Safety precautions during physical education and sports. Methodological development "safety precautions during physical exercise and sports" General characteristics of injuries

“Physical exercise” - Unfortunately, there are still a lot of problems in solving the issues of preserving and strengthening the health of children. While doing the exercises, enjoy good music, opportunities for communication, smile at each other, support each other in all your endeavors! Sports in people's lives Hygiene of Olympic athletes Movement is life The importance of posture in a person's life Running yesterday and today Jumping and character education.

Muscle structure. Movements that involve the pectoral muscles. Long vault over horse. Strength endurance. Calf muscle. Exercises to develop the pectoral muscles. Strength. Slide. Forms of manifestation of power. Vault.

“Physical education of a schoolchild” - Negative mental influences. Reducing physical activity. Mimic exercises. Refresher courses. Deviations in physical health. Components of mental health. Head of the regional association of physical education teachers. Extracurricular activities. Physical education lessons.

“Finger self-massage” - Number of hours. Contents of the module. A set of games and gaming exercises. Finger pool. Finger self-massage. Distinctive feature of the module. Roundabout Circulation. A set of exercises for self-massage. Expected results. Creating conditions for the development of fine motor skills. Mastering the sound system of the language.

“Physical education and sports” - The main functional load in sports. The influence of sports on the physical and emotional state of students. Impact on personality. Mean values ​​among groups. This topic is relevant today. The essence of the test. Health-improving and preventive effect. In the process of playing sports, will and character are strengthened.

“Types of games” - At a signal, they run to the counters and return back, passing the flag to the next participant. In Rus', in the old days, this was the name given to mail delivered by a messenger. Attraction. Types of games. Each team receives 1 flag. 2 participants are invited to the site. Goals and objectives. . “Pass the baton” Two teams of 6 people.

There are a total of 35 presentations in the topic

Safety regulationswhen doing physical exercise

During physical exercise, safety rules should be followed. Of great importance is the preparation of training places, the availability of properly prepared sports equipment and inventory. Sports grounds for physical exercise and outdoor games must be located at a distance of at least 10 m from educational buildings and other premises. The surface of the sites must be smooth, without stones or other objects.

Special requirements for the equipment of sports halls. The floor of the hall should be equal, painted, which allows for quick wet cleaning. At the beginning of classes, the floor should not only be clean, but also dry. On a wet surface, you can get stuck, especially in sports and outdoor games, when running and jumping.

To avoid injuries, you need to exercise in shoes with rubber soles. Shoes with leather soles are slippery even on dry surfaces.

Sports equipment and equipment must be undamaged and meet hygienic requirements. When performing physical exercises, equipment must be in a fixed position. Circle anthem. shells and you should definitely put gymnastics under them. During a fall or slip they prevent various damages.

When running short distances, you must not cross into the adjacent track, this can lead to a collision between students. All running competitions are carried out while moving in one direction.

When jumping, you must strictly adhere to the execution order. Throwing requires special care. You cannot be in the area where a ball or grenade lands. It is strictly forbidden to violate discipline in all classes and perform exercises without the permission of the teacher.

Safety rules for physical exercise.

The following rules can be considered common to all types of activities:

Maintaining discipline during classes (when performing with classmates, be attentive and careful, do not interfere with each other, do not push, do not shout).

Follow the class schedule and arrive to class on time.

2. Study only with a teacher or his assistant, be sure to fulfill all their requirements (it is prohibited to perform complex and unknown exercises without a teacher).

3. Mandatory warm-up to help warm up the main muscle groups.

4. Do not leave the place of study without the teacher’s permission.

5. Perform exercises only on working equipment; treat inventory and equipment with care; Having finished performing exercises with equipment (balls, sticks, jump ropes...), put it in the place where it is stored (specially designated place).

6. Compliance of sportswear and shoes with physical education classes, weather and other conditions. Shoes must be clean and have non-slip soles.

7. Clothes and shoes for physical education must be brought with you in a bag (package). Before you start exercising, you must put on a tracksuit and shoes. After finishing classes, you must take off your tracksuit and shoes, put on your school uniform (or other clothes and shoes), and wash your face and hands with soap.

