and sexual reproduction of plants, traits determined by the properties of plastids can be inherited through the maternal cytoplasm.

Here we will not dwell on the features of changes in individual elements of the cell in connection with the functions they perform. physiological functions, since it falls within the field of study of cytology, cytochemistry, cytophysics and cytophysiology. However, it should be noted that in lately researchers come to a very important conclusion regarding chemical characteristics organelles of the cytoplasm: a number of them, such as mitochondria, plastids and even centrioles, have their own DNA. What the role of DNA is and what state it is in remains unclear.

We met general structure cells only in order to subsequently evaluate the role of its individual elements in ensuring material continuity between generations, i.e., in heredity, because everything structural elements cells take part in its preservation. It should, however, be borne in mind that although heredity is ensured by the entire cell as unified system, nuclear structures, namely chromosomes, occupy a special place in this. Chromosomes, unlike cell organelles, are unique structures characterized by the constancy of qualitative and quantitative composition. They cannot replace each other. An imbalance in the chromosomal complement of a cell ultimately leads to its death.

According to their structure, the cells of all living organisms can be divided into two large sections: non-nuclear and nuclear organisms.

In order to compare the structure of plant and animal cells, it should be said that both of these structures belong to the superkingdom of eukaryotes, which means they contain a membrane membrane, a morphologically shaped nucleus and organelles for various purposes.

	Vegetable	Animal
Nutrition method	Autotrophic	Heterotrophic
Cell wall	It is located outside and is represented by a cellulose shell. Does not change its shape	Called glycocalyx, it is a thin layer of cells of protein and carbohydrate nature. The structure can change its shape.
Cell center	No. Can only be found in lower plants	Eat
Division	A partition is formed between the daughter structures	A constriction is formed between the daughter structures
Storage carbohydrate	Starch	Glycogen
Plastids	Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts; differ from each other depending on color	No
Vacuoles	Large cavities that are filled with cell sap. Contain large number nutrients. Provide turgor pressure. There are relatively few of them in the cell.	Numerous small digestive, some contractile. The structure is different with plant vacuoles.

Features of the structure plant cell:

Features of the structure of an animal cell:

Brief comparison of plant and animal cells

What follows from this

The fundamental similarity in the structural features and molecular composition of plant and animal cells indicates the relationship and unity of their origin, most likely from single-celled organisms. aquatic organisms.
Both species contain many elements of the Periodic Table, which mainly exist in the form of complex compounds of inorganic and organic nature.
However, what is different is that in the process of evolution these two types of cells moved far away from each other, because from various adverse effects external environment they have absolutely different ways protection and also have different feeding methods from each other.
A plant cell is mainly distinguished from an animal cell by its strong cell wall, consisting of cellulose; special organelles - chloroplasts with chlorophyll molecules in their composition, with the help of which we carry out photosynthesis; and well-developed vacuoles with a supply of nutrients.

Analysis of the effectiveness of financial investments.

Financial investments can be in the form securities, contributions to authorized capital, granted credits and loans.

A retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of financial investments is made by comparing the amount of income received and the amount of expenses of a specific type of asset.

Average annual profitability changes under the influence of the structure of each type of investment and the level of profitability of each deposit.

SrUD = ∑ Sd.v. i × Ud.D i

Assessment and forecasting economic efficiency financial investments are made using relative and absolute indicators. The main factors influencing efficiency are:

2. current intrinsic value.

Current intrinsic value depends on 3 factors:

1) Expected arrival cash;

2) Rate of return;

3) Duration of the period of income generation.

TVnSt = ∑ (Exp.DS / (1 + N d) n)

Table 4.

Analysis of the effectiveness of using long-term
financial investments

Indicators	Last	Reporting	Deviation
1. Total amount of long-term financial investments, thousand rubles.			+1700
including: a) shares			+1400
b) bonds			+300
2.Specific gravity,%
a) shares			+2
b) bonds			-2
3. Income received, total in thousand rubles.			+1500
a) shares			+500
b) bonds			+1000
4. Profitability of long-term financial investments
a) shares		44,4	-1,6
b) bonds	42,6		+17,4
5. Total profitability, %	44,71	50,02	+5,31

D total = ∑ Ud.v. i × D r i

Factor analysis total return is carried out using the absolute difference method:

1) ∆ D total. (sp.v.) = (2 × 46 + (-2) × 42.6) / 100 = + 0.068

2) ∆ D total. (D r.) = (-1.6 × 64 + 17.4 × 36) / 100 = 5.24

Balance of factors: 0.068 + 5.24 = 5.31

2. The main chemical components of protoplast. Organic substances of the cell. Proteins - biopolymers formed by amino acids, make up 40-50% of the dry mass of the protoplast. They participate in building the structure and functions of all organelles. Chemically, proteins are divided into simple (proteins) and complex (proteids). Complex proteins can form complexes with lipids - lipoproteins, with carbohydrates - glycoproteins, with nucleic acids - nucleoproteins, etc.

Proteins are part of enzymes that regulate all vital processes.

Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA - are the most important biopolymers of the protoplast, the content of which is 1-2% of its mass. These are substances for storing and transmitting hereditary information. DNA is mainly found in the nucleus, RNA - in the cytoplasm and nucleus. DNA contains the carbohydrate component deoxyribose, and RNA contains ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids are polymers whose monomers are nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and the residue phosphoric acid. Nucleotides are of five types depending on the nitrogenous base. The DNA molecule is represented by two polynucleotide helical chains, the RNA molecule - by one.

Lipids are fat-like substances contained in an amount of 2-3%. These are reserve energy substances that are also part of the cell wall. Fat-like compounds cover thin layer leaves of plants, preventing them from getting wet during heavy rains. The protoplast of a plant cell contains simple ( fixed oils) and complex lipids (lipoids, or fat-like substances).

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are part of the protoplast of each cell in the form of simple compounds (water-soluble sugars) and complex carbohydrates(insoluble or slightly soluble) – polysaccharides. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) is a monosaccharide. It is especially abundant in sweet fruits; it plays a role in the formation of polysaccharides and easily dissolves in water. Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a monosaccharide that has the same formula, but tastes much sweeter. Sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11) – disaccharide, or cane sugar; V large quantities found in sugar cane and sugar beet roots. Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides. Starch is a reserve energy polysaccharide, cellulose is the main component of the cell wall. In the cell sap of dahlia root tubers, chicory, dandelion, elecampane and other Asteraceae roots, another polysaccharide is found - inulin.

Organic substances in cells also contain vitamins - physiologically active organic compounds, controlling the course of metabolism, hormones regulating the processes of growth and development of the body, phytoncides - liquid or volatile substances, secreted by higher plants.

Inorganic substances in the cell. Cells contain from 2 to 6% inorganic substances. More than 80 were found in the cell composition chemical elements. Based on their content, the elements that make up a cell can be divided into three groups.

Macroelements. They account for about 99% of the total cell mass. The concentrations of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen are especially high. Their share makes up 98% of all macroelements. The remaining 2% include potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, iron, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine.

Microelements. These include mainly ions heavy metals, which are part of enzymes, hormones and other vital important substances. Their content in the cell ranges from 0.001 to 0.000001%. Microelements include boron, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, zinc, vanadium, iodine, bromine, etc.

Ultramicroelements. Their share does not exceed 0.000001%. These include uranium, radium, gold, mercury, beryllium, cesium, selenium and other rare metals.

Water – component of any cell, this is the main environment of the body, directly involved in many reactions. Water is a source of oxygen released during photosynthesis and hydrogen, which is used to restore the products of carbon dioxide assimilation. Water is a solvent. There are hydrophilic substances (from the Greek "hydros" - water and "phileo" - love), highly soluble in water, and hydrophobic (Greek "phobos" - fear) - substances that are difficult or not at all soluble in water (fats, fat-like substances, etc.). Water is the main means of transport of substances in the body (ascending and descending currents of solutions through the vessels of plants) and in the cell.

3. Cytoplasm. In the protoplast, the majority is occupied by the cytoplasm with organelles, the smaller part is occupied by the nucleus with the nucleolus. Cytoplasm has plasma membranes: 1) plasmalemma - outer membrane (shell); 2) tonoplast - the inner membrane in contact with the vacuole. Between them is mesoplasm - the bulk of the cytoplasm. The mesoplasm includes: 1) hyaloplasm (matrix) – the structureless part of the mesoplasm; 2) endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum); 3) Golgi apparatus; 4) ribosomes; 5) mitochondria (chondriosomes); 6) spherosomes; 7) lysosomes; 8) plastids.