8. Do not litter on the sports ground and in the gym, and keep it clean.

9. Participate in classes only if you feel well.

10. Everyone exempt from physical exercise for health reasons must be present at the lesson.

11. Students who fail to comply with or violate labor safety instructions are held accountable.

Safety requirements during athletics

During a group start for short distances, run only in your own lane (straight). The track must continue for at least 15 m beyond the finish mark.

To avoid collisions, avoid stopping suddenly.

While running, do not push or use steps.

Before performing throwing exercises, check to see if there are people in the throwing sector.

Do not throw without the permission of the teacher, do not leave sports equipment unattended.

Do not stand to the right of the thrower, do not be in the throwing zone, do not go for throwing equipment without the permission of the teacher.

Do not throw a projectile (ball, grenade) to each other.

Do not perform jumps on uneven, loose or slippery ground, and do not land on your hands when jumping.

Carefully loosen the sand in the jumping pit - the landing site, and check that there are no foreign objects in the sand.

When performing long and high jumps with a run-up in a stream (one after another), maintain a certain distance, start the run-up only after the jumper in front leaves the landing site (jumping pit), do not cross the path of the person performing the run-up, do not leave shovels in the jumping pit, rakes, other equipment.

Safety requirements during gymnastics classes

Before the lesson, it is necessary to check the reliability of fastening the crossbar, fastening the supports of the gymnastic horse and goat, and fastening the locking screws of the parallel bars.

Place the required number of gymnastic mats in the places where the equipment comes off so that their surface is smooth and there are no gaps between the mats.

It is prohibited to perform vaults, as well as exercises on other gymnastic equipment without insurance.

It is prohibited to slide down a rope or pole.

It is prohibited to be in the vicinity of the gymnastic apparatus if another student is working on it (only the belayer is allowed to be there).

When performing acrobatic exercises, strictly follow the interval and distance specified by the teacher.

When performing jumps and dismounts from sports equipment, land softly on the toes of your feet, squatting springily.

When conducting outdoor games, it is necessary

Start the game, make stops in the game and end the game only at the command (signal) of the lesson leader.

Strictly follow the rules of outdoor games.

Avoid collisions with players, pushes and hits on the arms and legs of players.

If you fall, you must brace yourself to avoid injury.

Listen carefully and follow all commands (signals) of the lesson leader.

Safety requirements for basketball, football, volleyball games

It is necessary to remove all jewelry (rings, bracelets, earrings, etc.). Fingernails should be cut short.

Check the serviceability and reliability of sports equipment and equipment (balls, stands, rings, nets, condition of sports fields and football fields, etc.).

Start and end the game only at the signal (command) of the referee.

Do not violate the rules of the competition, strictly follow all commands (signals) given by the game referee.

Avoid collisions with other competition participants (team partners or opponents), and avoid pushing or hitting their arms and legs.

If you fall, you must brace yourself to avoid injury.

During the game, there should be no unauthorized persons or objects on the sports ground or football field that could cause injury. All protruding objects must be covered with gymnastic mats or fenced.

Safety precautions during ski training classes

1. Safety requirements before starting classes

Wear light, warm, non-restrictive clothing, wool socks and gloves or mittens. When the air temperature is below - 10°C, wear swimming trunks.

Check the serviceability of the ski equipment and adjust the ski mount to the shoes. Ski boots must be selected according to the size of your feet.

Check the preparedness of the ski track or track and the absence of hazards in the training area that could lead to injury.

2. Safety requirements during classes

Maintain an interval of 3-4 m when skiing, and at least 30 m when descending the mountain.

When descending the mountain, do not point your ski poles forward.

After descending from the mountain, do not stop at the foot of the mountain to avoid collisions with other skiers.

Keep an eye on each other and immediately inform the teacher (teacher, educator) about the first signs of frostbite.

To avoid abrasions on your feet, do not ski in shoes that are tight or too loose.

3.Safety requirements in emergency situations

If ski equipment is broken or damaged and it is impossible to repair it on the way, inform the teacher (teacher, educator) about this and, with his permission, move to the location of the institution.

At the first signs of frostbite, as well as if you feel unwell, inform your teacher (teacher, educator).

If an injury occurs, immediately provide first aid to the victim, if necessary, send him to the nearest medical facility and inform the administration of the institution about this.

4. Safety requirements at the end of classes

Take your inventory to the designated place.

Change into dry clothes.

Safety precautions when conducting classes in the gym .

Check the serviceability and reliability of the installation and fastening of all exercise equipment.

Start performing exercises on the simulators and finish them only at the command (signal) of the teacher (teacher, coach).

Do not perform exercises on faulty, loosely installed or loosely secured exercise equipment.

Maintain discipline and strictly follow the rules for using exercise equipment, taking into account their design features.

Listen carefully and follow all commands (signals) of the teacher (teacher, coach), and do not take any action without permission.

Follow the established schedules of exercise and rest.

Return all simulators to their original position and check their serviceability.

Safety precautions during sporting events .

Participants in sports competitions are required to comply with the rules of their conduct.

During sports competitions, participants must follow the rules of wearing sportswear and sports shoes, and the rules of personal hygiene.

If you feel unwell, stop participating in sports competitions and inform the competition judge about this.

If a competition participant is injured, immediately inform the competition judge, provide first aid to the injured person, and, if necessary, send him to the nearest medical facility.

During classes, educational institutions are responsible for their students and are obliged to preserve their life, health and safety. Physical education and life safety teachers are obliged to know and convey to students the causes of dangerous situations and the possibilities of avoiding them. Every school is required to conduct safety training, and teachers themselves are required to be able to provide first aid and know how to behave in a specific situation.

Typical injuries

Perhaps the most traumatic subject in the school curriculum is physical education lessons. For example, when doing gymnastics, there is a high risk of such typical injuries:

• abrasions and calluses;
• bruises of the body and head;
• tendon and muscle ruptures
• sprains in the elbows, wrists, shoulders, knees and ankles

This is only a small part of the consequences of incorrect behavior during physical education lessons. Next, we will consider the rules that guide all educational institutions before admitting students to lessons.

General requirements

Students are allowed to participate in the exercise:

1. Those who have a basic or preparatory medical group and for whom certain actions are not contraindicated for health reasons.
2. Completed safety instructions in physical education lessons for students.
3. Be sure to wear sports shoes and a workout uniform.

Long nails and loose hair are not allowed. The student must understand that it is unacceptable to be inattentive to sports equipment, to play around and deliberately push his classmates, in order to avoid injury, and it is also prohibited to take equipment without the permission of the teacher, or to perform exercises without supervision.

Safety precautions in gymnastics lessons require that gymnastics equipment meet standards, be securely fastened, and be checked frequently. Any metal supports must be covered with mats. The health of children may depend on the thoroughness of checking the hall before classes, therefore:

1. The mats must be intact, without protruding parts, and they must be placed on all possible expected places of falls or impacts.
2. The rope is checked for possible tears; if there are excess knots, they must be removed.
3. Wooden surfaces of projectiles, for example a log, must be smooth, without roughness, chips, or burrs. Such projectiles are placed at a height suitable for the age group of students.
4. Metal surfaces, such as the crossbar, should not have rust where they come into contact with the skin.
5. Soft padded elements are also checked for cuts, tears, and voids.
6. It is prohibited to perform exercises with sports equipment if there are fresh wounds and calluses on the palms.

General safety requirements when conducting gymnastics classes in a group require performing complex elements with safety nets. Children must maintain sufficient distance to avoid hurting each other.

Student Responsibilities

Gadgets, equipment, watches, jewelry should not be on your person. Such items are handed over to the teacher or locked. Safety rules for gymnastics lessons require that before classes, students change into a special uniform and then act in an organized manner and only with the permission of the teacher.

Before performing exercises, students must wipe their hands dry and tie their shoelaces to prevent sudden jumps off the equipment. Any classes that involve jumping are performed gently and without haste, repeating the teacher’s recommendations. If you notice a deterioration in health, injuries or other incidents, you should immediately report this to the teacher.

Also, for safety reasons, during a gymnastics lesson it is forbidden to interfere with other children doing exercises, touch the apparatus or themselves during this, or distract them. Any beam exercise must be learned on a lower base or on the floor.