There are 3 kingdoms - plants, animals and fungi.

1. Differences in nutrition

Plants are autotrophs, i.e. They make organic substances for themselves from inorganic substances (carbon dioxide and water) through the process of photosynthesis.

Animals and fungi are heterotrophs, i.e. finished organic substances are obtained from food.

2. Growth or movement

Animals are able to move and grow only before reproduction begins.

Plants and mushrooms do not move, but they grow unlimitedly throughout their lives.

3. Differences in the structure and functioning of the cell

1) Only plants have plastids (chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts).

2) Only animals have a cell center (centrioles).*

3) Only animals do not have a large central vacuole. The shell of this vacuole is called tonoplast, and the contents are cell sap. In plants it occupies most of the adult cell. * *

4) Only animals do not have a cell wall (dense shell), in plants it is made of cellulose (fiber), and in fungi it is made of chitin.

5) The storage carbohydrate in plants is starch, and in animals and fungi it is glycogen.

===Correct in the Unified State Examination
666) *Only plants do not have centrioles.
667) **Only plants have vacuoles with cell sap.
668) Only animals have lysosomes.

Analyze the text “Difference between a plant cell and an animal cell.” Fill in the blank text cells using the terms in the list. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided. A plant cell, unlike an animal cell, has ___(A), which in old cells ___(B) and displaces the cell nucleus from the center to its shell. Cell sap may contain ___ (B), which give it a blue, purple, crimson color, etc. The shell of a plant cell mainly consists of ___ (D).
1) chloroplast
2) vacuole
3) pigment
4) mitochondria
5) merge
6) disintegrate
7) cellulose
8) glucose

Answer

Choose three options. Signs characteristic of mushrooms
1) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
2) storage of glycogen in cells
3) absorption of food by phagocytosis
4) ability for chemosynthesis
5) heterotrophic nutrition
6) limited growth

Answer

Choose three options. Plants, like mushrooms,

2) have limited growth
3) absorb nutrients from the body surface
4) feed on ready-made organic substances
5) contain chitin in cell membranes
6) have cellular structure

Answer

Choose three options. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) grow throughout life
2) do not contain ribosomes in cells
3) have a cellular structure
4) do not contain mitochondria in cells
5) contain chitin in organisms
6) are heterotrophic organisms

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the kingdom of organisms: 1) plants, 2) animals
A) Synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones
B) They have unlimited growth
B) Absorb substances in the form of solid particles
D) The storage nutrient is glycogen.
D) The reserve nutrient is starch.
E) Most organisms do not have cell center centrioles in their cells.

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) plants, 2) animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) heterotrophic type of nutrition
B) the presence of chitin in the exoskeleton
B) the presence of educational tissue
D) regulation of life activity only with the help of chemicals
D) formation of urea during metabolism
E) the presence of a rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of an organism and the kingdom for which this characteristic is characteristic: 1) Plants, 2) Animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall
B) autotrophs
B) larval stage
D) consumers
D) connective tissue
E) tropisms

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between organelles and cells: 1) plant, 2) animal. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall
B) glycocalyx
B) centrioles
D) plastids
D) starch granules
E) glycogen granules

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the vital functions of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) Plants, 2) Animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) heterotrophic nutrition in most representatives
B) maturation of gametes by meiosis
B) primary synthesis of organic substances from inorganic substances
D) transport of substances through conductive tissue
D) neurohumoral regulation vital processes
E) reproduction by spores and vegetative organs

Answer

FORMING 6:
A) the ability to phagocytose
B) the presence of a large storage vacuole

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Fungi, unlike plants,
1) refer to nuclear organisms(eukaryotes)
2) grow throughout life
3) feed on ready-made organic substances
4) contain chitin in cell membranes
5) play the role of decomposers in the ecosystem
6) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones

Answer

Choose three options. The similarity between fungal and animal cells is that they have
1) a shell of chitin-like substance
2) glycogen as a storage carbohydrate
3) decorated core
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) mitochondria
6) plastids

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. By what characteristics can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?