Actions in emergency situations

Safety precautions in the classroom provide for timely notification of the teacher about any unusual situation. If someone feels bad or is injured, this fact cannot be hidden. The victim is given rest and a doctor is called if the injury cannot be eliminated by one’s own efforts.

In the event of a fire, you must adhere to safety precautions in gymnastics during physical education lessons for students; the instructions oblige you to stop any activity and evacuate as an organized group together with the teacher according to the appropriate plan, notify management and call the fire department.

End of class

According to safety precautions in the classroom, after completing all tasks, the student must, at the teacher’s command, remove all sports equipment to specially designated areas and leave the room in an orderly manner. After which, children wash their hands with soap and change clothes.

These are general safety recommendations for gymnastics lessons at school; more detailed instructions are available in each educational institution; as a rule, they are given to students for signature. By following simple rules, proven over years of practice, you can greatly reduce the risk of playing sports and prevent the threat of injury in advance.

General safety requirements when conducting sports games:

1. Have appropriate sportswear (preferably high-top sneakers).

2. Do not violate the organization of the lesson determined by the teacher.

3. Be attentive and focused when performing exercises, techniques and tactical settings.

4. Warm up consciously and intensively, preparing the muscular-ligamentous apparatus and joints of the upper and lower extremities.

5. Inspect the surface of the playground.

6. Inspect and remember all protruding objects, racks, fences, benches, etc.

7. Check how the balls are inflated. Do not play with overinflated balls.

8. Inspect the surface of the ball and its shape.

9. Do not play with torn balls.

10. Be attentive and focused when performing technical techniques.

Basketball very interesting and popular game. Basketball helps you become courageous and fair, teaches you to fight and win fairly, help your comrades, find new friends, develop strength, speed, agility, courage, coordination of movements, and jumping ability. Basketball is a complex, sharp, fast game. Constant forceful contacts and martial arts, rapidly changing game situations, sharp accelerations and sudden stops, fast “feints” and high jumps, high-flying balls and unexpected rebounds - all this leads to injuries to the phalanges, wrist joints, and ankles. To avoid this during basketball lessons, you must comply with the following requirements in addition to the general ones:

1. Select a ball by weight.

2. Inspect the surface of the ball and its shape.

3. Try and remember the rebound.

While dribbling the ball:

3. Do not hit the ball with your fist or palm.

4. Do not look at the ball, see the playing field, partners, opponents.

5. Be able to choose the optimal speed.

6. Avoid collisions:

Anticipate your opponent's movements;

Be able to stop in time and reduce speed;

Change direction;

Apply "feint";

Perform transfer, etc.

When passing the ball:

1. Do not point your fingers forward towards the transmission .

2. Do not pass the ball sharply from close range.

3. Pass the ball accurately, with optimal force.

4. Do not pass the ball through your hands.

5. Do not pass the ball to your feet.

6. Do not pass the ball if your partner does not see it.

7. Do not reach for the ball, if it does not reach your hands, you need to move towards the ball.

When throwing the ball into the basket:

1. Do not hit hands.

2. Do not push in the back.

3. Do not throw through your hands.

4. Do not stand under the basket.

5. See the ball bounce.

6. Avoid stepping on feet.

7. Do not take the ball from your back.

During the game:

1. Do not kick the ball from above while your opponent is dribbling it.

2. Do not hit hands.

3. Do not snatch the ball from behind, through the hip, with one hand.

4. Don't stick your hip out.

5. Don't trip.

6. Do not push with elbows.

7. Do not push in the back.

8. Do not grab your opponent's hands.

Safety requirements when conducting volleyball classes:

1. It is advisable to have knee pads and elbow pads.

2. Do not stand on straight legs. Pass and receive the ball in a basic or stable stance.

3. Do not reach for the ball, have time to move under the ball before making contact with it.

Introduction

Safety rules for physical exercise

Injury prevention

Features of hardening

Daily routine and its hygienic assessment

Requirements for clothing and footwear

Specifics of personal hygiene in sports

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In determining the strategy and tactics for implementing health-related tasks, it is necessary to clearly understand that a successful solution to the health problem of the younger generation is possible only if a person, along with correct and sufficient physical activity in volume and intensity, systematically fulfills the other six commandments of maintaining health (according to M. Kenlechner): breathe correctly, drink correctly, eat correctly, relax correctly, take care correctly, think correctly.

N.A. also had in mind compliance with these or similar principles and rules. Semashko, when he argued that to improve health, a person should engage in physical exercise 24 hours a day.

And for this, he must want to do it, know how to do it correctly, skillfully realize his needs and knowledge in practical activities in the process of self-improvement. Solving these most important problems should be the main content of physical education and hygiene lessons.

Specialists in the field of sports medicine pay great attention to the prevention of injuries, develop new diagnostic and treatment methods, and promote the development of rehabilitation as an indispensable aid for full recovery from injuries.

A person’s physical activity is the main decisive factor in maintaining and strengthening his health.

In modern society, physical culture and sports have become a subject of general interest and attention. With the help of physical culture it is possible to have a certain influence on social production, the formation of a person, and the development of social relations. Physical culture and sports are the most important factors in social life and help to rationally use free time.

In order to become stronger, more resilient, and more successfully cope with complex motor tasks in professional activities, it is necessary to engage in physical exercise.

Safety rules for physical exercise

General safety requirements:

Students are allowed to take classes:

Classified for health reasons into the main and preparatory medical groups;

Having sports uniforms and shoes that do not restrict movement and are appropriate to the topic and conditions of the classes.

The student must:

Have short-cut nails;

Enter the gym, take sports equipment and perform exercises with the permission of the teacher;

Handle sports equipment and equipment with care;

Do not use it for other purposes.

Safety requirements before starting classes

The student must:

Change clothes in the locker room, put on sportswear and shoes;

Remove items that pose a danger to other students (watches, dangling earrings, chains, bracelets, etc.);

Remove sharp and other foreign objects from the pockets of your sports uniform;

With the permission of the teacher, go to the place of the lesson;

At the teacher’s command, stand in line for a general formation.

Safety requirements during classes

The student must:

Listen carefully to the explanations of the exercise and carefully complete the tasks;

Take sports equipment with the permission of the teacher and use the equipment for its intended purpose;

When moving, look ahead, maintain sufficient intervals and distances, and avoid collisions.

Students are not allowed to:

Leave the location of the lesson without the permission of the teacher;

Push, trip;

Chew chewing gum;

Interfere and distract when explaining tasks and performing exercises;

Perform exercises with wet palms;

Abruptly change the direction of your movement.

Safety requirements after classes

The student must:

Under the guidance of the teacher, remove sports equipment to its storage areas.

Leave the location of the lesson in an orderly manner;

Change clothes in the locker room, take off your tracksuit and sports shoes;

Wash your hands with soap.

Injury prevention

Prevention of childhood injuries is one of the most important tasks of modern society. Work on the prevention of injuries, diseases and accidents during physical education is one of the most important tasks of teachers and school principals. However, many cases of violations of an organizational, methodological, sanitary and hygienic nature lead students to injuries and deterioration of health.

Currently, the share of physical exercise in the structure of free time has increased significantly, especially in the field of physical education services of various types. In this regard, it is necessary to increase the requirements for compliance with measures to prevent accidents and injuries during physical education classes, training and competitions of various ranks.

Main causes of injuries:

Organizational shortcomings in conducting classes. This is ill-conceived organization of the lesson, conducting classes in the absence of the teacher, poor discipline and preparedness of the equipment used in the lesson.

Errors in the methodology of conducting a lesson associated with a violation of the didactic principles of teaching (regularity of classes, gradual increase in load, consistency), lack of an individual approach, insufficient consideration of health status, gender and age characteristics, technical and physical preparedness of students (increasing loads).

The cause of injuries is a neglectful attitude to the preparatory part of the lesson, warm-up, improper teaching of physical exercise techniques, lack of insurance, self-insurance, its incorrect use, forcing loads, transferring the means and methods of training athletes to school students. The cause of injuries may be deficiencies in educational planning, which cannot provide adequate physical training and continuity in the formation of motor skills of students.

Insufficient logistics and equipment for classes: poor preparation of training areas and equipment, poor fastening of equipment, lack of personnel equipment and equipment, small halls, lack of safety zones, hard surfaces and uneven paths.

Unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic condition of the halls and playgrounds: poor ventilation, insufficient lighting of study areas, dust, low air and pool water temperatures. Unfavorable meteorological conditions: rain, snow, strong wind, etc. Insufficient acclimatization of students.

Low level of educational work, violations of discipline, haste, inattention of teachers and students.

Lack of medical supervision. Admission to competitions without undergoing a medical examination, failure by the teacher to comply with medical recommendations regarding the timing of the resumption of classes after illness, limiting workloads, and forming groups depending on the degree of preparedness of students.

Injuries, sometimes even fatal, can result from access to physical activity without undergoing a medical examination.

Compliance with all necessary requirements for the system of sports facilities, the technical condition of sports equipment and equipment, clothing, shoes, etc. will have a positive role in reducing injuries and increasing the level of the educational process in the training of specialists.

Hypokinesia is especially high on the list of causes of injury. Most newborns receive hereditary information for hypokinesia from their parents. Then motor hunger increases (kindergarten, school). When entering school in the lower grades, organized and unorganized activity decreases by 50%. Any deviations in the state of health in children, and they are inevitable in physically weakened people, can cause injury. Thus, poor posture increases the risk of various injuries not only to the spine, but also to the internal organs of the chest (since they occupy an unfavorable position and have reduced function).

Features of hardening

Hardening is a system of measures aimed at increasing the body’s resistance to various environmental influences (cold, heat, solar radiation, lowering atmospheric pressure).

The systematic use of hardening procedures reduces the number of colds by 2-5 times, and in some cases almost completely eliminates them. Hardening helps to increase physical and mental performance, improves blood circulation, increases the tone of the central nervous system, normalizes metabolism, and helps to develop a rational hygienic regime.

You can start hardening at almost any age, after consulting with your doctor. He will not only check your health status, but also help determine the form of hardening procedures and their dosage. The following hygienic principles of hardening have been established: systematicity requires regular, daily implementation of hardening procedures. Long breaks in hardening lead to a weakening or complete loss of acquired protective reactions. Usually, 2 - 3 weeks after stopping the procedures, the body’s resistance to the hardening factor decreases; gradual and consistent increase in the dosage of procedures. When choosing the dosage and forms of hardening, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person (age, state of health, etc.), since the body’s reaction to hardening varies from person to person;

A variety of means and forms provides comprehensive hardening. As a rule, the body's resistance increases only to the stimulus to which it has been repeatedly exposed. Thus, repeated exposure to cold develops the body’s resistance only to cold, repeated exposure to heat, on the contrary, to heat.

This is why it is necessary to use various forms of hardening.

Active mode, i.e. perform any physical exercises during the procedures;

Combination of general and local procedures: local procedures have a less powerful effect than general ones. But if you skillfully expose the areas of the body that are most sensitive to cooling to different temperatures - the feet, throat, neck - you can also achieve an effect with local hardening;

Self-control. Indicators of proper hardening and its positive effect are sound sleep, good appetite, improved well-being, increased performance, etc. Insomnia, irritability, decreased appetite and performance indicate improper hardening. In these cases, it is necessary to consult a doctor and change the form and dosage of the procedures.

Daily routine and its hygienic assessment

A rational daily regimen creates optimal conditions for activity and recovery of the body. It is based on the rhythmic and correct alternation of work and rest and other activities.

The daily regimen should be based on the laws of biological rhythms. With a correct and strictly observed daily routine, a certain rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed, as a result of which students can most effectively perform specific types of work at a certain time.

Basic rules for organizing a daily routine: getting up at the same time;

Performing UGG and hardening procedures;

Eating at the same time, at least 3 times a day (preferably 4-5 times a day);

Independent studies in academic disciplines at the same time;

At least 3 - 5 times a week for 1.5 - 2 hours of physical exercise and sports with optimal physical activity;

Performing educational activities (3 - 5 minutes) and physical exercises during pauses;

Daily stay in the fresh air (1.5 - 2 hours);

Full sleep (at least 8 hours) with falling asleep and waking up at the same time.

Requirements for clothing and footwear

Clothing protects the body from adverse environmental influences, mechanical damage and pollution. From a hygienic point of view, it should help adapt to various environmental conditions, help create the necessary microclimate, and be light and comfortable.