2) have a cellular structure
3) grow throughout life
4) have a body consisting of filaments-hyphae
5) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body
6) have limited growth

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) feed on ready-made organic substances
2) have a vegetative body consisting of mycelium
3) lead active image life
4) have unlimited growth
5) store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
6) form urea during metabolism

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdom to which it belongs: 1) Fungi, 2) Plants. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the cell wall contains chitin
B) autotrophic nutrition type
C) form organic substances from inorganic ones
D) starch is a reserve nutrient
D) in natural systems they are decomposers
E) the body consists of mycelium

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of the cell and the kingdom for which it is characteristic: 1) Fungi, 2) Plants. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the presence of plastids
B) absence of chloroplasts
B) reserve substance – starch
D) the presence of vacuoles with cell sap
D) the cell wall contains fiber
E) the cell wall contains chitin

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell and its type: 1) fungal, 2) plant. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) reserve carbohydrate – starch
B) chitin gives strength to the cell wall
B) there are no centrioles
D) there are no plastids
D) autotrophic nutrition
E) there is no large vacuole

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of cells and their type: 1) plant, 2) fungal. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) phototrophic nutrition
B) heterotrophic nutrition
B) the presence of a cellulose shell
D) storage substance - glycogen
D) the presence of a large storage vacuole
E) the absence of a cell center in most centrioles

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of cells and the kingdoms of organisms to which these cells belong: 1) Plants, 2) Fungi. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall made of chitin
B) the presence of large vacuoles with cell sap
C) absence of centrioles of the cell center in most representatives
D) storage carbohydrate glycogen
D) heterotrophic mode of nutrition
E) the presence of various plastids

Answer

1. The characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the characteristics of the cells shown in the figure. Identify two features that “fall out” from general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) have a formed core
2) are heterotrophic
3) capable of photosynthesis
4) contain central vacuole with cell juice
5) accumulate glycogen

Answer

2. All the signs listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the shape of the cell is maintained by turgor
2) storage substance - starch
3) the cell does not have centrioles
4) the cell does not have a cell wall
5) all proteins are synthesized in chloroplasts

Answer

3. The terms listed below, except two, are used to characterize the cell shown in the figure. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) starch
2) mitosis
3) meiosis
4) phagocytosis
5) chitin

Answer

4. All but two of the terms listed below are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated
1) photosynthesis
2) cell wall
3) chitin
4) nucleoid
5) core

Answer

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) cells are always single
2) eat osmotrophically
3) protein is synthesized by ribosomes
4) contain a cellulose wall
5) DNA is in the nucleus

Answer

All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two characteristics that “fall out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) has a glycocalyx
2) has a cell wall
3) feeds autotrophically
4) contains a cell center
5) divides by mitosis

Answer

In the form of what cell compound various organisms store glucose? Define two true statements from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Plants store glucose in the form of glycogen
2) Animals store glucose in the form of sucrose
3) Plants store glucose in the form of starch
4) Fungi and plants store glucose in the form of cellulose
5) Fungi and animals store glucose in the form of glycogen

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Characteristic of mushrooms following signs:
1) are prenuclear organisms
2) act as decomposers in the ecosystem
3) have root hairs
4) have limited growth
5) by type of nutrition - heterotrophs
6) contain chitin in cell membranes

Answer

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the answer. From the listed characteristics, select those that fungal cells have.
1) the hereditary apparatus is located in the nucleotide
2) the cell wall contains chitin
3) eukaryotic cell
4) storage substance - glycogen
5) there is no cell membrane
6) type of nutrition – autotrophic

Answer

1. Choose three options. Cells flowering plant differ from the cells of the animal body in the presence
1) fiber casings
2) chloroplasts
3) decorated core
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) mitochondria
6) endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

2. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. In cells plant organisms, unlike animals, are kept
1) chloroplasts
2) mitochondria
3) nucleus and nucleolus
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) cell wall made of cellulose
6) ribosomes

Answer

Select three elements that distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell.
1) absence of mitochondria
2) the presence of leukocytes
3) absence of glycocalyx
3) presence of thylakoids
5) the presence of cell sap
6) absence of a plasma membrane