The heat-protective properties of clothing, as well as its breathability, hygroscopicity, water capacity and other qualities are important.

The heat-protective properties of clothing depend on the thermal conductivity of fabrics, which is determined primarily by their porosity. In thick and fluffy fabrics, there are many pores between the fibers where air, which is a poor conductor of heat, is trapped. Such fabrics have high heat-protective properties. For example, the porosity of wool and flannel is 92%, cloth - 89%, wool blanket - 88%. Fur is even more porous. Products made from lavsan, nitron, and polyvinyl chloride fibers have good heat-shielding properties.

At low air temperatures, several layers of clothing are used to enhance the heat-protective properties: the more layers there are, the more air there is in the clothing, and therefore the less thermal conductivity.

The breathability of the clothing provides the necessary ventilation. With insufficient ventilation, well-being and performance deteriorate. Porous and thick woolen, cloth, and knitted fabrics have good breathability. Products made from lavsan and chlorine have good air permeability. Products made from dense cotton and linen fabrics, nylon and other synthetic fibers have low air permeability. Fabrics coated with various waterproof materials, as well as rubberized clothing, do not have pores and, therefore, completely eliminate air exchange. Such clothing protects well from wind and rain and should only be used in such cases.

Hygroscopicity is the ability of fabrics to adsorb vapor from the surrounding air on their surface, absorb sweat and moisture. This is especially important to ensure normal heat exchange. Wool fabrics and knitwear made from natural fibers have good hygroscopicity. Most synthetic fabrics (nylon, nylon, etc.) are non-hygroscopic.

The water capacity of a fabric characterizes its ability to retain water when wet. Wetting clothing reduces its heat-protective properties and impairs breathability, as water displaces air from the pores of the fabric. Evaporation from the surface of clothing increases heat transfer. In addition, the heat radiation of wet fabric is approximately 40% higher than that of dry fabric. The water absorption capacity of wool and knitted linen fabrics is insignificant.

The elasticity of fabrics has a certain hygienic significance. The best in this regard are wool and cotton fabrics. Synthetic fabrics are less elastic.

Currently, fabrics made from artificial fibers and synthetic materials are widely used in sportswear. Synthetic fabrics are relatively cheap and have a number of valuable properties: lightness, strength, and resistance to various influences. The main disadvantages of most of them are low hygroscopicity and the ability to become electrified.

Fabrics made from lavsan, nitron, and foam rubber are similar to wool in their heat-protective properties, elasticity and appearance, but they are slightly hygroscopic. Products made of nylon and nylon have high strength and elasticity. However, they do not absorb moisture well, and therefore impede the work of the sweat and sebaceous glands and can cause skin irritation. Therefore, such fabrics are not recommended for use for underwear and other clothing that has direct contact with the body. It should be noted that fabrics made of nylon, nylon and viscose transmit ultraviolet rays well.

Hygienic requirements for a certain type of clothing are related to its purpose and the conditions in which it is used (climatic, professional, household, etc.).

Sportswear must have all the above-mentioned hygienic properties and meet the requirements imposed by the specific activities and competition rules of various sports. It should be as light as possible and not restrict the athlete’s movements. As a rule, sportswear is made of elastic fabrics with high breathability, which absorb sweat well and promote its rapid evaporation.

When practicing summer sports, the clothing of athletes and athletes usually consists of a T-shirt, shorts, and a cotton or woolen knitted suit. During winter sports, sportswear with high heat-protective and windproof properties is used. Usually this is cotton underwear, a woolen suit or overalls, and a hat. In strong winds, wear a windproof jacket. Various types of sportswear made from synthetic fabrics are recommended to be used only for protection from wind, rain, snow, etc. It is unhygienic to use sportswear in everyday life.

Shoes protect feet from cooling and moisture, mechanical damage and dirt. Its shape and size should ensure the correct position of the foot. With prolonged use of narrow and tight shoes, functional and anatomical disturbances occur in the foot: the toes bend, moving towards each other, deformation of the foot occurs, and abrasions and calluses often form. Tight shoes impede blood circulation, causing your feet to become cold and sweaty.

From a hygienic point of view, shoes should be light, elastic and well ventilated. It is necessary that its heat-protective and water-resistant properties correspond to weather conditions.

These requirements are best met by shoes made of genuine leather, which have low thermal conductivity, good elasticity and strength, and also have the ability to retain their shape after getting wet. Leather has a fairly high porosity (up to 42%), which ensures air exchange. It doesn't get wet well because it contains about 4% fat. The various leather substitutes currently used in their hygienic qualities approach it, but are not equivalent. Rubber shoes have one significant drawback: without allowing air to pass through, they cause sweating.

The so-called “inner shoes” are important - socks, knee socks. They need to allow air to pass through well and absorb sweat. Socks should always be clean, elastic and soft. It is recommended to include an additional insole in any shoe. In the warm season, you should wear shoes that provide good air exchange: shoes with slits and holes or uppers made of fabric material.

At low air temperatures, to increase the heat-protective properties of shoes, insoles made of felt or fur are inserted into them; it is also recommended to wear woolen socks. Special winter shoes should only be used when spending long periods of time outdoors.

Sports shoes should be light, comfortable, durable, protect the foot well from damage and have special adaptations for this sport. During training, competitions and during hiking, you should use only well-worn and durable shoes. It is necessary that sports shoes and socks are always clean and dry, otherwise abrasions may occur, and at low air temperatures, frostbite.

For winter sports, waterproof shoes with high heat-protective properties are recommended. Its size should be slightly larger than usual, which makes it possible to use a warm insole, and, if necessary, two pairs of socks.

Specifics of personal hygiene in sports

safety sports injuries hygiene

Personal hygiene includes: a rational daily regimen, body and oral care, hygiene of clothing and shoes. It is especially important for students, because Strict adherence to them promotes health, increases mental and physical performance and serves as a guarantee of sporting achievements.

Body care. Body hygiene contributes to the proper functioning of the body, helps to improve metabolism, blood circulation, digestion, breathing, and the development of a person’s physical and mental abilities. A person’s health, performance, and resistance to various diseases depend on the condition of the skin. Body care includes daily skin care of the entire body, hair care, oral and dental care.

Conclusion

Human health is one of the most complex complex problems of modern science. It determines the condition and well-being of the state as a whole. Health potential is laid down in the human gene pool and is inherited, but the full realization of this potential is the work of the person himself, since it depends not only on the natural, but also on the social environment. This is an objective component of health, and the subjective one is a healthy lifestyle, which is laid in the womb, and the beginnings of most chronic diseases of adults are formed in childhood.

The younger generation is “withering away” before our eyes. According to the All-Russian medical examination of the child population in 2002, over the past decade there has been a decrease in the proportion of healthy children from 46 to 32%, at the same time the number of children with low proportions has doubled, 16% of the examined children have chronic pathology and disability. Military registration and enlistment offices cannot ensure the conscription of healthy recruits into the army. All misfortunes begin in kindergarten, where 52% of so-called “practically healthy children” have various functional abnormalities that have not yet become established in the form of a specific disease.

Along with the widespread development and improvement of organized forms of physical education, it is very important for modern people to independently engage in physical exercise and sports. It is independent exercise that ensures compliance with the conditions of human life; selected physical exercises provide: active rest, elimination of deficiencies in physical development, maintenance and improvement of physical fitness and possession of the necessary skills.

List of used literature

1. Bashkirov. V.F. Prevention of injuries in athletes - M.: Physical education and sports; M; 1987-176 p., ill.
2. Velitchenko. V.K. Physical education without injuries. - M.: Education, 1993-128 p.
3. Geselevich.V. A. Trainer's medical reference book. Ed. 2nd: - M: Physical culture and sport, 1981-271 p., ill.
4. Laptev A.P. Hygiene of mass sports. - M.: FiS, 1984.
5. Polievsky S.A. Hygiene of sportswear and equipment. - M.; Physical education and sports 1987-96s.
6. Safety precautions during physical education: method, instructions / N. M. Podolyak, A.S. Tretyakov, N.A. Shchepina - Krasnoyarsk: SIBUP, 2009. - 53 p.
7. Cherny V.G. Sports without injuries. M.; Physical education and sport, 1988.

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