Answer

Analyze the text "Mosses". For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided. Mosses are ________ (A) plants, since they reproduce by spores that are formed in special organs - ________ (B). In our forests there are green mosses, for example, cuckoo flax, and white mosses, for example, ________ (B). Water is extremely important for the life of mosses, so they are often found near forest standing bodies of water: lakes and swamps. Centuries-old deposits of moss in swamps form deposits of ________ (D) - valuable fertilizer and fuel.
1) inferior
2) box
3) seed
4) sorus
5) spore
6) sphagnum
7) peat
8) flowering

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell and its type: 1) bacterial, 2) fungal, 3) plant. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) absence of membrane organelles
B) storage substance – starch
B) the ability to chemosynthesize
D) the presence of a nucleoid
D) the presence of chitin in the cell wall

Answer

Select three characteristics that distinguish mushrooms from plants.
1) chemical composition cell wall
2) unlimited growth
3) immobility
4) way of eating
5) reproduction by spores
6) presence of fruiting bodies

Answer

What features, unlike animal and fungal cells, does a plant cell have?
1) forms a cellulose cell wall
2) includes ribosomes
3) has the ability to divide repeatedly
4) accumulates nutrients
5) contains leukoplasts
6) does not have centrioles

Answer

1) chloroplasts
2) central vacuole
3) endoplasmic reticulum
4) mitochondria
5) Golgi apparatus

Answer

All but two of the organelles listed below are present in all types of eukaryotic cells. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.
1) plasma membrane
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) flagella
4) mitochondria
5) chloroplasts

Answer

1. All but two of the terms listed below are used to describe a fungal cell. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) core
2) chemosynthesis
3) cell wall
4) autotrophic nutrition
5) glycogen

Answer

2. All of the characteristics listed below, except two, are used to describe the structure of a fungal cell. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) presence of a designed core
2) the presence of a cellulose shell
3) ability for phagocytosis
4) the presence of membrane organelles
5) the presence of glycogen as a reserve substance

Answer

All but two of the characteristics listed below are used to describe the structure of most plant cells. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) various plastids
2) cellulose shell
3) centrioles of the cell center
4) glycocalyx
5) vacuoles with cell sap

Answer

All but two of the characteristics listed below are used to describe the structure of most animal cells. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) centrioles of the cell center
2) cell membrane made of chitin
3) semi-autonomous organelles
4) plastids
5) glycocalyx

Answer

1. Find three errors in the given text and indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they were made.(1) Plants, like other organisms, have a cellular structure, eat, breathe, grow, and reproduce. (2) As members of one kingdom, plants have characteristics that distinguish them from other kingdoms. (3) Plant cells have a cell wall consisting of cellulose, plastids, and vacuoles with cell sap. (4) In cells higher plants there are centrioles. (5) In plant cells, ATP synthesis occurs in lysosomes. (6) Glycogen is a reserve nutrient in plant cells. (7) According to the method of nutrition, most plants are autotrophs.

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2. Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made.(1) Eukaryotic cells have a separate nucleus. (2) Plastids and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. (3) The cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contains ribosomes, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. (4) The cell wall of plant cells contains cellulose, the cell wall of animal cells contains glycogen. (5) A bacterial cell reproduces using spores. (6) A eukaryotic cell divides by mitosis and meiosis. (7) Fungal spores are designed to reproduce.

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Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and kingdoms of organisms: 1) Animals, 2) Fungi. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell walls contain chitin
B) the presence of mycelium consisting of filaments-hyphae
B) the presence of a glycocalyx on cell membranes
D) growth throughout life
D) ability to move independently

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Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) Fungi, 2) Animals. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) rigid cell wall
B) active movement in space
C) absorption of nutrients by the body surface by all representatives of the kingdom
D) unlimited growth for all representatives
D) external and internal fertilization
E) the presence of tissues and organs

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Look at the picture depicting this cell and determine (A) the type of this cell, (B) its type of nutrition, (C) the organelle indicated in the picture by number 1. For each letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.
1) bacterial
2) mitochondria
3) autotrophic
4) vegetable
5) construction
6) heterotrophic
7) animal
8) core

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Match the characteristics and kingdoms of the organisms shown in the figure. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the sequence corresponding to the letters.
A) characterized by an autotrophic type of nutrition
B) have a variety of tissues and organs
C) most representatives have centrioles of the cell center in their cells
D) spare nutrient- glycogen
D) many representatives have a fruiting body
E) are producers in ecosystems

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